20120129 mankiw economics chapter26
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Principles of Economics
Chapter26Saving,Investment,and the Financial System
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What we learned from previous chapter
• Chapter23 :Components of GDP
• Chapter24 :Inflation rate CPI
• Chapter25 :A country's standard living depends on its ability to produce goods and service and
and productivity depends on
– physical capital
– human capital
– natural resources
– technological knowledge
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How do we match one person's saving
with another person's investment?
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Chapter26 Index
1. Financial Institution
2. Saving and Investment in the National Income Accounts
3. The Market for loanable funds
(building a model of financial markets)
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Ten Principles of Economics
Ⅰ.How People Make Decisions. 1:People Face Trade-offs.
2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.
3:Rational People Think at the Margin.
4:People Respond to Incentives.
Ⅱ.How People Interact. 5:Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off.
6:Markets Are Usually a Goodway to Organize Economic Activity.
7:Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes.
Ⅲ.How the Economy as a Whole Works 8:A Country's Standard of Living Depends on its Ability to Produce Goods and Services.
9:Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money.
10:Society Faces a Short-Run Trade-off between Inflation and Umemployment.
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Financial System
Financial Systems
one person's Saving
Another person's Investment
the financial system moves the economy's scarce resources from savers to borrowers
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Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries
Financial Markets
Financial Intermediaries
The Bond Markets (Debt finance)
The Stock Markets (Equity finance)
Banks
Mutual Funds
Bond maturity
Credit Risk
Tax treatment
Owner ship
Stock exchange
Stock Index
Deposit
Loan
Medium of exchange
Access skills of professional money manager
diverse portfolio stocks and bonds
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Direcrt Finance and Indirect Finance
Corporations (Borrower)
Bank (Indirect finance)
house holds Investors (Savers)
Deposit Loan
Market (Direct finance)
Investment
Stocks,Bonds
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Chapter26 Index
1. Financial Institution
2. Saving and Investment in the National Income Accounts
3. The Market for loanable funds
(building a model of financial markets)
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National Saving
Y= C + I + G + NX we assume a closed economy,so NX=0
Y =C + I + G ⇔ Y - C - G = I ⇔ S = I
S = Y - C - G
S = ( Y - T - C ) + ( T - G )
National Savings
National Savings Private Savings Government Savings
Y:GDP C:Consumption I:Investment G:Government purchases NX:Net Exports
S:National Savings
Financial Markets
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National Saving asssuming open economy
Y=C+I+G+NX(EX-IM) expenditure aspect・・・①
Y=C+S+T allocation aspect・・・②
Substitute① for ②
C + I + G + EX - IM = C + S + T
S - I = G - T + EX - IM
(S + T) - ( I + G) = EX - IM
Private Savings budget deficit
National savings Trade surplus
Trade surplus
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Japan exports and Imports
(単位:億円)
Trade Balance Exports Imports
1996 88,140 435,088 (346,948)
1997 120,928 494,847 (373,919)
1998 158,258 488,854 (330,596)
1999 137,618 457,759 (320,141)
2000 123,759 494,912 (371,153)
2001 84,544 465,944 (381,400)
2002 115,443 494,442 (378,999)
2003 119,600 519,015 (399,415)
2004 139,112 582,459 (443,347)
2005 102,944 625,177 (522,233)
2006 94,048 715,502 (621,454)
2007 123,484 797,383 (673,899)
2008 41,383 774,329 (732,946)
2009 40,240 508,001 (467,761)
2010 79,354 638,838 (559,484)
2011 (13,674) 575,086 (588,760)
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Japan exports and Imports
(Unit:億円)
excluding data of Dec 2011
http://www.mof.go.jp/international_policy/reference/balance_of_payments/bpnet.htm
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(単位:億円)
Current Account Goods &Services Income Current Transfers
1996 71,035 22,940 58,031 (9,937)
1997 117,106 57,626 70,103 (10,619)
1998 155,521 96,220 70,711 (11,410)
1999 131,508 78,314 65,538 (12,342)
2000 129,483 74,572 65,458 (10,548)
2001 106,539 32,762 83,596 (9,818)
2002 140,324 64,727 82,477 (6,876)
2003 157,545 83,311 83,166 (8,932)
2004 186,479 102,046 93,068 (8,630)
2005 184,153 76,381 115,736 (7,966)
2006 199,124 72,555 138,921 (12,351)
2007 247,395 98,443 162,571 (13,616)
2008 165,352 20,034 158,895 (13,574)
2009 133,149 21,208 123,336 (11,395)
2010 171,603 65,136 117,706 (11,240)
2011 88,651 (28,759) 128,937 (11,527)
Japan Current account
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Japan Current account
excluding data of Dec 2011
http://www.mof.go.jp/international_policy/reference/balance_of_payments/bpnet.htm
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国際収支発展段階説
内閣府ホームページ http://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai3/shihyo/2005/1205/681.html
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The meaning of saving and investment
In a language of macroeconomics,
q Investment:
the purchase of new capital,such as equipment or building.
q Buying stocks or bonds:
savings rather than investment.
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Chapter26 Index
1. Financial Institution
2. Saving and Investment in the National Income Accounts
3. The Market for loanable funds
(building a model of financial markets)
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Supply and Demand for Loanable Funds
5%
1,200
Interest rate
Loanable Funds
Supply
demand
q The supply of loanbel funds: coming from national savings,including both private savings and public savings
q The demand of loanbel funds: coming from household and firms who wish to borrow to make investment
Figure1 P565
q Interest rate: the price of loan and adjusting to balance the supply and demand for loanables funds
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Three steps to analyzing changes in equilibrimu from Chapter4
1. Decide wether the event shifts the supply or demand curve(or perhaps both)
2. Decide in which direction the curve shifts
3. Use the supply-and-supply diagram to see how the shifts changes the equilibrium price and quantity.
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Policy1:Saving Incentives
5%
1,200
Interest rate
Loanable Funds
Supply1
demand
q 1st Step: A change in the tax law to encourage people to save more wolud shift the supply.
q 2nd Step: The supply would increase,and the supply curve would shift to the right.
Figure2 P567
q 3rd Step: The increases supply reduces the interest rate from 5% to 4%.
4%
Supply2
1,500
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Policy2:Investment incentives
6%
1,200
Interest rate
Loanable Funds
Supply
Demand1
q 1st Step: The passage of investment tax credit to encourage firms to invest more would shift the demand.
q 2nd Step: The demand would increase,and the demand curve would shift to the right.
Figure3 P568
q 3rd Step: The quantity of loanable funds demanded raise the interest rate from 5% to 6%.
5%
1,400
Demand2
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Policy3:Government budget deficits and surplus
6%
1,200
Interest rate
Loanable Funds
Supply1
demand
q 1st Step: A change in the government budget balance represents a change in public saving,and in the supply of lonable funds.
q 2nd Step: A budget deficit the supply curve for loanable funds to the left.
Figure4 P569
q 3rd Step: The budget deficit reduces the supply of lonable funds,the interest rate rises from 5%to 6%.
5%
Supply2
1,500
Crowding Out!!
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The history of JPN Government debt
http://www.mof.go.jp/gallery/20110308.htm
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The debt of the JPN GDP as a percentage of GDP
http://www.mof.go.jp/gallery/20110309.htm
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Conclusion
• Financial markets serve the important role of linking the present and the future
• Those who supply loanable funds do so because they want to convert some of their current income into future purchasing power.
• Well-functioning financial markets are important not only for current generations but also for future generations.