2013_ajc_h2_history_p2

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READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name and PDG on all the work you hand in, including this cover sheet.

Write the question numbers of the questions attempted on this cover page.Write in dark blue or black pen.Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper.

Section A Answer Question 1.

Section B Answer any three questions.Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper.

At the end of the examination, fasten the answer to each question separately, with this cover sheetattached on top of your answer to the first question.

All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.

Name : __________________________________

PDG : __________________________________

This document consists of 6 printed pages, including this page.

ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGEJC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2013Higher 2

HISTORY

Paper 2 Southeast Asian History, 1900-1997

No Additional Materials are required.

9731/02

Thu 19 September 20133 hours

Question No. Marks

Section A

1 /25

Section B

/25

/25

/25

Total Marks: /100

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© Anderson Junior College 9731/02

BLANK PAGE

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Section A You must answer Question 1.

ASEAN and Regional Economic Cooperation 1 Read the sources carefully before answering the question.

Source A Economic cooperation was not, after all, the real objective of the formation of ASEAN. At the

beginning, in 1976, it was simply a means to strengthen political unity. Economic cooperation was

therefore largely considered only when the need arose. It was used as a policy instrument for

economic recovery at the time of economic stagnation during 1980‐86 and then relatively ignored

when the economy was recovering as a result of external forces after that. It was again adopted as

a policy instrument in 1992 when the challenge and threat of global trade liberalisation were felt.

The conclusion is that, until recently, ASEAN economic cooperation has continued to be

determined by political rather than market forces. Yet, partly because of forced economic

cooperation and the development of market forces, there is a now much higher degree of

economic integration among the ASEAN economies. The market now demands economic

cooperation, particularly on institutional matters. Thus, ASEAN has to become a much stronger

economic community, as the importance of economic cooperation ‐ independent of political

considerations ‐ will certainly increase.

From an academic publication on ASEAN, 2001.

Source B As ASEAN comes closer to the realisation of its vision of all the ten countries of Southeast Asia living

together as a harmonious family of nations, it can look back across the years and be justifiably

proud of what it has achieved. Its economic dynamism has been cited by the World Bank as an

exemplar for developing countries. Always outward‐looking and oriented towards cooperation, it

has firmly assumed responsibility for its own destiny.

The region

has

indeed

come

a long

way

from

the

area

of

political

turmoil

and

economic

underdevelopment that it was three decades ago. In a very real sense, ASEAN was born because its

founding members felt that their very survival was under threat by challenges that could only be

overcome if they could achieve the solidarity, the individual and collective resilience and the

pooling of resources that are the hallmarks of ASEAN cooperation today.

From a speech by Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, to mark the 30th anniversary

of ASEAN's founding, 1997.

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Source C In 1992, Singapore and Thailand led the member states’ efforts to create the ASEAN Free Trade

Area, which until recently was one of ASEAN’s primary integrative mechanisms. And while early

efforts at economic integration initially brought the organization global renown, the Asian financial

crisis

exposed

ASEAN’s

underlying

institutional

weaknesses.

ASEAN’s

response

exposed

it

as

an

organization unable to handle complex economic difficulties, undermining its image as the source

of Southeast Asia’s strength.

In the early months of the crisis, ASEAN regarded the attacks on the baht as simply a domestic

problem, and played no role when several Asian banks provided assistance to Thailand. Observers

thus became skeptical that ASEAN could continue to provide effective regional leadership.

Consequently, the member states were united in their belief that ASEAN would have to pursue

integration more aggressively if regional economic growth was to remain the organization’s raison

d'être.

From an academic journal article, 2010.

Source D Effectively, economic cooperation among members produced some results, though not particularly

impressive. Negotiations were conducted on trade, tariffs, quotas and also economic and technical

cooperation with the European Community, the United States, Japan, Australia, and other

countries, obtaining here and there some limited satisfaction but nothing earth‐shaking. However,

within the organization, intra‐regional trade and economic as well as industrial joint projects made

little headway,

because

of

exacerbated

nationalism

shown

by

technocrats

laying

the

groundwork

for their political superiors. Moreover, certain members on several occasions have displayed a

bazaar rather than co‐operative spirit by insisting on taking more than giving, as evidenced in the

case of industrial joint ventures and a few others. Also, there is no common market in the making.

From an article by Thanat Koman, the former Thai Foreign Minister, ‘ Reminiscences’, 1988.

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Source E The Ministers discussed the causes of the current crisis and the policy responses adopted by the

affected economies in their efforts to restore economic and financial stability. They noted that a

comprehensive package of policies was necessary in dealing with the problems of globalisation.

Such

a

package

would

aim

to

enhance

the

stability

and

strength

of

the

financial

system.

The Ministers also noted the need to maintain consistently sound economic and financial policies

as markets judge the economy's growth prospects on present policies and react immediately. In

this regard, the Ministers agreed to possible cooperative efforts in redefining the criteria for sound

policies. In addition, they noted the increasingly important role of the private sector given the

liberalization process and stressed the need for good corporate governance. They also agreed on

regional efforts at enhancing this.

From the Joint Ministerial Statement of the Special ASEAN Finance Ministers' Meeting, 1 December 1997.

Now answer the following question How far do Sources A‐E support the view that ASEAN's efforts at regional economic cooperation

proved disappointing?

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Section B You must answer three questions from this section.

2. Assess the significance of nationalist leaders in the development of nationalism in Southeast

Asia before World War II.

3. To what extent was the unravelling of the colonial empires in Southeast Asia influenced by

the threat of communism?

4. How effectively have maximum governments perpetuated their rule in independent

Southeast Asia?

5. Why have independent Southeast Asian governments failed to win over their minorities in

their nation‐building efforts?

6. 'The continual presence of interstate tensions in the region reveals that attempts by

Southeast Asian states to deal with these tensions have amounted to nothing.' How far do

you agree with this assessment of Southeast Asian states' attempts to deal with inter‐state

tensions till 1997?

2013_ajc_h2_history_p2

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