2012+criminal+law+summer+reviewer book1 final printversion
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CRIMINALLAW
BARREVIEWER
FACULTYADVISER ATTY.RONALDCHUA
ACADEMICSHEAD PIERREMARTINREYES
SUBJECTHEADS JULIANNEALBERTO
DIANNAWILWAYCO
KARENDELACRUZ
JASMINEREGIS
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ATENEOCENTRALBAROPERATIONS2012
ACADEMICSCOMMITTEE
AcademicsHead:PierreMartinReyes;
Understudy:ClariesseJamiMariChan
REVIEWCOMMITTEE
Head:YlaGloriaMarieParas;Understudy:KenKoga;Members:
CatherineDelaRosa,EricLavadia,LeIrisLucido,PearlCharisse
Baustista;MinaReyes
CRIMINALLAWCOMMITTEE
Heads:JulianneAlberto,DiannaWilwayco,
KarenDelaCruz,JasmineRegis;Understudy:MaryGraceArboladura,ReginaGomez,
ToniLouSevilla,PatriciaSta.Maria;
Volunteers:AngelBascara,CarloIlano,LitoPaoloMartin
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CRIMINALLAWBOOKI
TableofContents
I.REVISEDPENALCODE=================================
TOPICSUNDERTHESYLLABUS
A.BOOKI.61.Fundamental Principles...6
a.Definit ionofCriminal Law...6 i . Di f ference betweenMala inSe and MalaProh ibi ta..6b.ScopeofApplicationandCharacterist ics ofCriminal Law.6 i .Genera li ty ..7 i i. Te rr i to r ia l it y..7 i ii . P ro spec ti vi ty.. .8c. Constitutional L imitationsofthePowerofCongresstoenactPenal LawsintheBi l l ofRights..8 i . Equa l P ro tec t ion . . . .8
i i . DueProcess.8i i i . Non-imposit ionofCruel andUnusual PunishmentorExcessiveFines8
(a) Act Prohibit ingtheImposit ionofDeathPenalty inthePhi l ippines.8iv. Bi l l ofAttainder.8v.Expost factolaw.8
2.Felonies..9a. Classif icationofFelonies...10b.ElementsofCriminal L iabi l i ty.11c. ImpossibleCrimes...13d.StagesofExecution...14e.ConspiracyandProposal...17f. Mult ipleOffenders...19 i . Rec id iv ism..19 i i .Habi tua l ity (Re iterac ion) ...19 i ii .Quasi -Rec id iv ism20 i v. Hab itua l De li nquency.20g.ComplexCrimesvs. Special ComplexCrimes....20
3.CircumstanceswhichAffect Criminal L iabi l i ty...23a.JustifyingCircumstances.23 i . Ant i-V iolence Aga ins t WomenandThei r Ch i ld renActo f 2004.25 ( a) B at te re dwoman sy nd rome..25 b.ExemptingCircumstances..27 i . Juveni le Just i ceandWelfare Act o f 2006; Ch ild and Youth Wel fare Code28
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(a) Definit ionofchi ld inconfl ict withthelaw.28(b) Minimumageofcriminal responsibi l i ty..28(c) Determinationofage.28(d) Exemptionfromcriminal l iabi l i ty..28
c. MitigatingCircumstances..31d.AggravatingCircumstances..35 i .Gener i c. .35 i i. Qual if y ing.36
(a) DecreeCodifyingtheLawsonI l legal/Unlawful Possession,Manufacture,Deal ing in,Acquisit ionorDisposit ion,ofF irearms,AmmunitionorExplosivesasanaggravatingcircumstance.48
(b) TheComprehensiveDangerousDrugsAct of2002..48i . Asaqual i fyingaggravatingcircumstance..48i i . Immunityfromprosecutionandpunishment,coverage.48i i i . Minoroffenders.49iv. Application/Non-applicationofRPCprovisions.49
e.AlternativeCircumstances...49f. AbsolutoryCause514.PersonsCriminal lyL iable/DegreeofPart icipation.51
a.DecreePenal iz ingObstructionofApprehensionandProsecutionofCriminal Offenders.57
i . Pun ishab le Ac ts. ..57 i i. Compare w i th Ar ti cl e 20. .57
5.Penalt ies.58a.General Principles...58 i . Act Proh ib i ting the Imposi t ion o f DeathPenal ty in the Phi l ipp ines. ..60b.Purposes....60c. Classif ication...60d.DurationandEffect...61e.Application...63 i . I ndete rminate Sen tence Law...64 i i. Th ree -Fo ld Ru le67 i ii . Subs id ia ry Impri sonment. .67f. ExecutionandService..67 i . P robat ion Law...67 ( a) D ef in iti on o f Te rm s. .. 67 ( b) P ur po se. ..67 ( c) G rant o f probat ion, manne r and cond it ions ..67 ( d) C ri te ri a of p la ci ng an of fender on probat ion .. .68 ( e) D is qu ali fie d of fe nd er s ..68 ( f) P er io d of p ro ba ti on.68 ( g) A rr es t of p ro ba ti on er . .. 68 ( h) T ermi na ti on o f pr ob at io n; e xc ep tio n ..68 i . T he Comp re he nsiveD ang er ous Dr ug sA ct o f2 00 268
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i i . Juv eni leJ ustic ea nd Welf ar eA ct o f2 00 6; Ch ilda nd Y outhWelfa reCode...69
(a) Definit ionofchi ld inconfl ict withthelaw...69 (b)Exemptionfromcriminal l iabi l i ty.....69(c) Juveni le just iceandwelfaresystem...69
g.Dist inguishedfromPreventiveImprisonment..696.ModificationandExtinctionofCriminal L iabi l i ty...70
a.PrescriptionofCrimes..71b.PrescriptionofPenalt ies...73c. PardonbyOffendedParty..73d.PardonbytheChiefExecutive..73e.Amnesty...73
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CRIMINALLAWBOOKI
1.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES ======================================
TOPICUNDERTHESYLLABUS:
1.FundamentalPrinciples
a.DefinitionofCriminalLaw
i.DifferencebetweenMalainSeand
MalaProhibita
b.ScopeofApplicationandCharacteristics
ofCriminalLaw
i.Generality
ii.Territoriality
iii.Prospectivity
c.ConstitutionalLimitationsofthePowerof
CongresstoenactPenalLawsintheBillofRights
i.EqualProtection
ii.DueProcess
iii.Non-impositionofCrueland
UnusualPunishmentorExcessiveFines
(a)ActProhibitingtheImposition
ofDeathPenaltyinthePhilippines
iv.BillofAttainder v.Expostfactolaw
======================================
1.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES
a.DEFINITIONOFCRIMINALLAW
CRIMINAL LAW isthatbranchofmunicipallawwhich
definescrimes,treatsoftheirnatureandprovidesfor
theirpunishment.
i.DEFINITIONOFTERMS
1. CRIME - the commission or omission by a personhavingcapacity,ofanyact,whichiseitherprohibited
orcompelledbylawandthecommissionoromission
ofwhichispunishablebyaproceedingbroughtinthe
name of the government whose law has been
violated.
2. FELONY-acrimepunishedundertheRPC3. OFFENSE-acrimepunishedunderaspeciallaw4. MISDEMEANOR-aminorinfractionoflaw
II.SOURCESOFPHILIPPINECRIMINALLAW
1. RevisedPenalCode2. SpecialPenalLaws3. PenalPresidentialDecreesissuedduringMartialLaw
III.THEORIESINCRIMINALLAW
1. Classical or Juristic Theory - The basis of criminal
liabilityishumanfreewill.Thepurposeofthepenalty
isretributioninviewofthevoluntarinessoftheactor
omission of the offender. The emphasis is on the
offenseandnotontheoffender.
2. PositivistorRealistTheory-Manisinherentlygoodbuttheoffenderissociallysick.Thebasisisthesum
ofsocialandeconomicphenomenawhichconditions
mantodowronginspiteoforcontrarytohisvolition.The purposeof the penalty is reformation and the
emphasisisontheoffenderandnottheoffense
IV.LEGALMAXIMS
1. Nullumcrimennullepoenasinelege -thereisnocrime when there is no law that defines and
punishesit
2. Actus no facit reum, nisi mens sit rea - the actcannotbecriminalunlessthemindiscriminal
3. Actusmeinvitefactusnonestmeusactus-anactdonebymeagainstmywillisnotmyact
4. DoctrineofProReo -Wheneverapenallawistobeconstruedorappliedandthelawadmitsoftwointerpretations onelenient tothe offenderand
one strict to the offender that interpretation
whichislenientorfavorabletotheoffenderwillbe
adopted.
V.CONSTRUCTIONOFPENALLAWS
1. Liberallyconstruedinfavorofoffendera. Theoffendermustclearlyfallwithinthe
termsofthelaw.
b. Anactiscriminalonlywhenmadesobythestatute.
2. Incasesofconflictwithofficialtranslation,originalSpanishtextiscontrolling.
3. Nointerpretationbyanalogy.
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B.SCOPEANDAPPLICATIONANDCHARACTERISTICSOFPHILIPPINECRIMINALLAWI . GENERALITYThelawisbindinguponallpersonswhoresideorsojourninthePhilippines,irrespectiveofage,sex,color,creed,or
personalcircumstances.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. TreatyStipulationsa. Example:RP-USVisitingForcesAccord
2. LawsonPreferentialApplicationa. Example:R.A.75
UnderR.A.75,personswhoareexemptfromarrestand
imprisonment and whose properties are exempt from
distraint,seizureandattachmentarethefollowing:
Ambassadors Publicministers Domestic servants of ambassadors and
publicministers
Unless the person is a citizen or inhabitant of the
Philippinesand thewritorprocess issuedagainsthimis
foundeduponadebtcontractedbeforeheenteredupon
suchserviceorthedomesticservantisnotregisteredwith
theDepartmentofForeignAffairs.
3. PrinciplesofPublicInternationalLawa. Examples: sovereigns or head of states,
ambassadors,ministersplenipotentiaryand
ministers-resident, charges daffairs and
attaches.b. Consuls,vice-consulsandothercommercial
representativesof a foreign nationcannot
claim the privileges and immunities
accordedtoambassadorsandministers.
II.TERRITORIALITY
The law isapplicableto all crimes committedwithin the
limits of the Philippine territory, which includes its
atmosphere,interiorwatersandmaritimezone.
EXCEPTION:Article2,RPC. [SCION]
1. ShouldcommitanoffensewhileonaPhilippineShiporairship
REQUISITES:
a. The Philippine ship or airship must be dulyregisteredunderthePhilippinelaws.
b. The ship or airship must not be within theterritorial jurisdiction of another country,
otherwisethelawsofthatcountrywillapplyasa
rule.
FOREIGNMERCHANTVESSELS
FRENCHRULE ENGLISHRULEGENERALRULE
Crimescommittedaboarda
foreignvesselwithinthe
territorialwatersofacountry
areNOTtriableinthecourts
ofsuchcountry.
Crimescommittedaboarda
foreignvesselwithinthe
territorialwatersofa
countryaretriableinthe
courtsofsuchcountry.
EXCEPTION
Crimeaffectsthepeaceand
securityoftheterritory,or
endangersthesafetyofthe
state.
Whenthecrimemerely
affectsthingswithinthe
vesselorreferstothe
internalmanagement
thereof.
FOREIGN WARSHIPS - The nationality of such warship
determinestheapplicablepenallawstocrimescommitted
therein,astheyareconsideredtobeanextensionofthe
territoryofthecountrytowhichtheybelong.
2. Should forge or Counterfeit any coin or currencynote of the Philippine Islands or obligations and
securities issued by the Government of the
PhilippineIslands
3. Should be liable for acts connected with theIntroduction into these islands of the obligations
andsecuritiesmentionedinthepresidingnumber
Therationalefortheexceptionsprovidedinpars.(2)and
(3)istomaintainandpreservethefinancialcreditstability
ofthestate.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthosewho
introducedthecounterfeititemsarecriminallyliableeven
if they were not the ones who counterfeited the said
items.Conversely,thosewhocounterfeitedthesaiditems
are criminally liable even if they did not introduce the
counterfeititemsintothePhilippines.
4. While being public Officers or employees, shouldcommitanoffenseintheexerciseoftheirfunctions
The offense committedby a publicofficer abroadmust
refer to the discharge ofones functions. The exception
does not apply to public officers of the Philippine
governmentwhoenjoydiplomatic immunitybecause in
sucha casethe principlesof public international lawwill
govern.
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A crime committed within the grounds of a Philippine
embassyonforeignsoilshallbesubjecttoPhilippinepenal
laws,althoughitmayormaynothavebeencommittedby
apublicofficerinrelationtoonesofficialduties.Embassy
groundsareconsideredasextensionsofthesovereigntyof
thecountryoccupyingthem.
Exampleofcrimesincluded:
(a)Directbribery
(b)Indirectbribery
(c)Qualifiedbribery
(d)Corruption
(e)Fraudsagainstthepublictreasury
(f)Possessionofprohibitedinterest
(g)Malversationofpublicfundsorproperty
(h)Failureofaccountableofficertorenderaccounts
(i)Failuretorenderaccountsbeforeleavingthecountry
(j)Illegaluseofpublicfundsorproperty
(k)Failuretomakedeliveryofpublicfundsorproperty
(l)Falsificationbyapublicofficeroremployeecommitted
withabuseofofficialposition
5. Should commit any ofthe crimes againstNationalsecurityandthelawofnations,definedinTitleOne
ofBookTwoofthisCode
The rationale for the exception is to safeguard the
existence of the state. However, when rebellion, coup
dtatandseditionarecommittedabroad,thePhilippine
courtswillnothavejurisdictionbecausethesearecrimes
against public order.Nevertheless, terrorism under R.A.9372isnowacrimeagainstnationalsecurityandthelaw
ofnations.
EXCEPTION TO THE EXCEPTION: Penal laws are not
applicable within or without Philippine territory if so
providedintreatiesandlawsofpreferentialapplication.
III.PROSPECTIVITY
Thelawdoesnothaveanyretroactiveeffect,exceptifit
favors theoffenderunlesshe isa habitualdelinquentor
thelawotherwiseprovides.
EXCEPTION:
1. Favorabletotheoffender
EXCEPTIONSTOTHEEXCEPTION:
1. Theoffenderisahabitualdelinquent2. Thelawotherwiseprovides
EffectofRepealofPenalLaws
1. Iftherepealmakesthepenalty lighterinthenewlaw,thenewlawshallbeapplied
2. Ifthenewlawimposesaheavierpenalty,thelawin force at the time of the commission of the
offenseshallbeapplied
3. Ifthenewlaw totally repeals the existinglawsothattheactwhichwaspenalizedundertheoldlaw
isnolongerpunishable,thecrimeis obliterated
C.CONSTITUTIONALLIMITATIONSONTHEPOWER
OFCONGRESSTOENACTPENALLAWSINTHEBILL
OFRIGHTS
I.EQUALPROTECTION
The lawmust be general in application (Art. III, Sec. 1,
1987Constitution)
II.DUEPROCESS
Nopersonshallbeheldtoanswerfora criminaloffense
without due process of law (Art. III, Sec. 14[1], 1987
Constitution)
III. NON-IMPOSITION OF CRUEL AND UNUSUAL
PUNISHMENTOREXCESSIVEFINES
Excessivefinesshallnotbeimposed,norcruel,degrading
orinhumanpunishmentinflicted(Art.III,Sec.19[1],1987
Constitution)
NOTE:Currently,theimpositionofthedeathpenaltyhas
beenprohibitedpursuanttoRepublicActNo.9346.
IV.BILLOFATTAINDER
A bill of attainder is a legislative act which inflicts
punishmentwithouttrial.Itsessenceisthesubstitutionof
alegislativeactforajudicialdeterminationofguilt.People
v.Ferrer,[48SCRA382,395]
V.EXPOSTFACTOLAW
Anexpostfactolawisonewhich:
Makes criminal an act done before thepassage of the law and whichwas innocent
whendone,andpunishessuchanact;
Aggravatesacrime,ormakesitgreaterthanitwas,whencommitted;
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Changesthepunishmentandinflictsagreaterpunishment than the law annexed to the
crimewhencommitted;
Alters the legal rules of evidence, andauthorized conviction upon less or different
testimonythanthelawrequiredatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffense;
Assumestoregulatecivilrightsandremediesonly,ineffectimposespenaltyordeprivation
ofarightforsomethingwhichwhendonewas
lawful;and
Deprives a person accused of a crime somelawful protection to which he has become
entitled(e.g.protectionofaformerconviction
oracquittal,proclamationofamnesty)
VI.WAIVEROFTHERIGHTSOFTHEACCUSED
Theconstitutionalrightsoftheaccusedcannotbewaived
exceptinwritingand inthe presenceofcounsel (Art.III,
Sec.12[1],1987Constitution)
NOTE:A rightwhich may bewaivedis the right of the
accused to confrontationand cross-examination.A right
whichmaynotbewaivedistherightoftheaccusedtobe
informedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusation.The
reason is that those rights which may be waived are
personal, while those rights whichmay not be waived
involvepublicinterestwhichmaybeaffected.
ENDOFDISCUSSIONONTOPIC
1.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES
======================================2.FELONIES
=================================
TOPICUNDERTHESYLLABUS:
2.Felonies
a.ClassificationofFelonies
b.ElementsofCriminalLiability
c.ImpossibleCrimes
d.StagesofExecution
e.ConspiracyandProposalf.MultipleOffenders
i.Recidivism
ii.Habituality(Reiteracion)
iii.Quasi-Recidivism
iv.HabitualDelinquency
g.ComplexCrimesvs.SpecialComplex
Crimes
=================================
2.FELONIES
Art. 3.Definitions. Acts andomissionspunishable
bylawarefelonies(delitos).
Felonies arecommitted notonlybe meansofdeceit
(dolo)butalsobymeansoffault(culpa).
There is deceit when the act is performed with
deliberateintentandthereisfaultwhenthewrongful
act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of
foresight,orlackofskill.
FELONIES are acts and omissions punishable by the
RevisedPenalCode.
A.ELEMENTSOFFELONIES
i.Theremustbeanactoromission
ACT means any bodily movement tending to produce
someeffect intheexternalworld.Itmustbeatleastan
overtactofthatfelony,thatis,anexternalactwhichhas
direct connection with the felony intended to be
committed.
OMISSION means inaction, the failure to perform a
positivedutywhichoneisboundtodo.Theremustbealawrequiredthedoingorperformanceofanact.
ii.TheactoromissionmustbepunishablebytheRPC
Itisbasedonthemaxim,nullumcrimen,nullapoenasine
lege, that is, there is no crime when there is no law
punishingit.
iii. The act is performed or the omission incurred by
meansofdoloorculpa
Voluntarinessisanelementbecause(a)Art.3inreferring
todolo states thatthe actis performedwithdeliberateintent which implies that theact isvoluntaryor freely
committed; and (b) Art. 365 in referring to reckless
imprudence expressly states that it is consists in
voluntarybutwithoutmalicedoingorfailingtodoanact.
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A criminalact ispresumed voluntary. In theabsence of
indubitable explanation, the act must be declared
voluntaryandpunishable.
DOLO CULPA
Involvesmaliceor
deliberateintent
Resultsfromnegligence,
imprudence,lackof
foresightorlackofskill
Intentional Intentisreplacedbyfault
B.CLASSIFICATIONOFFELONIES
i.IntentionalFelonies
Inintentionalfelonies,theactoromissionoftheoffender
ismalicious.Theact isperformedwith deliberateintent.
The offender, in performing the act or in incurring the
omission,hastheintentiontocauseaninjurytoanother.
REQUISITES:
1. Freedom Whenapersonactswithoutfreedom,heisno
longerahumanbeing,butatool.
Apersonwhoactsunderthecompulsionofanirresistibleforceisexemptfromcriminalliability.
A person who acts under the impulse of anuncontrollablefearofanequalorgreaterinjury
isexemptfromcriminalliability.
2. Intelligence It is the moral capacity to determinewhat is
right from what is wrong and to realize the
consequencesofonesacts.
Without thepower of intelligencenecessarytodetermine the morality of human acts, to
distinguishalicitfromanillicitact,nocrimecan
exist,becausetheintenthasnointelligence,the
lawexemptshimfromcriminalliability.
Factors that negate intelligence: minority,insanity,imbecility
3. Intent It is presumed from the commission of an
unlawfulact.Itisnegatedbymistakeoffacts.
Intentpresupposestheexerciseoffreedomandtheuseofintelligence.
Ifthereisnointentthereisnofelonycommittedby dolo but a felonymay still exist if culpa is
present.
Intentisamentalstate,theexistenceofwhichisshownbytheoveractsofaperson.
When theaccused is charged with intentionalfelony,absenceofcriminalintentisadefense.
GENERALINTENT SPECIFICINTENTAnintentiontodoawrong Anintentiontocommita
definiteact
Presumedtoexistfromthe
meredoingofawrongful
act
Existenceoftheintentis
notpresumed
Theburdenofprovingthe
absenceofintentisupon
theaccused
Theburdenofprovingthe
existenceoftheintentis
upontheprosecution,as
suchintentisanelementof
theoffense
INTENT MOTIVE
Thepurposetouseaparticularmeanstoeffect
sucharesult
Thereasonwhichimpelsonetocommitanactfora
definiteresult
Anelementofacrime Notanelementofacrime
MOTIVE,whenrelevant:
1. Theidentityofapersonaccusedofhavingcommittedacrimeisindispute
2. In ascertaining the truth between antagonistictheoriesorversionsofthekilling
3. The identification of the accused proceeds fromunreliablesourceand testimony is inconclusiveand
notfreefromdoubt
4.
Therearenoeyewitnessesto thecrime,andwheresuspicionislikelytofalluponanumberofpersons
5. Theevidenceismerelycircumstantial
MISTAKEOFFACT
Ignorance ormistake of fact relieves the accused from
criminal liability.Mistakeof factis amisapprehensionof
fact on the part of the person who caused injury to
another.Heisnotcriminallyliable,becausehedidnotact
withcriminalintent.
REQUISITESOFMISTAKEOFFACT:
1. Theactdonewouldhavebeenlawfulhadthefactsbeenastheaccusedbelievedthemtobe.
2. The intentionof the accused inperforming theactshouldbelawful.
3. Themistakemustbewithoutfaultorcarelessnessonthepartoftheaccused.
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UnitedStatesv.AhChong,[15Phil.488]
Thereisaninnocentmistakeoffactwithoutanyfaultor
carelessnessonthepartoftheaccused,because,having
notimeoropportunitytomakeany furtherinquiry,and
beingpressed by circumstancesto act immediately, theaccused hadnoalternativebut totakethe factsas they
thenappeared tohim,andsuch factsjustifiedhis actof
killingthedeceased.
Peoplev.Oanis,[74Phil.257]
The accused found no circumstances whatever which
wouldpressthemtoimmediateaction.Thepersoninthe
roombeingthenasleep,theaccusedhadampletimeand
opportunity to ascertain his identity without hazard to
themselves, and could effect a bloodless arrest if any
reasonable effort to that end had been made, as the
victimwasunarmed.
ii.CulpableFelonies
Inculpablefelonies,theactoromissionoftheoffenderis
not malicious. The injury caused by the offender to
another person is unintentional, it being simply the
incidentofanotheractperformedwithoutmalice.
REQUISITES:
1. Freedom
2. Intelligence
3. Imprudence,negligence,orlackofforesightorlack
ofskill
Imprudence indicates a deficiency of action. Itusually involves lackof skill.Example:aperson
failsto take the necessaryprecaution toavoid
injurytopersonordamagetoproperty.
Negligence indicatesadeficiencyofperception.It usually involves lackof foresight.Example: a
personfailstopayproperattentionandtouse
diligence in foreseeing the injury or damage
impendingtobecaused.
iii.Thosepunishedbyspeciallaws
Thethirdclassofcrimes,arethosedefinedandpenalized
by special laws which include crimes punished by
municipalorcityordinances.Whenthecrimeispunished
bya special law,asarule, intenttocommitthecrimeis
notnecessary. It is sufficient that the offender has the
intenttoperpetratetheactprohibitedbythespeciallaw,
thatis,itisenoughthattheprohibitedactisdonefreely
andconsciously.
Whenthedoingofanactisprohibitedbyaspeciallaw,it
isconsideredthattheactisinjurioustopublicwelfareand
thedoingoftheprohibitedactisthecrimeitself.
MALAINSE MALAPROHIBITA
Wrongfulfromtheirnature Wrongfulmerelybecause
prohibitedbystate
Soseriousintheireffects
onsociety
Violationsofmererulesof
convenience
Intentgoverns Criminalintentisnot
necessarywheretheacts
areprohibitedforreasons
ofpublicpolicy
Goodfaithisavalid
defense,unlessthecrimeis
theresultofculpa
Goodfaithisnotadefense
Thedegreeofaccomplishmentofthe
crimeistakenintoaccount
inpunishingtheoffender
Theactgivesrisetoacrimeonlywhenconsummated
Mitigatingandaggravating
circumstancesaretaken
intoaccount
Mitigatingandaggravating
circumstancesaregenerally
nottakenintoaccount
Penaltyisdeterminedon
thebasisofthedegreeof
participationofthe
offender
Penaltyontheoffenders
arethesame
Thereare3stagesof
execution:attempted,
frustrated,consummated
Therearenostagesof
execution
Penaltiesmaybedivided
intodegreesandperiods
Thereisnodivisionof
penalties
C.CRIMINALLIABILITY
Art. 4. Criminal liability. Criminal liability shall be
incurred:
1.Byanyperson committing a felony (delito)although
thewrongfulactdonebe different fromthatwhich he
intended.
Onewhocommitsanintentionalfelonyisresponsiblefor
all the consequences which may naturally and logically
resulttherefrom,whetherforeseenorintendedornot.
Therationaleoftheruleisthemaxim,elquecausadela
causaescausadelmalcausado(hewhoisthecauseof
thecauseisthecauseoftheevilcaused).
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Howcriminalliabilityisincurred:
1. Bycommittinga felonyeven ifthewrongproducedas a consequence thereof is not intended by the
offender
2. Impossiblecrimes
i.ELEMENTS
(i) Anintentionalfelonyhasbeencommitted
Nofelonyiscommitted:
1. When the act oromission isnot punishable by theRPC;or
2. When the act is covered by any of the justifyingcircumstancesenumeratedinArt.11.
Theactoromissionshouldnotbepunishedby aspecial
law,becausetheoffenderviolatingaspeciallawmaynot
havetheintenttodoaninjurytoanother.Insuchcase,
the wrongful act done could not be different, as the
offenderdidnotintendtodoanyotherinjury.
Ifamancreatesinanotherpersonsmindanimmediate
sense of danger, which causes such person to try to
escape,andinsodoing,thelatterinjureshimself,theman
whocreates such a stateofmind isresponsiblefor the
resulting injuries. People v. Page, [77 SCRA 348, 355]
citingPeoplev.Toling,[G.R.No.L-27097,Jan.17,1975,
62SCRA17,33]
(ii) Thewrongdonetotheaggrievedpartybe
thedirect,naturalandlogicalconsequenceofthefelonycommittedbytheoffender
Apersonis criminally responsible foractscommittedby
him in violating of the law and for all the natural and
logicalconsequencesresultingtherefrom.U.S.v.Sornito,
[4Phil.357,360]
1. PROXIMATECAUSE
PROXIMATECAUSE is that cause, which,in natural and
continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient
interveningcause,producestheinjury,andwithoutwhich
theresultwouldnothaveoccurred. Bataclanv.Medina,[102 Phil. 181, 186 quoting 38 Am. Jur. 695] It is that
acting first andproducingthe injury,either immediately,
or by setting other events in motion, all constituting a
natural and continuous chain of events, each having a
closecausalconnectionwithitsimmediatepredecessor.
Theremustbearelationofcauseandeffect,thecause
beingthe feloniousactof theoffended,theeffectbeing
theresultinginjuriesand/ordeathofthevictim.
NATURALreferstoanoccurrenceintheordinarycurseof
humanlifeorevents,while LOGICALmeansthatthereisa
rationalconnectionbetween the act oftheaccusedand
theresultinginjuryordamage.
Thefelonycommittedisnottheproximatecauseofthe
resultinginjurywhen:
(a) Thereisanactiveforcethatintervenedbetweenthefelonycommitted and the resulting injury, and the
activeforceisadistinctactorfactabsolutelyforeign
fromthefeloniousactoftheaccused;or
(b) Theresultinginjuryisduetotheintentionalactofthevictim.
Whendeathispresumedtobethenaturalconsequence
ofphysicalinjuriesinflicted:
(a) The victim atthe timeofthe physical injurieswereinflictedwasinnormalhealth
(b) Death may be expected from the physical injuriesinflicted
(c) Deathensuedwithinareasonabletime
2. EFFECTIVEINTERVENINGCAUSE
AnEFFECTIVEINTERVENINGCAUSEinterruptsthenatural
flowof eventsleadingtoonesdeath.Itmayrelievethe
offenderfromliability.
Notefficientinterveningcauses:
Weak or diseased physical condition of thevictim
Nervousnessortemperamentofthevictim Causeswhichareinherentinthevictim Neglectofthevictimorthirdperson Erroneous or unskillful medical or surgical
treatment
ii. Situations where a person committing a
felonyisstillcriminallyliable
a. Errorinpersonae:mistakeintheidentityofthevictim
b. Aberratioictus:mistakeintheblowc. Praeter intentionem: the injurious result is
greaterthanthatintended
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D.IMPOSSIBLECRIMES
Art. 4. Criminal liability. Criminal liability shall be
incurred:
2.Byanypersonperforminganactwhichwouldbeanoffenseagainstpersonsorproperty,wereitnotforthe
inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or an
accountoftheemploymentofinadequateorineffectual
means.
NOTE:Thecommissionofanimpossiblecrimeisindicative
ofcriminalpropensityorcriminaltendencyonthepartof
theactor.Suchapersonisapotentialcriminal.
i.REQUISITES
1. The act performed would be an offense against
personsorproperty
Incommittinganimpossiblecrime,theoffenderintendsto
commit a felony against persons or a felony against
property, and the act performed would have been an
offenseagainstpersonsorproperty.
If the act performed would bean offense other than a
felony against persons or against property, there is no
impossiblecrime.
Feloniesagainstpersons:
1. Parricide2. Murder3. Homicide4. Infanticide5. Abortion6. Duel7. Physicalinjuries8. Rape
Feloniesagainstproperty:
1. Robbery2. Brigandage3. Theft4. Usurpation5. Culpableinsolvency6. Swindlingandotherdeceits7. Chattelmortgage8. Arsonandothercrimesinvolvingdestruction9. Maliciousmischief
2. Theactwasdonewithevilintent
Itmustbeshownthattheactorperformedtheactwith
evilintent,thatis,hemusthavetheintenttodoaninjury
toanother.
3. Itsaccomplishmentis inherently impossibleorthat
the means employed is either inadequate or
ineffectual
In impossible crime, theact performedby the offender
cannotproducean offense againstpersonsor property,
because: (1)the commissionof theoffenseis inherently
impossibleofaccomplishment,or(2)themeansiseither
(a)inadequateor(b)ineffectual.
4. Theactperformedshouldnotconstituteaviolation
ofanotherprovisionoftheRevisedPenalCode
ii.INADEQUATEANDINEFFECTUALMEANS
Inherentimpossibilityofitsaccomplishment(a) Theactintendedbytheoffenderisbyitsnatureone
ofimpossibleaccomplishment.
(b) Theremust either be: (1) legal impossibility, or (2)physicalimpossibility.
(c) LEGAL IMPOSSIBILITY - the intended acts, even ifcompletedwouldnotamounttoacrime
(d) PHYSICALIMPOSSIBILITY-extraneouscircumstancesunknowntotheactororbeyondhiscontrolprevent
theconsummationoftheintendedcrime
Employmentofinadequatemeanso Meansisinsufficient
Employmentofineffectualmeanso Meansemployeddidnotproducetheresult
expected
iii.PURPOSE
Thepurposeofthelawinpunishingimpossiblecrimeisto
suppress criminal propensity or criminal tendencies.
Objectively,theoffenderhasnotcommittedafelony,but
subjectively,heisacriminal.
Art.5.Dutyof the courtinconnectionwithactswhich
should berepressedbutwhicharenot coveredbythe
law,andincasesofexcessivepenalties.Wheneveracourt has knowledge of any act which it may deem
propertorepressandwhichisnotpunishablebylaw,it
shallrendertheproperdecisionandshallreporttothe
ChiefExecutive, throughtheDepartmentof Justice,the
reasonswhichinducethecourttobelievethatsaidact
shouldbemadethesubjectofpenallegislation.
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In the same way the court shall submit to the Chief
Executive, through the Department of Justice, such
statement as may be deemed proper, without
suspendingtheexecutionofthesentence,whenastrict
enforcementoftheprovisionsofthisCodewouldresult
in the imposition ofa clearly excessive penalty, taking
into consideration the degree ofmalice and the injury
causedbytheoffense.
E.STAGESOFEXECUTION
Art. 6. Consummated, frustrated, and attempted
felonies. Consummated felonies as well as those
whicharefrustratedandattempted,arepunishable.
A felony is consummated when all the elements
necessary for its execution and accomplishment are
present; and it is frustrated when the offender
performs all the acts of execution which would
produce the felony as a consequence but which,
nevertheless, donotproduce itby reasonof causes
independentofthewilloftheperpetrator.
There is an attempt when the offender commences
thecommissionofa felonydirectlyoroveracts,and
does not perform all the acts of execution which
shouldproducethefelonybyreasonofsomecauseor
accidentotherthanthisownspontaneousdesistance.
A felony is CONSUMMATED when all the elements
necessary for its execution and accomplishment are
present.
Itis FRUSTRATED whentheoffenderperformsall the
actsofexecutionwhichwouldproducethefelonyasa
consequencebutwhich,nevertheless,do notproduce
itby reason ofcausesindependent ofthewill ofthe
perpetrator.
There is anATTEMPT whenthe offendercommences
thecommissionofafelonydirectlybyovertacts,and
doesnotperformalltheactsofexecutionwhichshould
producethefelonybyreasonofsomecauseoraccidentotherthanhisownspontaneousdesistance.
i.DEVELOPMENTOFACRIME
1. INTERNALACTS,suchasmereideasinthemindof
a person, are not punishable even if, had they
beencarriedout,theywouldconstituteacrime.
2. EXTERNALACTScover(a)preparatoryacts;and(b)
actsofexecution.
Preparatory acts - ordinarily they are notpunishable, but preparatory acts which are
considered in themselves, by law, as
independentcrimesarepunishable.
Acts of execution - punishable under theRevisedPenalCode
a. Subjective phase - portion of the actsconstituting thecrime,startingfrom the
point where the offender begins the
commission of the crime to that point
wherehe has still control over his acts,
includingtheirnaturalcourse.
b. Objectivephase- theresultoftheactsofexecution,thatis,theaccomplishmentof
thecrime.
If the subjective and objectivephases are present, there is a
consummatedfelony.
The spontaneous desistance of theaccused is exculpatory only (a) if
made during the attempted stage,
and (b) provided that the acts
alreadycommitteddonotconstitute
anyoffense.
ii.CONSUMMATEDFELONY
A felony is consummated when all the elements
necessary for its execution and accomplishment are
present.
Alltheelementsofthefelonyforwhichtheaccusedis
prosecutedmustbepresentinordertoholdhimliable
thereforinitsconsummatedstage.
Whena felonyhastwoormore elementsandone of
themisnotprovedbytheprosecutionduringthetrial,
either:
The felony is not shown to have beenconsummated;or
The felony is not shown to have beencommitted;or
Another felony is shown to have beencommitted.
iii.FRUSTRATEDFELONY
A felonyis frustrated whenthe offenderperformsall
theactsofexecutionwhichwouldproducethefelony
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as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not
produceitbyreasonofcausesindependentofthewill
oftheperpetrator.
ELEMENTS:
1. Theoffenderperformsalltheactsofexecution; Nothing more is left to be done by the
offender, becausehe hasperformedthe last
actnecessarytoproducethecrime.
2. Alltheactsperformedwouldproducethefelonyasaconsequence;
Alltheactsofexecutionperformedbytheoffendercouldhaveproducedthefelonyasa
consequence.
Thebeliefoftheaccusedneednotbeconsidered.Whatshouldbeconsideredis
whetheralltheactsofexecutionperformed
bytheoffenderwouldproducethefelonyas
aconsequence.
3. Butthefelonyisnotproduced; Theactsperformedbytheoffenderdonot
producethefelony,becauseifthefelonyis
produceditwouldbeconsummated.
4. Byreasonofcauses independentofthewilloftheperpetrator.
Thereare crimes which donot admit of a frustrated
stage. By the definition of a frustrated felony, the
offender cannot possibly perform all the acts of
execution to bring the desired result without
consummatingtheoffense.
CRIMESWHICHDONOTHAVEAFRUSTRATEDSTAGE
(a) Rape, because the gravamen of the offense iscarnal knowledge, so no matter how slight the
penetration,thefelonyisconsummated.
(b) Indirectbribery,becausetheoffenseiscommittedbyaccepting giftsofferedto thepublicofficerby
reasonofhisoffice.
(c) Corruption of public officers, since the crimerequires the concurrence of the will of both
parties.(d) Adultery, because the essence of the crime is
sexualcongress.
(e) Physical injury since its determination whetherslight, less serious, or serious can only bemade
onceitisconsummated.
(f) Theft, since unlawful taking immediatelyconsummates the offense and the disposition of
thethingisnotanelement.
iv.ATTEMPTEDFELONY
Thereisanattemptwhentheoffendercommencesthe
commissionofafelonydirectlybyovertacts,anddoes
not perform all the acts of execution which should
producethefelonybyreasonofsomecauseoraccident
otherthanhisownspontaneousdesistance.
ELEMENTS:
1. The offender commences the commission of thefelonydirectlybyovertacts;
REQUISITES:o Therebeexternalacts;o Suchexternalactshavedirectconnection
withthecrimeintendedtobecommitted.
2. He does not perform all the acts of executionwhichshouldproducethefelony;
Ifthe offenderhas performed allthe acts ofexecutionnothingmoreislefttobedone
thestageof execution isthatof afrustrated
felony, i f the felony is not produced; or
consummated,ifthefelonyisproduced
3. The offenders act is not stopped by his ownspontaneousdesistance;
Rationale:Itisasortofrewardgrantedbylawtothosewho,havingonefootonthevergeof
crime, heed the call oftheir conscience and
returntothepathofrighteousness.
4. Thenon-performanceofallactsof executionwasdue to cause or accident other than his
spontaneousdesistance.
OVERTACTS
An OVERTACT is somephysical activity or deed,indicating the intention to commit a particular
crime,morethanamereplanningorpreparation,
which if carried to its complete terminationfollowing its natural course, without being
frustrated by external obstacles nor by the
voluntary desistance of the perpetrator, will
logically and necessarily r ipen into a concrete
offense.
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Therearefelonieswhere,becauseof theirnatureorthemannerofcommittingthem,theovertacts
are not performed with bodily movement or by
physicalactivity.
INDETERMINATEOFFENSE
One where the purpose of the offender inperforming an act is not certain. Its nature in
relationtoitsobjectiveisambiguous.
Theintentionof theaccusedmustbe ascertainedfromthefactsand,therefore,itisnecessarythat
themindbeable todirectly infer from themthe
intentionofthe perpetratorto causea particular
injury.
Actssusceptibleofdoubleinterpretationmustnotand cannot furnish grounds by themselves for
attempted crime. People v. Lamahang, [61 Phil.
707]
DESISTANCE
It is an absolutory causewhich negates criminalliability because the law encourages a person to
desistfromcommittingacrime.
Thedesistanceshouldbemadebeforealltheactsofexecutionareperformed.
The desistance which exempts from criminalliabilityhasreferencetothecrimeintendedtobe
committed, and has no reference to the crime
actually committed by the offender before his
desistance.
LEGALDESISTANCE FACTUALDESISTANCE
DEFINITION
Desistancereferredtoin
lawwhichwouldobviate
criminalliabilityunlessthe
overorpreparatoryact
alreadycommittedin
themselvesconstitutea
felonyotherthanwhat
theactorintended.
Actualdesistanceofthe
actor;theactorisstill
liablefortheattempt.
TIMEORPERIODEMPLOYED
Desistancemadeduring
theattemptedstage.
Desistancemadeafterthe
attemptedstageofthe
crime
v.FACTORSDETERMININGTHESTAGEOFEXECUTION
1. Natureoftheoffense 2. Elementsconstitutingthefelony 3. Mannerofcommittingthesame
vi.MANNEROFCOMMITTINGTHECRIME
1. Formal crimes: consummated is one instant, noattempt
Asarule,therecanbenoattemptataformalcrime,becausebetweenthethoughtand the
deed there is no chain of acts that can be
severedinanylink.
2. Crimes consummated by mere attempt orproposalorbyovertact
E.g. flight to enemys country (Art. 121),Corruptionofminors(Art.340)
3. Felonybyomission There can be no attempted stagewhen the
felonyisbyomission,becauseinthiskindof
felonytheoffenderdoesnotexecuteacts.He
omits to perform an act which the law
requireshimtodo.
4. Crimesrequiringtheinterventionoftwopersonsto commit them are consummated by mere
agreement
Inthecrimeofcorruptionofpublicofficer,thesameare consummatedbymereagreement.
The offermade byoneof the partiesto the
other constitutes attempted felony, if the
offerisrejected.
5. Material crimes: there are three stages ofexecution
vii.FRUSTRATEDVS.ATTEMPTEDVS.IMPOSSIBLE
CRIME
ATTEMPTED
FRUSTRATED
IMPOSSIBLECRIME
Evilintentoftheoffenderisnotaccomplished
Evilintentoftheoffender
ispossibleof
accomplishment
Evilintentofthe
offendercannotbe
accomplished
Whatpreventedits
accomplishmentisthe
interventionofcertain
causeoraccidentinwhich
theoffenderhadnopart
Inherentlyimpossibleof
accomplishmentor
meansemployedbythe
offenderisinadequateor
ineffectual
F.LIGHTFELONIES
Art. 7.When light felonies are punishable. Light
felonies are punishable when they have been
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consummated,withtheexceptionofthosecommitted
againstpersonsorproperty.
LIGHT FELONIES are those infractions of law for the
commissionofwhichthepenaltyofarrestomenorora
finenotexceeding200pesosorboth,isprovided.
Lightfeloniesarepunishableonlywhentheyhavebeen
consummated. They produce such light, such
insignificant moral and material injuries that public
conscienceissatisfiedwithprovidingalightpenaltyfor
theirconsummation.
EXCEPTION: Light felonies committed againstpersons
or property, are punishable even if attempted or
frustrated.
Rationale: The commission of felonies againstpersons orproperty presupposes in the offender
moraldepravity.
G.CONSPIRACYANDPROPOSAL.
Art. 6.Conspiracyandproposal tocommit felony.
Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony are
punishableonlyinthecasesinwhichthelawspecially
providesapenaltytherefor.
Aconspiracyexistswhentwoormorepersons come
to an agreement concerning the commission of a
felonyanddecidetocommitit.
Thereisproposalwhenthepersonwhohasdecidedto
commitafelonyproposesitsexecutiontosomeother
personorpersons.
Conspiracy and proposal to commit a crime are only
preparatoryacts,andthelawregardsthemasinnocent
orat leastpermissible except in rare andexceptional
cases.
Incrimesagainst theexternal and internal securityof
the State, if the culprit succeeds in his criminal
enterprise, hewould obtain thepower andtherefore
impunityforthecrimecommitted.
CONSPIRACY
Exists when two or more persons come to anagreementconcerningthecommissionofafelony
anddecidetocommitit
REQUISITES:
1. Twoormorepersonscametoanagreement Agreementpresupposesmeetingoftheminds
oftwoormorepersons.
2. The agreement pertains to the commission of afelony
Itmustbeanagreementtoact,toeffect,tobringaboutwhathasalreadybeenconceived
anddetermined.
3. Theexecutionofthefelonywasdecidedupon There must be participation with a criminal
resolutionbecausesimpleknowledgethereof
byapersonmayonlymakehimliableasan
accomplice.
GENERAL RULE: Conspiracy and proposal to commit
felonyarenotpunishable.
EXCEPTION: They are punishable only inthe casesin
whichthelawspeciallyprovidesapenaltytherefor.
EXAMPLESOFTHEEXCEPTION:
(a) Treason(b) Rebellion(c) Insurrection(d) Coupdetat(e) Sedition(f) Monopoliesandcombinationsinrestraintoftrade(g) Espionage(h) Highwayrobbery(i) Illegalassociation(j) SelectedactscommittedundertheComprehensive
DangerousDrugsAct
(k) Arson(l) TerrorismundertheHumanSecurityAct
FELONY MANNEROFINCURRING
CRIMINALLIABILITY
Conspiratorsshouldnot
actuallycommittreason,
rebellion,etc.,itbeing
sufficientthattwoor
morepersonsagreeand
decidetocommitit
Iftheconspiratorscommit
treason,theywillbeheld
liablefortreason,andthe
conspiracywhichtheyhad
beforecommitting
treasonisonlyamanner
ofincurringcriminal
liability,nottreatedasa
separateoffense
Felonyrelatestoacrime
actuallycommitted
Conspiracyisnottreated
asaseparateoffensebut
usedtodeterminethe
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liabilityoftheoffenders
Theactofoneistheactof
all
GENERAL RULE: When conspiracy is established, all
who participated therein, irrespective of thequantityorqualityofhisparticipationisliableequally,whether
conspiracyispre-plannedorinstantaneous.
EXCEPTION: Unless one or some of the conspirators
committedsomeothercrimewhichisnotpartofthe
intendedcrime.
EXCEPTION TO THE EXCEPTION: When the act
constitutesasingleindivisibleoffense.
DOCTRINEOFIMPLIEDCONSPIRACY
When the defendants bytheir acts aimedat thesame object, one performing one part and theother performinganotherpart soas to complete
it, with a view to the attainment of the same
object and their acts, though apparently
independent, were in fact concerted and
cooperative, indicating closeness of personal
association, concerted action and concurrence of
sentiments,thecourtwillbejustifiedinconcluding
thatsaiddefendantswereengagedinaconspiracy.
Peoplev.Geronimo,[53SCRA246,254]
Spontaneousagreement Activecooperationbyalloffenders Contributingbypositiveactstotherealizationofa
commoncriminalintent Presenceduringthecommissionofthecrimebya
bandandlendingmoralsupportthereto
PROPOSALTOCOMMITAFELONY
When the person who has decided to commit afelony proposes its execution to some other
personorpersons.
The law does not required that the proposal byacceptedby thepersonto whomthe proposal is
made.
REQUISITES:
1.
Apersonhasdecidedtocommitafelony;and2. Heproposesits executiontosomeotherpersonorpersons.
Thereisnocriminalproposalwhen
1. The person who proposes is not determined tocommitthefelony
2. Thereisnodecided,concreteandformalproposal
3. It is not the execution of the felony that isproposed
H.CLASSIFICATIONOFFELONIES(accordingto
gravity)
Art. 9. Grave felonies, less grave felonies, and light
felonies.Gravefeloniesarethosetowhichthelaw
attachesthecapitalpunishmentorpenaltieswhichin
anyoftheirperiodsareafflictive,inaccordancewith
Article25oftheCode.
Lessgravefeloniesarethosewhichthelawpunishes
with penalties which in their maximum period are
correctional,inaccordancewiththeabove-mentioned
article.
Light felonies are those infraction of law for the
commissionofwhichthepenaltyifarrestomenorora
finenotexceeding200pesos,orboth,isprovided.
Importanceofclassification
To determine whether these felonies can becomplexedornot
Todeterminetheprescriptionofthecrimeandtheprescriptionofthepenalty
GRAVEFELONIES
Reclusion perpetua, reclusion temporal, perpetualor temporary absolute disqualification, perpetual
ortemporaryspecialdisqualification,prisionmayor
LESSGAVEFELONIES
Prision correccional, arresto mayor, suspesnsion,destierro
I.OFFENSESNOTSUBJECTTOTHEPROVISIONSOF
THEREVISEDPENALCODE.
Art.10.Offensesnotsubjecttotheprovisionsofthis
Code.Offenseswhichareorinthefuturemaybe
punishableunderspeciallawsare notsubject tothe
provisions of this Code. This Code shall be
supplementarytosuchlaws,unlessthelattershould
speciallyprovidethecontrary.
GENERAL RULE: The provisions of the RPC are
supplementarytospeciallaws.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. Wherethespeciallawprovidesotherwise
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2. WhentheprovisionsoftheRPCareimpossibletoapply,eitherbyexpressprovisionorbynecessary
implication
ProvisionsofRPCapplicabletoSpecialLaws:
Art.16ParticipationofAccomplices Art. 22RetroactivityofPenal lawsif favorable to
theaccused
Art. 45 Confiscation of instruments used in thecrime
Whenthespeciallawadoptsthepenaltiesimposedin
the RPC, the provisions of the RPC on imposition of
penalties based on stages of execution, degree of
participation and attendance of mitigating and
aggravatingcircumstancemaybeappliedbynecessary
implication.
J.MULTIPLEOFFENDERS
FourFormsofRepetition:
1. Recidivism(Art.19,par.9)2. Reiteracionorhabituality(Art.14,par.10)3. Multi-recidivism or habitual delinquency (Art. 62,
par.5)
4. Quasi-recidivism(Art.160)
i.RECIDIVISM
ARECIDIVISTisonewho,atthetimeofhistrialforone
crime, shall have been previously convicted by final
judgment ofanother crime embraced inthesame title
oftheRPC.Peoplev.Lagarto,[196SCRA611,619 ]
REQUISITES:
1. Theoffenderisontrialforanoffense;2. Hewaspreviously convictedbyfinal judgmentof
anothercrime;
3. Both the first and the second offenses areembracedinthesametitleoftheCode;
4. Theoffenderisconvictedofthenewoffense.
Atthetimeofhistrialforonecrime
Whatiscontrollingisthe timeoftrial,notthetimeof
thecommissionofthecrime.Itisnotrequiredatthetime of the commission of the crime, the accused
should have been previously convicted by final
judgmentofanothercrime.
It is meant to include everything that is done in the
course of the trial, from arraignment until after
sentenceisannouncedbythejudgeinopencourt.
It is sufficient that the succeeding offense be
committed after the commission of the preceding
offense provided that the time of his trial for the
second offense, the accused had already been
convictedofthefirstoffense.
Recidivismmust be takeinto accountnomatter how
many years have intervened between the first and
secondfelonies.
Pardon does not prevent a former conviction from
being considered as an aggravating circumstance, but
amnestyextinguishesthepenaltyanditseffects.
ii.HABITUALITY(REITERACION)
REQUISITES:
1. Theaccusedisontrialforanoffense;2. Hepreviouslyservedsentenceforanotheroffense
to which the law attaches an equal or greater
penalty, or for 2 or more crimes to which it
attaches lighter penalty than that for the new
offense;and
When the penalty provided by law for theprevious offenseisequaltothatforthenew
offense;or
When the penalty provided by law for thepreviousoffenseisgreater;or
Whentheaccusedservedatleast2sentences ,evenifthepenaltiesprovidedbylawforthe
crimesarelighter.
3. Heisconvictedofthenewoffense.
REITERACION RECIDIVISM
Itisnecessarythatthe
offendershallhaveserved
outhissentenceforthe
firstoffense
Itisenoughthatafinal
judgmenthasbeen
renderedinthefirst
offense
Thepreviousand
subsequentoffensesmust
notbeembracedinthe
sametitleoftheCode
Requiresthattheoffenses
beincludedinthesame
titleoftheCode
Notalwaysanaggravating
circumstance
Alwaystakeninto
considerationinfixingthe
penaltytobeimposed
upontheaccused
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iii.QUASI-RECIDIVISM
Any person who shall commit a felony after having
beenconvictedbyfinaljudgment,beforebeginningto
servesuchsentence,orwhileservingthesame,shallbe
punished by the maximum period of the penalty
prescribedbylawforthenewfelony.
iv.HABITUALDELINQUENCY
Aperson,withintheperiodof10yearsfromthedateof
hislastreleaseorlastconvictionofthecrimeofserious
orlessseriousphysicalinjuries,robbery,theft,estafaor
falsification,isfoundguiltyofanyofsaidcrimesathird
timeoroftener.Inhabitualdelinquency,theoffenderis
either a recidivist or one who has been previously
punishedfortwoormoreoffenses.Heshallsufferan
additionalpenaltyforbeingahabitualdelinquent.
REQUISITES:
1. The offender had been convicted of any of thecrimesof seriousor less seriousphysical injuries,
robbery,theft,estafaorfalsification;
2. Afterthatconvictionorafterservinghissentence,heagaincommitted,and,within10yearsfromhis
releaseorfirstconviction,hewasagainconvicted
ofanyofthesaidcrimesforthe secondtime;
3. After his conviction of, or after service sentencefor,thesecondoffense,heagain committed,and,
within 10 years from his last release or last
conviction, he was against convicted of any said
offenses,thethirdtimeoroftener.
HABITUALDELINQUENCY RECIDIVISM
Astocrimescommitted
Thecrimesarespecified Itissufficientthatthe
accusedonthedateofhis
trial,shallhavebeen
previouslyconvictedby
finaljudgmentofanother
crimeembracedinthe
sametitleoftheCode
Astotheperiodoftimethecrimesarecommitted
Theoffenderfoundguilty
ofanyofthecrimes
specifiedwithin10years
fromhislastreleaseorlastconviction
Noperiodoftime
betweentheformer
convictionandthelast
convictionisfixedbylaw
Astothenumberofcrimescommitted
Theaccusedmustbe
foundguiltythethirdtime
oroftenerofanyofthe
crimesspecified
Thesecondconvictionfor
anoffenseembracedin
thesametitleoftheCode
issufficient
Astotheireffects
Ifthereishabitual
delinquency,anadditional
penaltyisalsoimposed
Ifnotoffsetbya
mitigatingcircumstances,
servestoincreasethe
penaltyonlytothe
maximum
RECIDIVISMVS. HABITUALITY VS.MULTI-RECIDIVISM
VS.QUASI-RECIDIVISM
RECIDVISM Generic
Aggravating
Circumstance
Whereaperson,on
separateoccasionsis
convictedof2
offensesembracedin
thesametitleinthe
RevisedPenalCode.
REITERACION
OR
HABITUALITY
Generic
Aggravating
Circumstance
Wheretheoffender
hasbeenpreviously
punishedforan
offensetowhichthelawattachesanequal
orgreaterpenaltyor
fortwocomesto
whichitattachesa
lighterpenalty.
MULTI-
RECIDIVISM
OR HABITUAL
DELINQUENCY
Extraordinary
Aggravating
Circumstance
Whereaperson
withinaperiodof10
yearsfromthedate
ofhisreleaseorlast
convictionofthe
crimesofseriousor
lessseriousphysical
injuries,robbery,theft,estafaor
falsification,isfound
guiltyofthesaid
crimesathirdtimeor
oftener.
QUASI-
RECIDIVISM
Special
Aggravating
Circumstance
Whereaperson
commitsfelony
beforebeginningto
serveorwhileserving
sentenceona
previousconviction
forafelony.
K.COMPLEXCRIMESVS.SPECIALCOMPLEXCRIMES
PLURALITY OF CRIMES consists in the successive
execution,bythesame individual,ofdifferentcriminal
acts, upon any of which no conviction has yet been
declared.
Realormaterialplurality-Differentcrimesinlaw,aswell asin the conscience oftheoffender; the
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offender shall be punished for each and every
offensethathecommitted
Formal or ideal plurality - Only one criminalliability
o When the offender commits any of thecomplexcrimesinArticle48.
o When the law specifically fixes a singlepenaltyfor twoormoreoffensescommitted
(SpecialComplexCrimes).
o When the offender commits continuouscrimes.
Art.48.Penaltyforcomplexcrimes.Whenasingle
act constitutes two or more grave or less grave
felonies,orwhenanoffenseisanecessarymeansfor
committingtheother,thepenaltyforthemostserious
crimeshallbeimposed,thesametobeappliedinits
maximumperiod.
Article48requiresthecommissionofatleast2crimes.
Butthe2ormoregraveorlessgravefeloniesmustbe
the result of a single act, or an offense must be a
necessarymeansforcommittingtheother.
Although 2 or more crimes are actually committed,
theyconstituteonlyonecrimeintheeyesofthelawas
wellasintheconscienceoftheoffender.
Theoffenderhasonlyonecriminalintent. Hence,there
isonly one penaltyimposedfor the commissionof a
complexcrime.
Article 48 could have had no other purpose than to
prescribe a penalty lower than the aggregate of the
penaltiesforeachoffense,ifimposedseparately.When
twoormorecrimesaretheresultofasingleact,the
offender is deemed less perverse than when he
commitssaidcrimesthroughseparateanddistinctacts.
Peoplev.Hernandez,[99Phil.515,542-543]
Article48 appliesonly to caseswhere theCode does
not provide a definite specific penalty for a complex
crime.
The penalty for complex crimeis the penaltyfor themost serious crime, the same to be applied in its
maximumperiod.Ifdifferentcrimesresultingfromone
single act are punished with the same penalty, the
penaltyforanyoneofthemshallbeimposed,thesame
to be applied in the maximum period. When two
felonies constitutinga complex crimesarepunishable
by imprisonment and fine, respectively, only the
penaltyofimprisonmentshouldbeimposed.
Whena complex crime ischargedand oneoffenseis
notproven,theaccusedcanbeconvictedoftheother.
KINDSOFCOMPLEXCRIMES:
1. COMPOUNDCRIME: Whenasingleactconstitutes2ormoregraveorlessgravefelonies.
REQUISITES:
Onlyasingleactisperformedbytheoffender; Thesingleactproduces:
o Twoormoregravefelonies;oro Oneormoregraveandoneormorelessgrave
felonies;or
o Twoormorelessgravefelonies.
Light felonies produced by the same act should be
treatedand punishedas separate offensesormaybe
absorbedbythegavefelony.
2. COMPLEXCRIMEPROPER:When anoffenseis anecessarymeansforcommittingtheother.
REQUISITES:
1. Atleasttwooffensesarecommitted;2. Oneorsomeoftheoffensesmustbenecessaryto
committheother;
a. Necessary means is not equivalent toindispensablemeans.
3. Bothoralloftheoffensesmustbepunishedunderthesamestatute.
When in the definition of a felony one offense is a
meanstocommittheother,thereisnocomplexcrime.
When one of the offenses was committed for the
purpose of concealing the commission of the other,
thereisnocomplexcrime.
Whenthereisnocomplexcrime:
(a) Incaseofcontinuouscrimes(b) When one offense is committed to conceal the
other(c) Whentheothercrimeisan indispensablepartor
anelementoftheotheroffenses
(d) Whereoneoftheoffensesispenalizedbyaspeciallaw
(e) When the provision provides for a two-tieredpenalty, e.g. Usurpation of property (Art. 312),
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malicious procurement of a search warrant (Art.
129), bribery (Art. 210, par. 1), maltreatment of
prisoners(Art.235)
InstanceswhereArticle48isnotapplicable:
(a) Whenthecrimessubjectofthecasehavecommonelements;
(b) Whenthecrimesinvolvedaresubjecttotheruleofabsorptionofonecrimebytheother;
(c) Wherethetwooffensesresultingfromasingleactarespecificallypunishedasasinglecrime,suchas
lessseriousphysicalinjurieswithseriousslanderof
deed,sincethisispunishedunderArt.264,par.2,
asthesinglecrimeoflessseriousphysicalinjuries
withignominy;
(d) Inspecialcomplexcrimesorcompositecrimes.
SPECIALCOMPLEXCRIMES arethosewhicharetreated
assingleindivisibleoffensesalthoughcomprisingmore
thanonespecificcrimeandwithspecificpenalty.
EXAMPLES:
(a) Rapewithhomicide Homicide must always be consummated,
otherwise, they are separate offenses. The
rape may either be consummated or
attempted.
(b) Kidnappingwithhomicide(c) Kidnappingwithrape
Different fromabductionwith rape,whereinthereislewddesign
(d) Robberywithhomicide Additionalhomicidenotaggravating
(e) Robberywithrape Additionalrapenotaggravating
(f) Robberywitharson(g) Arsonwithhomicide
Crimesinvolvedcannotbelegallycomplexed:
(a) Malicious obtention or abusive service of searchwarrant(Art.129)withperjury;
(b) Bribery(Art.210)withinfidelityinthe custodyorprisoners;
(c) Maltreatmentofprisoners (Art.235)withseriousphysicalinjuries;
(d) Usurpation of real rights (Art. 312) with seriousphysicalinjuries;and
(e) Abandonmentofpersonsindanger(Art.275)andcrimesagainstminors(Art.276-278)withanother
felon
ORDINARYCOMPLEX
CRIME
SPECIALCOMPLEXCRIME
ORCOMPOSITECRIME
AstoTheirConcept
Itismadeupoftwoor
morecrimesbeing
punishedindistinctprovisionsoftheRevised
PenalCodebutallegedin
oneinformationeither
becausetheywere
broughtaboutbyasingle
feloniesactorbecause
oneoffenseisanecessary
meansforcommittingthe
otheroffenseoroffenses.
Itismadeupoftwoor
morecrimeswhichare
consideredonlyascomponentsofasingle
indivisibleoffensebeing
punishedinoneprovision
oftheRevisedPenalCode.
AstoPenalty
Penaltyforthemost
seriouscrimeshallbe
imposedandinitsmaximumperiod.
Itisthepenalty
specificallyprovidedfor
thespecialcomplexcrimethatshallbeapplied
accordingtotheruleson
impositionofthepenalty.
ACONTINUOUS(CONTINUEDORCONTINUING)CRIME
isasinglecrime,consistingofaseriousofactsbutall
arisingfromonecriminalresolution.Althoughthereisa
seriousofacts,thereisonlyonecrimecommitted.
REQUISITES:
1. Multiplicityofacts;2. Unityofcriminalpurposeorintent;and3.
Unityofcriminaloffenseviolated.
Acontinuedcrimeisnotacomplexcrime,becausethe
offender in continued or continuous crime does not
perform a single act, but a serious of acts, and one
offense isnot a necessary meansfor committingthe
other.
REALORMATERIAL
PLURALITY
CONTINUEDCRIME
Thereisaseriesofacts
performedbythe
offender
Thereisaseriousofacts
performedbythe
offender
Eachactperformedby
theoffenderconstitutesa
separatecrime,because
eachactisgeneratedbya
criminalimpulse
Thedifferentacts
constituteonlyonecrime
becausealloftheacts
performedarisefromone
criminalresolution
ENDOFDISCUSSIONONTOPIC
2.FELONIES
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=============================================3.CIRCUMSTANCESWHICHAFFECTCRIMINALLIABILITY
=============================================TOPICUNDERTHESYLLABUS:
3.CircumstanceswhichAffectCriminalLiability
a.JustifyingCircumstances
i.Anti-ViolenceAgainstWomenand
TheirChildrenActof2004
(a)Batteredwomansyndrome
b.ExemptingCircumstances
i.JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof
2006;ChildandYouthWelfareCode
(e)Definitionofchildinconflict
withthelaw(f)Minimumageofcriminal
responsibility
(g)Determinationofage
(h)Exemptionfromcriminal
liability
c.MitigatingCircumstances
d.AggravatingCircumstances
i.Generic
ii.Qualifying
(c)DecreeCodifyingtheLawson
Illegal/UnlawfulPossession,Manufacture,Dealingin,
AcquisitionorDisposition,of
Firearms,Ammunitionof
Explosivesasanaggravating
circumstance
(d)TheComprehensiveDangerous
DrugsActof2002
i. Asaqualifyingaggravating
circumstance
ii. Immunityfromprosecutionand
punishment,coverage
iii. Minoroffendersiv. Application/Non-
applicationofRPC
provisions
e.AlternativeCircumstances
f.AbsolutoryCause
======================================
3. CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH AFFECT CRIMINAL
LIABILITY.
A.DEFINITIONS
IMPUTABILITY is the qualityby whichan act may be
ascribedtoapersonasitsauthororowner.Itimplies
thattheactcommittedhasbeenfreelyandconsciously
doneandmay,therefore,beputdowntothedoerashi
veryown.
RESPONSIBILITY is the obligation of suffering the
consequences of crimes. It is the obligation of taking
thepenalandcivilconsequencesofthecrime.
GUILT isanelementofresponsibility,foramancannot
bemade to answer for the consequences ofa crime
unlessheisguilty.
B.JUSTIFYINGCIRCUMSTANCES
I.GENERALCONCEPTS
JUSTIFYINGCIRCUMSTANCESarethosewheretheact
ofapersonissaidtobeinaccordancewithlaw,sothat
such person isdeemed not to have transgressed the
law and is free from both criminal and civil liability.
Thereisnocivilliability,exceptinpar.4ofArticle11.
Basis:Thelawrecognizesthenon-existenceofacrime
byexpresslystating.
Itisincumbentupontheaccusedtoprovethejustifying
circumstancesclaimedbyhimtothesatisfactionofthe
court.
II.PAR.1:SELF-DEFENSE
RightsincludedinSelf-Defense:
Self-defense includes not only the defense of the
personorbodyoftheoneassaultedbutalsothatofhisrights,thoserightstheenjoymentofwhichisprotected
bylaw.Asidefromtherighttolifeonwhichreststhe
legitimatedefenseofourperson,wehavetherightto
propertyacquiredbyus,andtherighttohonorwhichis
nottheleastprizedofmanspatrimony.[1Viada,172,
173,5thedition]
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1. Defenseofperson2. Defenseofrightsprotectedbylaw3. Defenseofproperty4. Defenseofchastity
Reasonswhypenallawmakesself-defenselawful
It is based on that impulse of self-preservationborn toman and part ofhis nature asa human
being.
Classicist: grounded on the impossibility on thepart of the State to avoid a present unjust
aggression and protect a person unlawfully
attacked
Positivists: anexerciseofa right,an actof socialjusticedonetorepeltheattackofanaggression
ELEMENTS:
1. UnlawfulAggression Indispensablerequirement Actual physical assault or aggression or an
immediateandimminentthreatisrequired.
Thedefensemusthavebeenmadeduringtheexistence of aggression, otherwise, it is no
longerjustifying.
2. Reasonablenecessity ofthemeansemployedtopreventorrepelit
Testofreasonableness:
(1) Nature and quality of the weapon used byaggressor
(2) Physical condition, character, size and othercircumstancesofaggressor
(3) Physical condition, character, size andcircumstancesofpersondefendinghimself
(4) Placeandoccasionofassault
3. Lackofsufficientprovocationonthepartofthepersondefendinghimself
NOTE: Perfectequalitybetweentheweaponsusedor
material commensurability between the means of
attackand defenseby theone defending himselfand
thatof theaggressoris notrequired.It isbecausethe
victimdoesnothavesufficientopportunitytothinkand
calculate.
UNLAWFULAGGRESSION
KindsofAggressiono Lawful:fulfillmentofadutyortheexerciseof
aright
o Unlawful
It is equivalent to assault or at least threatenedassaultofanimmediateandimminent.
Theremust bean actualphysical assaultupon aperson,oratleasta threattoinflictrealinjury.
Thethreatmustbeoffensiveandpositivelystrong,showingthewrongfulintenttocauseaninjury.
PeriltoonesLifeo Actual: the danger must bepresent, that is,
actuallyinexistence
o Imminent: the danger is on the point ofhappening. It is not required that theattack
alreadybegins,foritmaybetoolate.
PeriltoonesLimbo Includes peril to the safety of ones person
fromphysicalinjuries
RETALIATION SELF-DEFENSE
Theaggressionthatwas
begunbytheinjuredpartyalreadyceasedto
existwhentheaccused
attackedhim.
Theaggressionwasstill
existingwhentheaggressorwasinjuredor
disabledbytheperson
makingadefense.
NOTESONUNLAWFULAGGRESSION
Theattackmadebythedeceasedandthekillingofthe deceased by defendant should succeed each
otherwithoutappreciableintervaloftime.
It must come from the person attacked by theaccused.
Thereisnounlawfulaggressionwhentherewasanagreementtofight.
Merebeliefofanimpendingattackisnotsufficient
HowtoDeterminetheUnlawfulAggressor:
In the absence of direct evidence to determine who
provokedtheconflict,ithasbeenheldthatitshallbe
presumedthat,inthenatureoftheorderofthings,the
personwhowasdeeplyoffendedbytheinsultwasthe
one who believed he had a right to demand
explanationof theperpetratorof that insult,and the
onewhostruckthefirstblowwhenhewasnotsatisfied
with theexplanation offered.UnitedStates v.Laurel,
[22Phil.252]
KINDSOFSELF-DEFENSE:
1. Self-defense of chastity There must be anattempttorapethevictim
2. Defense of property Must be coupledwith anattack on the person of the owner, or on one
entrustedwithsuchproperty.
Attack on property alone was deemedsufficient to comply with element of
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unlawfulaggression. (Peoplev.Narvaez)
3. Self-defense in libel Justified when the libel isaimedatapersonsgoodname.
Standgroundwhenintheright-Thelawdoesnot
requireapersontoretreatwhenhisassailantisrapidly
advancinguponhimwithadeadlyweapon.
Reasonable necessity of the means employed to
preventorrepelit
The reasonableness of either or both suchnecessity depends on the existence of unlawful
aggressionanduponthenatureandextentofthe
aggression.
Necessity of the course of action taken: thenecessityofthecourseofactiontakendependson
theexistenceofunlawfulaggression
Necessityofthemeansused:themeansemployedbythepersonmakingadefensemustberationally
necessary to prevent or repel an unlawful
aggression
In repellingor preventingan unlawfulaggression,theone defendingmustaim athis assailant, and
notindiscriminatelyfirehisdeadlyweapon.
Thepeaceofficer,in theperformanceofhisduty,represents the law which hemust uphold. While
thelawonself-defenseallowsaprivateindividual
toprevent or repel an aggression, the duty of a
peace officer requires him to overcome his
opponent.Apoliceofficeris notrequiredto afford
aperson attackinghim, theopportunityfor afair
andequalstruggle.
FactorstobeConsidered:
(a) Presenceofimminentdanger(b) Emergencytowhichthepersondefendinghimself
hasbeenexposedto
(c) Nature and quality of the weapon used by theaccusedcomparedtotheweaponoftheaggressor
(d) Size or physical character of the aggressorcomparedtotheaccusedandothercircumstances
thatcanbeconsideredshowingdisparitybetween
aggressorandaccused
NOTE: Thefirst two requisites thus far explained arecommon to self-defense, defense of a relative, and
defenseofastranger.
Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the
persondefendinghimself
The one defending himself must not have given
cause forthe aggressionby hisunjustconductor
byincitingorprovokingtheassailant.
Casesinwhichthirdrequisiteconsideredpresent: o No provocation at all was given to the
aggressorbythepersondefendinghimself
o When,evenifaprovocationwasgiven,itwasnotsufficient
o When,eveniftheprovocationwassufficient,it was not given by the person defending
himself
Theexerciseofarightcannotgiverisetosufficientprovocation.
Theprovocationmustbe sufficient,whichmeansthat it should be proportionate to the act of
aggressionandadequatetostirtheaggressortoits
commissionPeoplev.Alconga,[78Phil.366]
ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR
CHILDRENACTOF2004(R.A.9262)
Section26providesthatvictim-survivorswho arefoundbythecourtstobesufferingfromBattered
WomanSyndromedonotincuranycriminalorcivil
liabilitynotwithstandingtheabsenceofanyofthe
elements for justifying circumstance of self-
defenseundertheRPC.
BATTERED WOMAN SYNDROME refers to ascientificallydefinedpatternofpsychologicallyand
behavioral symptoms founds in women living in
battering relationships as a result of cumulative
abuse
CYCLEOFVIOLENCE:Peoplev.Genosa,[G.R.No.1395981,January15,2004]
o Tensionbuildingphaseo Acutebatteringincident
o Tranquil, loving phase (non-violentphase)
Characteristicsofthesyndrome o Thewomanbelievesthattheviolencewasher
fault
o Shehasaninabilitytoplacetheresponsibilityfortheviolenceelsewhere
o Shefearsforherlifeand/orherchildrenslifeo Shehasanirrationalbeliefthattheabuseris
omnipresentandomniscient.
BATTERY refers to any act of inflicting physicalharmuponthewomanorherchild,resultingtoa
physicalandpsychologicaloremotionaldistress
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III.PAR.2:DEFENSEOFRELATIVES
ELEMENTS:
1. Unlawfulaggression(indispensablerequirement) Unlawful aggression need not exist as a
matterorfact.Itcanbemadetodependupon
thehonestbeliefoftheonemakingadefense.
UnitedStatesv.Esmedia,[17Phil.260,264]
2. Reasonablenecessity ofthemeansemployedtopreventorrepelit
3. Incase theprovocationwasgivenby thepersonattacked,theonemakingthedefensehadnopart
insuchprovocation
Theclause,incasetheprovocationwasgivenby theperson attacked, usedin statingthe
thirdrequisitedoesnotmeanthattherelative
defended should give provocation to the
aggressor. It merely states an event which
mayormaynottakeplace.
There is still a legitimate defense of relativeeveniftherelativebeingdefendedhasgiven
provocation,providedthattheonedefending
suchrelativehasnopartintheprovocation.
RelativeentitledtotheDefense:
1. Spouse2. Ascendants3. Descendants4. Legitimate, natural or adopted brothers and
sisters,orrelativesbyaffinityinthesamedegrees
5. Relatives by consanguinity within the 4th civildegree
NOTE: The relative defended may be the original
aggressor.Tojustifytheactoftherelativedefending,
hemustnottakepartinsuchprovocation.
Basis:Humanitariansentimentandupontheimpulseof
bloodwhich impels men to rush, on the occasion of
greatperils,totherescueofthoseclosetothembyties
ofblood.
IV.PAR.3:DEFENSEOFSTRANGER
ELEMENTS:
1. Unlawfulaggression(indispensablerequirement)2. Reasonablenecessity ofthemeansemployedto
preventorrepelit
3. Person defending be not induced by revenge,resentmentorotherevilmotive
Thedefenseofastrangermustbeactuatedbydisinterestedorgenerousmotive.
A STRANGER is any person not included in the
enumerationofrelativesmentionedinparagraph2.
Basis:Whatonemaydoinhisdefense,anothermaydo
forhim.
V.PAR. 4:AVOIDANCEOFGREATEREVILORINJURY
(STATEOFNECESSITY)
ELEMENTS:
1. Evilsoughttobeavoidedactuallyexists.2. Injuryfearedbegreaterthanthatdonetoavoidit3. No other practical and less harmful means of
preventingit
In cases fallingwithin subdivision 4 of Article11,the
persons for whose benefit the harm has been
prevented, shall be civilly liable in proportion to the
benefitwhichtheymayhavereceived(Art.101)
The necessity must not be due to the negligence or
violationofanylawbytheactor.
VI. PAR. 5: FULFILLMENT OF DUTY OR LAWFUL
EXERCISEOFRIGHTOROFFICE
ELEMENTS:1. Accusedacted in theperformance ofduty or in
thelawfulexerciseofarightoroffice
2. Injury caused or offense committed is thenecessary consequenceof the due performance
oftheduty,orthelawfulexerciseofsuchrightor
office
NOTES:
The accused must prove that he was dulyappointed to the position claimed he was
discharging atthe time of thecommissionof the
offense.
The deceased was under the obligation tosurrender,andhadnoright,afterevadingservice
of his sentence, to commit assault and
disobedience with a weapon in his hand, which
compelled the policeman to resort to such an
extrememeans, which, although it proved to be
fatal,wasjustifiedbythecircumstances.Peoplev.
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Delima,[46Phil.738]
It is not necessary that there by unlawfulaggression against the person charged with the
protection of the property. If there is unlawful
aggression against the person charged with the
protection of the property, then paragraph 1 of
Art. 11 applies, it being a defense of right to
property.
DOCTRINE OF SELF-HELP - The owner or lawfulpossessor ofa thinghasthe right toexcludeany
personfrom theenjoymentand disposal thereof.
Forthispurpose,hemayusesuchforceasmaybe
reasonablynecessarytorepelorpreventanactual
or threatened unlawful physical invasion or
usurpationofhisproperty.
VII. PAR. 6: OBEDIENCE TO AN ORDER ISSUED FOR
SOMELAWFULPURPOSE
ELEMENTS:
1. Anorderhasbeenissued2. Theorderhasa lawfulpurposeandnotpatently
illegal
3. Means used by subordinate to carry out saidorderislawful
NOTE: The superior officer giving the order cannot
invoke this justifying circumstance. Good faith is
material, as the subordinate is not liable for carrying
outanillegalorderifheisnotawareofitsillegalityand
heisnotnegligent.
GENERAL RULE: Subordinate cannot invoke this
circumstancewhenorderispatentlyillegal.
EXCEPTION:Whenthereiscompulsionofanirresistible
force,orunderimpulseofuncontrollablefear.
C.EXEMPTINGCIRCUMSTANCES
ART.12.ExemptingCircumstances(IFINDIA)
I.GENERALCONCEPTS
EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES are those grounds for
exemption from punishment due to absence of any
conditionsintheagentofthecrimewhichmakestheact
voluntaryornegligent.
Technically, one who acts by virtue of any exempting
circumstancescommitsacrime,althoughbythecomplete
absenceofanyoftheconditionswhichconstitutefreewill
or voluntariness of the act, no criminal liability arise.
(Guevara)
The completeabsence of intelligence, freedomofaction,
or intent, or absence of negligence on the part of theaccused.
The burden of proof to prove the existence of an
exemptingcircumstancelieswithinthedefense.
JUSTIFYING EXEMPTING
WHO/WHAT
ISAFFECTED
Act Actor
NATURE OF
ACT
Actisconsidered
legal
Actiswrongfulbut
actorisnotliable
EXISTENCE
OFACRIME
None Yes,butsince
voluntarinessis
absenttheactorisnotliable
LIABILITY Nocrime
Nocriminal
Nocriminal
liability
Nocivilliability
EXCEPTcivil
liabilityinArt.
11(4)[stateof
necessity]
Thereisacrime
Nocriminal
Nocriminal
liability
Thereiscivil
liabilityEXCEPTas
toArt.12(4)
[injurybymere
accident]and(7)
[lawfulcause]
II.PAR.1:IMBECILITYORINSANITY
IMBECILITYexistswhenaperson,whileofadvancedin
agehas amentaldevelopment comparable tothat of
childrenbetween2and7yearsold.Animbecileisone
whodeprivedcompletelyofreasonordiscernmentand
freedom of the will at the time of committing the
crime.Heisexemptinallcasesfromcriminalliability.
INSANITYexistswhenthereiscompletedeprivationof
intelligenceorreasonorwithouttheleastdiscernment
or with total deprivation of free will. This does not
includemereabnormalityof thementalfaculties. The
insaneisnotsoexemptifitcanbeshownthatheacted
duringalucidinterval.
Itisnecessarythattherebeacompletedeprivationof
intelligencewhilecommittingtheact,thatis,thatthe
accusedbedeprivedofreason;thatheactswithoutthe
leastdiscernment;orthat therebe a totaldeprivation
offreedomofthewill .Peoplev.Formigones,[87Phil.
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658,661]
Thedefensemustprovethattheaccusedwasinsaneat
thetimeofthecommissionofthecrime,becausethe
presumption is always in favor of sanity. People v.
Bascos,[44Phil.204,206]
Basis:Completeabsenceofintelligence,anelementof
voluntariness
TIMEWHENACCUSED
SUFFERSINSANITY
EFFECTONCRIMINAL
LIABILITY
Atthetimeofthe
commissionofthefelony
Exemptfromcriminal
liability
Duringtrial Accusediscriminal
liability,buttrialwillbe
suspendeduntilthe
mentalcapacityofthe
accusedberestoredto
affordhimafairtrial;and
accusediscommittedtoa
hospital
Afterjudgmentorwhile
servingsentence
Executionofjudgmentis
suspended,theaccusedis
committedtoahospital.
Theperiodofconfinement
inthehospitaliscounted
forthepurposeofthe
prescriptionofthe
penalty.
The evidence of insanity must refer to the time
preceding theactundertheprosecutionor tothevery
momentofitsexecution.
TestsofInsanity:
1. Cognition:completedeprivation ofintelligence incommittingthecrime
2. Volition:totaldeprivationoffreedomofwill
ScopeofthetermInsanity:
1. Dementiapraecox:irresistiblehomicidalimpulse2. Schizophrenia: chronic mental disorder
characterized by inability to distinguish between
fantasy and reality and often accompanied byhallucinationsanddelusions
3. Kleptomania4. Epilepsy:chronicnervousdiseasecharacterizedby
fits,occurringatintervals,attendedbyconclusive
motionsofthemusclesandlossofconsciousness.
5. Feeblemindedness:notexempting
6. Pedophilia:notinsanity7. Amnesia: not proof of mental condition of the
accused
8. Othercausesoflackofintelligencea. CommittingacrimewhileinadreamPeople
v.Taneo,[58Phil.255]
b. Somnambulism or sleepwalking People v.
Gimena,[55Phil604]
c. Committing a crime while suffering from
malignantmalariaPeoplev.Lacena,[69Phil.
350]
III.PAR.2AND3:MINORITY
Basis:Completeabsenceofintelligence
Undernine(9)yearsshouldbeconstruednineyears
orless;asmaybe inferredfromthenextsubsequent
paragraph which does not totally exempt a person
overnineyearsofageifheactedwithdiscernment
(Art.189,P.D.603)
JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE ACT OF 2006 AND
CHILDANDYOUTHWELFARECODE
CHILD INCONFLICT WITH THELAW refers to a child
who is allegedas, accused of,or adjudged as,having
committedanoffenseunderPhilippinelaws.
Under the Juvenile Justice andWelfareAct of 2006,
thefollowingareexemptfromcriminalliability:
(a) Child15yearsofageorunderatthetimeof the commission of the offense.
However,thechildshallbesubjecttoan
interventionprogramas providedunder
Section20ofthesamelaw.
(b) Child above 15 years old but below 18years of age who acted without
discernment.
It isincumbent uponthe prosecution toprove that a minor who is over 15 but
under 18 years of age has acted with
discernment.
DETERMINATIONOFAGEThe child in conflict with the law shall enjoy the
presumption ofminority. The age of a childmay be
determinedfrom:
1. Childsbirthcertificate2. Baptismalcertificate3. Anyotherpertinentdocuments
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4. Based on information from the childhimself/herself
5. Testimoniesofotherpersons6. Physicalappearanceofthechild7. Otherrelevantevidence
PeriodsofCriminalResponsibility:
1. Absolute irresponsibility: 15 years and below(infancy)
2. Conditional responsibility: between 15 and 18years
Withoutdiscernment:notcriminallyliable Withdiscernment:criminallyliable
3. Full responsibility:18 orover(adolescence) to70(maturity)
4. Mitigated responsibility: mitigated responsibility,noimpositionofdeathpenalty,executionofdeath
sentencemaybesuspendedandcommuted
DISCERNMENT is the mental capacity to understand
the difference between right and wrong, and such
capacitymaybeknownandshouldbedeterminedby
taking into consideration all the facts and
circumstancesaffordedbytherecordsineachcase,the
very appearance, the very attitude, the very
comportment and behavior of said minor, not only
beforeandduringthecommissionoftheact,butalso
afterandevenduringthetrial.Peoplev.Doquea,[68
Phil580,583]
DISCERNMENT INTENT
Relatestothemoral
significancethataperson
ascribestothesaidact
Referstothedesiredact
oftheperson
Discernment may be shown by: (1) the manner the