2013 uscc report to congress(1)

7/22/2019 2013 USCC Report to Congress(1)

1/464

]VFF

4>:6

JOO]JL

TM^H

TP

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>>: Eit 5>:3 Veit 5>:3 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


2/464

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>>4 Eit 5>:3 Veit 5>:3 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


3/464

4>:6

TM^HTP PH FHOATMVV

he tbm

].V.-FBCOJ MFHOHICF JO@

VMF]TCPS TMUCMQ FHIICVVCHO

HOM B]O@TM@ PBCTPMMOPB FHOATMVV

ECTVP VMVVCHO

OHUMIDMT 4>:6

^rcotm` ehr tbm usm he tbm].V.-Fbcoj Mfhohicf jo` Vmfurcty Tmvcmw Fhiicsscho

Jvjcljdlm vcj tbm Qhrl` Qc`m Qmd; bttp;//www.usff.ahv

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>>6 Eit 5>:4 Veit =>:: A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


4/464

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>>0 Eit 5>:4 Veit =>:: A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


5/464

].V. AHUMTOIMOP ^TCOPCOA HEECFM

QJVBCOAPHO ;

Ehr sjlm dy tbm Vupmrcotmo`mot he @hfuimots, ].V. Ahvmroimot ^rcotcoa Heecfm

Cotmromt; dhhgsthrm.aph.ahv ^bhom; thll ermm (255) =:4:2>>7 @F jrmj (4>4) =:4:2>>

Ejx; (4>4) =:44:>0 Ijcl; Vthp C@FF, Qjsbcoatho, @F 4>0>4>>>:

:

4>:6

4>:6

TM^HTP PH FHOATMVV

he tbm

].V.-FBCOJ MFHOHICF JO@

VMF]TCPS TMUCMQ FHIICVVCHO

HOM B]O@TM@ PBCTPMMOPB FHOATMVV

ECTVP VMVVCHO

OHUMIDMT 4>:6

^rcotm` ehr tbm usm he tbm].V.-Fbcoj Mfhohicf jo` Vmfurcty Tmvcmw Fhiicsscho

Jvjcljdlm vcj tbm Qhrl` Qc`m Qmd; bttp;//www.usff.ahv

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>>= Eit =>:4 Veit =>:: A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


6/464

].V.-FBCOJ MFHOHICF JO@ VMF]TCPS TMUCMQ FHIICVVCHO

Bho. QCLLCJI J. TMCOVFB, FbjcrijoBho. @MOOCV F. VBMJ, Ucfm Fbjcrijo

FHIICVVCHOMTV

FJTHLSO DJTPBHLHIMQ^MPMT P.T. DTHHGMVTHDCO FLMUMLJO@KMEETMS L. ECM@LMTBho. FJTPM ^. AHH@QCO

@JOCML I. VLJOMBho. KJIMV I. PJLMOPBho. GJPBMTCOM F. PHDCOICFBJML T. QMVVMLLJTTS I. QHTP[ML

ICFBJML T. @JOCV, Mxmfutcvm @crmfthr

Pbm Fhiicsscho wjs frmjtm` ho Hfthdmr 6>, 4>>>, dy tbm Elhy` @. VpmofmOjtchojl @memosm Jutbhrczjtcho Jft ehr 4>>: :462, ûd. L. Oh. :>5632,::0 VPJP. :5=0J660 (4>>>) (fh`cecm jt 44 ].V.F. 1>>4 (4>>:), jsjimo`m` dy tbm Prmjsury jo` Amomrjl Ahvmroimot Jpprhprcjtchos Jftehr 4>>4 50= (rmajr`coa miplhyimot stjtus he stjee) & 502 (rmajr`coafbjoacoa jooujl rmphrt ùm `jtm erhi Ijrfb th Kuom), ûd. L. Oh. :>151,

::= VPJP. =:0 (Ohv. :4, 4>>:)7 js jimo`m` dy @cvcscho ^ he tbm Fhoshlc-`jtm` Jpprhprcjtchos Tmshlutcho, 4>>6, ûd. L. Oh. :>21 (Emd. 4>, 4>>6)(rmajr`coa Fhiicsscho ojim fbjoam, tmris he Fhiicsschomrs, jo` rmspho-scdclctcms he Fhiicsscho)7 js jimo`m` dy ûd. L. Oh. :>3:>2 (B.T. 4254)(Ohv. 44, 4>>=) (rmajr`coa rmsphoscdclctcms he Fhiicsscho jo` jpplcfjdclctyhe EJFJ)7 js jimo`m` dy ûd. L. Oh. ::>:5: (@mf. 45, 4>>1) (rmajr`coafbjoams co jooujl rmphrt ùm `jtm7 sudicsscho he ecojofcjl rmphrts7 prcotcoajo` dco`coa he Fhoarmsschojl rmphrts7 miplhymm fhipmosjtcho jo` pmrehri-jofm rmvcmws7 jo` jpplcfjdclcty he Bhusm rulms ehr trjvml dy imidmrs jo`stjee).

Pbm Fhiicsschos eull fbjrtmr bttp;//www.usff.ahv/jdhut/usff-fbjrtmr jo`Vtjtuthry Ijo`jtm bttp;//www.usff.ahv/jdhut/ejftXsbmmt jrm jvjcljdlm vcjtbm Qhrl` Qc`m Qmd.

(CC)

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>>5 Eit >025 Veit >025 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


7/464

ccc

].V.-FBCOJ

MFHOHICF JO@

VMF]TCPS

TMUCMQ

FHIICVVCHO

OHUMIDMT :6, 4>:6Pbm Bhohrjdlm ^jtrcfg Lmjby,^rmsc`mot ^rh Pmiphrm he tbm ].V. Vmojtm, Qjsbcoatho, @F 4>=:>Pbm Bhohrjdlm Khbo Dhmbomr,Vpmjgmr he tbm ].V. Bhusm he Tmprmsmotjtcvms, Qjsbcoatho, @F 4>=:>

@MJT VMOJPHT LMJBS JO@ V^MJGMT DHMBOMT;

Ho dmbjle he tbm ].V.-Fbcoj Mfhohicf jo` Vmfurcty Tmvcmw Fhi-icsscho, wm jrm plmjsm` th trjosict tbm Fhiicsschos 4>:6 JooujlTmphrt th tbm Fhoarmsstbm mlmvmotb ijkhr Tmphrt prmsmotm` thFhoarmss dy tbm Fhiicsschopursujot th ûdlcf Ljw :>5632(Hfthdmr 6>, 4>>>), js jimo`m` dy ûdlcf Ljw Oh. :>3:>2 (Oh-vmidmr 44, 4>>=). Pbcs rmphrt rmspho`s th tbm ijo`jtm ehr tbmFhiicsscho th ihocthr, covmstcajtm, jo` rmphrt th Fhoarmss ho tbmojtchojl smfurcty ciplcfjtchos he tbm dcljtmrjl trj`m jo` mfhohicfrmljtchosbcp dmtwmmo tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jo` tbm ^mhplms Tmpudlcfhe Fbcoj. Co tbcs Tmphrt, tbm Fhiicsscho rmjfbm` j drhj` jo` dc-pjrtcsjo fhosmosus, jpprhvcoa tbm Tmphrt dy j vhtm he :: jyms th: ojy.

Co jffhr`jofm wctb hur ijo`jtm, tbcs Tmphrt, wbcfb cs furrmot jshe Ohvmidmr :6, coflu`ms `mtjclm` trmjtimot he hur covmstcajtchoshe tbm jrmjs c`motcecm` dy Fhoarmss ehr hur mxjicojtcho jo` rmf-hiimo`jtcho. Pbmsm jrmjs jrm;

^THLCEMTJPCHO ^TJFPCFMVPbm rhlm he tbm ^mhplms Tmpud-lcf he Fbcoj co tbm prhlcemrjtcho he wmjphos he ijss `mstruftchojo` htbmr wmjphos (coflu`coa ùjl-usm tmfbohlhacms), coflu`coajftchos tbm ]octm` Vtjtms icabt tjgm th mofhurjam tbm ^mhplmsTmpudlcf he Fbcoj th fmjsm sufb prjftcfms7

MFHOHICF PTJOVEMTVPbm qujlctjtcvm jo` qujotctjtcvm oj-

turm he tbm trjosemr he ]octm` Vtjtms prhùftcho jftcvctcms th tbm^mhplms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj, coflu`coa tbm rmlhfjtcho he bcab tmfb-ohlhay, ijouejfturcoa, jo` rmsmjrfb jo` `mvmlhpimot ejfclctcms,tbm cipjft he sufb trjosemrs ho ]octm` Vtjtms ojtchojl smfurcty,tbm j`mqujfy he ]octm` Vtjtms mxphrt fhotrhl ljws, jo` tbm meemfthe sufb trjosemrs ho ]octm` Vtjtms mfhohicf smfurcty jo` miplhy-imot7

MOMTASPbm meemft he tbm ljram jo` arhwcoa mfhohiy he tbm^mhplms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj ho whrl` momray supplcms jo` tbm rhlmtbm ]octm` Vtjtms fjo pljy (coflu`coa khcot rmsmjrfb jo` `mvmlhp-imot meehrts jo` tmfbohlhacfjl jsscstjofm), co coelumofcoa tbm mo-mray phlcfy he tbm ^mhplms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj7

]OCPM@ VPJPMV FJ^CPJL IJTGMPVPbm mxtmot he jffmss thjo` usm he ]octm` Vtjtms fjpctjl ijrgmts dy tbm ^mhplms Tmpud-lcf he Fbcoj, coflu`coa wbmtbmr hr oht mxcstcoa `csflhsurm jo`

trjospjrmofy rulms jrm j`mqujtm th c`motcey ^mhplms Tmpudlcf heFbcoj fhipjocms moajam` co bjrieul jftcvctcms7 TMACHOJL MFHOHICF JO@ VMF]TCPS CI^JFPVPbm trc-

joauljr mfhohicf jo` smfurcty rmljtchosbcp jihoa tbm ]octm`Vtjtms, WPjcwjoY jo` tbm ^mhplms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj (coflu`coatbm iclctjry ih`mroczjtcho jo` ehrfm `mplhyimots he tbm ^mhplms

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>>1 Eit 2025 Veit 55>4 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


8/464

cv

Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj jcim` jt WPjcwjoY), tbm ojtchojl duàmt he tbm^mhplms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj, jo` tbm ecsfjl strmoatb he tbm ^mhplmsTmpudlcf he Fbcoj co rmljtcho th cotmrojl costjdclcty co tbm ^mh-plms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj jo` tbm lcgmlcbhh` he tbm mxtmrojlczjtchohe prhdlmis jrcscoa erhi sufb cotmrojl costjdclcty7

]OCPM@ VPJPMVFBCOJ DCLJPMTJL ^THATJIVVfcmofmjo` tmfbohlhay prharjis, tbm `marmm he ohofhiplcjofm dy tbm^mhplms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj wctb jarmmimots dmtwmmo tbm ]octm`Vtjtms jo` tbm ^mhplms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj ho prcsho ljdhr ci-phrts jo` cotmllmftujl prhpmrty rcabts, jo` ]octm` Vtjtms moehrfm-imot phlcfcms wctb rmspmft th sufb jarmmimots7

QHTL@ PTJ@M HTAJOC[JPCHO FHI^LCJOFMPbm fhiplc-jofm he tbm ^mhplms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj wctb cts jffmsscho jarmm-imot th tbm Qhrl` Prj`m Hrajoczjtcho (QPH)7 jo`

ETMM@HI HE MR^TMVVCHOPbm ciplcfjtchos he rmstrcftchos

ho spmmfb jo` jffmss th coehrijtcho co tbm ^mhplms Tmpudlcf heFbcoj ehr cts rmljtchos wctb tbm ]octm` Vtjtms co tbm jrmjs he mfh-ohicf jo` smfurcty phlcfy.

Pbm Fhiicsscho fhoùftm` cts whrg tbrhuab j fhiprmbmoscvm smthe smvmo pudlcf bmjrcoas jo` hom pudlcf rhuo`tjdlm, tjgcoa tmstc-ihoy erhi =1 wctomssms erhi tbm mxmfutcvm drjofb, coùstry, jfj-`micj, phlcfy arhups, jo` htbmr mxpmrts. Ehr mjfb he cts bmjrcoas,tbm Fhiicsscho prhùfm` j trjosfrcpt (phstm` ho cts Qmd sctmwww.usff.ahv). Pbm Fhiicsscho jlsh rmfmcvm` j ouidmr he drcme-coas dy heecfcjls he mxmfutcvm drjofb jamofcms, cotmllcamofm fhiiu-octy jamofcms, jo` tbm jrim` smrvcfms, coflu`coa fljsscecm` drcmecoasho Fbcomsm covmstimot, Fbcojs fydmr hpmrjtchos, Fbcojs ehrmcaophlcfy, jo` Fbcojs ojvy. Pbm Fhiicsscho cs prmpjrcoa j fljsscecm`rmphrt th Fhoarmss ho tbmsm jo` htbmr thpcfs.

Fhiicsschomrs jlsh ij`m jo heecfcjl `mlmajtcho vcsct th Pjcwjo,

Kjpjo, Fbcoj, jo` Bhoa Ghoa th bmjr jo` `csfuss pmrspmftcvms hoFbcoj jo` cts alhdjl jo` rmachojl jftcvctcms. Co tbmsm vcscts, tbmFhiicsscho `mlmajtchos imt wctb ].V. `cplhijts, bhst ahvmroimotheecfcjls, rmprmsmotjtcvms he tbm ].V. jo` ehrmcao duscomss fhiiu-octcms, jo` lhfjl mxpmrts.

Pbm Fhiicsscho jlsh rmlcm` sudstjotcjlly ho tbm whrg he cts mx-fmllmot prhemsschojl stjee, jo` supphrtm` hutsc`m rmsmjrfb co jffhr`-jofm wctb hur ijo`jtm.

Pbm Tmphrt coflu`ms 0: rmfhiimo`jtchos ehr Fhoarmsschojl jf-tcho. Hur :> ihst ciphrtjot rmfhiimo`jtchos jppmjr ho pjam 41jt tbm fhofluscho he tbm Mxmfutcvm Vuiijry.

Qm heemr tbcs Tmphrt th tbm Fhoarmss co tbm bhpm tbjt ct wcll dmusmeul js jo up`jtm` djsmlcom ehr jssmsscoa prharmss jo` fbjllmoamsco ].V.-Fbcoj rmljtchos.

Pbjog yhu ehr tbm hpphrtuocty th smrvm. Qm lhhg ehrwjr` th fho-

tcoucoa th whrg wctb yhu co tbm upfhicoa ymjr th j``rmss cssumshe fhofmro co tbm ].V.-Fbcoj rmljtchosbcp.Shurs truly,

Qcllcji J. Tmcosfb @moocs F. VbmjFbjcrijo Ucfm Fbjcrijo

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>>2 Eit 2025 Veit 55>4 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


9/464

v

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>>3 Eit 2025 Veit 55>: A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


10/464

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>:> Eit 2025 Veit 55>: A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


11/464

(UCC)

FHOPMOPV

^jam

PTJOVICPPJL LMPPMT PH PBM FHOATMVV ............................................................... cccFHIICVVCHOMTVJ ^THUCOA PBM TM^HTP .............................................................. vMRMF]PCUM V]IIJTS ............................................................................................... :

GMSTMFHIIMO@JPCHOV ................................................................................... 41COPTH@]FPCHO .......................................................................................................... 6:

4>:6 TM^HTP PH FHOATMVV HE PBM].V.-FBCOJ MFHOHICF JO@ VMF]TCPS TMUCMQ FHIICVVCHO

Fbjptmr :; Pbm ].V.-Fbcoj Prj m jo` Mfhohicf Tmljtchosbcp . ... .. ... .. ... . 6=Vmftcho :; Prj m jo` Mfhohicfs Smjr co Tmvcmw .............................................. 6=Vmftcho 4; Prmo s co Fbcomsm Covmstimot co tbm ]octm Vtjtms ....................... 3:Vmftcho 6; Ahvmrojofm jo` Jffhuotjdclcty co Fbcojs Ecojofcjl Vystmi ........ ::6Vmftcho 0; Fbcojs Jarcfulturm ^hlcfy, Ehh` Tmauljtcho, jo` tbm ].V.-Fbcoj

Jarcfulturm Prj`m ............................................................................................. :=6Tmfhiimo jtchos .................................................................................................. 4>6

Fbjptmr 4; Fbcojs Cipjft ho ].V. Vmfurcty Cotmrmsts .............................. 4>1Vmftcho :; Iclctjry jo` Vmfurcty Smjr co Tmvcmw .............................................. 4>1Vmftcho 4; Fbcojs Fydmr Jftcvctcms ..................................................................... 406Vmftcho 6; Fbcojs Ijrctcim @csputms ................................................................ 455

Tmfhiimo jtchos .................................................................................................. 436

Fbjptmr 6; Fbcoj jo` tbm Qhrl` ..................................................................... 43=Vmftcho :; Fbcoj jo tbm Ic `lm Mjst jo` Ohrtb Jercfj .................................. 43=Vmftcho 4; Pjcwjo ................................................................................................. 64=Vmftcho 6; Ijfju jo` Bhoa Ghoa ....................................................................... 6=0Tmfhiimo jtchos .................................................................................................. 63=

Fhiprmbmoscvm Lcst he tbm Fhiicsschos Tmfhiimo`jtchos .................. 631

J``ctchojl Ucmws he Fhiicsschomrs ................................................................ 0>6

Jppmo`cfms;Jppmo`cx C; ].V.-Fbcoj Mfhohicf jo` Vmfurcty Tmvcmw Fhiicsscho

Fbjrtmr .................................................................................................................. 0:=Jppmo`cx CC; Djfgarhuo` he Fhiicsschomrs ..................................................... 04=Jppmo`cx CCC; ^udlcf Bmjrcoas he tbm Fhiicsscho @urcoa 4>:6 ...................... 06=Jppmo`cx CCCJ; Lcst he Qctomssms Pmstceycoa Dmehrm tbm Fhiicsscho

@urcoa 4>:6 .......................................................................................................... 063Jppmo`cx CU; Lcst he Cotmrlhfuthrs @urcoa Fhiicsscho Ejft-Eco coa Prcps

th Jscj @urcoa 4>:6 ............................................................................................. 006Jppmo`cx U; Lcst he Tmsmjrfb Ijtmrcjl ............................................................ 00=Jppmo`cx UC; Jfrhoyis jo` Jddrmvcjtchos ....................................................... 003

4>:6 Fhiicsscho Vtjee jo` Jfgohwlm`amimots .......................................... 0=6

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>:: Eit =3>0 Veit =3>0 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


12/464

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>:4 Eit =3>0 Veit =3>0 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


13/464

(:)

MRMF]PCUM V]IIJTS

Fbjptmr :; Pbm ].V.-Fbcoj Prj`m jo` Mfhohicf Tmljtchosbcp

Prj`m jo` Mfhohicfs Smjr co Tmvcmw

Fbcojs mfhohiy armw jt j 1.55 pmrfmot jooujlczm` rjtm co tbmecrst tbrmm qujrtmrs he 4>:6, fhotcoucoa j tbrmm-ymjr trmo` he `mfml-mrjtcoa hutput. Pbcs ijrgm` j scaocecfjot `mflcom erhi tbm tbrmm`mfj`ms he arhwtb co tbm :32>s, :33>s, jo` 4>>>s jvmrjacoa :> pmr-fmot jooujlly. @mijo` ehr Fbcojs mxphrts stjllm`, jo` tbm `hims-

tcf mfhohiy j`kustm` th j `rhp co ahvmroimot spmo`coa ho ijsscvmcoerjstrufturm prhkmftsuo`mricocoa tbm twh ijco pclljrs he Fbc-ojs mfhohicf suram hvmr tbm prmvchus `mfj`m.

Fbcoj uo`mrwmot j lmj`mrsbcp fbjoam wctb j omw prmsc`mot jo`prmicmr jo` smvmrjl omw imidmrs he tbm ^hlctdurh jo` Vtjo`coaFhiicttmm. Oh prhicomot phlctcfjl hr mfhohicf rmehrimrs wmrm mlm-vjtm` th tbm ^hlctdurh Vtjo`coa Fhiicttmm, Fbcojs bcabmst `mfc-scho-ijgcoa dh`y, tbhuab tbm djfgarhuo`s he Qjoa Zcsbjo jo`[bjoa Ajhlc suaamst tbjt tbmy icabt dm hpmo th eurtbmr mfhohicfrmehri. Pbmrm cs uofmrtjcoty hvmr tbm prhspmfts ehr mfhohicf rmehrijs j rmsult he fhotrj`cfthry stjtmimots jo` jftchos dy tbm omwlmj`mrsbcp. Qbclm tbmrm jrm scaos tbjt ^rmsc`mot Rc Kcopcoa jo`^rmicmr Lc Gmqcjoa jrm prmpjrcoa j pjfgjam he rmehris th dm uo-vmclm` jt tbm Pbcr` ^lmojry Vmsscho he tbm :2tb Fmotrjl Fhiicttmm,mxpmftm` th tjgm pljfm co Ohvmidmr 4>:6, ^rmsc`mot Rc bjs jlsh

dmmo rmjeecricoa tbm rhlm he tbm stjtm co tbm mfhohiy jo` cotrh-ùfcoa Ijhcst-stylm c`mhlhacfjl fjipjcaos jcim` jt stjipcoa hutphlctcfjl lcdmrjlczjtcho. Co rmfmot ihotbs, tbm ahvmroimot bjs cotrh-ùfm` shim ciphrtjot coctcjtcvms jcim` jt j``rmsscoa shim he tbmfhuotrys arhwcoa comqujlctcms he wmjltb jo` hpphrtuocty. Hom coc-tcjtcvm bjs dmmo j ehfus ho urdjoczjtcho. Pbm bhpm cs tbjt urdjo-czjtcho wcll dmfhim tbm omxt arhwtb moacom, coctcjtcoa j omw wjvmhe covmstimot, j``coa th tbm fhosuimr fljss, jo` frmjtcoa j suramco `mijo` ehr bhuscoa jo` coerjstrufturm. Pbm urdjoczjtcho `rcvmijy jlsh dhhst Fbcomsm meehrts th ijgm ihrm ljo` jvjcljdlm ehr ja-rcfulturm jo` ciprhvm ejricoa meecfcmofy.

Arhwcoa `mijo` erhi Fbcoj bjs supphrtm` mxphrtmrs co fmrtjcosmfthrs he tbm ].V. mfhohiy, sufb js jmrhspjfm, tbm juth coùstry,jo` jarcfulturjl prhùfts. Bhwmvmr, tbm ].V. trj`m `mecfct wctbFbcoj fhotcoums th wc`mo. Co Kuly 4>:6, tbm ihotbly `mecfct mxfmm`-m` $6> dcllcho ehr tbm ecrst tcim. Ihrmhvmr, tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimotphlcfcms `rcvcoa mfhohicf arhwtb bjvm rmsultm` co wbjt tbm Cotmr-ojtchojl Ihomtjry Euo` (CIE) fjlls j pjttmro he arhwtb WtbjtY bjsdmfhim thh rmlcjot ho covmstimot jo` jo uosustjcojdlm suram cofrm`ct, rmsultcoa co rcscoa `himstcf vulomrjdclctcms. Pbm ihst ci-phrtjotjo` ihst fbjllmoacoamlmimot he `himstcf rmdjljofcoa cscofrmjscoa bhusmbhl` fhosuiptcho js j sbjrm he arhss `himstcf

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>:6 Eit 5566 Veit 5566 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


14/464

4

prhùft (A@^), wbcfb bjs `mflcom` js j sbjrm he Fbcojs A@^ ehr`mfj`ms wbclm tbm sbjrm he ecxm`-jssmt covmstimot bjs arhwo.Fbcoj fhotcoums th cotmrvmom co ehrmcao mxfbjoam ijrgmts th

gmmp cts furrmofy uo`mrvjlum`. Vufb cotmrvmotchos, fhidcom` wctbFbcojs sudsc`cms th mxphrtcoa coùstrcms, bjvm bmlpm` Fbcoj jffu-iuljtm tbm whrl`s ljramst ehrmcao furrmofy rmsmrvms$6.55 trcllchody tbm mo` he Vmptmidmr 4>:6. Qbclm ijcotjcocoa j prmemrmofm ehrahvmroimot smfurctcms, Fbcoj fhotcoums th `cvmrscey cts ehrmcao mx-fbjoam jssmts. Fbcojs ohoecojofcjl hutdhuo` ehrmcao `crmft covmst-imot (E@C) ehr tbm ecrst bjle he 4>:6 thtjlm` $0=.5 dcllcho, up 43pmrfmot erhi tbm prchr ymjr. Fbcoj rjpc`ly jffuiuljtm` ehrmcao fur-rmofy co 4>:6, dut tbm pjfm he furrmofy coelhws vjrcm` ùrcoa tbmfhursm he tbm ymjr. Co tbm ecrst qujrtmr, furrmofy coelhws suram`, ehl-lhwm` dy hutelhws co tbm smfho` qujrtmr js tbm fhuotrys djogs mo-fhuotmrm` j lcquc`cty frcscs. Pbmsm ihvmimots fjusm` vhljtclcty co

Fbcojs mxtmrojl jffhuots tbjt fjrrcm` hvmr coth tbm `himstcf ecojo-fcjl smfthr.

Prmo`s co Fbcomsm Covmstimot co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms

Fbcoj bjs jijssm` tbm whrl`s ljramst trhvm he `hlljr-`mohic-ojtm` jssmts. Jltbhuab tbm trum fhiphsctcho he Fbcojs ehrmcao mx-fbjoam rmsmrvms, vjlum` jt $6.55 trcllcho, cs j stjtm smfrmt, hutsc`mhdsmrvmrs mstcijtm tbjt jdhut 1> pmrfmot cs co `hlljrs. Co rmfmotymjrs, Fbcoj bjs dmfhim lmss rcsg jvmrsm jo` ihrm wcllcoa th covmst`crmftly co ].V. ljo`, ejfthrcms, jo` duscomssms. Pbcs trmo` jppmjrsth dm jffmlmrjtcoa. Co Kuom 4>:6, Fbcoj joohuofm` cts ljramst pur-fbjsm he j ].V. jssmt th `jtm; j $1.: dcllcho jfqucsctcho he Ucracocj-djsm` Victbecml` Ehh`s, Cof. Acvmo Fbcojs ljram bhl`coas he ].V.`hlljrs, Fbcoj bjs j buam phtmotcjl ehr E@C, pjrtcfuljrly ce Fbcojsbhul` sudstctutm hr jdjo`ho phrtehlch covmstimot ehr `crmft covmst-

imot.Pbm :4tb Ecvm-Smjr ^ljo (4>::4>:5) fjllm` ehr j tbrmm-prhoam`jpprhjfb ehr cofrmjscoa Fbcojs covmstimot jdrhj`. Ecrst, Fbcomsmijouejfturcoa fhipjocms sbhul` covmst hvmrsmjs co hr`mr th mstjd-lcsb cotmrojtchojl omtwhrgs jo` alhdjlly rmfhaoczm` drjo`s. Vmfho`,Fbcomsm fhipjocms sbhul` covmst co rmsmjrfb jo` `mvmlhpimot hut-sc`m he Fbcoj. Ljstly, tbm pljo smt ahjls ehr sbcetcoa jfqucsctchos th-wjr` smfthrs tbjt prhihtm j bcab-tmfb mfhohiy. Pbcs phlcfy ehfusm`ho covmstimot ahjls co wbcfb `himstcf stjtm-hwom` hr stjtm-fho-trhllm` ecris wmrm jlrmj`y cotmo`m` th dm `hicojot dy phlcfy. Pbmsmsmfthrs coflu`m` momray, ijfbcomry, fhostruftcho, jo` coehrijtchotmfbohlhay. Pbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot wcml`s ijoy thhls th `rcvmtbmsm ahjls, coflu`coa rmqucrcoa pmricsscho ehr hvmrsmjs covmst-imots dy Fbcomsm ecris.

@mspctm Fbcojs ljram bhl`coas he phrtehlch covmstimot, Fbcojs

E@C cs stcll rmljtcvmly ih`mst. Jffhr`coa th tbm ].V. Durmju he Mfh-ohicf Jojlyscs, co 4>:4, tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jttrjftm` $:10.1 dcllchohe alhdjl E@C, he wbcfb holy $4:3 icllcho fjim erhi Fbcoj. Heecfcjlmstcijtms he Fbcomsm E@C co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jrm thh lhw, dmfjusmtbmy `h oht jffhuot ehr elhws he E@C tbhuab Bhoa Ghoa jo` htbmrheesbhrm ecojofcjl fmotmrs, jihoa htbmr tbcoas. Fbcomsm E@C co tbm]octm` Vtjtms bjs mipbjsczm` smrvcfms, momray, jo` tmfbohlhay jo`cs ohtjdlm ehr cts ehfus ho drjo` jfqucsctcho.



15/464

6

Vtjtm-hwom` motmrprcsms (VHMs) bjvm `hicojtm` Fbcomsm E@C cotbm ]octm` Vtjtms, ijgcoa covmstimots tbjt ehllhw tbm co`ustrcjlphlcfcms he tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot. Fbcomsm VHMs rmfmcvm sudstjo-tcjl dmomects erhi tbm fmotrjl jo` prhvcofcjl ahvmroimots tbjt jrmoht jvjcljdlm th tbmcr ehrmcao fhipmtcthrs, coflu`coa prmemrmotcjlphlcfcms jo` lhw fhst he fjpctjl. Eurtbmrihrm, VHMs covmstcoa co tbm]octm` Vtjtms ijy moajam co pjrtcfuljr prm`jthry hr jotcfhipmtc-tcvm dmbjvchr tbjt ].V. trj`m rmim`cms fjooht j``rmss.

Prj`m-rmljtm` jspmfts he ehrmcao covmstimots hetmo cotmrsmft wctbojtchojl smfurcty fhofmros. Ehr mxjiplm, ehrmcao cotmllcamofm fhllmf-tcho meehrts jo` mspchojam tbjt tjramt ].V. tmfbohlhay, cotmllmftujlprhpmrty, trj`m smfrmts, jo` htbmr prhprcmtjry coehrijtcho fjo dmfhofmjlm` uo`mr tbm prmtmxt he ehrmcao covmstimot co flmjrm` ahv-mroimot fhotrjfthrs. Pbm ]octm` Vtjtms bjs j lcictm` sfrmmocoaprhfmss ehr `mtmricocoa tbm phtmotcjl ojtchojl smfurcty tbrmjt erhij spmfcecf ehrmcao covmstimot. Pbm Fhiicttmm ho Ehrmcao Covmst-

imot co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms (FEC]V) cs jo cotmrjamofy fhiicttmmtbjt rmvcmws fmrtjco imramrs, jfqucsctchos, jo` tjgmhvmrs he ].V.duscomssms dy ehrmcao pmrshos, fhrphrjtchos, hr ahvmroimots ehr oj-tchojl smfurcty rcsgs. Fbcoj prmsmots omw fbjllmoams ehr FEC]V, dm-fjusm covmstimot dy VHMs fjo dlur tbm lcom dmtwmmo ojtchojl smfu-rcty jo` mfhohicf smfurcty. Pbm phsscdclcty he ahvmroimot cotmot hrfhhr`cojtm` strjtmay dmbco` Fbcomsm covmstimots rjcsms ojtchojlsmfurcty fhofmros. Ehr mxjiplm, Fbcomsm fhipjocms jttmipts th jf-qucrm tmfbohlhay trjfg flhsmly tbm ahvmroimots pljo th ihvm uptbm vjlum-j``m` fbjco. Pbmrm cs jlsh jo cobmrmot tmoscho jihoastjtm jo` em`mrjl jamofcms co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms rmajr`coa E@C erhiFbcoj. Pbm em`mrjl ahvmroimot tmo`s th dm fhofmrom` wctb ijco-tjcocoa ojtchojl smfurcty jo` prhtmftcoa j rulms-djsm`, oho`csfrci-cojthry covmstimot rmacim. Pbm stjtm ahvmroimots jrm ihrm fho-fmrom` wctb lhfjl mfhohicf dmomects, sufb js jo mxpjo`m` tjx djsm

jo` cofrmjsm` lhfjl miplhyimot, rjtbmr tbjo ojtchojl strjtmacfcssums, mspmfcjlly js khd arhwtb bjs stjaojtm`.

Ahvmrojofm jo` Jffhuotjdclcty co Fbcojs Ecojofcjl Vystmi

Fbcojs :4tb Ecvm-Smjr ^ljo fjlls ehr lmss `mpmo`mofm ho mxphrtsjo` stjtm-euo`m` coerjstrufturm prhkmfts jo` ihrm `himstcf fho-suiptcho th supphrt Fbcojs mfhohiy. J sbcet erhi ahvmroimot-lm`th prcvjtm-lm` arhwtb rmqucrms tbjt Fbcomsm ejiclcms jo` prcvjtmsmfthr duscomssms bjvm sueecfcmot jffmss th frm`ct jo` fjpctjl. Djoglmo`coa, tbm trj`ctchojl shurfm he frm`ct ehr motrmprmomurs jo`stjrtups co ihst fhuotrcms, cs ljramly cojffmsscdlm th Fbcomsm co`c-vc`ujls jo` sijll- th im`cui-sczm` motmrprcsms (VIMs), dmfjusmFbcojs ecojofcjl systmi cs `hicojtm` dy ljram, stjtm-hwom` djogstbjt ijcoly smrvcfm ahvmroimot-`crmftm` prhkmfts.

Djogs bhl` j uocqum phsctcho co Fbcoj jo` jrm mvmo ihrm ciphr-

tjot th tbm ojtchojl mfhohiy tbjo djogs co Murhpm hr Ohrtb Jimr-cfj, wbmrm jltmrojtm shurfms he ecojofcoa jrm jvjcljdlm. Fbcojs ec-ojofcjl smfthr cs `hicojtm` dy ecvm ijsscvm, stjtm-hwom` fhiimr-fcjl djogs tbjt jffhuot fhllmftcvmly ehr jdhut => pmrfmot he jll `m-phscts jo` lhjos. J``ctchojlly, tbrmm phlcfy djogs wmrm mstjdlcsbm`co :330 th tjgm hvmr ahvmroimot-`crmftm` spmo`coa euoftchos lcgm ec-ojofcoa he ijkhr `mvmlhpimot prhkmfts. Fbcojs phlcfy djogs jrmeuo`m` prcijrcly dy smllcoa dho`s th tbm dca fhiimrfcjl djogs, jo`

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>:= Eit 5566 Veit 5566 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


16/464

0

jll jrm ultcijtmly djfg-sthppm` dy tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot. Pbm co-fmstuhus rmljtchosbcp dmtwmmo tbm ahvmroimot7 tbm ljram, stjtm-hwom` phlcfy djogs7 jo` tbmcr stjtm-hwom` fhiimrfcjl fhuscos prh-vc`ms dhrrhwmrs j fhosc`mrjdlm dmomect; jrtcecfcjlly lhw cotmrmstrjtms. Pbm djogs `mphscthrs, imjowbclm, jrm pjc` vmry lhw rjtms,shimtcims dmlhw tbm rjtm he coeljtcho, th bmlp bhl` `hwo tbm rjtmsfbjram` th dhrrhwmrs. Pbus, tbm stjtm-hwom` fhrphrjtm smfthr rm-fmcvms j sudsc`y erhi tbm djogs `mphscthrs (Fbcomsm bhusmbhl`s) cotbm ehri he lhw cotmrmst rjtms.

J sbj`hw djogcoa systmi he uoheecfcjl frm`ct bjs spruoa up thecll tbm ajps lmet dy tbm dca djogs lmo`coa prjftcfms. Fbcojs sbj`-hw djogcoa systmi fjo drhj`ly dm `mecom` js lmo`coa tbjt ejlls hut-sc`m he tbm heecfcjl djogcoa systmi. Ct fjo covhlvm dhtb trj`ctchojljo` ohotrj`ctchojl costctutchos jo` cs dmst uo`mrsthh` oht co tmrishe tbm costctutchos moajam` co tbm systmi dut co tmris he tbm jftcvc-tcms tbjt tbmy uo`mrtjgm. Dmfjusm sbj`hw djogcoa jftcvcty hffurshutsc`m he ehrijl djogcoa fbjoomls, ct `hms oht jppmjr ho djog djl-jofm sbmmts jo` cs ejr lmss trjospjrmot tbjo heecfcjl lmo`coa jftcv-cty. Fbcomsm `mijo` ehr sbj`hw djogcoa cs ljramly `rcvmo dy tbmarhwtb he Fbcojs prcvjtm smfthr, j smfthr wctb lcictm` jffmss th heec-fcjl djog frm`ct7 jo` tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimots thlmrjofm he sbj`hwdjogcoa co rmfmot ymjrs bjs dmmo tcm` th tbm rmjlcty tbjt tbm prc-vjtm smfthr cs tbm cofrmjscoaly `hicojot shurfm he tbm ojtchos mi-plhyimot.

@mijo` ehr frm`ct bjs lm` Fbcomsm fhipjocms th smmg fjpctjlhvmrsmjs mvmo js cts sbj`hw djogcoa systmi bjs mxpjo`m`. Co tbmljtm :33>s, Fbcomsm fhipjocms dmajo rjcscoa fjpctjl ho ijkhrcotmrojtchojl sthfg mxfbjoams. Pbcs trmo` bjs dmmo `rcvmo dy ljramFbcomsm fhipjocms, ijoy stjtm hwom`, tbjt bjvm shuabt th drhj`-mo tbmcr sbjrmbhl`mr djsm, cofrmjsm tbm lcquc`cty he tbmcr sbjrms,jo` mobjofm tbm vcscdclcty he tbmcr drjo` ojims. ].V. sthfg ijrgmts

jrm jihoa tbm ihst phpuljr alhdjl mxfbjoam `mstcojtchos ehr Fbc-omsm ecris.Coctcjlly, ].V. covmsthrs purfbjsm` sthfg co ].V.-lcstm` Fbcomsm

fhipjocms co bhpms he prhectcoa erhi Fbcojs rjpc` arhwtb rjtm.Bhwmvmr, covmsthrs co ].V.-lcstm` Fbcomsm fhipjocms bjvm cofrmjs-coaly ehuo` tbjt cosueecfcmot fhrphrjtm ahvmrojofm stjo`jr`s ijgmtbmsm fhipjocms bcab-rcsg covmstimots. Ijoy bjvm dmmo ciplcfjtm`co erju`s jo` jffhuotcoa sfjo`jls, jo` ].V. rmauljthrs bjvm`mrmacstmrm` jdhut => Fbcomsm fhipjocms co tbm pjst twh ymjrs ehl-lhwcoa erju` prhdms. @urcoa rmfmot prhdms, tbm Vmfurctcms jo` Mx-fbjoam Fhiicsscho (VMF) bjs shuabt ju`ct whrg pjpmrs erhi Fbc-omsm drjofbms he iultcojtchojl jffhuotcoa ecris tbjt smrvcfm ].V.-lcstm` Fbcomsm fhipjocms, j fhiiho rmqumst `urcoa erju` covms-tcajtchos. Ph `jtm, tbm ecris bjvm rmeusm` th prh`ufm tbmsm `hfu-imots, jraucoa tbjt `hcoa sh whul` put tbmi co vchljtcho he Fbc-

omsm stjtm smfrmts ljws jo` sudkmft tbmi th frcicojl lcjdclcty coFbcoj. Co @mfmidmr 4>:4, tbm VMF fbjram` ecvm ecris wctb drmjg-coa ].V. smfurctcms ljws dy rmeuscoa th turo hvmr tbm rmqumstm`ju`ct whrg pjpmrs.

Co Ijy 4>:6, tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jo` Fbcoj joohuofm` j `mjl ehrlcictm` coehrijtcho-sbjrcoa dmtwmmo tbmcr rmauljthry jamofcmswbmo tbmrm jrm qumstchos rmajr`coa ju`cts he ].V.-lcstm` Fbcomsmfhipjocms. Co Kuly, Fbcomsm rmauljthrs jarmm` th turo hvmr fmrtjco



17/464

=

rmqumstm` `hfuimots he shim lcstm` Fbcomsm fhipjocms th jsscsttbm VMF co hoahcoa covmstcajtchos. Oh jarmmimot bjs ymt dmmormjfbm` tbjt whul` arjot ihrm amomrjl `crmft jffmss th `hfuimotsehr ].V. rmauljthrs fhoùftcoa covmstcajtchos hr cospmftchos. Jl-tbhuab ct cs fhosc`mrm` j ljst rmshrt hptcho, ce jo jarmmimot cs ohtrmjfbm`, tbm VMF jo` tbm ûdlcf Fhipjoy Jffhuotcoa HvmrscabtDhjr` fhul` fbhhsm th djo Fbcomsm jffhuotcoa ecris jo` Fbcomsmdrjofbms he iultcojtchojl jffhuotcoa ecris erhi ju`ctcoa ].V.-lcst-m` Fbcomsm fhipjocms, wbcfb fhul` co turo lmj` th tbmsm fhipjocmsdmcoa `mlcstm` erhi ].V. mxfbjoams.

Fbcojs Jarcfulturm ^hlcfy, Ehh` Tmauljtcho, jo` tbm ].V.-FbcojJarcfulturm Prj`m

Fbcojs Qhrl` Prj`m Hrajoczjtcho (QPH) jffmsscho co 4>>: wjsj wjtmrsbm` mvmot ehr ].V. jarcfulturm. Fbcoj cs ohw tbm prcijrymxphrt ijrgmt ehr ].V. jarcfulturm prhùfts. Qbclm tbm ]octm`Vtjtms rjo j $6:= dcllcho trj`m `mecfct co ahh`s wctb Fbcoj co 4>:4,ct jfbcmvm` j $4: dcllcho surplus co jarcfulturm. Vcofm eull ciplm-imotjtcho he tbm QPH jffmsscho co 4>>=, Fbcojs jarcfulturm ci-phrts erhi tbm ]octm` Vtjtms bjvm rcsmo dy jo jvmrjam he $4.= dcl-lcho mjfb ymjr, mxfmm`coa tbm ].V. @mpjrtimot he Jarcfulturms(]V@J) coctcjl mstcijtm he $4 dcllcho. Fbcoj iust emm` j ecetb he tbmwhrl`s phpuljtcho wctb lmss tbjo j tmotb he cts jrjdlm ljo` jo` ph-tjdlm wjtmr. Js Fbcoj trjosehris coth jo urdjo shfcmty wctb jarhwcoa ic``lm fljss, pmr fjpctj ehh` fhosuiptcho cs rcscoa jo`,wctb ct, tbm `mijo` ehr bcabmr-prhtmco `cmtsj `mijo` tbjt ].V.ejrimrs jrm wmll phsctchom` th ecll.

Pbmrm rmijco smrchus prhdlmis wctbco tbm ].V.-Fbcoj dcljtmrjljarcfulturm trj`m rmljtchosbcp, bhwmvmr. Ijoy co tbm ].V. jarc-fulturm coùstry lhddcm` Fhoarmss co 4>>> th arjot Fbcoj pmrij-omot ohrijl trj`m rmljtchos, dmfjusm tbmy mxpmftm` Fbcoj th dm-

fhim j ijkhr purfbjsmr he ].V. ehh` prhùfts hofm ct khcom` tbmQPH. Dut ejri dmlt j`vhfjtms bjvm dmmo `csjpphcotm` tbjt Fbcojbjs fhofmotrjtm` cts purfbjsms ho dulg fhiih`ctcms, sufb js shy-dmjos usm` js jocijl emm` ehr Fbcojs hutsczm` lcvmsthfg coùstry.Fbcojs jarcfulturm phlcfy ejvhrs `himstcf prhùftcho, mvmo wbmo ctcs uosustjcojdlm jo` ohomssmotcjl th ehh` smfurcty. Co trj`m, Fbcojbjs usm` ohotjrcee djrrcmrs th rmstrcft ciphrts he bcabmr vjlum-j``m` prhùfts erhi tbm ]octm` Vtjtms, coflu`coa mxfmsscvm sud-sc`cms7 ahvmroimot fhotrhl hvmr ciphrt quhtjs7 `csfrcicojthrytjxms7 jo` sjoctjry jo` pbythsjoctjry rmstrcftchos tbjt jrm ohtdjsm` ho prhpmr sfcmotcecf jojlyscs. Pbmsm imjsurms bjvm fhotrcd-utm` th jo cidjljofm` ehh` trj`m tbjt bjs dmmo pjrtcfuljrly `ji-jacoa th ].V. imjt prhùfmrs, wbh mokhy j fhipjrjtcvm j`vjotjamhvmr Fbcoj co tmris he rmshurfms, qujlcty, jo` meecfcmofy.

Fbcojs jarcduscomssms bjvm pursum` hutdhuo` covmstimot co

smvmrjl fhuotrcms jo` smfthrs co rmfmot ymjrs. Co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms,tbcs trmo` fjim coth ehfus co Kuom 4>:6, wbmo Vbujoabuc Cotmr-ojtchojl Bhl`coas Lcictm`, j sudsc`cjry he Vbujoabuc Arhup, prh-phsm` th jfqucrm tbm ].V. phrg prhùfmr Victbecml` Ehh`s, Cof. Jstbm ljramst ].V. phrg prhùfmr, Victbecml` cs j strjtmacf oh`m co tbm].V. ehh` coùstry.

Fbcojs QPH jffmsscho wjs prcijrcly movcsjam` js jo hpphr-tuocty ehr ].V. mxphrtmrs. Dut ].V. fhosuimr ehh` ciphrts erhi



18/464

5

Fbcoj bjvm suram` js wmll, pjrt he j armjtmr rmlcjofm ho ciphrtmèhh` dy ].V. fhosuimrs. Pbm dulg he ].V. ehh` ciphrts erhi Fbcojfhoscsts he ejri-rjcsm` ecsb jo` eructs jo` vmamtjdlms. Fbcoj jlshsupplcms coarm`cmots ehr ].V.-prhfmssm` ehh`s, js wmll js hrajocfehh`s tbjt jrm ]V@J-jpprhvm` tbrhuab tbcr`-pjrty fmrtcecmrs. Ehrtbm ]octm` Vtjtms, tbmsm ciphrts erhi Fbcoj prmsmot scaocecfjotehh` sjemty rcsgs. Hvmr tbm pjst `mfj`m, Fbcojs ijkhr trj`m pjrt-omrs bjvm rmpmjtm`ly djoom` cts ehh` sbcpimots ho tbm djscs he ehh`sjemty. Furrmot rmauljtcho he ehh` motmrcoa tbm ]octm` Vtjtms erhiFbcoj cs cosueecfcmot. Ehr hom, tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimots hwo ehh`sjemty rmauljtcho cs coj`mqujtm. Pbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot co 4>>3cotrhùfm` j fhiprmbmoscvm Ehh` Vjemty Ljw th mstjdlcsb j ih`mroerjimwhrg ehr ehh` sjemty rmauljtcho jo` co 4>:6 frmjtm` j FbcojEhh` jo` @rua Jìcocstrjtcho th fhoshlc`jtm rmauljthry jutbhrcty.Bhwmvmr, ct cs uofmrtjco wbmtbmr tbmsm jo` htbmr rmehris wcll ci-

prhvm hvmrscabt he Fbcojs ljram jo` erjaimotm` ehh` coùstry.Co tbm jdsmofm he meemftcvm rmauljtcho dy tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot,].V. fhosuimrs `mpmo` ho ].V. ehh` sjemty cospmfthrs th prhvc`mprhtmftcho jajcost tbm ciphrtjtcho he uosjem ehh` prhùfts. PbmEhh` jo` @rua Jìcocstrjtcho (E@J), wbcfb cs co fbjram he co-spmftcoa jll ohoimjt ciphrts, cs ijgcoa sudstjotcjl meehrts th `m`c-fjtm ihrm stjee jo` euo`coa th Fbcoj, th ih`mroczm cts rmauljthrysystmi, jo` th prhphsm usmeul phlcfcms, sufb js ehrmcao supplcmrvmrcecfjtcho. Jo` ymt, tbmrm jrm ouimrhus prhdlmis wctb ].V. ehh`rmauljtcho. Pbm E@J stcll cospmfts holy j erjftcho he tbm ehh` tbjtmotmrs tbrhuab ].V. dhr`mrs. Pbm jamofy bjs jlsh ehuo` ct `ceecfultth cofrmjsm ho-tbm-arhuo` cospmftchos ho tbm Ijcoljo`, co pjrt dm-fjusm Fbcomsm jutbhrctcms bjvm `mljym` vcsjs ehr E@J cospmfthrsjo` rmstrcftm` jffmss th ehh` prhùftcho sctms.

FhofluschosPrj`m jo` Mfhohicfs Smjr co Tmvcmw

Fbcoj uo`mrwmot j hofm-j-`mfj`m lmj`mrsbcp fbjoam wctb jomw prmsc`mot jo` prmicmr jo` smvmrjl omw imidmrs he tbm^hlctdurh jo` Vtjo`coa Fhiicttmm. Pbm lmj`mrsbcp co`cfjtm`tbjt Fbcojs hvmrjll mfhohicf phlcfy ahjlth trjosctcho erhijo mxphrt jo` covmstimot-lm` arhwtb ih`ml th j armjtmr rmlc-jofm ho `himstcf fhosuiptcho, rmijcom` tbm sjim. Co rmjlcty,tbcs fbjoam prhvm` `ceecfult th ciplmimot dy j omw ahvmroimotfhofmrom` jdhut j slhwcoa mfhohiy, rmjl mstjtm spmfuljtcho,stjaojtcoa wjams, jo` uomiplhyimot. Pbm cofhicoa ahvmro-imot cssum` stjtmimots supphrtcoa j ljram jo` phwmreul stjtm-hwom` smfthr co tbm mfhohiy, `csjpphcotcoa j`vhfjtms he j ljra-mr prcvjtm smfthr.

Pbm omw Fbcomsm lmj`mrsbcp cotrhùfm` coctcjtcvms jcim` jt rm-ùfcoa comqujlcty, frjfgcoa `hwo ho fhrruptcho, jo` prhihtcoaurdjoczjtcho. Pbmrm jrm scaocecfjot cipm`cimots th tbm ahvmro-imots jdclcty th ciplmimot tbmsm rmehris. Ehr mxjiplm, fhr-ruptcho cs mo`micf jt jll lmvmls he ahvmroimot, wbclm lhfjl ahv-mroimots hpphsm urdjoczjtcho ùm th emjr tbjt tbmy wcll dmhvmrwbmlim` dy j elhh` he omw icarjots.



19/464

1

Fbcojs prharmss co mxtmrojl rmdjljofcoa ehllhwcoa tbm ecojofcjlfrcscs wjs holy tmiphrjry jo` ljramly `rcvmo dy j wmjg alhdjl`mijo` tbjt rmùfm` tbm rmljtcvm sczm he Fbcojs mxphrt smfthr.Prj`m `jtj ehr 4>:4:6 sbhw tbjt Fbcomsm mxphrts jrm jajcoarhwcoa jt j bcabmr rjtm tbjo ciphrts, scaojlcoa j fhotcoum`rmlcjofm ho mxphrts th euml mfhohicf arhwtb jo` j rmvmrsjl cormùfcoa Fbcojs ijsscvm trj`m surplus. Js j rmsult he ejclmìmjsurms th rmdjljofm cts mfhohiy, Fbcoj bjs fhotcoum` th mx-pjo` cts jlrmj`y rmfhr` ehrmcao furrmofy rmsmrvms, rmjfbcoa$6.55 trcllcho dy tbm mo` he Vmptmidmr 4>:6.

Fbcojs trj`m surplus wctb tbm ]octm` Vtjtms co ahh`s co 4>:4wjs $6:= dcllcho, j rmfhr`. Ehr tbm ecrst smvmo ihotbs he 4>:6,Fbcojs trj`m surplus wctb tbm ]octm` Vtjtms wjs $:12 dcllcho,jlsh j rmfhr`. Fbcoj fhotcoums th ijocpuljtm tbm vjlum he ctsfurrmofy, tbm TID, th jfbcmvm j fhipmtctcvm j`vjotjam wctb

tbm ]octm` Vtjtms. Fbcoj jlsh fhotcoums th ehllhw imrfjotclcstphlcfcms th ehstmr j trj`m surplus wctb tbm ]octm` Vtjtms.

Fbcoj bjs bj` lcttlm suffmss trjosctchocoa thwjr` j fhosuip-tcho-lm` arhwtb ih`ml jo` rmùfcoa cts rmlcjofm ho ijsscvm co-erjstrufturm prhkmfts th dhhst mfhohicf arhwtb. Fhosmqumotly,Fbcojs bcab covmstimot lmvmls bjvm lm` th hvmrfjpjfcty co iul-tcplm coùstrcms, coflu`coa stmmlijgcoa, sbcpducl`coa, jo` shljrpjoml ijouejfturcoa. J slhw`hwo co urdjo bhusmbhl` `csphs-jdlm cofhim arhwtb jo` jo cofrmjsm co tbm bhusmbhl` sjvcoasrjtm bjvm fut coth fhosuimr purfbjscoa phwmr jo` fhotrcdutm`th j `mflcom co thtjl rmtjcl sjlms arhwtb.

Fbcomsm heecfcjls bjvm pljym` `hwo tbm scaocecfjofm he lhwmrarhwtb, sjycoa tbm slhw`hwo cs pjrtly ùm th mfhohicf rmdjl-jofcoa. Bhwmvmr, tbm ahvmroimot fhotcoums th stciuljtm tbmmfhohiy tbrhuab j vjrcmty he sijll stmps. Ehr mxjiplm, tbm

Vtjtm Fhuofcl, Fbcojs fjdcomt, costctutm` j tmiphrjry tjx fut(sfrjpcoa jll vjlum-j``m` jo` hpmrjtcoa tjxms) ehr ihrm tbjo 5icllcho sijll- jo` im`cui-sczm` motmrprcsms7 rmùfm` jpprhvjlprhfmùrms jo` jìcocstrjtcvm fhsts ehr mxphrtcoa fhipjocms7jo` prhvc`m` ihrm covmstimot co rjclwjy fhostruftcho co Fbc-ojs fmotrjl jo` wmstmro rmachos. Co j scicljr vmco, smfurctcmsrmauljthrs jo` tbm fmotrjl djog cssum` rmfhr` jihuots he co-vmstimot jpprhvjls th tbm Zujlcecm` Ehrmcao Costctutchojl Co-vmsthrs prharji.

@um th cts rmstrcftcvm ihomtjry phlcfy, Fbcojs fmotrjl djog bjsjffuiuljtm` tbm whrl`s ljramst ehrmcao mxfbjoam rmsmrvms. Pbmdulg he tbmsm rmsmrvms jrm covmstm` co ].V. Prmjsury smfurctcms,sh tbjt Fbcomsm hwomrsbcp jffhuots ehr omjrly hom-qujrtmr heehrmcao-hwom` ].V Prmjsurcms. Co j``ctcho, Fbcojs twh ljramstshvmrmcao wmjltb euo`s, Fbcoj Covmstimot Fhrphrjtcho jo`VJEM Covmstimot Fhipjoy, bjvm mxpjo`m` tbmcr mqucty jo`rmjl mstjtm covmstimots co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms.

Pbm ^mhplms Tmpudlcf he Fbcoj (^TF) bjs fhoflu`m` :6 trj`mjarmmimots, tbm ljtmst wctb Cfmljo` jo` Vwctzmrljo` tbcsymjrtbm ecrst scaom` wctb Murhpmjo ahvmroimots. Fbcoj cs cotbm prhfmss he omahtcjtcoa scx j``ctchojl trj`m jarmmimots,wbcfb coflu`m tbm JVMJO-lm` Tmachojl Fhiprmbmoscvm Mfh-



20/464

2

ohicf ^jrtomrsbcp, jo coctcjtcvm th lcog JVMJO imidmr stjtmsjo` prmemrmotcjl trj`m jarmmimot pjrtomrs th ehri tbm whrl`sljramst trj`coa dlhf. Pbm Tmachojl Fhiprmbmoscvm Mfhohicf^jrtomrsbcp, wbcfb mxflu`ms tbm ]octm` Vtjtms, cs fhipmtcoawctb tbm ].V.-lm` Prjos-^jfcecf ^jrtomrsbcp, wbcfb mxflu`msFbcoj. Ehrijl omahtcjtchos he tbm Tmachojl FhiprmbmoscvmMfhohicf ^jrtomrsbcp dmajo co Ijy 4>:6 jo` jrm sfbmùlm` thfhoflu`m dy tbm mo` he 4>:=.

Fbcojs jttmipts th gmmp tbm vjlum he tbm TID jrtcecfcjlly lhwwbclm strcftly lcictcoa tbm elhw he TID erhi tbm fhuotry, fhu-plm` wctb cts meehrts th fhotrhl j ljram stjtm djogcoa smfthr, lm`th j djogcoa frcscs. Pbm fhlljpsm co lcquc`cty tbrmjtmom` mfh-ohicf arhwtb co Fbcoj jo` `mihostrjtm` tbm `ceecfulty he fho-ùftcoa j ihomtjry phlcfy sh jt h``s wctb cts trj`coa pjrtomrsjo` cotmrojtchojl ohris.

Pbm ecetb rhuo` he tbm ].V.-Fbcoj Vtrjtmacf jo` Mfhohicf `cj-lhaum wjs bml` ho Kuly :>::, 4>:6, co Qjsbcoatho, @F. Pbmrmwmrm oh scaocecfjot jfbcmvmimots co tbm strjtmacf trjfg. Ho tbmmfhohicf erhot, tbm ihst rmlmvjot joohuofmimots wmrm (:) rm-suiptcho he dcljtmrjl covmstimot trmjty tjlgs7 (4) tbm ljuofb hetbm Vbjoabjc Ermm Prj`m [hom7 jo` (6) omw imjsurms th lcdmr-jlczm Fbcojs ecojofcjl smfthr. Co tbm iultcljtmrjl jrmoj, tbm]octm` Vtjtms suffmsseully fbjllmoam` Fbcojs ciprhpmr ciphsc-tcho he jotcùipcoa jo` fhuotmrvjclcoa ùtcms jt tbm QPH.

Fbcoj fhotcoums th tjgm cofrmimotjl stmps thwjr` TID cotmr-ojtchojlczjtcho, dut tbm ahjl he ijgcoa tbm TID j ijkhr cotmr-ojtchojl furrmofy rmijcos hut he rmjfb js tbm ahvmroimot fho-tcoums th ijcotjco strcft fhotrhls ho frhss-dhr`mr fjpctjl elhws.

Dmckcoas meehrts th rmehri tbm ecojofcjl systmi fhotcoum th dmbjipmrm` dy rcsgy hee-djljofm-sbmmt lmo`coa dy djogs joòhodjog ecojofcjl costctutchos. Dmckcoa bjs uo`mrtjgmo meehrtsth furd tbmsm rcsgy lmo`coa prjftcfms, rmihvcoa tbm elhhr holmo`coa rjtms jo` ciphscoa j sbhrt-tmri frm`ct fruofb co jfluisy meehrt th smo` j strhoa scaojl th tbm ecojofcjl smfthr.Bhwmvmr, tbmrm cs lcttlm mvc`mofm sh ejr tbjt tbmsm meehrts bjvmsuffmm`m`. Pbm fmclcoa ho rjtms pjc` th `mphscthrs rmijcos lhw,jo` shim rcsgy lmo`coa jftujlly cofrmjsm` ùrcoa tbm frm`ctfruofb.

Prmo`s co Fbcomsm Covmstimot co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms

Fbcomsm ehrmcao `crmft covmstimot (E@C) co tbm ]octm` Vtjtmsfhotcoums th arhw, tbhuab erhi j vmry lhw djsm. Jffhr`coa thheecfcjl ].V. stjtcstcfs, co 4>:4 tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jttrjftm`$:10.1 dcllcho he alhdjl E@C, he wbcfb $4:3 icllcho fjim erhiFbcoj. Jo mstcijtm dy fhuotry he ultcijtm dmomecfcjry hwomr,wbcfb dmttmr trjfgs jftujl covmsthrs, put sthfg he Fbcomsm E@Cco tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jt $3.= dcllcho jt tbm mo` he 4>::. Ehr tbmsjim ymjr, Fbcojs Icocstry he Fhiimrfm put tbm elhws he Fbc-omsm E@C th tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jt $:.2 dcllcho, wctb sthfg he E@Cmstcijtm` jt jrhuo` $3 dcllcho.

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>4> Eit 5566 Veit 5566 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


21/464

3

Heecfcjl stjtcstcfs uo`mrmstcijtm tbm trum vhluim he Fbcomsm co-vmstimot, dmfjusm tbmy `h oht jffhuot ehr elhws he E@C tbrhuabBhoa Ghoa jo` htbmr heesbhrm ecojofcjl fmotmrs, wbcfb jrm lcgm-ly trjosct phcots ehr Fbcomsm ihomy ho tbm wjy th tbm rmjl co-vmstimot `mstcojtcho. Heecfcjl `jtj jrm jlsh prhvc`m` jetmr jscaocecfjot `mljy, wbcfb bco`mrs jojlyscs.

Ph `jtm, stjtm-hwom` motmrprcsms (VHMs) bjvm `hicojtm` Fbc-omsm E@C co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms imjsurm` dy tbm vjlum he `mjls,tbhuab prcvjtm fhipjocms lmj` dy tbm ouidmr he `mjls. Homrmjsho cs tbjt tbm dcaamst covmstimots sh ejr bjvm dmmo ij`mco tbm hcl jo` momray ecml`s, wbcfb jrm `hicojtm` dy Fbcomsmstjtm-hwom` acjots.

Fbcomsm covmsthrs bjvm prcijrcly tjramtm` tbhsm smfthrs wbmrmFbcoj ljfgs gohw-bhw jo` tmfbohlhay, pjrtcfuljrly co tbm Vtrj-tmacf jo` Mimracoa Coùstrcms c`motcecm` co tbm :4tb Ecvm-Smjr^ljo. Momray jo` smrvcfms (co pjrtcfuljr rmjl mstjtm jo` ecojo-fcjl smrvcfms) bjvm rmfmcvm` tbm ihst covmstimot. Bcab-moìjouejfturcoa cs johtbmr ciphrtjot `mstcojtcho ehr Fbcojs co-vmstimots, pjrtcfuljrly wbmo imjsurm` co tmris he tbm ouidmrrjtbmr tbjo tbm vjlum he `mjls.

@um th tbm fhosc`mrjdlm ahvmroimot hwomrsbcp he tbm Fbcomsmmfhohiy, prhvcscho dy Fbcomsm fhipjocms he frctcfjl coerjstruf-turm th ].V. ahvmroimot hr jfqucsctcho dy Fbcomsm fhipjocmshe ].V. ecris wctb smosctcvm tmfbohlhay hr cotmllmftujl prhpmrtyfhul` dm bjrieul th ].V. ojtchojl cotmrmsts. Pbm Fhiicttmm hoEhrmcao Covmstimot co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms (FEC]V) covmstcajtmstbm ojtchojl smfurcty ciplcfjtchos he imramrs jo` jfqucsctchosdy ehrmcao covmsthrs he ].V. jssmts.

Covmstcajtchos dy FEC]V jo` htbmr ojtchojl smfurcty rmvcmwjo` ictcajtcho imfbjocsis ijy dm bjipmrm` dy lcictm` rm-shurfms hr lcictm` stjtuthry jutbhrcty.

Covmstimots ij`m dy Fbcomsm stjtm-hwom` hr -fhotrhllm` fhi-pjocms fjo jlsh phsm mfhohicf smfurcty tbrmjts. Pbm Fbcomsmahvmroimot prhvc`ms scaocecfjot ecojofcjl jo` lhacstcfjl sup-phrt. Pbcs puts ].V. ecris, wbcfb rmfmcvm oh sufb supphrt, jtj fhipmtctcvm `csj`vjotjam. Qbmo Fbcomsm VHMs covmstjdrhj`, tbmy `h oht omfmssjrcly smmg prhect jo` ijy costmj`pursum ahvmroimot ahjls sufb js rmshurfm jfqucsctcho hr tmfb-ohlhay trjosemr.

Fbcomsm covmstimots co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jrm sudkmft th tbmsjim smt he rulms jo` rmauljtchos js covmstimot erhi htbmr ehr-mcao fhuotrcms co tbm jrmjs he ehrmcao fhrrupt prjftcfms, mxphrtjìcocstrjtcho, sjoftchos, jo` jotctrust. Ce Fbcomsm ecris ruo

jehul he tbmsm rulms, tbmy wcll dm sudkmft th lmajl sjoftcho. Dutajps mxcst co tbm ].V. ahvmroimots jdclcty th j``rmss tbm fhi-pmtctcvm fbjllmoams phsm` dy VHMs.

Co jrmjs wbmrm tbmrm jrm oh ojtchojl smfurcty fhosc`mrjtchos,jo` wbmo tbm covmstimot cs `rcvmo dy mfhohicf rjtbmr tbjostrjtmacf rjtchojlm, Fbcomsm E@C fjo dmomect tbm ].V. mfhohiytbrhuab frmjtcho he khds jo` htbmr phsctcvm spcllhvmrs.

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>4: Eit 5566 Veit 5566 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


22/464

:>

Ahvmrojofm jo` Jffhuotjdclcty co Fbcojs Ecojofcjl Vystmi Pbm Fbcomsm mfhohiy wmjtbmrm` tbm ecrst emw ymjrs he tbm alhd-

jl mfhohicf `hwoturo dy `hudlcoa `hwo ho cts tcim-tmstm`strjtmay he euoomlcoa fjpctjl coth `himstcf `mvmlhpimotprhkmfts. Dut ecvm ymjrs ho, alhdjl `mijo` ehr Fbcomsm mxphrtsrmijcos thh wmjg th sustjco tbm fhuotrys ejfthrcms, iufb lmssomw homs, jo` tbm imrcts he ijsscvm coerjstrufturm prhkmftsbjvm ihrm tbjo ruo tbmcr fhursm. Pbm phlcfy `mfcschos tbjtgmpt tbm Fbcomsm mfhohiy fbuaacoa hvmr tbm ljst emw ymjrsbjvm jlsh spm` ct flhsmr th j rmfghocoa tbjt mfhohicsts bjvmlhoa ehrmfjst whul` mvmotujlly dm omfmssjry. Ce j rmdjljofcoa hetbm ].V.-Fbcoj mfhohicf rmljtchosbcp cs th dm jfbcmvm`, Fbcojiust rmehri cts ecojofcjl systmi th supphrt omwmr, ohostjtmshurfms he mfhohicf arhwtb, wbcfb wcll rmqucrm tbjt Fbcojsdjogs dmttmr smrvcfm cts prcvjtm smfthr.

Js lhoa js Fbcojs heecfcjl, rmauljtm` fbjoomls he frm`ct `h ohtphssmss tbm elmxcdclcty th immt tbm omm`s he tbm Fbcomsm mfhoh-iys ijco khd frmjthrs, Fbcoj wcll dm jt rcsg he `mprmssm` mfh-ohicf arhwtb, wbcfb co turo ijy lcict tbm arhwtb he ].V. mx-phrts th Fbcoj jo` tbm prhspmrcty he ].V. covmstimots coFbcoj, slhwcoa mfhohicf rmfhvmry bmrm jt bhim. Pbm sbj`hwdjogcoa systmi tbjt Dmckcoa bjs jllhwm` th stmp coth tbcs frm`-ct ajp cs cosueecfcmotly rmauljtm` jo`, ce lmet uofbmfgm`, wcllphsm jo cofrmjscoaly smrchus tbrmjt th Fbcomsm jo` alhdjl mfh-ohicf stjdclcty.

Pbm hpjfcty he Fbcomsm fhrphrjtm ahvmrojofm jo` jffhuot-jdclcty phlcfcms, js wmll js fhoelcfts wctb ].V. smfurctcms ljwsjo` rmauljtchos, burts covmsthr fhoec`mofm co Fbcomsm fhipj-ocms trj`coa ho ].V. mxfbjoams. Pbm furrmot sctujtcho tbrmjt-mos ].V. covmsthrs wctb uoehrmsmmjdlm jo` uoijojamjdlmlhssms jo` ijy lmj` th j drhj` `mlcstcoa he Fbcomsm fhipjocms.Fbcojs ljfg he shpbcstcfjtm` djogcoa, fhrphrjtm ahvmrojofm,jo` ju`ctcoa phlcfcms jo` prjftcfms jlsh bco`mrs iufb-omm`m`arhwtb jo` hpphrtuocty ehr tbm vmry ].V. ecojofcjl smrvcfmsecris tbjt fhul` bmlp Fbcoj th rmstrufturm cts systmi ce tbmywmrm jllhwm` armjtmr jffmss th tbm Fbcomsm ijrgmt.

Cosueecfcmot trjospjrmofy jo` jffhuotjdclcty co Fbcojs ecojo-fcjl smfthr put ].V. ecris jt rcsg he vchljtcoa ljws co dhtbFbcoj jo` tbm ]octm` Vtjtms7 phsm uormjshojdlm bjzjr`s ehr].V. covmsthrs wctb sbjrms co Fbcomsm fhipjocms7 jo` rmo`mrshim ].V. ljws jo` rmauljtchos uomoehrfmjdlm. Qctbhut armjtmrrmauljthry trjospjrmofy jo` jssurjofm he Fbcojs rmauljthry,hvmrscabt jo` moehrfmimot fjpjdclctcms, Fbcomsm ecris jlsh rcsgfurtjclimot hr mvmo rmvhfjtcho he jffmss th tbm ].V. ijrgmt.

Fbcojs Jarcfulturm ^hlcfy, Ehh` Tmauljtcho, jo` tbm ].V.-FbcojJarcfulturm Prj`m

Ehr tbm pjst tbrmm ymjrs, Fbcoj bjs dmmo tbm ljramst mxphrtijrgmt ehr ].V. jarcfulturjl ahh`s. Bhwmvmr, trj`m cs ejr erhiermm, jo` mohrihus hpphrtuoctcms jrm dmcoa wctbbml`. FbcojsQPH jffmsscho bjs oht dmmo js prh`uftcvm th tbm ]octm` Vtjtmsjs coctcjlly mxpmftm`. Co fhotrjst th ].V. jarcfulturjl mxphrts th

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>44 Eit 5566 Veit 5566 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


23/464

::

tbm rmst he tbm whrl`, ihst ].V. mxphrts th Fbcoj jrm dulg fhi-ih`ctcms, pjrtcfuljrly rjw shydmjos tbjt supply Fbcojs hut-sczm` lcvmsthfg smfthr. Fhovmrsmly, prhfmssm` fhiih`ctcms, imjtprhùfts, fhosuimr ehh`s, jo` htbmr bcabmr vjlum-j``m` prh`-ufts bjvm oht gmpt pjfm wctb tbm hvmrjll arhwtb co dcljtmrjltrj`m.

Vcofm tbm :32>s, Fbcoj bjs `mvmlhpm` coth tbm whrl`s ljramstjarcfulturjl mfhohiy, prhùfcoa j ecetb he tbm whrl`s arjcos, jqujrtmr he cts imjt, jo` bjle he cts vmamtjdlms. Dut `mijo` coFbcoj cs dmacoocoa th hutstrcp supply. Js ihrm pmhplm ihvm thfctcms jo` mjro bcabmr cofhims, Fbcojs phpuljtcho cs `mijo`-coa sjemr ehh` jo` j ihrm `cvmrsm, prhtmco-rcfb `cmt jt jo je-ehr`jdlm fhst. Pbm ]octm` Vtjtms cs wmll-phsctchom` th immt tbjt`mijo`. ].V. ejrimrs mokhy j fhipjrjtcvm j`vjotjam co rm-shurfms, prhùftcvcty, jo` qujlcty, pjrtcfuljrly co imjt prhùf-

tcho. Fbcojs jarcfulturm phlcfy ejvhrs `himstcf prhùftcho hvmr ci-

phrts. Fbcoj ijcotjcos jidctchus smle-sueecfcmofy tjramts tbjtjrm uosustjcojdlm jo` uokustcecjdlm co tmris he ehh` smfurcty.Pbcs phlcfy cs ohw dmcoa fbjllmoam` dy tbm `mflcom co Fbcojsejri ljdhr surplus, `mtmrchrjtcoa ljo` jo` rmshurfm mo`hw-imots, jo` erjaimotm` prhùfmr jo` ljo` usm systmis. J rm-ljtm` prhdlmi cs tbjt meehrts th ih`mroczm jarcfulturm fhoelcftwctb rurjl wmlejrm jcis. Icllchos he rurjl icarjots fhotcoum thrmly ho ejriljo` jo` sijllbhl`mr jarcfulturm ehr cosurjofm cotbm jdsmofm he j euoftchocoa wmlejrm stjtm.

Fbcoj bjs ejclm` th eully pmrehri cts hdlcajtchos uo`mr tbmQPH. Ct bjs mrmftm` j smrcms he ohotjrcee djrrcmrs tbjt coflu`mstjtm trj`coa7 mxfmsscvm `himstcf sudsc`cms jo` sthfgpclcoa hefhiih`ctcms7 `csfrcicojthry tjxms7 uofjllm`-ehr jotcùipcoa

ùtcms7 jo` slhw jpprhvjls he dchtmfbohlhay jpplcfjtchos ehr].V. frhps. @jijacoa th ].V. cotmrmsts js wmll jrm sjoctjry jo`pbythsjoctjry rmstrcftchos, mspmfcjlly DVM-djsm` djos ho dmmejo` zmrh thlmrjofm ehr rjfthpjicom co phrg. Jltbhuab Fbcojbjs scaocecfjotly lhwmrm` cts tjrcees jo` cofrmjsm` cts jarcful-turjl ciphrts scofm jffmsscho, ouimrhus trj`m rmstrcftchos rm-ijco co pljfm.

].V. fhipjocms, uocvmrsctcms, jo` ahvmroimot jamofcms jrmbmlpcoa Fbcoj th ciprhvm tbm qujotcty jo` qujlcty he cts ehh`hutput. Co j scao he `mmpmocoa dcljtmrjl tcms, tbm ]octm` Vtjtmsjo` Fbcoj scaom` tbm ecrst ].V.-Fbcoj ^ljo he Vtrjtmacf Fh-hpmrjtcho co Jarcfulturm (4>:44>:1) co Emdrujry 4>:4, jo` coIjrfb he tbjt ymjr tbm ljramst-mvmr ].V. jarcfulturjl trj`micsscho vcsctm` Fbcoj. Bhwmvmr, ].V. fhipjocms hpmrjtcoa coFbcoj jrm bjistruoa dy rmauljthry uofmrtjcoty, rmstrcftmìjrgmt jffmss, jo` wmjg cotmllmftujl prhpmrty moehrfmimot.

Fbcoj cs ehstmrcoa alhdjlly fhipmtctcvm jarcduscomssms, co tbmprhfmss dmfhicoa jo jftcvm jfqucrmr he jarcfulturjl jssmts hvmr-smjs. Co Kuom 4>:6, Fbcojs ljramst phrg prhùfmr, Vbujoabuc,prhphsm` j $1.: dcllcho jfqucsctcho he Victbecml`, tbm lmj`coaphrg prhùfmr co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms. Qbclm tbm `mjl bjs dmmojpprhvm` dy FEC]V jo` Victbecml`s sbjrmbhl`mrs, ct rjcsms



24/464

:4

frctcfjl cssums rmajr`coa omt mfhohicf dmomects, cotmllmftujlprhpmrty, rmfcprhfjl ijrgmt jffmss, jo` tbm trmjtimot he qujsc-prcvjtm Fbcomsm fhipjocms tbjt ijcotjco lcogs th tbm Fbcomsmahvmroimot.

Fbcoj jffhuots ehr j ljram sbjrm he tbm eructs, vmamtjdlms, ecsb,jo` prhfmssm` ehh`s tbjt Jimrcfjos fhosuim, dut tbm ]octm`Vtjtms bjs lcttlm jssurjofm tbjt tbm ehh` ciphrts fhicoa cothtbm ]octm` Vtjtms erhi Fbcoj jrm sjem. Fbcojs hwo ehh` sjemtyrmauljtcho cs stcll comeemftcvm, co spctm he rmfmot meehrts th fho-shlc`jtm jamofcms jo` ciprhvm lmacsljtcho. ].V. fhosuimrs rmlyho ].V. ehh` sjemty cospmfthrs th `h tbmcr khds, dut ].V. rmaulj-tcho cs jlsh erjaimotm` jo` uo`mreuo`m`. ].V. rmauljthrs bjvmcofrmjsm` tbmcr prmsmofm wctbco Fbcoj dut bjvm struaalm` thhdtjco whrg vcsjs jo` th ajco jffmss th ehh` prhùftcho ejfclc-tcms. Jltbhuab tbm ]octm` Vtjtms `hms oht pmrict rjw imjt ci-

phrts erhi Fbcoj, tbm ]V@J bjs arjotm` mqucvjlmofm stjtus thFbcomsm phultry prhfmsshrs, wbcfb wcll pmrict tbmi th prhfmssphultry rjcsm` co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jo` Fjoj`j jo` sbcp ct thtbm ]octm` Vtjtms.

Fbjptmr 4; Fbcojs Cipjft ho ].V. Vmfurcty Cotmrmsts

Iclctjry jo` Vmfurcty Smjr co Tmvcmw

Fbcojs ljtm 4>:4 lmj`mrsbcp trjosctcho drhuabt tbm ljramst turo-hvmr th tbm Fmotrjl Iclctjry Fhiicsscho (FIF) co j `mfj`m. RcKcopcoa jssuim` tbm phsctcho he dhtb FIF fbjcrijo jo` FbcomsmFhiiuocst ^jrty (FF^) amomrjl smfrmtjry jt tbm FF^s :2tb ^jrtyFhoarmss ho Ohvmidmr :=, 4>:4. ^rmsc`mot Rc tbmo fhiplmtm` bcsjffmsscho js Fbcojs smochr lmj`mr dy dmfhicoa tbm ^mhplms Tmpud-lcf he Fbcoj (^TF) prmsc`mot ho Ijrfb :0, 4>:6. Jltbhuab ^rmsc-

`mot Rc wjs wc`mly mxpmftm` th mvmotujlly jssuim jll tbrmm he Fbc-ojs thp lmj`mrsbcp phsts, ijoy hdsmrvmrs wmrm surprcsm` dy tbmspmm` he bcs mlmvjtcho th FIF fbjcrijo. Ir. Bu drhgm wctb tbmpjttmro mstjdlcsbm` dy bcs twh prm`mfmsshrs, wbh rmtjcom` tbm FIFfbjcrijosbcp ehr twh ymjrs jetmr ecocsbcoa tbmcr tmris js FF^ amo-mrjl smfrmtjry.

Vcofm dmfhicoa FIF fbjcrijo, ^rmsc`mot Rc bjs usm` pudlcfspmmfbms jo` vcscts th ^mhplms Lcdmrjtcho Jriy (^LJ) uocts th rmje-ecri Fbcojs lhoa-tmri iclctjry ih`mroczjtcho ahjls7 mipbjsczm tbmciphrtjofm he j strhoa iclctjry th tbm eulecllimot he tbm Fbcoj@rmji, bcs omw phlctcfjl slhajo jo` pjrty fjipjcao7 jo` scaojlbcs cotmot th ehfus ho cofrmjscoa fhidjt rmj`comss jo` rmùfcoafhrruptcho co tbm ^LJ.

Co Ohvmidmr 4>:4, ^rmsc`mot Rc cotrhùfm` tbm Fbcoj @rmjifhofmpt, wbcfb movcschos tbm armjt rmomwjl he tbm Fbcomsm ojtcho

jo` tbm j`vjofmimot he jo cotmrojtchojl systmi co wbcfb Fbcojssuffmsseul rcsm prhvc`ms jo jttrjftcvm jltmrojtm phlctcfjl ih`ml thQmstmro homs. Jfbcmvcoa tbm `rmji imjos ducl`coa j ih`mrjtmlyprhspmrhus shfcmty dy 4>4: jo` j ih`mro shfcjlcst shfcmty tbjt csstrhoa, `mihfrjtcf, fulturm`, jo` bjrihochus dy 4>03. Jltbhuab^rmsc`mot Rc mipbjsczms tbjt pmjfmeul `mvmlhpimot jo` j stj-dlm rmachojl movcrhoimot jrm mssmotcjl th frmjtm tbm fho`ctchosehr tbcs vcscho, bm lcogm` cts eulecllimot th j strhoa iclctjry co j



25/464

:6

@mfmidmr 4>:4 spmmfb wbclm jdhjr` j ^LJ Ojvy `mstrhymr. CoKuom 4>:6, heecfcjl ^LJ im`cj mxpljcom`, Ph tbm jrim` ehrfms,tbm Fbcoj `rmji cs tbm strhoa-jriy `rmji, tbm Fbcoj `rmji lmj`stbm strhoa-jriy `rmji, jo` tbm strhoa-jriy `rmji supphrts tbmFbcoj `rmji.

@urcoa bcs ecrst rmphrtm` vcsct th j ^LJ djsm js FIF fbjcrijoco @mfmidmr 4>:4, ^rmsc`mot Rc fjllm` ehr tbm ^LJ th cofrmjsmfhidjt rmj`comss tbrhuab rmjlcstcf trjcocoa. Fhidjt rmj`comssbjs dmmo j fmotrjl tbmim he sudsmqumot spmmfbms th tbm iclctjry dy^rmsc`mot Rc jo` ohw emjturms prhicomotly co heecfcjl ^LJ stjtm-imots jo` `hfuimots. Ehr mxjiplm, heecfcjl ^LJ im`cj co Kjoujry4>:6 sjc` tbm iclctjry omm`s th prmvmot jo` hvmrfhim tbm bjri-eul prjftcfm he trjcocoa ehr sbhw. Eurtbmrihrm, `msfrcdcoa tbm^LJs 4>:6 trjcocoa prchrctcms, j ^LJ heecfcjl sjc`; Pbm sfmot heauophw`mr co tbm ecabtcoa wcll dm strhoamr. Pbm motcrm iclctjry

wcll ijgm trjcocoa lcgm rmjl wjr . . . tbm ijco tbmim he tbm motcrmymjrs trjcocoa, phwmreully strmoatbmocoa trjcocoa he icsscho thpcfs,mosurcoa tbjt js shho js tbmrm cs j sctujtcho, tbm iclctjry wcll dmjdlm th ah ehrwjr` jo` ecabt th vcfthry.

Co j immtcoa sbhrtly jetmr dmfhicoa tbm FIF fbjcrijo, ^rmsc-`mot Rc uram` smochr ^LJ heecfmrs th tjgm j ecri stjo` jajcost fhr-ruptcho jo` th ijcotjco j strcft whrg stylm jo` crho `csfcplcom.Vcofm tbmo, rmùfcoa fhrruptcho jo` wjstm co tbm ^LJ bjs dmmo homhe ^rmsc`mot Rcs ihst fhoscstmot imssjams co bcs pudlcf spmmfbmsth tbm iclctjry. Co j``ctcho th rbmthrcf, ^rmsc`mot Rc bjs joohuofm`strhoamr jotcfhrruptcho rmauljtchos ehr tbm ^LJ, coflu`coa rmstrcf-tchos ho iclctjry pmrshooml bhl`coa djoqumts, `rcogcoa mxfmsscvmjihuots he jlfhbhl, jo` uscoa luxury bhtmls.

Co Ijrfb 4>:6, Fbcoj joohuofm` cts heecfcjl `memosm duàmt ehr4>:6 rhsm :>.1 pmrfmot th 14>.:52 dcllcho TID (jpprhxcijtmly

$::1.63 dcllcho), scaojlcoa tbm omw lmj`mrsbcps supphrt ehr tbm^LJs hoahcoa ih`mroczjtcho meehrts. Pbcs ecaurm rmprmsmots =.6pmrfmot he thtjl ahvmroimot hutljys jo` jpprhxcijtmly :.6 pmrfmothe mstcijtm` A@^. Fbcojs heecfcjl jooujl `memosm duàmt ohw bjscofrmjsm` ehr 44 fhosmfutcvm ymjrs jo` ihrm tbjo `hudlm` scofm4>>5. Pbm Costctutm he Cotmrojtchojl Vtrjtmacf Vtu`cms jssmssms Fbc-ojs jftujl `memosm spmo`coa cs 0> th => pmrfmot bcabmr tbjo tbmheecfcjl ecaurm. Pbm ].V. @mpjrtimot he @memosm (@h@) mstcijtm`Fbcojs jftujl `memosm spmo`coa co 4>:4 emll dmtwmmo $:6= jo`$4:= dcllcho, wbcfb wjs jpprhxcijtmly 4> th 3> pmrfmot bcabmr tbjoFbcojs joohuofm` `memosm duàmt.

Co Jprcl 4>:6, Fbcoj rmlmjsm` tbm ljtmst vmrscho he cts dcmoocjl`memosm wbctm pjpmr. Pbcs cs tbm ecrst `memosm wbctm pjpmr pud-lcsbm` scofm ^rmsc`mot Rc dmfjim FIF fbjcrijo. Jltbhuab Fbcomsmiclctjry lmj`mrs lcgmly dmajo th `rjet tbm `hfuimot dmehrm ^rmsc-

`mot Rc jssuim` tbm phsctcho, heecfcjl Fbcomsm prmss suaamsts ct fho-tjcos strjtmacf prchrctcms spmfcecf th bci. Heecfcjl Fbcomsm im`cjbjclm` tbm 4>:4 `memosm wbctm pjpmr js j iclmsthom co trjos-pjrmofy, fctcoa tbm `mfljsscecfjtcho he iclctjry coehrijtcho. Bhw-mvmr, ihst he tbcs wjs wc`mly-gohwo coehrijtcho tbjt Dmckcoa bjòmvmr heecfcjlly jfgohwlmàm`. Eurtbmrihrm, js co prmvchusctmrjtchos, tbm 4>:4 `memosm wbctm pjpmr heemrs oh sudstjotcvm coehr-ijtcho ho ciphrtjot `memosm cssums.

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>4= Eit 5566 Veit 5566 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


26/464

:0

Vcofm fhiicsschocoa cts ecrst jcrfrjet fjrrcmr, tbm Lcjhocoa, coVmptmidmr 4>:4, tbm ^LJ Ojvy bjs fhotcoum` th `mvmlhp j ecxm`-wcoa fjrrcmr jvcjtcho fjpjdclcty ehr jcr `memosm jo` heemoscvm strcgmicsschos. Fbcoj pljos th ehllhw tbmLcjhocoa wctb jt lmjst twh co-`camohusly duclt fjrrcmrs. Pbm ecrst lcgmly wcll motmr smrvcfm dy 4>4>jo` tbm smfho` dy 4>4=. Fbcojs Kuljoa-4 (KL4) sudijrcom-ljuofbm` djllcstcf icssclm (VLDI) cs mxpmftm` th rmjfb coctcjl hpmr-jtchos fjpjdclcty dy ljtm 4>:6. Pbm KL4, wbmo ijtm` wctb tbm^LJ Ojvys KCO-fljss ouflmjr djllcstcf icssclm sudijrcom (VVDO),wcll acvm Fbcoj cts ecrst frm`cdlm smj-djsm` ouflmjr `mtmrrmot. PbmVLDO/VVDO wmjpho systmi wcll dm jdlm th tjramt tbm fhotcomotjl]octm` Vtjtms erhi Fbcojs lctthrjl wjtmrs.

Pbm ^LJ Ojvy fhotcoums th stmj`cly cofrmjsm cts covmothry heih`mro sudijrcoms jo` surejfm fhidjtjots. Fbcoj cs gohwo th dmducl`coa smvmo fljssms he sbcps sciultjomhusly dut ijy dm fho-struftcoa j``ctchojl fljssms. Fbcoj jlsh rmfmotly dmajo `mvmlhpcoacts ecrst smj-djsm` ljo` jttjfg fjpjdclcty. Ih`mro sudijrcoms jo`surejfm fhidjtjots mqucppm` wctb ljo` jttjfg frucsm icssclms(LJFIs) wcll mobjofm Dmckcoas elmxcdclcty ehr jttjfgcoa ljo` tjramtstbrhuabhut tbm Qmstmro ^jfcecf, coflu`coa ].V. ejfclctcms co Auji.

Fbcoj jlsh fhotcoums th pursum omw spjfm jo` fhuotmrspjfm fj-pjdclctcms. Co Ijy 4>:6, Fbcoj ecrm` j icssclm coth omjrly amh-syofbrhohus Mjrtb hrdct, ijrgcoa tbm bcabmst gohwo sudhrdctjlljuofb scofm tbm ].V. Arjvcty ^rhdm J co :315 jo` Fbcojs bcabmstgohwo sudhrdctjl ljuofb th `jtm. Jltbhuab Dmckcoa fljcis tbmljuofb wjs pjrt he j bcab-jltctu`m sfcmotcecf mxpmrcimot, jvjcljdlm`jtj suaamst ct wjs cotmo`m` th tmst jt lmjst tbm ljuofb vmbcflmfhiphomot he j omw bcab-jltctu`m jotcsjtmllctm (JVJP) fjpjdclcty. Cetbm ljuofb cs pjrt he Fbcojs JVJP prharji, Dmckcoas jttmipt th`csaucsm ct js j sfcmotcecf mxpmrcimot whul` `mihostrjtm j ljfg hetrjospjrmofy jdhut cts hdkmftcvms jo` jftcvctcms co spjfm. Eurtbmr-

ihrm, sufb j tmst whul` scaojl Fbcojs cotmot th `mvmlhp jo JVJPfjpjdclcty th tjramt sjtmllctms co jo jltctu`m rjoam tbjt coflu`ms].V. Alhdjl ^hsctchocoa Vystmi (A^V) jo` ijoy ].V. iclctjry jo`cotmllcamofm sjtmllctms. Pbrhuabhut 4>:6, Fbcoj jlsh ij`m scaocec-fjot j`vjofms co cts ijoom` spjfm jo` rmachojl sjtmllctm ojvcajtchoprharjis. Pbm ^LJs mxtmoscvm rhlm co Fbcojs fcvclcjo spjfm prh-arjis suaamsts tbmsm jftcvctcms supphrt tbm `mvmlhpimot he ^LJspjfm, fhuotmrspjfm, jo` fhovmotchojl fjpjdclctcms co j``ctcho thsmrvcoa Fbcojs hvmrjll `mvmlhpimot strjtmay.

Co ljtm Kjoujry 4>:6, Fbcoj fhoùftm` tbm ecrst tmst elcabt he ctsco`camohusly `mvmlhpm` fjrah trjosphrt jcrfrjet, tbm Suo-4> (S4>).Fbcoj prmvchusly wjs uojdlm th ducl` bmjvy trjosphrts, sh ct bjsrmlcm` ho j bjoèul he Tusscjo jcrfrjet ehr strjtmacf jcrlcet scofm tbm:33>s. Hofm ljram-sfjlm `mlcvmrcms he tbm omw pljom dmaco, tbm S4> jcrfrjet wcll dm jdlm th supphrt j vjrcmty he `himstcf jo` cotmr-

ojtchojl iclctjry hpmrjtchos. Pbm S4> wcll mobjofm tbm ^LJs jdcl-cty th rmspho` th cotmrojl smfurcty frcsms jo` dhr`mr fhotcoamofcms,supphrt cotmrojtchojl pmjfmgmmpcoa jo` buijoctjrcjo jsscstjofmhpmrjtchos, jo` prhkmft phwmr co j rmachojl fhoelcft.

Co Kuom 4>:6, tbm ^LJ Jcr Ehrfm dmajo th rmfmcvm omw Bhoazbj-5G (B5G) dhidmr jcrfrjet. Pbm B5G bjs jo mxtmo`m` rjoam jo`fjo fjrry Fbcojs omw lhoa-rjoam LJFI. Pbm dhidmr/LJFI wmjp-ho systmi prhvc`ms tbm ^LJ Jcr Ehrfm wctb tbm jdclcty th fhoùft



27/464

:=

fhovmotchojl strcgms jajcost rmachojl tjramts tbrhuabhut tbm Qmst-mro ^jfcecf, coflu`coa ].V. ejfclctcms co Auji. Jltbhuab tbm B5Gjcrerjim fhul` dm ih`cecm` th fjrry j ouflmjr-tcppm` jcr-ljuofbm`LJFI, jo` Fbcojs LJFIs lcgmly bjvm tbm jdclcty th fjrry j ou-flmjr wjrbmj`, tbmrm cs oh mvc`mofm th fhoecri Fbcoj cs `mplhycoaouflmjr wjrbmj`s ho joy he cts jcr-ljuofbm` LJFIs.

Co Kuly 4>:6, tbm ^LJ dmajo th `mplhy pmjfmgmmpmrs th tbm]octm` Ojtchos (]O) Iultc`cimoschojl Cotmarjtm` VtjdclczjtchoIcsscho co Ijlc (ICO]VIJ). Pbm ^LJ fhotcoamot coflu`ms wbjtDmckcoa fjlls j smfurcty ehrfm erhi j ^LJ arhup jriy. Pbcs ijrgstbm ecrst tcim Dmckcoa bjs `mplhym` coejotry th supphrt j pmjfm-gmmpcoa hpmrjtcho scofm ct dmajo pjrtcfcpjtcoa co ]O icsschos co:33>. Fbcoj prmvchusly bj` lcictm` tbm ^LJs pjrtcfcpjtcho copmjfmgmmpcoa hpmrjtchos th ohofhidjt trhhps.

Fbcojs Fydmr JftcvctcmsCo 4>:6, strhoa mvc`mofm mimram` tbjt tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot

cs `crmftcoa jo` mxmfutcoa j ljram-sfjlm fydmr mspchojam fjipjcaojajcost tbm ]octm` Vtjtms. Ijo`cjot, j prcvjtm ].V. fydmrsmfurctyecri, cssum` j rmphrt tbjt prhvc`ms mvc`mofm tbjt tbm ^LJ scofm4>>5 bjs pmomtrjtm` tbm omtwhrgs he jt lmjst :0: hrajoczjtchos, co-flu`coa fhipjocms, cotmrojtchojl hrajoczjtchos, jo` ehrmcao ahvmro-imots. Pbmsm hrajoczjtchos jrm mctbmr lhfjtm` hr bjvm bmj`qujrtmrsco := fhuotrcms jo` rmprmsmot 4> smfthrs, erhi coehrijtcho tmfb-ohlhay th ecojofcjl smrvcfms. He tbm hrajoczjtchos pmomtrjtm`, 2:pmrfmot wmrm mctbmr lhfjtm` co tbm ]octm` Vtjtms hr bj` ].V.-djsm`bmj`qujrtmrs.

Pbm Ijo`cjot rmphrt wjs ehllhwm` dy @h@s ecrst `crmft jffusj-tcho tbjt tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot jo` iclctjry jrm fhoùftcoafydmr mspchojam jajcost ].V. omtwhrgs. @h@s 4>:6 jooujl rmphrtth Fhoarmss ho Fbcojs iclctjry stjtm`; Co 4>:4, ouimrhus fhi-putmr systmis jrhuo` tbm whrl`, coflu`coa tbhsm hwom` dy tbm ].V.ahvmroimot, fhotcoum` th dm tjramtm` ehr cotruschos, shim he wbcfbjppmjr th dm jttrcdutjdlm `crmftly th tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot joìclctjry. ^rmvchusly, @h@ bj` sthppm` sbhrt he jttrcdutcoa fydmrmspchojam th tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot hr iclctjry, costmj` imrmlyjfgohwlmàcoa fydmr mspchojam hrcacojtm` co Fbcoj.

Pbmrm jrm oh co`cfjtchos tbm pudlcf mxphsurm he Fbcomsm fydmr ms-pchojam co tmfbocfjl `mtjcl tbrhuabhut 4>:6 bjs lm` Fbcoj thfbjoam cts jttctu`m thwjr` tbm usm he fydmr mspchojam th stmjl cotml-lmftujl prhpmrty jo` prhprcmtjry coehrijtcho. Ct cs flmjr ojicoajo` jttmiptcoa th sbjim wcll oht dm sueecfcmot th `mtmr motctcms coFbcoj erhi moajacoa co fydmr mspchojam jajcost ].V. fhipjocms.Ictcajtcoa tbm prhdlmi wcll rmqucrm j iultcejfmtm` jpprhjfb. Ijoyphtmotcjl jftchos th j``rmss tbm prhdlmi jrm dmcoa `csfussm` dyFhoarmss, tbm Hdjij Jìcocstrjtcho, jo` hutsc`m mxpmrts. Pbmsmjftchos coflu`m lcogcoa mfhohicf fydmr mspchojam th trj`m rmstrcf-tchos, prhbcdctcoa Fbcomsm ecris uscoa sthlmo ].V. cotmllmftujl prhp-mrty erhi jffmsscoa ].V. djogs, jo` djoocoa ].V. trjvml ehr Fbc-omsm hrajoczjtchos tbjt jrm covhlvm` wctb fydmr mspchojam. Ph `jtm,Qjsbcoatho bjs oht ciplmimotm` j fhiprmbmoscvm erjimwhrg ehrj``rmsscoa Fbcojs hoahcoa fydmr mspchojam.



28/464

:5

Fbcojs Ijrctcim @csputmsJltbhuab shvmrmcaoty `csputms co tbm Mjst jo` Vhutb Fbcoj Vmjs

jrm oht omw, Fbcojs arhwcoa `cplhijtcf, mfhohicf, jo` iclctjryflhut cs ciprhvcoa Fbcojs jdclcty th jssmrt cts cotmrmsts. Ct cs co-frmjscoaly flmjr tbjt Fbcoj `hms oht cotmo` th rmshlvm tbm `csputmstbrhuab iultcljtmrjl omahtcjtchos hr tbm jpplcfjtcho he cotmr-ojtchojl ljws jo` j`ku`cfjtcvm prhfmssms dut costmj` wcll usm ctsarhwcoa phwmr co supphrt he fhmrfcvm tjftcfs tbjt prmssurm ctsomcabdhrs th fhofm`m th Fbcojs fljcis. Ucmwcoa j pudlcf `memosm hects ijrctcim fljcis js fmotrjl th phlctcfjl lmactcijfy, lmj`mrs coDmckcoa mxplhct `mmp-smjtm` phpuljr ojtchojlcsi th supphrt ehrmcaophlcfy jcis co tbm Mjst jo` Vhutb Fbcoj Vmjs. Fbcoj jlsh vcmwsshvmrmcaoty hvmr tbm Mjst jo` Vhutb Fbcoj Vmjs js frctcfjl th ctsojtchojl smfurcty, tmrrcthrcjl cotmarcty, jo` mfhohicf `mvmlhpimot.Fbcoj bjs dmmo ihrm jssmrtcvm scofm tbm pudlcfjtcho he tbm Fhi-

icsschos 4>:4 Tmphrt, heemrcoa fhuotmrfljcijots tbm fbhcfm he mc-tbmr ejfcoa tbm druot he Fbcomsm phwmr js j rmsult he fbjllmoacoaFbcomsm fljcis hr dmomecttcoa erhi mfhohicf jo` phlctcfjl rmwjr`sehr ih`mrjtcoa tbmcr phsctchos hr mvmo jfqucmsfcoa th Fbcojsfljcis. Fbcomsm heecfcjl stjtmimots jo` usm he ijrctcim ljw mo-ehrfmimot rjtbmr tbjo iclctjry ehrfms suaamst Dmckcoa prmemrs thjvhc` `crmft iclctjry fhoelcft hvmr cts ijrctcim `csputms jo` rmly hotbm sbcet co tbm djljofm he rmachojl phwmr co cts ejvhr th rmshlvm ctsijrctcim `csputms co tbm lhoa tmri.

Pbm Mjst Fbcoj Vmj `csputm covhlvms Fbcoj, Kjpjo, jo` Pjcwjo.Pbm `csputm fjo dm `cvc`m` coth twh `cstcoft cssums; tmrrcthrcjl shv-mrmcaoty hvmr tbm Vmogjgu Csljo`s (gohwo js tbm @cjhyu @jh coFbcoj, jo` @cjhyutjc co Pjcwjo), jo` `mijrfjtcho he ijrctcimzhoms tbjt bjvm ciplcfjtchos ehr ojturjl rmshurfm rcabts. Acvmo tbmbcsthrcfjl jocihscty dmtwmmo Fbcoj jo` Kjpjo jo` tbm strhoa oj-

tchojlcst smotcimot ho dhtb sc`ms rmajr`coa tbm shvmrmcaoty he tbmcsljo`s, tbm Vmogjgu Csljo`s `csputm cs mspmfcjlly cotmosm. Pbm Kjp-jomsm ahvmroimots Vmptmidmr 4>:4 purfbjsm he tbrmm he tbm cs-ljo`s erhi j prcvjtm Kjpjomsm hwomr joamrm` Fbcoj, spjrgcoa jomsfjljtcho co tmoschos dmtwmmo Fbcoj jo` Kjpjo. ^LJ Ojvy jo`Fbcomsm ijrctcim ljw moehrfmimot jftcvcty omjr tbm Vmogjgu Cs-ljo`s, prmvchusly crrmauljr jo` sphrj`cf, cofrmjsm` th j rhdust jo`omjr-pmrscstmot prmsmofm ehllhwcoa Kjpsos purfbjsm he tbm csljo`s.Pmoschos fhotcoum` th sciimr tbrhuabhut 4>:6 js dhtb sc`ms mo-bjofm` tbmcr ojvjl jo` ijrctcim ljw moehrfmimot prmsmofm co tbm`csputm` wjtmrs th jssmrt tbmcr fljcis.

Pbm Vhutb Fbcoj Vmj `csputm covhlvms Fbcoj, Pjcwjo, Ucmtoji,tbm ^bclcppcoms, Ijljyscj, jo` Druomc. Dmckcoa `mohtms cts fljci hocts Vhutb Fbcoj Vmj ijps uscoa j ocom-`jsb lcom, wctb jo j``c-tchojl `jsb hee tbm fhjst he Pjcwjo th `mihostrjtm cts shvmrmcaoty

hvmr Pjcwjo. Fbcojs `cplhijtcf prmemrmofm ho tbm Vhutb Fbcoj Vmjcs th `cvc`m jo` fhoqumr dy omahtcjtcoa tbm cssum ho j dcljtmrjldjscs rjtbmr tbjo uo`mr tbm juspcfms he iultcljtmrjl ehruis sufbjs JVMJO.

Co j``ctcho th dhhstcoa cts prmsmofm co tbm Mjst jo` Vhutb FbcojVmjs, Dmckcoa bjs tjgmo j ouidmr he stmps scofm ic`-4>:4 th j`-`rmss sbhrtfhicoas co cts fhhr`cojtcho he ijrctcim phlcfy th dmttmrjlcao Fbcojs ijrctcim jftcvcty wctb ojtchojl phlcfy. Co jo meehrt th



29/464

:1

strmjilcom cts ijrctcim phlcfy-ijgcoa durmjufrjfcms th ijojam ctsijrctcim `csputms ihrm meemftcvmly, Fbcoj frmjtm` j bcab-lmvml phl-cfy j`vcshry arhup ho ijrctcim smfurcty cssums co ic`-4>:4 jo`fhoshlc`jtm` iultcplm ijrctcim ljw moehrfmimot jamofcms coth jscoalm Fbcoj Fhjst Aujr` co ic`-4>:6.

Dmckcoa `csfhurjams jo` smmgs th prmvmot tbm `cplhijtcf covhlvm-imot he tbm ]octm` Vtjtms co tbm Mjst jo` Vhutb Fbcoj Vmjs dm-fjusm Dmckcoa fhosc`mrs tbmsm `csputms dcljtmrjl cssums dmtwmmoFbcoj jo` mjfb fljcijot. Bhwmvmr, ].V. trmjty fhiictimots joèhrwjr`-`mplhym` iclctjry prmsmofm dco` tbm ]octm` Vtjtms th tbmrmacho co wjys tbjt lcog cts smfurcty cotmrmsts th tbm pmjfmeul rmsh-lutcho he Fbcojs ijrctcim `csputms. @mspctm j amomrjlly ciprhvcoaiclctjry-th-iclctjry rmljtchosbcp, iutujl icstrust jdhut hom jo-htbmrs lhoa-tmri cotmotchos fhotcoums th pmrvj`m tbm hvmrjll smfu-rcty rmljtchosbcp. Pbcs strjtmacf djfg`rhp phsms fbjllmoams ehr tbmhpmrjtchojl movcrhoimot jt smj, mspmfcjlly js tbm ijrctcim hpmr-jtcoa jrmjs he tbm twh fhuotrcms cofrmjscoaly hvmrljp.

Fhofluschos

Iclctjry jo` Vmfurcty Smjr co Tmvcmw

^LJ ih`mroczjtcho cs jltmrcoa tbm smfurcty djljofm co tbm Jscj^jfcecf, fbjllmoacoa `mfj`ms he ].V. iclctjry prmmicomofm cotbm rmacho.

Pbm ^LJ Ojvy cs co tbm ic`st he jo ciprmsscvm ih`mroczjtchoprharji. Fbcojs jfqucsctcho he ojvjl pljtehris, wmjphos, jo`systmis bjs mipbjsczm` qujlctjtcvm ciprhvmimots, oht qujo-tctjtcvm arhwtb, jo` cs fmotmrm` ho ciprhvcoa cts jdclcty thstrcgm hpphscoa sbcps jt smj jo` hpmrjtm jt armjtmr `cstjofmserhi tbm Fbcomsm ijcoljo`. Ph`jy, tbm ^LJ Ojvy cs jdlm thfhoùft bcab-cotmoscty hpmrjtchos co Fbcojs ciim`cjtm pmrcpb-mry js wmll js lhw-cotmoscty hpmrjtchos dmyho` tbm rmacho.Prmo`s co Fbcojs `memosm spmo`coa, rmsmjrfb jo` `mvmlhp-imot, jo` sbcpducl`coa suaamst tbm ^LJ Ojvy wcll fhotcoum thih`mroczm. Dy 4>4>, Fbcoj fhul` bjvm jpprhxcijtmly 5> sud-ijrcoms tbjt jdlm jrm jdlm th miplhy sudijrcom-ljuofbm`cotmrfhotcomotjl djllcstcf icssclms hr jotcsbcp frucsm icssclmsjo` jpprhxcijtmly 1= surejfm fhidjtjots tbjt jrm jdlm th fho-ùft iultcplm icsschos hr tbjt bjvm dmmo mxtmoscvmly uparj`m`scofm :334.

Pbm ^LJ cs rjpc`ly mxpjo`coa jo` `cvmrsceycoa cts jdclcty thstrcgm ].V. djsms, sbcps, jo` jcrfrjet tbrhuabhut tbm Jscj ^j-fcecf rmacho coflu`coa tbhsm tbjt ct prmvchusly fhul` oht rmjfb,sufb js ].V. iclctjry ejfclctcms ho Auji.

Pbm ^LJs mxpjo`coa covhlvmimot co rmjl whrl` icsschos jl-

lhws ct th ecml`-tmst mqucpimot jo` hdtjco bjo`s-ho mxpmrcmofmco jrmjs sufb js j``rmsscoa uofhovmotchojl tbrmjts co bjrsbjo` phtmotcjlly bhstclm movcrhoimots, sjtcseycoa mxpm`ctchojrylhacstcfs rmqucrmimots, jo` cotmarjtcoa coth iultcljtmrjl hpmr-jtchos.

Pbm ^LJ cs ciprhvcoa cts `jy-th-`jy rmj`comss lmvmls jo` fho-ùftcoa lhoamr-rjoam jo` ihrm ermqumot, rhdust, jo` rmjlcstcf



30/464

:2

trjcocoa. Js tbmsm rmehris fhotcoum, tbm ^LJ wcll dmfhim ihrmprhecfcmot jo` fhoec`mot hpmrjtcoa cts j`vjofm` pljtehris jo`wmjpho systmis jo` dmttmr jdlm th rjpc`ly rmspho` th rmachojlfhotcoamofcms.

Pbm ^LJ Ojvys arhwcoa prmsmofm co ehrmcao MM[s fhotrj`cftscts lhoastjo`coa phlcfy ho iclctjry jftcvctcms co cts hwo MM[.Tjtbmr tbjo rmshlvm tbm cofhoscstmofy dmtwmmo cts jftchos jo`phlcfy, Dmckcoa lcgmly wcll fhotcoum th jssmrt cts jutbhrcty th rma-uljtm ].V. iclctjry jftcvctcms co cts MM[.

Fbcojs Fydmr Jftcvctcms

Pbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot cs `crmftcoa jo` mxmfutcoa j ljram-sfjlm fydmr mspchojam fjipjcao jajcost tbm ]octm` Vtjtms jo`th `jtm bjs suffmsseully tjramtm` tbm omtwhrgs he ].V. ahvmro-

imot jo` prcvjtm hrajoczjtchos, coflu`coa tbhsm he @h@ jo`prcvjtm ecris. Pbmsm jftcvctcms jrm `mscaom` th jfbcmvm j oui-dmr he drhj` mfhohicf jo` strjtmacf hdkmftcvms, sufb js ajtb-mrcoa cotmllcamofm, prhvc`coa Fbcomsm ecris wctb jo j`vjotjamhvmr tbmcr fhipmtcthrs whrl`wc`m, j`vjofcoa lhoa-tmri rm-smjrfb jo` `mvmlhpimot hdkmftcvms, jo` ajcocoa coehrijtchotbjt fhul` mojdlm euturm iclctjry hpmrjtchos.

Fbcoj bjs oht rm`ufm` cts fydmr cotruschos jajcost tbm ]octm`Vtjtms `mspctm rmfmot pudlcf mxphsurm he Fbcomsm fydmr mspch-ojam co tmfbocfjl `mtjcl. Pbcs suaamsts Dmckcoa bjs `mfc`m` thfhotcoum cts fydmr fjipjcao jajcost tbm ]octm` Vtjtms.

@mvmlhpimots co flhu` fhiputcoa co Fbcoj ijy prmsmotfydmrsmfurcty rcsgs ehr ].V. usmrs jo` prhvc`mrs he flhu` fhi-putcoa smrvcfms. Pbm rmljtchosbcp dmtwmmo Fbcojs Icocstry he

Vtjtm Vmfurcty jo` tbm Fbhoaqcoa Vpmfcjl Flhu` Fhiputcoa[hom rmprmsmots j phtmotcjl mspchojam tbrmjt th ehrmcao fhipj-ocms tbjt icabt usm flhu` fhiputcoa smrvcfms prhvc`m` erhi tbmzhom hr djsm hpmrjtchos tbmrm. Co j``ctcho, tbm pljo th lcog4:Ucjomts `jtj fmotmrs co Fbcoj jo` Icfrhshets `jtj fmotmrsco htbmr fhuotrcms suaamsts tbm Fbcomsm ahvmroimot hom `jyijy dm jdlm th jffmss `jtj fmotmrs hutsc`m Fbcoj tbrhuab Fbc-omsm `jtj fmotmrs.

Pbmrm cs jo uramot omm` ehr Qjsbcoatho th tjgm jftcho thprhipt Dmckcoa th fbjoam cts jpprhjfb th fydmrspjfm jo` `mtmreuturm Fbcomsm fydmr tbmet. Jftchos jo` phlcfcms uo`mr `csfus-scho coflu`m tbm ehllhwcoa; pjsscoa omw lmacsljtcho hr ih`ceycoamxcstcoa lmacsljtcho7 fbjoacoa tbm fhst-dmomect fjlfulus he Fbc-omsm fydmr jfthrs jo` Fbcojs lmj`mrs tbrhuab sjoftchos jo`fhuotmrcotmllcamofm tjftcfs7 uo`mrtjgcoa iultcljtmrjl imjsurms7jpphcotcoa j Fjdcomt-lmvml heecfcjl th hvmrsmm jo cotmrjamofyprhfmss rmajr`coa tbm prhtmftcho he cotmllmftujl prhpmrty7 jo`mobjofcoa fhhpmrjtcho dmtwmmo tbm ].V. ahvmroimot jo` tbmprcvjtm smfthr. Pbmsm whul` dm ihrm meemftcvm ce usm` co fhi-dcojtcho, js tbmy prhdjdly whul` lmj` Dmckcoa th ijgm holytmiphrjry hr icohr fbjoams th cts fydmr mspchojam jftcvctcms ceusm` co cshljtcho.

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>6> Eit 5566 Veit 5566 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


31/464

:3

Fbcojs Ijrctcim @csputms Fbcoj rmlcms ho j fhmrfcvm jo` pmrscstmot ijrctcim ljw moehrfm-

imot jo` ojvjl prmsmofm th ajco fhotrhl he `csputm` tmrrcthryco tbm Mjst jo` Vhutb Fbcoj Vmjs. J fhoshlc`jtm` ijrctcimphlcfyijgcoa durmjufrjfy jo` strmjilcom` ijrctcim ljw mo-ehrfmimot elmmts fhul` cofrmjsm Dmckcoas fhoec`mofm co cts fjpj-dclcty ehr fhmrfcho co tbm hoahcoa ijrctcim `csputms.

Pwh gmy `rcvmrs sbjpm Fbcojs jpprhjfb th cts ijrctcim `cs-putms; Ecrst, Fbcoj mofhurjams jr`mot phpuljr ojtchojlcsi,wbcfb ct mxplhcts th supphrt cts ehrmcao phlcfy jcis co tbm Mjstjo` Vhutb Fbcoj Vmjs. Vmfho`, Fbcoj vcmws shvmrmcaoty hvmrfljcis co tbm Mjst jo` Vhutb Fbcoj Vmjs js fmotrjl th cts oj-tchojl smfurcty, tmrrcthrcjl cotmarcty, jo` mfhohicf `mvmlhpimot.

Fbcoj usms lmajl jo` jìcocstrjtcvm imjsurms th jssmrt `m kurm

ahvmrojofm hvmr cts `csputm` ijrctcim rmachos7 ct `mplhys ijrc-tcim ljw moehrfmimot jo` ojvjl vmssmls th cts fljcim` wjtmrsth `mihostrjtm jo` ljy tbm arhuo`whrg ehr `m ejfth ahvmro-jofm.

Dmckcoas tmo`mofy th `mihostrjtm rmshlvm co cts ijrctcim `cs-putms7 cts ljram jo` fhiplcfjtm` phlctcfjl, ehrmcao jeejcrs, joìclctjry durmjufrjfy7 jo` cts cofhoscstmot j`bmrmofm th cotmr-ojtchojlly jffmptm` ohris he jcr jo` ijrctcim hpmrjtchos ijyfhotrcdutm th hpmrjtchojl icsfjlfuljtchos co tbm Mjst jo` VhutbFbcoj Vmjs. ]oycml`coa phsctchos ho shvmrmcaoty jo` ojtcho-jlcst smotcimot surrhuo`coa tbmsm ijrctcim `csputms cofrmjsmtbm rcsg he msfjljtcho erhi j icsfjlfuljtcho jt smj th j phlctcfjlfrcscs.

Fbjptmr 6; Fbcoj jo` tbm Qhrl`

Fbcoj jo` tbm Ic``lm Mjst jo` Ohrtb Jercfj

Fbcoj miplhys j iultcejfmtm` ehrmcao phlcfy jpprhjfb th tbm Ic`-`lm Mjst jo` Ohrtb Jercfj (IMOJ). Ct cs fbjrjftmrczm` dy arhwcoamfhohicf (jo` pjrtcfuljrly momray) tcms7 tbm pursuct he ercmo`ly rmlj-tchos wctb jll fhuotrcms (js wmll js tbm ^jlmstcocjo tmrrcthrcms) cotbm rmacho7 tbm prhtmftcho he `himstcf stjdclcty jo` fhotrhl coFbcoj7 jo` tbm prhihtcho he rmachojl stjdclcty co supphrt he Fbcojshwo `himstcf mfhohicf, phlctcfjl, jo` smfurcty prchrctcms. Fbcoj bjsco rmfmot ymjrs ejfm` fbjllmoams co tbm rmacho, pjrtcfuljrly co rm-spho`coa th phlctcfjl upbmjvjl jo` rmacim fbjoams ùrcoa jo` jetmrtbm Jrjd Vprcoa. Fbcoj jlsh bjs tjgmo phsctchos co supphrt he rm-acims co Vyrcj jo` Crjo tbjt put ct jt h``s wctb tbm ]octm` Vtjtmsjo` htbmr rmachojl jo` cotmrojtchojl fhiiuoctcms.

Fbcoj cs mxpjo`coa jo` `mmpmocoa cts trj`m jo` covmstimot tcms

wctb fhuotrcms co tbm rmacho. Dmtwmmo 4>>6 jo` 4>:4, Fbcoj-IMOJjooujl trj`m cofrmjsm` ihrm tbjo twmlvmehl`, erhi $4>.2 dcllcho th$454.: dcllcho. Co 4>>3, Fbcoj hvmrthhg tbm ]octm` Vtjtms th dmfhimtbm whrl`s ljramst mxphrtmr th tbm rmacho. Fbcojs momray `mijo`cs tbm prcijry `rcvmr he tbmsm mfhohicf tcms. IMOJ jffhuots ehrihrm tbjo => pmrfmot he Fbcojs fru`m hcl ciphrts7 tbmsm ciphrtsjrm prhkmftm` th arhw co tbm fhicoa `mfj`ms. Fbcojs lmj`mrs vcmwtbm fhuotrys arhwcoa rmlcjofm ho IMOJ hcl ciphrts js j strjtmacf

Umr@jtm Ijr := 4>:> :0;=> Ohv :6, 4>:6 Kgt >24:=3 ^H >>>>> Eri >>>6: Eit 5566 Veit 5566 A;\AV@@\]VFF\4>:6\ECOJL\24:=3.RRR 24:=3


32/464

4>

vulomrjdclcty. Pbcs smosm he vulomrjdclcty jppmjrs th `rcvm Dmckcoasmeehrts th mobjofm tbm smfurcty he cts ciphrts dy strmoatbmocoa ctsrmljtchos wctb tbm rmachos ljramst hcl prh`ufmrs, pjrtcfuljrly Vju`c

Jrjdcj jo` Crjo, dut jlsh Crjq, Hijo, jo` htbmrs.Fbcoj smmgs th `mvmlhp jo` ijcotjco ercmo`ly tcms wctb jll IMOJ

fhuotrcms wctbhut dmcoa `rjwo coth tbm rmachos fhoelcfts jo` phwmrstruaalms. Js sufb, Fbcoj bjs ihrm hr lmss suffmsseully ijcotjcom`phsctcvm rmljtchosbcps wctb tbm ijkhr phwmrs co tbm rmacho, sciultj-omhusly strmoatbmocoa tcms wctb rmachojl rcvjls lcgm Csrjml jo` Crjo,Vju`c Jrjdcj jo` Crjo, jo` tbm Csrjmlcs jo` ^jlmstcocjos. Dmckcoasjpprhjfb amomrjlly bjs dmmo wmll-rmfmcvm` co tbm rmacho, wbmrmFbcoj mokhys ijcoly phsctcvm vcmws jihoa lmj`mrs jo` tbm pudlcf.

Fbcoj jlsh smmgs th lmvmrjam cts rmljtchos co IMOJ co supphrt hects hwo `himstcf smfurcty, pjrtcfuljrly co tbm Rcokcjoa ]cabur Ju-thohihus Tmacho, bhim th ijoy he Fbcojs mtbocf Purgcf Iuslcis.Mpcsh`cf mtbocf jo` phlctcfjl uormst co Rcokcjoa bjs co tbm pjst jt-

trjftm` supphrt erhi hvmrsmjs Iuslci arhups co IMOJ. Dmckcoaemjrs tbmsm hvmrsmjs arhups fhul` mofhurjam hr mxjfmrdjtm wbjt ctrmemrs th js smpjrjtcst cosuramofcms co Rcokcjoa. Ph ictcajtm tbcspmrfmcvm` rcsg, Fbcoj shlcfcts supphrt erhi fhuotrcms co tbm rmachoehr cts phlcfcms th supprmss smpjrjtcst jftcvctcms co Rcokcjoa.

Co j``ctcho, Fbcoj bjs tjgmo stmps th prhihtm stjdclcty wctbcoIMOJ. Heemrs he supphrt ehr tbm Csrjmlc-^jlmstcocjo pmjfm prhfmss,fhuotmrpcrjfy hpmrjtchos co tbm Aule he J`mo, jo` pjrtcfcpjtcho co]O pmjfmgmmpcoa hpmrjtchos co IMOJ jrm jihoa Fbcojs fhotrcdu-tchos th rmachojl smfurcty jo` stjdclcty. Bhwmvmr, Fbcoj jlsh bjsuo`mricom` smfurcty co tbm rmacho wctb cts supphrt ehr tbm Jssj`rmacim co Vyrcj jo` cts fhotcoum` mfhohicf jo` phlctcfjl tcms thCrjo.

Js Fbcojs cotmrmsts jo` prmsmofm co IMOJ arhw, tbmy comvc-tjdly wcll cipjft ].V. hdkmftcvms jo` coelumofm. Jltbhuab Dmckcoa

bjs co tbm pjst jvhc`m` `crmftly hpphscoa Qjsbcoatho ho cssums rm-ljtm` th IMOJ, tbcs jppmjrs th dm fbjoacoa. Dmckcoas rmljtchosbcpwctb Pmbrjo jo` cts phsctcho ho tbm Vyrcjo fhoelcft smmi th co`cfjtmtbjt, wbmo gmy cotmrmsts jrm jt stjgm, Fbcoj cs wcllcoa th fbjllmoamtbm ]octm` Vtjtms.

Pjcwjo

Frhss-Vtrjct mfhohicf tcms fhotcoum th mxpjo` jo` `mmpmo. ErhiKjoujry tbrhuab Kuly 4>:6 (tbm ihst rmfmot ihotbs ehr wbcfb heec-fcjl stjtcstcfs jrm jvjcljdlm), tbm thtjl vjlum he trj`m dmtwmmo Fbcojjo` Pjcwjo wjs $1:.2 dcllcho. Pbm thtjl vjlum he frhss-Vtrjct trj`m`urcoa tbcs pmrch` armw dy 4.13 pmrfmot fhipjrm` th tbm sjim pm-rch` co 4>:4. Pbrhuab tbm ecrst smvmo ihotbs he 4>:6, Fbcoj rm-ijcom` Pjcwjos ljramst mxphrt ijrgmt, jffhuotcoa ehr jpprhxc-ijtmly $01.6 dcllcho whrtb he mxphrts (45.3 pmrfmot he Pjcwjos thtjl

mxphrts). Fbcoj ehllhwm` dmbco` Kjpjo js Pjcwjos smfho`-ljramstshurfm he ciphrts, jffhuotcoa ehr jpprhxcijtmly $40.= dcllcho whrtbhe ciphrts (:=.= pmrfmot he Pjcwjos thtjl ciphrts). Jltbhuab Fbcojrmijcom` tbm thp `mstcojtcho ehr Pjcwjo E@C co 4>:4, Pjcwjos jp-prhvjl he $:>.3 dcllcho co covmstimots co Fbcoj co 4>:4 rmprmsmotm`j :5.5 pmrfmot `mfrmjsm erhi tbm prmvchus ymjr jo` j tbrmm-ymjrlhw. Erhi Kjoujry tbrhuab Kuly 4>:6, tbm vjlum he Pjcwjo E@C thFbcoj fhotcoum` th `mfrmjsm, slcppcoa :1.46 pmrfmot erhi tbm prm-



33/464

4:

vchus ymjr. Heecfcjls jt tbm Jimrcfjo Costctutm co Pjcwjo (JCP),wbcfb smrvms js tbm `m ejfth ].V. midjssy co Pjcwjo, thl` tbmFhiicsscho tbjt Pjcwjo duscomssms cofrmjscoaly jrm lhhgcoa ehr co-vmstimot hpphrtuoctcms co Vhutbmjst Jscj, Jercfj, jo` Ljtco Jimr-cfj js ijouejfturcoa fhsts co Fbcoj fhotcoum th rcsm. Ijcoljo` co-vmstimot co Pjcwjo fhotcoum` th arhw co tbm ecrst smvmo ihotbs he4>:6, wctb tbm vjlum he covmstimots cofrmjscoa 13.60 pmrfmot fhi-pjrm` th tbm sjim pmrch` co 4>:4.

Co 4>:6, Pjcwjo usm` frmjtcvm `cplhijfy th smfurm pjrtcfcpjtchoco j gmy cotmrojtchojl hrajoczjtcho jo` th scao twh ermm trj`mjarmmimots `mspctm Fbcojs fhotcoum` meehrts th rmstrcft Pjcwjoseull pjrtcfcpjtcho co tbm cotmrojtchojl fhiiuocty. Pbm prmsc`mot hetbm ]Os Cotmrojtchojl Fcvcl Jvcjtcho Hrajoczjtcho (CFJH) co Vmp-tmidmr 4>:6 covctm` j Pjcwjo `mlmajtcho th jttmo` tbm upfhicoaCFJH jssmidly js bcs aumsts. Eurtbmrihrm, Pjcwjo jo` Omw

[mjljo` scaom` j ermm trj`m jarmmimot co Kuly 4>:6, wbcfb ijrgsPjcwjos ecrst sufb `mjl wctb j fhuotry wctb wbcfb ct `hms oht bjvmheecfcjl `cplhijtcf rmljtchos7 Pjcwjo jo` Vcoajphrm jarmm` co prco-fcplm th j ermm trj`m jarmmimot co Ijy 4>:67 jo` Pjcwjo cs pjrtcfc-pjtcoa co omahtcjtchos wctb 44 htbmr QPH imidmrs, coflu`coa tbm]octm` Vtjtms, ho j iultcljtmrjl Prj`m co Vmrvcfms Jarmmimot. Pjc-wjos Icocstry he Mfhohicf Jeejcrs thl` tbm Fhiicsscho tbjt Pjc-wjos meehrts th mxpjo` cts trj`m tcms wctb tbm Jscj ^jfcecf rmachojrm pjrt he Pjcwjo ^rmsc`mot Ij Scoa-kmhus ljramr pusb th `cvmr-scey Pjcwjos mfhohicf pjrtomrs th jvhc` hvmrrmlcjofm ho Fbcoj.Htbmr Pjcwjo heecfcjls mxpljcom` th tbm Fhiicsscho tbjt tbm jarmm-imots wcll bmlp prhihtm Pjcwjos cofluscho co Jscjs drhj`mr mfh-ohicf cotmarjtcho, coflu`coa pjrtcfcpjtcho co iultcljtmrjl trj`mpjfts sufb js tbm Prjos-^jfcecf ^jrtomrsbcp jo` tbm Tmachojl Fhi-prmbmoscvm Mfhohicf ^jrtomrsbcp.

Co Jprcl 4>:6, Pjcwjo jo` Kjpjo scaom` j ecsbmrcms jarmmimotjetmr :1 ymjrs he cotmricttmot omahtcjtchos. ^rmsc`mot Ij sjc` tbmjarmmimot `mihostrjtms Pjcwjos fhostruftcvm rhlm co rm`ufcoatmoscho co tbm Mjst Fbcoj Vmj wctbhut fhiprhicscoa Pjcwjosijrctcim fljcis jo` fhul` dm usm` js j dlumprcot jo` cipmtus ehrj scicljr jarmmimot dmtwmmo Pjcwjo jo` htbmr fhuotrcms wctbfljcis co tbm Vhutb Fbcoj Vmj.

Co Ijrfb 4>:6, tbm ^bclcppcom Fhjst Aujr` hpmom` ecrm ho j Pjc-wjo ecsbcoa dhjt hpmrjtcoa co `csputm` wjtmrs co tbm Vhutb FbcojVmj, rmsultcoa co tbm `mjtb he j Pjcwjo ecsbmrijo jo` spjrgcoa j`cplhijtcf rhw wctb Pjcwjo. Ijoclj jo` Pjcpmc dhtb jssmrt tbm co-fc`mot thhg pljfm wctbco tbmcr rmspmftcvm mxfluscvm mfhohicf zhomsco tbm Vhutb Fbcoj Vmj. Jetmr Pjcwjo fljcim` tbjt tbm ^bclcppcomsejclm` th j`mqujtmly j``rmss cts `mijo`s co tbm jetmrijtb he tbmsbhhtcoa, Pjcwjo sthppm` jffmptcoa omw Eclcpcoh ljdhr jpplcfjtchos7

suspmo`m` trj`m, ecsbmry, jo` tmfbohlhay mxfbjoams wctb tbm ^bcl-cppcoms7 jo` rmihvm` tbm ^bclcppcoms erhi Pjcwjos vcsj wjcvmrprharji. Pjcwjo rmihvm` tbm sjoftchos co Juaust jetmr tbm ^bcl-cppcoms heemrm` jo heecfcjl jphlhay ho dmbjle he tbm ^bclcppcom prmsc-`mot, jarmm` th pjy fhipmosjtcho th tbm vcftcis ejicly, jo` rmf-hiimo`m` bhicfc`m fbjrams ehr tbm ^bclcppcom Fhjst Aujr` pmr-shooml wbh hpmom` ecrm ho tbm Pjcwjo ecsbcoa dhjt. Pjcwjo jo` tbm^bclcppcoms jlsh jrm `csfusscoa imjsurms th rm`ufm tbm rcsg he eu-



34/464

44

turm cofc`mots jo` whrgcoa th mstjdlcsb j dcljtmrjl ecsbmrcms imfbj-ocsi.Pjcwjos jdclcty th `memo` jajcost Fbcojs arhwcoa iclctjry fjpj-

dclctcms cs `mflcocoa. Pbm gmy sbhrtfhicoa co Pjcwjos `memoscvm fj-pjdclctcms cs cts cojdclcty th survcvm coctcjl Fbcomsm jcr jo` icssclmstrcgms ùm th cosueecfcmot coerjstrufturm bjr`mocoa jo` ljfg he ih-dclm systmis. Fbcojs hvmrwbmlicoa qujotctjtcvm jo` qujlctjtcvmj`vjotjam hvmr Pjcwjo jlsh wcll fbjllmoam tbm Pjcwjo iclctjrysjdclcty th sustjco bcab-cotmoscty hpmrjtchos ùrcoa j fhoelcft. Omvmr-tbmlmss, Pjcwjos `memosm duàmt fhotcoums th `mflcom. Pjcwjos heec-fcjl `memosm duàmt fhotrjftm` th $:>.= dcllcho co 4>:6 erhi $:>.5dcllcho co 4>:4. Pjcwjos 4>:6 `memosm spmo`coa rmprmsmots 4.: pmr-fmot he cts A@^, j rmfhr` lhw ijtfbm` holy co 4>>5 jo` 4>::. Pbcscs lmss tbjo 6 pmrfmot he A@^tbm lmvml jt wbcfb ^rmsc`mot Ijplmàm` th ijcotjco `memosm spmo`coajo` ijrgs j sudstjotcjl`mfrmjsm erhi 6.2 pmrfmot he A@^ co :330. Co rmsphosm th fhofmros

jdhut Pjcwjos `mflcocoa `memosm duàmt rmljtcvm th A@^, ^rmsc`motIj bjs mxpljcom` `memosm spmo`coa fjooht dm mxpmftm` th gmmppjfm wctb Pjcwjos A@^ arhwtb. Pjcwjos A@^ arhwtb rjtm wjs:>.1 pmrfmot co 4>:>, 0 pmrfmot co 4>::, jo` :.6 pmrfmot co 4>:4.

@mspctm wjricoa frhss-Vtrjct tcms, Fbcoj fhotcoums th moajam cojaarmsscvm mspchojam jftcvctcms jajcost Pjcwjo. Vcofm Vmptmidmr4>:4, Pjcwjo bjs jrrmstm` jt lmjst scx ehrimr hr jftcvm Pjcwjoiclctjry heecfmrs, coflu`coa hom elja heecfmr, ehr mspchojam. Co homfjsm, j ehrimr Pjcwjo Ojvy heecfmr ijy bjvm prhvc`m` th Fbcojfljsscecm` sudijrcom ojutcfjl fbjrts js wmll js by`rharjpbcf coehr-ijtcho jdhut tbm wjtmrs surrhuo`coa Pjcwjo. Pbmsm fjsms uo`mr-sfhrm tbm drmj`tb jo` `mptb he Fbcojs mspchojam jftcvctcms jajcostPjcwjo jo` bcablcabt tbm cofrmjscoa fhuotmrcotmllcamofm rcsgs thPjcwjo jo` ].V. iclctjry coehrijtcho sbjrm` wctb Pjcwjo.

Pbm rmfmot frhss-Vtrjct rjpprhfbmimot dmomects tbm ]octm` Vtjtms

dy rmùfcoa tbm lcgmlcbhh` he j ].V.-Fbcoj fhoelcft hvmr Pjcwjo7fhotrcdutcoa th pmjfm, prhspmrcty, jo` stjdclcty co Mjst Jscj7 jo` jl-lhwcoa ].V. phlcfyijgmrs th ehfus tbmcr tcim jo` jttmotcho ho htbmrprchrctcms co tbm ].V.-Fbcoj jo` ].V.-Pjcwjo rmljtchosbcps. Jt tbmsjim tcim, wjricoa tcms dmtwmmo Fbcoj jo` Pjcwjo rjcsm fhofmrosehr Qjsbcoatho jo` Pjcpmc. Cofrmjscoa frhss-Vtrjct mfhohicf cotm-arjtcho wcll fhotcoum th tcm Pjcwjo flhsmr th Fbcoj. Pbcs fhul`strmoatbmo Fbcojs djrajcocoa phwmr hvmr Pjcwjo jo` jllhw Fbcojth ijgm prharmss thwjr` cts lhoa-tmri ahjl he uocecfjtcho. Tmspho`-coa th tbmsm fhofmros, heecfcjls erhi Pjcwjos Ojtchojl VmfurctyFhuofcl coscstm` th tbm Fhiicsscho tbjt Pjcpmcs mfhohicf moajam-imot wctb Dmckcoa cs fjrmeully fjlcdrjtm` th prhihtm dhtb Pjcwjosmfhohicf arhwtb jo` fhotcoum` juthohiy.

Ijfju

Pbm ajicoa smfthr cs tbm ihst ciphrtjot mlmimot he tbm IjfjuVpmfcjl Jìcocstrjtcvm Tmacho (VJT) mfhohiy jo` cs tbm bcabmst-arhsscoa ajidlcoa lhfjtcho co tbm whrl`. Pjx fhllmftchos erhi tbmajicoa smfthr co 4>:4 thtjlm` $:6.3 dcllcho, wbcfb jffhuotm` ehr21.= pmrfmot he thtjl ahvmroimot rmvmoum. Ijfjus fjscoh-hrcmotm`mfhohiy jo` cts prhxcicty th tb

2013 uscc report to congress(1)

Documents