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1 TheCell

1.1 TheCellHumandevelopsfromSINGLEcellcalledZYGOTE

ZYGOTEisresultoffusionofovum(femaleeggcell)andspermatozoon(malegermcell)

1.2 CellStructureLivingcellsaremadeupofsubstancecalledPROTOPLASM

PROTOPLASM:slightlyopaque,colourless,softjellylikesubstanceconsistingof:

Water Organicandinorganicsalts Carbohydrates Lipids(fattysubstance) NitrogenousSubstance(aminoacidsobtainedfromproteins) Compoundsofabovesubstances1.3 CellMembranePROTOPLASMofthecelliscontainedwithinFINEMEMBRANEconsistingofproteinthreadsandlipids

Substancespassinto/outofcellthroughmembrane

ThismembraneisSELECTIVELYPERMEABLEonlyallowscertainsubstancestoenterandleave

1.4 CytoplasmCYTOPLASMisthePROTOPLASMINSIDEcellbutOUTSIDENUCLEUS

Thefollowingstructuresorganellesarecontainedwithinit:

1.4.1 TheNucleusWithinCellthereisacentralmasscalledNUCLEUSsurroundedbyNUCLEARMEMBRANE.

PROTOPLASMwith

this

membrane

is

called

NUCLEOPLASM

TheNUCLEUScontainstheGENETICMATERIALofthecell.

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NUCLEUScontrolsthefunctioningofallotherorganelleswithinCYTOPLASM

1.4.2 RibosomesSiteofPROTEINSYNTHESIS

1.4.3 Mitochondria(Energyformationofthecell)Formation

of

ATP

Energy

formation

of

the

cell

I.e.

meets

energy

requirements

1.4.4 EndoplasmicReticulumIMPROVESspeedofcommunicationbetweenNUCLEUS,CYTOPLASMandextracellularfluid

1.4.5 GolgiApparatusSECRETIONofsubstancesmanufacturedbycell

FORMATIONofLYSOSOMES

Formationandmaintenanceofcellmembrane

1.4.6 Lysosomes(Antibodies)ENGULF

and

DESTROY

any

foreign

substance

entering

cell

1.4.7 CentrioleContainedwithinspecializedzoneofCYTOPLASMcalledCENTRSOME

CENTROSOMEconsistsofmicrotubulesthatplayimportantroleincelldivision

2 AnatomyIntroductionAristotlegavethenameANATOMEtotheScienceofAnatomyin+ 300BC400BC

ANATOME:meanscuttingup method:thestudyofstructureoflivingthingsismadepossible

ANATOMYhascometoinclude

Microscopical

anatomy

Histology

Studyofdevelopmentbeforebirth

Embryology

Onemustbefamiliarwiththedescriptivelanguageandtermsinordertomakesenseofthebodys

typography.

PHYSIOLOGY: describesthestudyofthefunctionoftheNORMALhumanbody

PATHOLOGY: describesthestudyofabodyindiseasedconditions/changesproducedbydisease

2.1 AnatomicalPositioningAnatomicalposition:

Facefront,armsatthesidewithpalmsfacingforward,boththumbsouttotheside,legsstraightand

toesfacingforwards

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2.1.1 AnteriorTowards

the

font

the

nose

in

anterior

to

the

ears

the

sternum

is

anterior

to

the

spine

2.1.2 PosteriorTowardsthebackbuttocksthespineisposteriortothenaval

2.1.3 SuperiorTowardsthehead(topofthebody)thenoseissuperiortothemouth

2.1.4 InferiorTowardsthefeet(downwards)themouthisinferiortotheeyesandears

2.1.5 MidlineVertical

line

down

the

middle

of

the

body

sternum

lies

in

the

of

your

thorax

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2.1.6 MedialClosertothemidlineeyesaremedialtoyourearsLungsaremedialtoyourhips

2.1.7 LateralFurtherawayfromthemidlineyourearsislateraltoyournose

2.1.8 ProximalClosertothejointofattachmenttothebodyelbowisproximaltowristkneeisproximaltohip

2.1.9 DistalFurtherfromthejointofattachmenttothebodyankleisdistaltokneewristisdistaltoelbow

2.1.10 PalmarFrontregionofthehand

2.1.11 PlantarBottomregionofthefoot

2.2 JointsMovements2.2.1 FlexionActofbendingapartconditionofbeingbent

2.2.2 ExtensionMovementthatbringslimbtostraightcondition

2.2.3 Abduction Abb byeMovementoflimbAWAYfromthemidlineofthebody

2.2.4 Adduction AddaddaddtomeMovementoflimbTOWARDSfromthemidlineofthebody

2.3 AnatomicalPlanes2.3.1 FrontalPlaneCoronalPlane

DividesthebodyinFRONTandBACKparts(Equally/unequally)

AnteriorVENTRAL towardsthefront

PosteriorDORSALtowardstheback

2.3.2 TransversalPlaneCross

horizontal

plane

DividethebodyintoUPPERandLOWER

Upper:CRANIALorCEPHALAD

Lower:CAUDAD

2.3.3 MedianPlaneMidlinepasseslongitudinallyfromfronttobackthroughmiddleofthebody

Dividesleftfromrighthalves

MEDIAL:howCLOSElocationisonbodytothemedianplane

LATERAL:howFARlocationisonbodytothemedianplane

2.3.4 SagittalPlaneVertical

plane

runs

PARALLEL

to

midline

DividesbodyintoUNEQUALleftandrightparts

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Larynxliesinthemidlineoftheneck

LateraltoLarynxLeftandrightCAROTIDarteriescanbepalpatedthesearethemainarteriesthat

supplyoxygenatedbloodtothebrain.

Externaljugularveinsextendfrombaseofthenecklateraltomidlineassistinreturningdeoxygenated

bloodfromthebrain.

CervicalVertebraesituatedposteriorlyinthenecktosupportstheheadpassingdownwardsthroughthe

vertebraeisthespinalcord.

3.3 ThoraxTRUNK

consists

of

the

thorax

(chest)

and

the

abdomen.

Thoraciccavitycontains:heart,lungs,andoesophagus,greatvessels(aortaandtwovenaecava

(deoxygenatedblood)

Formedby12thoracicvertebrae(T1T12)and12pairsofribs10pairsofribsareconnectedposteriorlytothoracicspineandanteriorlytosternum

11th

and12th

ribsareconnectedtothoracicspinebutnotsternum:referredto:FLOATINGribs

Spacebetweenribs:INTERCOSTALSPACE

Lowerboarderofribcagecalled:CASTALARCH

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AttheINFERIORendofthesternum,thesternumnarrowsintoasmallprocessofcaritliagecalledxiphoidprocess.1/3downthesternumthereisaslightelevationknownastheANGLEOFLOUIS/STERNALANGLE3.4 AbdomenSecondmajorbodycavity:containdigestiveandexcretoryorgansDiaphragmisamusculardomeformsinferiorboundaryofthethoraxandupperboundaryofabdomenEPIGASTRIUM:inferiorregiontocoastalarcharoundmidlineandaboveumbilicus

JugularNotch

IntercostalSpace

AnteriorRibsPosteriorRibs

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3.4.1 AbdominalQuadrants

RUQ: liver,gallbladder,portionofascendingandtransversecolonLUQ: stomach,spleen,portionoftransverseanddescendingcolon,portionofliverRLQ: caecum,portionofascendingcolon,appendixLLQ: descendingandsigmoidcolonRectumliesinpelvisSmallintestinetendstolieinall4quadrantsPancreasliesinRUQandLUQbutinRETROPERITONEALspaceKidneysalsolieinRETROPERITONEALspacelieseithersideofspinejustabovelevelofumbilicusPELVICCAVITY:lowerportionofabdominalcavity:containing:urinarybladder,rectum,(andinfemalesreproductiveorgansuterusandovaries)3.5 UpperExtremitiesUpperextremitiesextendsfromshouldergirdle(scapula,clavicle,humerus)Downtofingertipsandconsistsofshoulder,uppersarm(humerus),Forearm(radius,ulna)andwrist(carpals)andhand(metacarpalsandphalanges)RadialpulsefeltinthewristBrachialpulseintheupperarm(humerus)

CostalArch

Umbilicus

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3.6 LowerExtremitiesLowerextremitiesconsistsofthigh,legandfootextendfromhipdowntofoot

Threejointsconnectpartsoflowerextremityhip,kneeandankle

Popliteal

(patella)

and

dorsalis

pedis

pulses

can

be

felt

in

lower

limb