PERCEIVING THE SELF AND OTHERS3 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.

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3-*Coming UpHow We Perceive OthersHow We Explain Our PerceptionsHow We Perceive OurselvesManaging Our Image

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3-*How We Perceive OthersPerception has three stagesSelection: what we choose to pay attention toOrganization: how we classify the stimulusPhysical constructsRole constructsInteraction constructsPsychological constructsInterpretation: what meaning we assign to the stimulus

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3-*How We Perceive OthersAlthough perception has stages, the perception process is not linearSelection, organization, and interpretation all overlap each stage can affect the others

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3-*How We Perceive OthersPerception has several influencesCultures and co-culturesStereotypesPrimacy and recency effectsPerceptual sets

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3-*How We Explain Our PerceptionsAttributions are the explanations we give for our own and others behaviorsAttributions vary by:LocusStabilityControllability

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3-*How We Explain Our PerceptionsThe self-serving bias influences the accuracy of our attributionsOur successes are earned and deservedOur failures are not our faultThe fundamental attribution error influences the accuracy of our attributionsOther peoples behaviors are due to internal, stable causes

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3-*How We Perceive OurselvesWho are you? Your self-concept reflects your stable ideas about who you areYour self-concept is your identity

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3-*How We Perceive OurselvesSelf-concepts are multifacetedJohari WindowOpen areaHidden areaBlind areaUnknown area

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3-*How We Perceive OurselvesSelf-concepts are partly subjectiveObjective aspects are based on facts, such as your height, hair color, age, and occupationSubjective aspects are based on opinions or evaluations, such as your honesty, sense of humor, intelligence, and talent

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3-*How We Perceive OurselvesWe manage our self-concepts through self-monitoringAwareness of how we look, sound, and affect others

Low Self-MonitorHigh Self-Monitor

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3-*How We Perceive OurselvesSelf-fulfilling prophecies can reinforce our self-conceptWe have expectations based on how we perceive ourselves and othersOur expectations prompt us to act in specific waysThose actions bring about the outcomes we expectedOur self-concepts are therefore reinforced

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3-*How We Perceive OurselvesYour self-esteem is your subjective evaluation of your value and worth as a person High self-esteem helps us communicate and build relationshipsHigh self-esteem may also promote aggression and sexual risk-taking

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3-*Managing Our ImageImage management means adjusting our behavior to project a desired imageImage management is collaborativeWe manage multiple identitiesWe manage multiple identities onlineImage management is complex

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3-*Managing Our ImageGoffman: our desired public image is our faceThe behavior we use to project that image to others is our facework

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3-*Managing Our ImageWe manage three face needsFellowship faceAutonomy faceCompetence face

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3-*Managing Our ImageFace-threatening acts are behaviors that threaten our face needsFace threats are common in many socially marginalized groups

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3-*For ReviewHow do we form perceptions of others? What influences our perceptions?How do we manage our image?