2011 tillage conference pp2
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Using cover crops to capture multiple benefits often requires more management
There are few profits in idiot-proof systems
Cover crops are not idiot-proof!
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20 years of similar tillage intensity and C inputsbut contrasting types of organic inputs
Crop residuesCover Crops
Animal manureCrop residues
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• Fast germination and emergence• Competitiveness
• Tolerance to adverse climatic & soil conditions• Ease of suppression/residue management
• Fertility/soil quality benefits• Low-cost
What to Look For in A Cover Crop
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Grazing turnips, rape, radish, lentils, rye, oat, triticale, sorghum-sudan
Reducing Compactionradish, canola, turnip (and hybrids), sugarbeet, sunflower,
sorghum-sudan, sweet clover, alfalfa
N-fixation clovers, vetches, lentils, cowpeas, soybean, field pea, chickling vetch
Residue Cycling canola, rape, radishes, turnips, mustards
Nutrient Cycling sunflower, sugarbeets, brassicas, small grains
http://www.sdnotill.com/Field_Facts_wheat_cover_crop.pdf
Matching objectives with species
?
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How will I seed the cover crop?What will soil temperature and moisture conditions be like?
What weather extremes and field traffic must it tolerate?Will it winterkill in my area?
Should it winterkill, to meet my goals?What kind of regrowth can I expect?
How will I kill it and plant into it?Will I have the time to make this work?
What’s my contingency plan—and risks—if thecover crop doesn’t establish or doesn’t die on schedule?
Do I have the needed equipment and labor?
Other key considerations
Be realistic about potential cover crop
challenges
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Managing cover crops profitably, 3rd edition
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Terry Taylor’scontinuous NT corn
w/ hairy vetch system
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Red clover frost seeded into winter wheat.
Seed is broadcast onto frozen and cracked soil in mid-March after snow melt. Seedlings remain relatively small until wheat harvest, at which time they have full sunlight and three months to grow and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Total nitrogen accumulation typically exceeds 100 lbs./a
by the end of the growing season.
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How much N can frost seeded red clover fix ??
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Hairy vetch can be successfully planted after wheat harvest. On the two occasions (out of 18 site-years
of the WICST trial) when the red clover failed to establish well, the vetch produced an average of
115 lbs./a of nitrogen, providing an excellent “back-up plan” that reduces one of the potential risks of
relying on a companion-seeded cover crop for nitrogen. Late July vetch plantings can be riskier
than frost seeding clover.
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Cover crops can provide most of the nitrogen required by corn.
WI trials to determine whether supplemental nitrogen was worthwhile found that additional nitrogen (either starter or sidedressed) produced a significant yield
increase only about one-fourth of the time. The exceptions always occurred during years with cool
springs, when there is a slow release of legume nitrogen.
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Hun
terEthiopian cabbage Winfred
Forage brassicas have good cover crop potential
http://www.jennifermackenzie.co.uk/2005/12/brassicas.html
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Compaction Solutions
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Visual evidence of biodrilling
Rapeseed root
Canola root
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Mustards can provide biomass and disease suppression.
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Impact of cover crops on soybean cyst nematodes
Bare Cereal Rye Ryegrass
1 7533 717*117**
2 3650 320* 0**3 1559 722* 386*4 1202 390* 279*
2 years /3 replications
* Significant .05 ** Significant .01
_____________Egg count ______________
M Plumer
Site
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Bar
e fa
llow
Kaspar et al. J. Environ. Qual. 36:1503-1511
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Alternative technologies for timely cover crop
establishment
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DB
Considerations
How will I plant the cover crop?What will soil temperature and moisture conditions be like?
What weather extremes and field traffic must it tolerate?Will it winterkill in my area?
Should it winterkill, to meet my goals?What kind of regrowth can I expect?
How will I kill it and plant into it?Will I have the time to make this work?
What’s my contingency plan—and risks—if thecover crop doesn’t establish or doesn’t die on schedule?
Do I have the needed equipment and labor?
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If you grow small grains….
DB
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An
Aerial seeded annual ryegrass on John Hebert’s
farm in IL
DB
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DB
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Steve Nebel
DB
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Steve Nebel
DB
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Steve Nebel DB
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Photo from Joe Nester DB
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Farmers have been using aerial seeding to improve post-harvest grazing for a
long time
DB
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Set-up for efficient aerial seeding in SE IA
Steve Nebel
DB
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Don Birky’s seeder in Central IL
DB
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Don and Matt Birky’s unique highboy with 10 feet and six inches of clearance could attract a crowd for its high-rising maneuvers, but the father-son team created the special equipment for a tough job.
The highboy, dubbed High Roller, was developed to air seed legumes and other cover crops into standing corn in August. The Birkys, who operate On Track Farming Inc. in rural Gibson City, put the highboy through its paces last week.
DB
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Planting while harvesting
DB
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DB
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Dwayne Beck’s set-up for planting while harvesting
DB
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DB
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DB
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DB
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January
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Terry Taylor planted radishes w/ hairy vetch, crimson clover and Austrian winter peas in fall
2010
DB
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Bio-strip-till in VA
DB
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150-200 bu corn with 0-20 lbs of
N/ac
DB
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An excellent stand of Tillage Radishes and ryegrass in Livingston
County
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A grazing mix using turnips and grasses