2011 south east asian regional workshop on science, technology, and innovation indicators hanoi,...

2011 South East Asian Regional Workshop on Science, Technology, and Innovation

Indicators

Hanoi, Vietnam

5-8 December 2011

Dr. Chan Roath, Director, Department of Scientific Research, MoEYS

& Mr. Hak Ponnara, Focal Point, COST Cambodia

Cambodia presentation 5-8/12/2011

Content of Presentation

A) priorities concerning STII

B) experiences on innovation survey

C) suggestions for regional collaboration


A) priorities concerning STII:

1. Cambodia in a Regional & Global Context

2. Building the Potential of STME for

Cambodia’s Innovation System

3. STME System Issues


1. Cambodia in a Regional & Global Context

OECD work shows innovation as a new basis for competitiveness

Other countries responding to a cooperative imperative

Rapid regional industrialisation and development creating changing opportunities

S&T not directly in development plan and no implementation strategy

Yet, need a strong S&T platform for future development - otherwise Cambodia will lag further behind.

Cambodia STEM Presentation 1

Cambodian Social Science and Science Publication, 1990 – 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

Social Science

Science

Source: Science citation index Web of science

Cambodia Presentation 5-8/12/2011

Selected Country

SCIE papers

1998-2008

International co-authors

(%)

Co-authorship countries (%)

Cambodia 396 93.9 USA (26.9) France (19.9) Japan (15.1) Indonesia 4,750 88.8 Japan (28.1) USA (22.1) Australia (22.1) Malaysia 13,576 48.4 PR China(18.0) England (12.8) India (12.6) Philippines 4,079 71.9 USA (32.6) Japan (25.0) PR China (7.2) Singapore 45,943 41.4 USA (30.2) PR China(29.1) Australia (10.8) Thailand 21,001 56.6 USA (34.6) Japan (22.7) England (12.1) Vietnam 4,569 62.1 Japan (19.1) USA (15.3) France (14.6)

Scientific papers and Co-authorship: 1998-2008


Country Papers(n)

Citations(n)

Citations perpaper

(n)

Cambodia 566 4,197 7.42

Indonesia 5,885 45,156 7.67

Malaysia 17,980 79,098 4.40

Philippines 5,370 44,295 8.25

Singapore 58,731 498,782 8.49

Thailand 26,896 188,759 7.02

Vietnam 5,878 41,043 6.98

Scientific Papers and Citations 1998 - 2009


Scientific Publications by Field of Science: 2000-2007


2. Building the Potential of STEM for Cambodia’s Innovation System

Four key Challenges;

Establish a national approach to STI policy

Produce and engage a supply of highly skilled scientists, engineers and technicians

Develop and enhance linkages between S&T institutions and with the private sector.

Monitor and review progress in the context of the national innovation


a: Establishing a national approach to STI policy

No single ministry with overall responsibility 33 universities under 11 ministries At least 8 ministries with some S&T responsibilities Need for cross-government coordination Need to identify key agency with coordination

responsibilities Need for national R&D priorities Enhancing public awareness of S&T potential


b: Producing and engaging a supply of highly skilled scientists, engineers and technicians

Rebuilding the training system No coordinated policy for training, attracting and

retaining scientific and technical personnel Balancing rural urban development Linkages between different levels of institutions:

eg universities - public/private High schools / universities Secondary schools/high schools

Establishing a central national laboratory


c: Developing and enhancing linkages between S&T institutions and with the private sector.

A weak but emerging private sector Need for national training priorities Need for national R&D incentives Private/public cooperative training systems Using foreign firms as training organisations


d: Monitoring and reviewing STEM progress in the context of the national innovation

No single agency responsible for national innovation strategy Establish STEM review process as part of

national indicators for development Include STEM as part of innovation progress in

national development indicators Undertake periodic data collection for analysis

and policy review


3. STME System Issues Poor or non-existent collection and exchange of

information concerning research/teaching strengths, knowledge inputs and outputs;

No policy making science council or co-ordinating committee;

No research funding council (no systematic funding stream);

No research policy (national priorities); Current R&D Unit understaffed and insufficiently

focused.


a) Institutional Structures: some change options

Research and Innovation Fund To administer a research budget; Peer review system; Receive and assess proposals and monitor outputs

and impact using expert panels etc.; Administration provided by STI Policy Unit.


b) Education Issues – University issues

Laboratory equipment often isolated and not shared extensively nor in any systematic way;

Suitability and effective exploitation of existing international links is not clear;

Position of technical training in relation to universities needs to be reviewed


c) Education Issues – primary and secondary

Lagging mathematics and science curriculum and pedagogy

Limited opportunities for talented math and science students to progress through the system

Limited talent flowing into vocational streams.


B) experiences on innovation survey

1. National Innovation System Analysis

2. Brief Review of Cambodia’s NIS

3. Opportunities and Challenges


1. National Innovation System Analysis

National Innovation System

→ “a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance of national firms ---- Nelson

→”constituted by elements and relationships which intersect in the production, diffusion and use

of new, and economically useful knowledge”--- Lundvall


1. National Innovation System Analysis (cont.)

→ Institutions – public, private, academe (international relations) Arrangements - socio-political relations, legal framework,

cultural factors

→ all countries have ways of doing things, their own “NIS”


1. National Innovation System Analysis (cont.)

→ useful for benchmarking developing countries Thus, we use the NIS framework Note, will not carry out NIS analysis

quantitatively – will only be descriptive in most parts


2. Brief Review of Cambodia’s NIS

Public Institutions

→ National Assembly – policies, laws, budget,

development plans (SEDP, NPRS, NSDP)

→ Royal Government – prepares the plans, implements the programs

◊ Ministry of Planning

◊ Ministry of Economy and Finance

◊ S&T concerns – ad hoc committee of 8 Ministries headed by MIME with MoEYS;


2. Brief Review of Cambodia’s NIS (cont.)

Posts and Telecommunication; Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Public Works and Transport; Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction; Environment; Water Resources and Metrology; Health

→ Ministry of Commerce and Cambodian Investment Board

Private Sector→ Special Economic Zones – 21 proposed, 13 no investors yet, 8

with investments in garments, footwear, bicycle manufacturing, etc.



→ Growth areas – garments, tourism and property development

→ Industries, primarily are SMEs in food, beverages and tobacco

→ No key industries - those that mark industrial economies - such as petrochemical, steel, machine tool, electronics, etc.

→ Financial sector and capital market just getting started



→ Productive agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector but limited by lack of technology

→ Infrastructures (roads, ports, airports, power plants, transmission lines, distribution networks, telecommunication and Internet ) needing investments for upgrade

Academies

→ 33 public and 44 private Universities and Colleges

→ Prestigious public institutions are RUPP, Institute of Technology, Royal University of Agriculture, Royal University of Fine Arts



→ Present status – heavy teaching load, not too many with PhDs in discipline areas, very little research and publications, can offer BS mostly

→ Main Graduate school – Royal Academy, most number of senior scientists with PhDs but so far has not graduated a PhD

→ Universities and Royal Academy are not producing scientists and engineers with advanced training. For this, students go abroad with support provided by foreign institutions


2. Brief Review of Cambodia’s NIS (cont.) Arrangements

→ Within the public sector

◊ disjoint planning and allocating

◊ 8 Ministries in charge of S&T – can be confusing and may

lead to absence of focus

◊ Thus, plans do not have a well-defined S&T component

◊ 11 Ministries in charge of 33 public universities

– problems in planning programs to upgrade standards, improve efficiency in offering degree programs



◊ Since heavily dependent on ODA, planning and programs must have been strongly influenced by foreign institutions

→ Within Private sector◊ Industry organizations, which can promote industry concerns, are still

very few

→ Public-Academies ◊ Dispersed supervision of tertiary institutions

◊ R&D support to science and engineering institutions is minimal

◊ Level of support to Universities must be minimal since faculty development programs and improvements in programs are dependent on external funding



→ Public-Private◊ MIME support for SMEs in 19 priority areas and technical

help through labs established through foreign funding

◊ In response to complaints raised by business people on the

cost and time to register a business, the government is

improving the process

◊ Provision of incentives to attract foreign investment and

establishment of Special Economic Zones



→ Industry-Academy◊ Apprenticeship of engineering students in firms

◊ Technical cooperation and country programmable aid by international agencies, countries, NGOs, development agencies, etc.

◊ In basic education, tertiary education, agriculture and fisheries, financial sector, infrastructures, industries, etc.


3. Opportunities and Challenges Tertiary Education

→ Advanced countries are generous in sharing knowledge in the sciences (not technology)

→ Coupled with ODA support, Cambodia can catch-up fast in the sciences

→ Challenge is for the local science community to develop culture of scholarship and excellence even during period of hardship


3. Opportunities and Challenges (cont.)

Developing key advanced S&T areas

→ There are key technology areas that the country should start developing as early as possible. Expertise in these areas can be acquired by sending students to advanced countries then setting up laboratories as they come back.

→ Challenges are convincing the decision makers to prioritize these areas and inducing students abroad to come back and serve in the Universities



Technology Acquisition through ODA funded projects

→ A number of major infrastructures are being funded. Cambodian ministries should make sure that these projects are not done wholly by foreign engineering firms and knowhow is transferred to local firms.

→ The challenge is producing properly trained engineers and technicians by the numbers.



Strengthening the SME Sector

→ The biggest industry sector in terms of number of firms, employment and people directly served

→ Today, mostly in food, beverages and tobacco

→ Diversify in other areas through subcontracting arrangements

→ Technology support through labs and training programs of MIME

→ Challenge is how to provide capital and convince DFIs to make use of local SMEs



→ Acquiring technology to increase production and promoting sustainable agriculture are needed. Fortunately, development agencies, foreign universities and laboratories and even NGOs are willing to transfer knowhow.

→ Challenge is to convince farmers and fisherfolks to make use of new techniques and to have access to capital for technology upgrade.



Industry Growth through SEZs

→ SEZs can contribute to industry growth and not just for property development.

→ Incentives will help but most countries offer the same incentives.

→ Again, focus on technology acquisition through various mechanisms.

→ Challenges are cost competitive infrastructures and huge supply of engineers and technicians.



Technology development in agriculture and fisheries

→ Rice production is much higher than the country’s requirement but export limited by lack of mills, etc.

→ Fish production is big but with limited market because of sanitary concerns

→ Rubber plantations are being privatized and are expected to increase production. Industry needs to move up the value chain.



Petrochemical Industry

→ The discovery of oil and natural gas may just be the opportunity for Cambodia to establish a key Second Wave Industry – petrochemicals. Important for agriculture, energy, plastics, etc.

→ Challenges are big – capital investment, human resources, management and organizational expertise


C). Suggestions for regional collaboration

The main point is for Cambodia to always focus on acquiring knowledge, narrow the technological gap and eventually take the lead in key areas.


C). Suggestions for regional collaboration (cont.)

Cambodia must develop the capability for S&T Planning

→ Start the field of Technology Management

→ Train people to be specific industry experts

→ The country must define a long-term S&T plan

→ The country’s decision makers should look into the possibility of drafting an industry development program



Tertiary Education

→ Establish the National Science, Technology and Engineering Research Center (NSTERC)

→ Establish the National Higher Education Coordination Committee (NHECC)

→ Sandwich Programs for advanced studies

→ Require return service for those sent abroad



Developing key advanced S&T Areas

→ NSTERC Proposal

→ In the long term, once the number of PhDs reach a critical level, many Universities (public and private) would establish specific laboratories for key advanced S&T areas

→ Provide research incentives such as ISI publication awards, research grants, etc.

→ Scientists should always vet their ideas by publishing in international journals



→ The MIME and the first practitioners of Technology Management should convince the Council for the Development of Cambodia why the country should be supported in its technology acquisition



→ Technology transfer would be facilitated by the establishment of SMEs that can do subcontracting work for foreign firms. This will also help in diversifying the SME structure, from the present food, beverages and tobacco to light industries, metalworks, etc.



Mechanism for providing capital to SMEs, rural areas for technology upgrading

→ Explore possibility of Grameen operation for technology upgrade in rural areas and SMEs

→ Establish fund for development of science and technology



Developing a National Science, Technology and Engineering Research Capability (NSTERC) in Cambodia.

1. A national science and engineering research centre?

2. A higher education coordination committee?

3. Harmonizing professional and technical training systems?

4. Enhancing the role of the Royal Academy in a national innovation system

5. Cross institutional sandwich programs

6. Establishing a national research funding system

7. Upgrade or strengthen all universities to full university status



Enhancing capacity for science, technology and mathematics education in Cambodia

1. Cross institutional collaboration in teacher training and re-training

2. Remedial science and mathematics as a training priority

3. Guidelines for science and mathematics curriculum

4. Consistent recruitment procedures according to national policy

5. University / high school shared laboratory and workshop activities

6. Enhancing science and mathematics ‘ community awareness’

7. Priority scholarships and international exchange

8. Establishing targets for teachers and teaching locations


Thank You.

2011 south east asian regional workshop on science, technology, and innovation indicators hanoi,...

Documents

cambodia presentation

cambodia stem presentation

national innovation

cost cambodia slide

national innovation

policy review slide

content of presentation

national innovation