2011 contexts - annual report of the haffenreffer museum of anthropology

7/31/2019 2011 Contexts - Annual Report of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2011-contexts-annual-report-of-the-haffenreffer-museum-of-anthropology 1/20

LMC RFPR\R`f Gccvge Tf{mtr mi r`f @giifctfiift Ov|fvo mi Gcr`tm{mema~

Ymevof <1 \{tnca 4;77



R`f @giifctfiift Ov|fvo mi Gcr`tm{mema~ n| Dtmqc Vcnyft|nr~„|rfgl`nca ov|fvo# Qf nc|{ntf ltfgrnyf gcb ltnrnlge r`ncjnca gdmvr lvervtf

d~ im|rftnca ncrftbn|ln{encgt~ vcbft|rgcbnca mi r`f ogrftnge qmteb#

R`f ov|fvo„| ageeft~ n| nc Ogccnca @gee% 47 [tm|{flr \rtffr% [tmynbfclf%

T`mbf N|egcb% mc Dtmqc„| ognc atffc# R`f ov|fvo„| Lmeeflrnmc Tf|fgtl`Lfcrft n| gr <;; Rmqft \rtffr% Dtn|rme% T`mbf N|egcb#

Ogccnca @gee Ageeft~ @mvt|8

Rvf|bg~ “ \vcbg~% 7; g#o# / 2 {#o#

@giifctfiift Ov|fvo mi Gcr`tm{mema~

Dmp 7>96

Dtmqc Vcnyft|nr~

[tmynbfclf% TN ;4>74

dtmqc#fbv-@giifctfiift

(2;7. 46</0<00`giifctfiiftov|fvoKdtmqc#fbv

Gdmvr r`f Ov|fvo

Itmcr lmyft8 Rm{ efir8 Fpwvn|nrf R`nca| fp`ndnr: dmrrmo efir8 Dmf Rnreg nc lmclftr: lfcrft8 Hgtgn ivcftgt~ |rgrvf| gr Tmljfifeeft Endtgt~:rm{ tna`r8 bfrgne itmo Rgnqgcf|f gtl`nrflrvtge {gcfe: emqft tna`r8 |rvbfcr| mc gtl`gfmema~ infeb rtn{ nc Ogccnca ageeft~



7

Hgtgn ivcftgt~ |lve{rvtf itmo Ynfrcgo#Rgïcm rtnamcmenr`| itmo r`f BmoncnlgcTf{vdenl# @gnrngc Ymbmv iega|# Nr„| dffcg dv|~ gcb tfogtjgde~ bnyft|f ~fgt#

(Gcb ~f|% r`ftf qnee df g wvnx gr r`f fcb#.

N dflgof bntflrmt mi r`f @giifctfiift Ov|fvo g

~fgt gam# N jcmq g emr gdmvr ov|fvo| “ N„o bntflrmt

mi Dtmqc„| {vdenl `vogcnrnf| {tmatgo / dvr cmr

g| ovl` gdmvr gcr`tm{mema~# N„yf lmof rm g{{tfln/

grf r`f tfogtjgdef lmeeflrnmc| mi r`f ov|fvo#

Gcb fyfc omtf% N cmq |ff r`f {mqft mi g vcnyft|nr~ov|fvo g| gc f||fcrnge {eglf imt rfgl`nca gcb

efgtcnca gcb tf|fgtl`# Qf gyf lmeeflrnmc|% enjf g

endtgt~: fp{ftrn|f% enjf r`f iglver~: g bn|{eg~ |{glf%

enjf g ageeft~# Qf {vee r`fo gee rmafr`ft rm ltfgrf

g bntflr jncb mi efgtcnca fp{ftnfclf nc g |mlnge |{glf

r`gr n| {m||ndef mce~ nc g ov|fvo#

G vcnyft|nr~ ov|fvo {tmynbf| g atfgr tgcaf mi

m{{mtrvcnrnf| imt efgtcnca# Mi lmvt|f% |rvbfcr| gcb

r`f afcftge {vdenl efgtc itmo yn|nrnca r`f ageeft~:

r`gr |mlnge mt |menrgt~ lmccflrnmc qnr` r`f gtr gcb

gtrniglr| gcb |rmtnf| mc bn|{eg~ n| r`f wvncrf||fcrngeov|fvo fp{ftnfclf# Dvr gcb|/mc qmtj qnr`

gtrniglr| {tmynbf| r`f ov|fvo v|ft„| bff{f|r lmc/

cflrnmc qnr` r`f {g|r% gcb qnr` r`f qmteb# Gcb r`gr„|

fpglre~ q`gr g vcnyft|nr~ ov|fvo bmf| df|r# R`n|

~fgt |mof r`ntr~ leg||f| gcb |rvbfcr atmv{| gb

r`gr nc/bf{r` fp{ftnfclf gcb lmccflrnmc qnr` r`f

@giifctfiift lmeeflrnmc# \mof yn|nrfb r`f ov|fvo„|

Lmeeflrnmc| Tf|fgtl` Lfcrft nc Dtn|rme# \mof

lvtgrfb fp`ndnrnmc|# Mr`ft| gb ogrftnge| dtmva`r

rm r`f leg||tmmo% mt {vr mc bn|{eg~ nc bf{gtrofcrge

dvnebnca|# Mr`ft| yn|nrfb r`f Ogccnca ageeft~

qnr` iglver~ gcb ov|fvo |rgii#R`f tgcaf mi rm{nl|% ncrftf|r| gcb g{{tmgl`f| g|

dffc g|rmcn|`nca# Hfqfet~ |rvbfcr| itmo TN\B

emmjfb gr gbmtcofcr itmo gtmvcb r`f qmteb% imt

nc|{ntgrnmc# Gtl`gfmema~ |rvbfcr| emmjfb gr dtmjfc

{mr|% rm vcbft|rgcb r`fnt lmc|rtvlrnmc# Goftnlgc

|rvbnf| |rvbfcr| emmjfb gr Cgrnyf Goftnlgc ogrftnge

gcb dvner qfd fp`ndnr| mc r`f cgrvtf mi {vdenl gcb

{tnygrf |{`ftf|# Ov|fvo% ogrftnge lvervtf% gcb

ncrftnmt gtl`nrflrvtf |rvbfcr| dvner fp`ndnr|% tfge gcb

yntrvge% gcb efgtcfb gdmvr lmeeflrnca% lmc|ftygrnmc%

|rmtgaf gcb ov|fvo bf|nac# Mdhflr| itmo r`tff

oneefccng mi qmteb n|rmt~ agncfb g cfq l`g{rftnc r`fnt dnmatg{`nf|% r`n| rnof g| bfynlf| imt efgtcnca#

R`f ov|fvo `g| {tmyfb v|five gltm|| lgo{v|%

gcb gltm|| r`f bn|ln{encf|#

\rvbfcr| gcb iglver~ `gyf dffc ncymeyfb nc gee mi r`f

ov|fvo„| fp`ndnr| r`n| ~fgt#Tfnogancnca Lmevodv|%

Tfnogancnca Lmevodv| Bg~ v|fb r`f lmeeflrnmc|

rm {tmynbf `n|rmtnlge bf{r` rm Dtmqc„| lmcrtmyft|nge

bfln|nmc% eg|r ~fgt% rm tfcgof Lmevodv| Bg~# Qf

hmncfb g lgo{v|/qnbf fp`ndnrnmc mi @gnrngc gtr# Mvt

lmcrtndvrnmc rm Tfitgonca @gnrn8 Gtr% @n|rmt~ gcb

[ftimtogrnynr~ qg| g lvtgrmtnge fp{ftnofcr8 qf

ncynrfb Ogcdm Ogtnf Fygc|% g Ymbmv {tnf|rf||% rm

oncf r`f lmeeflrnmc| rm dvneb gc gergt nc r`f ageeft~#

\ffnca Mvt|feyf|% \`mqnca Mvt|feyf| % g atgbvgrf

|rvbfcr {tmhflr% rvtcfb r`f rmme| mi r`f gcr`tm{meman|r

mc Dtmqc |rvbfcr|# Fpwvn|nrf R`nca| % g leg||

{tmhflr% ogbf |rvbfcr| r`ncj bff{e~ gdmvr r`f tgcaf

mi qg~| r`gr gtrniglr| lgc df lgrfamtnxfb#

\v{{mtrnca r`f rfgl`nca qmtj mi r`f ov|fvo%

mi lmvt|f% n| r`f ncitg|rtvlrvtf# Myft r`f {g|r ifq

~fgt| Dtmqc g| ogbf g |vd|rgcrnge ncyf|rofcr

nc r`f ov|fvo„| {`~|nlge {egcr gcb |rmtgaf iglnenrnf|%qmtj lmo{efrfb r`n| ~fgt# R`f Lmeeflrnmc| Tf|fgtl`

Lfcrft `g| |v{ftd cfq |rmtgaf |{glf| qnr` ammb

fcyntmcofcrge lmcbnrnmc| gcb |flvtnr~# Gcb% gr emca

eg|r% qf `gyf g dgccft mc Ogccnca @gee gccmvclnca

r`f ov|fvo qnr`nc'

Gdmvr r`gr wvnx8 jff{ gc f~f mvr imt fgl` mi r`m|f

gtrniglr| ofcrnmcfb gdmyf nc r`n| tf{mtr# ^mv„ee incb

{nlrvtf| mi r`fo nc r`f gtrnlef| gdmvr r`f fp`ndnrnmc|

nc q`nl` r`f~ {eg~fb g |rgttnca tmef#

I t m o

r ` f B n t f l

r m t

\ r f y f c

E v d g t



4

Ov|fvo| gtf mirfc omtf evodftncar`gc enr`f# Fyfc vcnyft|nr~ ov|fvo|lgc rgjf ~fgt| rm tf|{mcb rm rm{nl|r`f~ incb tfefygcr# Dvr r`f @giifctfiiftrtnf| rm |rg~ |{tna`re~ gcb tfefygcrd~ ogjnca gygnegdef iefpndef |{glf|imt |rvbfcr| rm lvtgrf fp`ndnrnmc|#

Tfnogancnca Lmevodv|% Tfnogancnca Lmevodv|

Bg~ n| gc fpgo{ef mi r`n| iefpndnenr~# Nr geemqfb|rvbfcr| rm v|f r`f ov|fvo g| g tf|mvtlf imt

tf|fgtl gcb {tglrnlf# R`f ov|fvo bntflrmt g|jfb

of rm qmtj qnr` `no rm lvtgrf gc fp`ndnrnmc gdmvr

Dtmqc„| bfln|nmc% r`f {tfynmv| ~fgt% rm tf{eglf

Lmevodv| Bg~ qnr` Igee Qffjfcb# R`n| n| g |vdhflr

r`gr tf|mcgrf| qnr` r`f ogc~ |rvbfcr| q`m rmmj

{gtr nc r`f fiimtr| rm bn|ogcref r`f lfefdtgrnmc

mi Lmevodv| mc lgo{v|#

Nr qmveb ge|m {tmynbf g cfq

lmcrfpr imt r`f fpn|rnca gtl`gf/

memanlge fp`ndnrnmc% Tfnogancnca

r`f Goftnlg| # Qf `m{fb rm

btgq yn|nrmt| ncrm g |rmt~ r`gr

ifer emlge gcb rnofe~ fcmva` r`gr

nr qmveb lmo{fe r`fo rm emmj

gtmvcb r`f egtaft fp`ndnrnmc

gagnc% qnr` itf|` r`mva`r|# Qf

`m{fb rm btgq ogrftnge| qf

|gq g| tfefygcr rm bn|lv||nmc|

gr Dtmqc “ r`m|f nc Tfnogancnca

r`f Goftnlg| “ ncrm r`f lgo{v|/

qnbf lmcyft|grnmc# Nc mtbft rm

bm r`n|% qf lmcbfc|fb g |flrnmc

mi Tfnogancnca r`f Goftnlg|

tfegrnca rm r`f Rgïcm {fm{ef% r`f {fm{ef Lmevodv|

fclmvcrftfb int|r nc r`f Goftnlg|% gcb v|fb r`gr g|

g dtnbaf ncrm bn|lv||nca r`f `n|rmt~ mi Lmevodv|

Bg~ nc r`f Vcnrfb \rgrf| gcb gr Dtmqc nc {gtrnlvegt#

Itmo r`ftf% qf fp{egncfb q`~ ogc~ {fm{ef qn|`fb

rm gdmen|` Lmevodv| Bg~% gcb `mq |rvbfcr| gr

Dtmqc bnb |m#

Qf ncrfcbfb rm neevoncgrf |mof mi r`f lmcrtmyft|~

gtmvcb r`f |rmt~ g| qfee g| rm |nacge g egtaft {mncr#

@menbg~| `fe{ bfincf v| g| g cgrnmc# Qf iffe g| ni

r`f~„yf geqg~| dffc r`ftf% gcb cgrvtgee~ |m# Dvr{fm{ef ncyfcrfb r`f|f rtgbnrnmc|% imt |{flninl tfg|mc|%

rm |ftyf |{flninl {vt{m|f|# Q`fc qf jcmq r`n|% nr

fo{mqft| v| rm ncyf|rnagrf r`f ofgcnca| mi r`f

rtgbnrnmc| qf {ftimto% gcb rm gerft r`fo q`fc qf

bn|gatff qnr` r`f lvervtge qmtj r`f~ bm rmbg~#

R`f |rmtnf| qf rmeb nc r`f fp`ndnr% gcb r`f qg~ qf

v|fb r`fo rm lmccflr rm r`f egtaft fp`ndnrnmc% qftf

fplnrnca# Dvr N qg| fwvgee~ fplnrfb d~ mq ovl`

qf qftf gdef rm gllmo{en|` nc g yft~ |`mtr gomvcr

mi rnof# Qf dfagc {egccnca r`f {tmhflr nc Gvav|r%

gcb r`f fp`ndnr qg| m{fc nc rnof imt Lmevodv| Bg~

“ Mlrmdft 77% 4;7;# R`ftf qftf |fyftge tfg|mc| qf

qftf gdef rm bm r`n|# Qf dfagc d~ imtonca geengclf|

qnr` vcbftatgbvgrf| q`m gb dffc ncymeyfb nc r`f

fiimtr| rm l`gcaf Lmevodv| Bg~# R`fc% qf g||fodefb

g rfgo mi tf|fgtl ft| itmo r`f {vdenl vogcnrnf|og|rft| {tmatgo gr r`f Hm`c Cnl`meg| Dtmqc Lfcrft#

Qf jcfq qf qmveb df oncnca g ygtnfr~ mi lmeeflrnmc|

gr Dtmqc imt r`f {tmhflr# Ncbffb% qf `m{fb rm rg{

ncrm g| ogc~ g| {m||ndef# \m girft |mof ncnrnge tf|fgtl`

rmafr`ft g| g atmv{% qf |{enr v{ gllmtbnca rm r`f

lmeeflrnmc| qf cffbfb rm tf|fgtl # Vernogrfe~ r`n|

{tmlf|| dtmva`r nc g qfger` mi ogrftnge itmo r`f

Dtmqc Vcnyft|nr~ Gtl`nyf|% r`f Gccf \# J# Dtmqc

Onenrgt~ Lmeeflrnmc% gcb fyfc Dtmqc„| imtonbgdef

lmeeflrnmc mi {m|rgaf |rgo{|# R`f @giifctfiift„| mqc

lmeeflrnmc nclevbfb g amtafmv| mtmrmcf {tncr mi

Fbqgtb Lvtrn|„| ―Ygcn|`nca Tglf “ Cgyg`m%‟ g| qfeeg| r`f lnagt |rmtf Ncbngc q`m qfelmofb yn|nrmt|

ncrm mvt fp`ndnr#

Q`nef qmtjnca mc r`f {tmhflr% N `gb cm nbfg `mq

ogc~ yn|nrmt| qf qmveb `gyf mt q`gr r`fnt tfglrnmc|

qmveb df# R`f rfgo mi tf|fgtl`ft| gcb N qftf

r`tneefb% mqfyft% q`fc qf feb g lvtgrmtnge rmvt

gcb tmvcbrgdef bn|lv||nmc r`gr btfq nc |rgii% atgbvgrf

gcb vcbftatgbvgrf |rvbfcr|% gcb yn|nrmt| rm Dtmqc%

ogc~ mi q`mo fcagafb nc g enyfe~ lmcyft|grnmc

L v t g r m t n g e T f i e f l r n m c |

Tfnogancnca Lmevodv|%Tfnogancnca Lmevodv| Bg~

Fefcg Amcxgef|

Tfnogancnca Lmevodv| lmodncfb gtl`gfmemanlge

fefofcr| enjf r`f|f Rgncm rtnamcmenr`|% Cgrnyf Goftnlgcgtl`nyf| gcb gtrniglr| itmo r`f @giifctfiift lmeeflrnmc%ogcv|ltn{r|% gtl`nyf|% gcb fyfc g |rgncfb aeg|| qncbmqitmo r`f Hm`c @g~ Endtgt~% gcb ogrftnge| gcb{`mrmatg{`| itmo |rvbfcr glrnyn|r|#

\rvbfcr lvtgrmt|% efir rm tna`r8 Fone~ Dt~gcr%Fe~|f OlCnii% gcb Fefcg Amcxgef|#



<

gdmvr r`f tfegrnyf oftnr| mi r`f bfln|nmc rm l`gcaf

Lmevodv| Bg~ rm Igee Qffjfcb gcb r`f {mqft

mi r`f ov|fvo rm rtfgr tfefygcr n||vf| mc lgo{v|#

R`f iffenca mi `mebnca g oncn/|foncgt nc r`f dfee~

mi g ageeft~ qg| wvnrf qmcbftive ncbffb% ~fr gcmr`ft

fpgo{ef mi g ov|fvo„| iefpndnenr~ gcb nr| m{fccf||

rm |rvbfcr qmtj#

Fefcg Amcxgef| n| g [`B |rvbfcr nc r`f Bf{gtrofcr

mi Goftnlgc \rvbnf| gr Dtmqc% qmtjnca mc `ft

bn||ftrgrnmc mc r`f qg~| r`gr ov|fvo| lgc qmtj

imt |mlnge hv|rnlf# R n| |fof|rft |`f rgva`r ―Bn|{eg~nca

Glrnyn|o R`fc gcb Cmq%‟ g qtnrnca |foncgt

mc lvtgrmtnge |rvbnf| r`gr tf|verfb nc gc fp`ndnrnmc

gr r`f Hm`c @g~ Endtgt~#

Fpwvn|nrf R`nca|8Gc fp`ndnrnmc mi lmccflrnmc| qnr`nc lmeeflrnmc|Ngc Tv||fee

R`n| {g|r Bflfodft% r`f |rvbfcr|

mi ―R`nca|8 R`f Ogrftnge Qmteb| mi

@vogcnr~‟ m{fcfb g cfq mii/|nrf

fp`ndnrnmc {tmhflr imt r`f @giifctfiiftOv|fvo mi Gcr`tm{mema~# Emlgrfb

nc r`f cfqe~ tfm{fcfb \rf{`fc

Tmdftr „94 Lgo{v| Lfcrft% Fpwvn|nrf

R`nca| n| {gtr mi g cfq ncnrngrnyf

d~ r`f ov|fvo rm |nrf rfo{mtgt~

fp`ndnrnmc| mi {nflf| itmo r`f

@giifctfiift lmeeflrnmc nc bniiftfcr

{eglf| r`tmva`mvr lgo{v|#

R`f mdhflr| nc Fpwvn|nrf R`nca|

qftf l`m|fc v|nca g ygtngrnmc mi r`f

\vttfgen|r agof fpwvn|nrf lmt{|f#

G ov|fvo lvtgrmt gcb fna`r |rvbfcr|fgl` |feflrfb mcf r`nca “ nc |fwvfclf%

mcf girft gcmr`ft# Tgr`ft r`gc ime/

emqnca g |{flninl r`fof% fgl` {ft|mc

l`m|f gc mdhflr dg|fb mc `mq r`f~

r`mva`r nr lmccflrfb rm r`f mdhflr

l`m|fc hv|r dfimtf r`fo# R`f tf|ver

n| cmr mce~ g lmeeflrnmc mi mdhflr|

itmo r`f ov|fvo% dvr ge|m g lmeefl/

rnmc mi r`f lmccflrnmc| |rvbfcr|

ogjf dfrqffc r`nca| gcb `mq qf

{ftlfnyf ofgcnca r`tmva` r`f|f

lmccflrnmc|#

R`f |rvbfcr| bf|nacfb r`f fp`ndnrnmc

rm ncynrf mr`ft| rm fclmvcrft r`f

mdhflr| r`f~ l`m|f nc gc vcfp{flrfb

lmcrfpr% {tmo{rnca yn|nrmt| rm

qmcbft q`~ r`f~ qftf l`m|fc# Qf

bfyfem{fb gc mcencf ncrftglrnyf

fp`ndnrnmc (`rr{8--fpwvn|nrfr`nca|#ncim.

rm geemq yn|nrmt| rm |vdonr r`fntr`mva`r| gdmvr mq fgl` mdhflr

lmccflr| rm r`f tf|r% ltfgrnca g

lmeeflrnmc mi lmccflrnmc| r`gr tfyfge

r`f overn{ef qg~| yn|nrmt| ncrft{tfr

gcb {ftlfnyf tfegrnmc|`n{| qnr`nc

ov|fvo fp`ndnrnmc|# R`f qfd|nrf

ge|m `m|r| g |ftnf| mi gvbnm {mblg|r|

d~ fgl` |rvbfcr tfieflrnca mc r`fnt

fp{ftnfclf nc ogjnca r`f fp`ndnrnmc

gcb `mq r`f~ l`m|f r`f mdhflr

r`f~ bnb#

Nc Ifdtvgt~% rqm atmv{| mi |rvbfcr|tfyn|nrfb r`f fp`ndnrnmc rm fp{ftnofcr

ivtr`ft# R`f |rvbfcr| qftf anyfc

ogtjft| gcb ncynrfb rm qtnrf r`fnt

r`mva`r| gdmvr r`f lmccflrnmc|

dfrqffc r`f mdhflr| bntflre~ mcrm

r`f fp`ndnrnmc lg|f# R`f tf|ver qg|

gc nccmygrnyf ov|fvo fp{ftnfclf

q`ftf r`f qmtb| mi r`f fp`ndnrnmc

lvtgrmt| gcb yn|nrmt| qftf |v{ftno/

{m|fb bntflre~ mcrm r`f nogaf mi r`f

mdhflr| mc ynfq# Rm |mof nr endftgrfb

r`f ncrft{tfrgrnmc mi r`f mdhflr| rmgeemq imt overn{ef {ft|{flrnyf|#

Mr`ft| imvcb r`gr nr lmc|rtgncfb r`f

fp{ftnfclf mi fp{emtnca lmccflrnmc|#

Gee gatffb% `mqfyft% r`gr nr {tmynbfb

g cfq jncb mi `gcb|/mc ncrftglrnynr~%

gcb gc fplnrnca qg~ mi geemqnca

overn{ef ymnlf| rm |{fgj rm r`f

mdhflr| mc ynfq#

R`f fp`ndnrnmc qnee df m{fc r`tmva`

r`f fcb mi r`f |fof|rft% gcb qf

qfelmof ~mv rm fp{ftnfclf nr imt

~mvt|fei# Qmcbft gdmvr q`~ r`f

mdhflr| qftf l`m|fc gcb rfee v| q`gr

~mv r`ncj r`f lmccflrnmc| gtf# Gbb

~mvt lmccflrnmc| rm mvt atmqnca

lmeeflrnmc d~ {eg~nca r`f agof ftf8

`rr{8--fpwvn|nrfr`nca|#ncim#

Ngc Tv||fee n| g [m|rbmlrmtge Ifeemq nc [vdenl Gtr gcb Lvervtge @ftnrgaf

gr Dtmqc„| Hm`c Cnl`meg| Dtmqc

Lfcrft imt [vdenl @vogcnrnf| gcb

Lvervtge @ftnrgaf#

R`f fp`ndnrnmc fp{emtfb r`f n|rmt~ mi Lmevodv| Bg~gr Dtmqc% itmo r`f |rvbfcr| q`m ogtl`fb nc [tmynbfclf!|int|r Lmevodv| Bg~ {gtgbf nc 70>4 rm r`f glrnyn|r|q`m gb r`f menbg~ tfcgofb nc 4;;># Lmevodv|„| egcbncaqg| r`f lfcrtge inavtf nc r`n| 7>29 |rgncfb/aeg|| qncbmqr`gr atglfb r`f ―Enrref L`g{fe‟ nc \g~ef| @gee#



Ogtl` gcb G{tne |gq omtf r`gc mcf`vcbtfb qmtj| mi @gnrngc gtr mc bn|{eg~

g| Dtmqc Vcnyft|nr~ `m|rfb Tf/Itgonca

@gnrn8 Gtr% @n|rmt~ gcb [ftimtogrnynr~ #

R`n| lgo{v|/qnbf lfefdtgrnmc mi @gnrngc gtr qg|

{gtr mi Dtmqc„| tf|{mc|f rm r`f @gnrngc fgtr`wvgjf

g ~fgt fgtenft# Nc r`f qmtb| mi {tmhflr lm/lvtgrmt

[tmif||mt Gcr`mc~ Dmavf|% nr tfitgofb ―@gnrn g|

g `vogc {eglf q`ftf `vogc enyf| gtf enyfb mirfc

gagnc|r atfgr mbb|#‟ Nr ifgrvtfb gtrn|r| q`m ―lmo{en/

lgrf mvt ynfq| mi @gnrn gcb nr| `n|rmt~#‟ R`f fp`ndnr

lmc|nbftfb r`tff r`fof|8 `n|rmt~ gcb tfymevrnmc%

bgne~ enif% gcb tfenanmc#

Qf qftf bfena`rfb rm df g|jfb rm {gtrnln{grf# R`f

ov|fvo |rgii lmc|nbftfb r`f qg~| nr ona`r df|r

lmcrtndvrf# Mvt @gnrngc lmeeflrnmc| gtf yft~ |ogee “

ncbffb% r`f Lgtnddfgc afcftgee~ n| {mmte~

tf{tf|fcrfb nc r`f ov|fvo„| lmeeflrnmc|% qnr`

r`f fplf{rnmc mi {tf/Lmevodngc gtl`gfmemanlge

ogrftnge|# Dvr qf `gyf |{flrglvegt Gitnlgc

lmeeflrnmc|% nclevbnca ogc~ rtgbnrnmcge tfenanmv|

mdhflr|# Qf |rgtrfb rm {vee rmafr`ft gc fp`ndnrnmc

|`mqnca r`f Gitnlgc tmmr| mi @gnrngc Ymbmv “ omtf

{tfln|fe~% r`f Gitnlgc tfenanmc| qnr` q`nl` @gnrngc

ymbmv |`gtf| tmmr|# Qf {veefb itmo r`f lmeeflrnmc|

DgJmcam oncjn|n| : tf{tf|fcrgrnmc| mi ^mtvdg bfnrnf|%

lgeefb mtn|`g: dmlnm‒|{ntnr| lfcrtge rm r`f lmcrfo/

{mtgt~ Ymbvc tfenanmc mi r`f Imc gcb Fqf {fm{ef

mi lmg|rge Qf|r Gitnlg: gcb nogaf| mi Ogon Qgrg%

r`f Gitnlgc qgrft |{ntnr# R`f~ ogbf imt g |{flrglvegt

bn|{eg~% ltmqbfb mc g rgdef gr r`f Lmeeflrnmc|

Tf|fgtl` Lfcrft#Dvr gc fp`ndnrnmc mi Gitnlgc |{ntnrvgenr~ qg| cmr

g ammb inr qnr` r`f mr`ft @gnrngc fp`ndnrnmc| gltm||

r`f lgo{v|# Gcb q`nef Ymbmv `g| |rtmca tmmr|

nc Gitnlgc tfenanmc|% nr ge|m nclevbf| mr`ft |nacninlgcr

ncievfclf| itmo |mvtlf| enjf Tmogc Lgr`menln|o

gcb Itffog|mct~# \m% gr r`f |vaaf|rnmc mi Jgr`ftncf

\onr`% lm/lvtgrmt mi Tfitgonca @gnrn % {m|rbmlrmtge

ifeemq nc r`f bf{gtrofcr| mi Gitnlgcg \rvbnf| gcb r`f

@n|rmt~ mi Gtr gcb Gtl`nrflrvtf gcb gc fp{ftr nc

@gnrngc Ymbmv% qf rtnfb |mofr nca omtf fp{ftnofcrge#

Myft r`f {g|r bflgbf% ov|fvo| `gyf imvcb r`grdtncanca nc mvr|nbft| rm ―oncf‟ lmeeflrnmc| lgc

{tmynbf cfq {ft|{flrnyf|# R`f int|r gcb om|r igomv|

―oncnca r`f ov|fvo‟ fp{ftnofcr qg| gtrn|r Itfb

Qne|mc„| 7>>4 {tmhflr gr r`f Ogt~egcb @n|rmtnlge

\mlnfr~% q`ftf `f dtmva`r ogrftnge| mi Gitnlgc

Goftnlgc `n|rmt~ itmo |rmtgaf rm bn|{eg~% hvprg{m|nca

r`fo nc qg~| lvtgrmt| qmveb cmr `gyf r`mva`r mi#

Jgr`ftncf \onr` |vaaf|rfb qf bm |mofr`nca |nonegt#

@gnrngc Ymbmv% |`f tfoncbfb v|% n| g enynca tfenanmc%

gcb qf |`mveb dtnca nr rm enif# Q`~ cmr dtnca nc g

Ogcdm% g Ymbmv {tnf|rf||% rm dvneb gc gergt% l`mm|nca

r`f mdhflr| itmo r`f lmeeflrnmc| r`gr |{mjf rm `ft=Jgr`ftncf ncrtmbvlfb v| rm Ogcdm Ogtnf Fygc|%

q`m gatffb rm qmtj qnr` v|#

Ogtnf Fygc„| yn|nr rm Dtn|rme qg| ig|lncgrnca#

Qf efgtcfb gc fcmtomv| gomvcr# Om|r no{mtrgcr%

qf qftf tfoncbfb r`gr ov|fvo lmeeflrnmc| gtf

cmr hv|r gtrniglr| imt rfgl`nca gcb tf|fgtl`# R`f~ gtf

{gtr mi enynca lvervtf| gcb `gyf ofgcnca g| {gtr

mi enynca tfenanmc|# Mvt mtnancge fp`ndnrnmc nbfg rtfgrfb

r`f gtrniglr| g| fpgo{ef| mi r`f `n|rmt~ mi tfenanmc#

Ogtnf Fygc|% mc r`f mr`ft `gcb% |gq r`fo g| {gtr

mi `ft tfenanmc#\m q`ftf qf ona`r `gyf bn|{eg~fb mdhflr| gcb

bf|ltndfb tfenanmv| rtgbnrnmc|% |`f dvner gc fp`ndnrnmc

r`gr qg| g tfenanmv| bn|{eg~8 gc gergt rm Eg|ntfcf#

Tf/itgonca r`f Ov|fvo8@gnrngc Ymbmv

\rfyfc Evdgt

Ogcdm Ogtnf Fygc|def||nca r`f gergt |`fdvner gr r`f ov|fvo#G ymbmv iega |`mqncaEg|ntfcf gca| df`ncb

r`f gergt#



6

\ffnca Mvt|feyf|% \`mqnca Mvt|feyf|8Dtmqc„| Lvervtf mc Bn|{eg~

\gtg` Tfv|l`î\ffnca Mvt|feyf|% \`mqnca Mvt|feyf|

fp{emtf| `mq mdhflr| tfyfge lvervtf#

R`f gcr`tm{mema~ ov|fvo n| g {eglf

q`ftf qf emmj gr gcb rgej gdmvr lve/

rvtf% g {eglf r`gr lmof| qnr` lftrgnc

fp{flrgrnmc| gdmvr q`m n| mc bn|{eg~%

gcb q`m n| bmnca r`f emmjnca#

R`n| fp`ndnrnmc% lvtgrfb d~ atgbvgrf

|rvbfcr| itmo Dtmqc„| {vdenl

`vogcnrnf| {tmatgo% {eg~| qnr` r`m|f

fp{flrgrnmc|# Nr fp{emtf| g emlgegcb igonengt lvervtf “ r`f lvervtf

mi Dtmqc vcbftatgbvgrf| / r`tmva`

r`f rtgne mi ncimtogrnmc efir d~ imvcb

gcb gtl`nyfb mdhflr|# Qf {nljfb

r`tff lgrfamtnf| mi gtrniglr|% lgrfamtnf|

rtgbnrnmcge rm gcr`tm{mema~ ov|fvo|%

gcb rvtcfb r`fo ncrm onttmt|% cmr

efc|f|# Qf imlv|fb mc mdhflr| mi

atmv{ nbfcrnr~: mdhflr| r`gr ltfgrf gc

miinlnge tflmtb d~ ofomtngenxgrnmc

mt gtl`nynca: gcb tfocgcr|% gtl`gfm/

emanlge mt lmeeflrfb# Mdhflr| lgof

itmo r`f Dtmqc Vcnyft|nr~ Gtl`nyf|%

itmo r`f Hmvjmq|j~ Nc|rnrvrf imt

Gtl`gfmema~ gcb r`f Gclnfcr Qmteb%

gcb itmo q`gr ov|fvo| lgee

―infeb lmeeflrnca%‟ glwvntnca r`nca|

efir df`ncb gr Dtmqc„| ncigomv|

\fp[mqftAmb igee tnrvge#

Qf r`fc |feflrfb mdhflr| itmo

r`f @giifctfiift Ov|fvo„| mqc

lmeeflrnmc| r`gr inr ncrm r`f|f |gof

lgrfamtnf|# Nrfo| g| bnyft|f g|

Cgrnyf Goftnlgc ncnrngrnmc btf||%gc G|`gcrn |rmme% g lvcfnimto rgdefr%

gcb Rgïcm {mrrft~ |`ftb| tfnrftgrfb

r`f lgrfamtnf|% |`mqnca mq mdhflr|

itmo lvervtf| gtmvcb r`f qmteb

|`gtf ivclrnmc gcb lvervtge {vt{m|f#

D~ {eglnca igonengt mdhflr| qnr`nc

g aemdge lmcrfpr% r`n| fp`ndnr {v|`f|

r`f dmvcbgtnf| mi r`f |{glf mi r`f

gcr`tm{mema~ ov|fvo# Nr l`geefcaf|

yn|nrmt|„ fp{flrgrnmc| “ gcb anyf|

|rvbfcr| gcb mr`ft yn|nrmt| g l`gclf

rm tfieflr mc r`fnt mqc lvervtf%g| lvervtf#

\gtg` Tfv|l`î n| g atgbvgrf |rvbfcr

nc Dtmqc„| {vdenl vogcnrnf| {tmatgo#

\`f„ee df |{fcbnca r`n| |vooft

efgtcnca gdmvr ov|fvo ogcgafofcr

gr r`f Gtr Nc|rnrvrf mi L`nlgam#

\`f oncfb r`f lmeeflrnmc| imt mdhflr| r`gr |{mjf

rm r`f |{ntnr mi Eg|ntfcf# R`gr |{ntnr “ r`f |{ntnr

mi r`f dmvcr~ mi r`f |fg “ g{{fgt| nc ogc~ lvervtf|%

gcb |`f |gq q`gr r`f~ `gyf nc lmoomc# Ogtnf Fygc|

|gq r`f mdhflr| |`f {nljfb g| ―g rf|rgofcr rm r`f

qg~| nc q`nl` {fm{ef nc mr`ft {gtr| mi r`f qmteb

gljcmqefbaf r`f {mqft mi r`f |fg%‟ gcb |m qf `gyf

gc Geg|jgc F|jnom vongj ombfe% qnr` nr| fymlgrnmc

mi g |fge g| g |{ntnrvge dfnca# Qf `gyf lgtyfb lmcl`

|`fee| itmo Ncbng% g lm|rvof imt g {tnf|rf|| mi

^fogchç (omr`ft mi r`f qgrft|. itmo Dtgxne#

\`f ge|m l`m|f gtrniglr| r`gr `gb g tmef nc @gnrngcYmbmv lftfomcnge|# Lmcl` |`fee|‒|`f l`m|f mcf

itmo Ncbng‒gtf v|fb nc Ymbmv rfo{ef| rm lgee r`f

|{ntnr| mi r`f |fg# Egtaf |{mmc| gtf v|fb rm {tf{gtf

immb anyfc rm r`f |{ntnr| nc fpl`gcaf imt r`fnt emyf%

g||n|rgclf gcb {tmrflrnmc# Dtmmo| gtf v|fb rm lefgt

gqg~ dgb fcfta~% r`fc anyfc rm Lefofxncf% g |{ntnr

|n|rft mi Eg|ntfc# Omtrgt|% egtaf gcb |ogee% gtf gr r`f

`fgtr mi Ymbmv rtgbnrnmc% imt r`f~ gtf v|fb nc {tf{gtnca

ifg|r| gcb rm {mvcb efgyf| imt `fgenca rtfgrofcr|#

Ogtnf Fygc| dvner `ft gergt v|nca ogrftnge| |`f l`m|f

itmo r`f @giifctfiift lmeeflrnmc|% ogrftnge |`f

dtmva`r itmo `ft gergt gr `mof% gcb r`f @gnrngc gtr

dtmva`r rm Dtmqc g| {gtr mi r`f egtaft fp`ndnrnmc

{tmatgo# @ft gergt gcnogrf| r`f ageeft~ gr Ogccnca%

dtncanca nr rm enif g| g enynca tfenanmv| |{glf# R`f

gergt% |vttmvcbfb d~ @gnrngc gtr% ncbffb |vllffb|nc ―tfitgonca @gnrn#‟ Ogtnf Fygc oncfb r`f lmeeflrnmc|

qnr` g cfq yn|nmc% imt g cfq {vt{m|f% gcb qf

gtf fcmtomv|e~ atgrfive imt `ft `fe{nca v| |ff

mvt lmeeflrnmc| nc g cfq qg~#



Gtl`gfmema~imt \npr` Atgbft|@mq lgc qf rfgl` |npr` atgbft| ltnrnlge r`ncjnca

|jnee|% fe{ r`fo vcbft|rgcb gtl`gfmeman|r|„ qmtj%

gcb {tmynbf r`f dgljatmvcb imt mq qf jcmqq`gr qf jcmq gdmvr r`f {g|r lnynenxgrnmc| gcb

lvervtf| r`f~ efgtc gdmvr nc r`fnt leg||f|=

R`gr qg| r`f l`geefcaf mi g lmeegdmtgrnyf {tmatgo

mtagcnxfb d~ r`f ov|fvo% r`f Hmvjmq|j~ Nc|rnrvrf

imt Gtl`gfmema~ gcb r`f Gclnfcr Qmteb% gcb r`f TN\B

Ov|fvo mi Gtr# Nc inyf |f||nmc|% nclevbnca nc/leg||

glrnynrnf| gcb g infeb rtn{ rm r`f TN\B gcb @giifctfiift

Ov|fvo|% |npr` atgbft| gr r`f Cgr`gc Dn|`m{

Onbbef \l`mme amr gc nc/bf{r`% `gcb|/mc fp{emtgrnmc

mi gtl`gfmema~# Nr qg| mvt int|r imtoge J/74 infeb rtn{

rm r`f ov|fvo nc Ogccnca @gee% gc fp{ftnofcrr`gr |ftyfb myft 4;; |rvbfcr|#

Dtmqc gcb TN\B atgbvgrf |rvbfcr| gcb |rgii {nemrfb

r`f {tmatgo gr r`f Qneengo B„Gdgrf Fefofcrgt~

\l`mme„| girft |l`mme {tmatgo nc r`f |{tnca mi 4;7;%

nc lmeegdmtgrnmc qnr` Dtmqc„| \qfgtft Lfcrft imt

[vdenl \ftynlf# Dvr r`f rfgo bflnbfb r`f {tmatgo

qmveb df dfrrft ni nr qftf fodfbbfb nc r`f lvttnlvevo

gcb no{efofcrfb bvtnca r`f |l`mme bg~#

Gcb |m% myft r`f |vooft% Ogtngcn Efig|/Rfrfcf|%

Bntflrmt mi \l`mme gcb Rfgl`ft {tmatgo| gr r`f TN\BOv|fvo% gcb N ofr qnr` rfgl`ft| ncrftf|rfb nc

nclmt{mtgrnca r`f {tmatgo ncrm r`fnt lvttnlvevo#

R`f rfgo imtofb g {gtrcft|`n{ qnr` r`f |npr` atgbf

|mlnge |rvbnf| rfgl`ft| gr r`f Cgr`gc Dn|`m{ Onbbef

\l`mme# R`f {tmatgo qg| tfincfb qnr` r`f `fe{ mi

rqm Hmvjmq|j~ Nc|rnrvrf atgbvgrf |rvbfcr {tmlrmt|%

Legvbng Om|ft gcb Fogcvfeg Dmlgclfg% q`m ge|m

qtmrf |ltn{r| imt r`f {tmatgo„| |f||nmc|# [tmatgo|

nc r`f |{tnca mi 4;77 qftf efb d~ Hmvjmq|j~

Nc|rnrvrf {tmlrmt Jgr`ftncf @gttncarmc% @giifctfiift

Ov|fvo ncrftc Hf||nlg Vcaft% gcb TN\B Ov|fvo

ncrftc Egvtg Grl`nc|mc# [vdenl `vogcnrnf| |rvbfcr|bf|nacfb r`f infeb rtn{ rm Ogccnca g| {gtr mi g lmvt|f

mc ncimtoge fbvlgrnmc# R`f|f |rvbfcr|% gemca

qnr` ymevcrfft| itmo r`f ov|fvo„| \rvbfcr Gbyn|mt~

Dmgtb% ge|m tgc r`f infeb rtn{ glrnynrnf|% geemqnca

v| rm fp{ftnofcr qnr` q`gr qf `m{f qnee dflmof

g |rvbfcr bmlfcr {tmatgo#

F b v l g r n m c g e M v

r t f g l `

A f t g e ~ c @ m i i o g c

Eg|r |fof|rft% r`f igee mi 4;7;%

N qmtjfb mc r`f ov|fvo„| \gcjmig

fbvlgrnmcge mvrtfgl` ncnrngrnyf# R`f

\gcjmig rfgo„| hmd qg| rm ltfgrf%

rf|r% gcb bn||foncgrf g onbbef/

|l`mme lvttnlvevo gdmvr Gitnlgc/

Goftnlgc `n|rmt~ nc T`mbf N|egcb#

O~ hmd8 rm lmo{nef ncimtogrnmc gdmvr

tglf tfegrnmc| nc r`f cmtr`ftc Vcnrfb

\rgrf|% lmccflrnca |egyft~ mc r`fqmteb |lgef rm emlge `vd| mi glrnynr~

enjf Dtn|rme gcb [tmynbfclf# Qf

agr`ftfb ncimtogrnmc cmr mce~ gdmvr

|egyft~ dvr ge|m mc tglf g| g lmcrfo/

{mtgt~ n||vf% `m{nca rm encj r`f {g|r

rm r`f {tf|fcr nc g qg~ r`gr rg{|

ncrm r`f fp{ftnfclf| mi onbbef |l`mme

|rvbfcr| nc r`f 47|r lfcrvt~#

Nc bmnca r`n| tf|fgtl` qnr` Aftge~c

@miiogc gcb atgbvgrf |rvbfcr

Hf||nlg Vcaft% N efgtcfb ovl`# N

efgtcfb `mq rm bm tf|fgtl` nc g

enonrfb gomvcr mi rnof% rm qtnrf rm g

anyfc gvbnfclf mvr|nbf mi glgbfong%

gcb rm gbhv|r {egc| dg|fb mc r`f

tfglrnmc| mi o~ gvbnfclf# N efgtcfb

qg~| rm g{{tmgl` lmcrtmyft|nge

rm{nl| nc leg||tmmo |frrnca|# Gcb

N imvcb atfgr hm~ nc `fe{nca rm ncrtm/

bvlf ogtancgenxfb `n|rmtnf| ncrm

ognc|rtfgo fbvlgrnmc “ g lgv|f

imt q`nl` N qnee geqg~| lgtt~ g {g||nmc#

N go atgrfive rm `gyf `gb r`n|fp{ftnfclf g| gc vcbftatgbvgrf#

Ogtegncg Ogtrnc (gdmyf efir. n| g

Dtmqc vcbftatgbvgrf#

NCRFTC TFIEFLRNMC\

Ogtegncg Ogtrnc

\`gcg Qfncdfta (tna`r.gcb Evlng Em{fx (gdmyftna`r. rfgl` |npr`/atgbft| gr Ogccnca#



1

Hf||nlg Vcaft

Qmtjnca qnr` r`f @giifctfiift r`n| ~fgt `g| {tmyfc

rm df gc ncltfbnde~ fctnl`nca fp{ftnfclf# G| gc―Fbvlgrnmc Mvrtfgl` Ncrftc‟ N qmtjfb mc rqm

{tmhflr| vcbft r`f |v{ftyn|nmc mi Aftge~c @miiogc%

Lvtgrmt mi [tmatgo| gcb Fbvlgrnmc#

Nc r`f igee N `fe{fb ltfgrf lvttnlvevo ogrftnge| imt

|rvbfcr| nc r`f |npr` r`tmva` fna`r` atgbf|# R`f|f

ogrftnge|% imt ―\gcjmig8 Gitnlgc Goftnlgc| nc

T`mbf N|egcb%‟ fp{emtfb r`f `n|rmt~ gcb lvervtf mi

Gitnlgc Goftnlgc| nc r`f |rgrf# Aftge~c% o~ ifeemq

ncrftc Ogtegncg% gcb N lmeegdmtgrfb rm lmcbvlr

tf|fgtl` mc r`f rm{nl% g| qfee g| fp{emtf bniiftfcr

fbvlgrnmcge ofr`mb|#R`n| |{tnca N dfagc g||n|rnca Aftge~c mc r`f rfgl`/

nca {tmhflr lgeefb ―R`ncj Enjf gc Gtl`gfmeman|r#‟

R`n| {tmatgo ncymeyfb g |ftnf| mi yn|nr| rm g emlge

onbbef |l`mme g| gc ncrtmbvlrnmc rm gtl`gfmemanlge

lmclf{r| |vl` g| |vtyf~nca gcb fplgygrnca# R`f

ef||mc lveoncgrfb qnr` g infeb rtn{ rm r`f T`mbf

N|egcb \l`mme mi Bf|nac„| Ov|fvo g| qfee g| r`f

@giifctfiift„| ageeft~ gr Ogccnca @gee#

[ft`g{| mcf mi r`f dnaaf|r l`geefcaf| qnr` r`f|f

{tmhflr| qg| bn|lmyftnca g qg~ rm ogjf bniinlver

lmclf{r| (|vl` g| ―tglf‟ gcb ―|rtgrnatg{`~‟.

gllf||ndef rm g ~mvcaft gvbnfclf# Dvr r`gr l`ge/efcaf qg| q`gr N fchm~fb om|r gdmvr o~ qmtj

qnr` r`f @giifctfiift / incbnca qg~| rm ogjf r`f

qmtj mi gcr`tm{meman|r| tfefygcr rm r`f {vdenl

(gcb `m{fivee~ nc|{ntnca g cfq afcftgrnmc mi

gcr`tm{meman|r|'.

Hf||nlg Vcaft (gdmyf% tna`r% qnr` Aftge~c @miiogc

gcb Ogtegncg Ogtrnc. n| g int|r/~fgt |rvbfcr nc r`f

{vdenl `vogcnrnf| {tmatgo#

N C R F T C

T F I E F L R N M C \

D~ r`n| igee% r`f ogrftnge| qnee df gygnegdef mc r`f

Ov|fvo„| qfd|nrf itff mi l`gtaf% gemca qnr` mvt

mr`ft itff ef||mc {egc| imt J/74 rfgl`ft|# Nc r`figee mi 4;7;% Hf||nlg Vcaft% atgbvgrf |rvbfcr nc r`f

{vdenl `vogcnrnf| {tmatgo gcb Ogtegncg Ogtrnc%

gc vcbftatgbvgrf nc r`f gcr`tm{mema~ bf{gtrofcr%

`fe{fb of rm tf|fgtl` gcb qtnrf r`f lvttnlvevo

ogrftnge|# R`f~ ge|m `fe{fb bfyfem{ |mof mi r`f

gllmo{gc~nca ef||mc {egc|#

Btgir ogrftnge| qftf {tf|fcrfb rm emlge T`mbf N|egcb

onbbef |l`mme `n|rmt~ gcb |mlnge |rvbnf| rfgl`ft|

bvtnca g bg~emca qmtj|`m{# Rfgl`ft| agyf noofbn/

grf iffbdglj mc r`f ogrftnge| gcb bn|lv||fb {m||n/

def no{tmyfofcr imt |mof mi r`f ef||mc|# R`f~ qftf

f|{flngee~ fcr`v|ng|rnl gdmvr g ef||mc v|nca {`mrm/atg{`| mi mdhflr| itmo r`f ov|fvo% g ef||mc r`gr

r`f~ ifer lmveb tfgl` g ygtnfr~ mi efgtcft|# R`f

ogrftnge| qftf ge|m {tf|fcrfb gr r`f T`mbf N|egcb

Bf{gtrofcr mi Fbvlgrnmc„| \{tnca Lnynl| Nc|rnrvrf

imt rfgl`ft| nc Og~ gcb qnee df |`gtfb gr r`fCfq Fcaegcb Ov|fvo G||mlngrnmc„| lmciftfclf

nc Cmyfodft# R`f TNL@ atgcr ge|m fcgdefb v|

rm yn|nr leg||tmmo| mi {gtrnln{grnca rfgl`ft| qnr`

r`f \gcjmig Lvervtf LgtgYgc mvrtfgl` {tmatgo%

tfgl`nca geom|r 9;; |rvbfcr|#

Mvt r`gcj| rm r`f |l`megt| q`m tfynfqfb r`f

ogrftnge imt v|8 Gcr`mc~ Dmavf|% @gtomc Igone~

[tmif||mt mi Gitnlgcg \rvbnf| gr Dtmqc Vcnyft|nr~:

L# Omtagc Atfif% Bntflrmt mi r`f Cfqfee B# Amii

Lfcrft imt Fbvlgrnmc gcb [vdenl [tmatgoonca gr

r`f T`mbf N|egcb @n|rmtnlge \mlnfr~: gcb Hmgccf

[m{f Ofen|`% G||mlngrf [tmif||mt mi @n|rmt~ gr r`fVcnyft|nr~ mi Jfcrvlj~#

Ov|fvo GqgtbfbTNL@ Atgcr imt Cfq Lvttnlvevo Ogrftnge|Eg|r Hvcf r`f @giifctfiift Ov|fvo qg| gqgtbfb myft "0%;;; itmo r`f T`mbf N|egcb Lmvclne

imt r`f @vogcnrnf| imt r`f bfyfem{ofcr gcb rf|rnca mi lvttnlvevo ogrftnge| rm lmo{efofcr

r`f \gcjmig8 Gitnlgc Goftnlgc| nc T`mbf N|egcb Lvervtf LgtgYgc mvrtfgl` {tmatgo#



G dv|~ ~fgt mi {vdenl {tmatgo|G bnyft|f igee |fof|rft

․ G rmvt mi Tfnogancnca r`f Goftnlg|

d~ |rvbfcr lvtgrmt Lg||gcbtg Of|nlj

․ Cfq gcr`tm{mema~ {tmif||mt Gcbtfq

\l`ftft |`gtfb `n| gtl`gfmemanlge qmtj

mc Leg||nl Og~g Jncabmo|

․ Dmf Rnreg (\gc Lgtem| G{gl`f.%

{ftimtofb n| dgeegb| imt v| qnr` gc m{fc

ymlge {ftimtogclf d~ TN\B |rvbfcr

Tm|f \no{|mc% g {tmatgo ogbf {m||ndef

d~ Cgrnyf Goftnlgc| gr Dtmqc„| Cgrnyf

Goftnlgc @ftnrgaf \ftnf|

․ Ynlrmt Og|g~f|yg% Ht# (@m{n. |{mjf

gdmvr `n| tf|fgtl` lmccflrnca r`f gclnfcr

\mvr`qf|r qnr` gclnfcr Of|mgoftnlg

imt r`f Fbqgtb A# gcb Dgtdgtg G# @gne

eflrvtf {tmatgo

․ R`f Dtn|rme [gtj| ) Tfltfgrnmc

Bf{gtrofcr% gemca qnr` r`f [mjgcmjfr

Ncbngc|% `feb r`f gccvge @mcmtncar`f @gtyf|r lfefdtgrnmc nc Dtn|rme

nc Cmyfodft#

․ Onl`gfe @fljfcdftaft (Vcnyft|nr~

mi Iemtnbg.% |{mc|mtfb d~ r`f Hgcf [mqfee

Bq~ft Ofomtnge Eflrvtf {tmatgo% |{mjf

gdmvr `n| gtl`gfmemanlge qmtj nc r`f

Gogxmc gcb `n| cfq fynbfclf imt egtaf/

|lgef gclnfcr |mlnfrnf| nc r`f gtfg#

․ \rvbfcr lvtgrmt| Fefcg Amcxgef|%

Fe~|ngc OlCnii% gcb Evlng Em{fx efb g

{vdenl rmvt gcb tmvcbrgdef bn|lv||nmc

mi Tfnogancnca Lmevodv|% Tfnogancnca

Lmevodv| Bg~

ynbfm gygnegdef mc r`f ov|fvo„| qfd|nrf

Gcb g rg|r~ |{tnca |fof|rft

Imt r`f gccvge Dgtdgtg Atffcqgeb

Ofomtnge Gtr| {tmatgo (qnr` fprtg |v{{mtr

itmo r`f bf{gtrofcr mi gcr`tm{mema~

gcb r`f Lfcrft imt Fcyntmcofcrge \rvbnf|.%

qf `m|rfb imvt rgej| lmo{efofcrnca

Tfnogancnca r`f Goftnlg| d~ imlv|nca mc

|mof mi mvt igymtnrf immb| r`gr lmof itmo

mt `gyf dffc lvernygrfb nc r`f Goftnlg|8

․ \v|gc Qmmb% LFM mi r`f Lmiiff Fpl`gcaf%

|`gtfb r`f qmtj mi r`f Lmiiff Jnb| mtagcn/

xgrnmc nc {tmynbnca fbvlgrnmc gcb `fger`

{tmatgo| imt lmiiff atmqnca lmoovcnrnf|

․ [grtnlng OlGcgc~ (Vcnyft|nr~ mi Cmtr`

Lgtmencg% L`g{fe @nee. yn|nrfb v| mc

Ygefcrncf„| Bg~ rm bn|lv|| `ft qmtj nc r`f

|rvb~ mi gclnfcr Og~g lglgm {menrnlge

flmcmonf|# (Mvt r`gcj| rm Rgxg L`mlmegrf

gcb Ogt|% Ncl#% imt r`f bmcgrnmc mi bfenlnmv|%

rtgbnrnmcge% gcb `n|rmtnl l`mlmegrf|'.

․ [grtnlj OlAmyftc (Vcnyft|nr~ mi [fcc/

|~eygcng Ov|fvo mi Gcr`tm{mema~ gcb

Gtl`gfmema~. bn|lv||fb `mq `f tfltfgrfb

gclnfcr dfft| d~ gcge~xnca gclnfcr yf||fe|nc `n| dnmomeflvegt egd gcb |`gtnca r`gr

qmtj qnr` Bmain|` @fgb dtfqft~# (\{flnge

r`gcj| rm r`f Atgbvgrf Lfcrft Dgt% q`nl`

ncynrfb eflrvtf grrfcbff| rm g itff rg|rnca

mi imvt mi r`f Bmain|` @fgb gclnfcr dtfq|#.

․ Immb gcr`tm{meman|r Hfiitf~ [nel`ft

(Vcnyft|nr~ mi Onccf|mrg. |{mjf gdmvr

r`f aemdgenxgrnmc mi Ofpnlgc lvn|ncf#

(Ofpnlm Agtndgebn Tf|rgvtgcr lgrftfb

r`f tflf{rnmc: ogc~ r`gcj|'.

Nc Ogtl`% Cgr`gcnge [`nedtnlj hmncfb

v| imt g enyfe~ bn|lv||nmc qnr` bntflrmt\rfyfc Evdgt gdmvr `n| {tmlf|| imt qtnrnca

`n|rmtnlge qmtj|#

Aftge~c @miiogc n| Lvtgrmt mi [tmatgo|

gcb Fbvlgrnmc#

R`f @giifctfiift Ov|fvo mi Gcr`tm{mema~„|

Fp{ftnfcrnge Fbvlgrnmc [tmatgo% ltfgrfb nc 7>90 d~Dfr| Anbbnca|% Dgtdgtg @gne gcb Feefc Qne|mc% `fe{fb

l`gcaf r`f qg~ ov|fvo| ncrtmbvlfb gcr`tm{mema~

rm ~mvca {fm{ef# R`n| ncrfc|fe~ ncrnogrf gcb `gcb|/mc

g{{tmgl` bfena`rfb |rvbfcr| imt imvt bflgbf|% grrtglrnca

gc fyft/ncltfg|nca cvodft mi bmlfcr| (ymevcrfft

avnbf|. rm g||n|r nc r`f rfgl`nca#

Nc r`f |{tnca mi 4;;0% q`fc r`f ov|fvo„| Omvcr @m{f

iglnenr~ `gb rm df lem|fb rm r`f {vdenl bvf rm dvnebnca

gcb intf lmbf n||vf|% r`f mc/|nrf fbvlgrnmc {tmatgo qg|

bn|dgcbfb# G |ogee atmv{ mi ymevcrfft|% |{fgt`fgbfb

d~ tfrntfb bmlfcr Hmgccg Lm{{meg% tflmacnxfb r`f cffb

rm {tf|ftyf r`f ofomt~ mi r`n| na`e~ fiiflrnyf {tmatgo#R`n| fiimtr dflgof jcmqc g| r`f Omvcr @m{f ^fgt|

[tmhflr# Lmmtbncgrnca r`f lmcrtndvrnmc| mi ogc~ {fm{ef

qg| r`f {tmhflr rfgo8 Hmgccg Lm{{meg: Lncb~ Febft%

g itffegclf qtnrft gcb ~mvcaf|r bgva`rft mi Dgtdgtg

@gne: gcb [gr|~ \gcimtb% q`m `gb tflfcre~ tfrntfb g|

r`f ov|fvo„| g||mlngrf lvtgrmt mi fbvlgrnmc#

Dfimtf 4;;0 lgof rm g lem|f% omtf r`gc rqfcr~

bmlfcr| agr`ftfb imt g {mrevlj evcl` rm |{gtj r`f iegofmi ofomtnf| gcb lmcrncvf r`f |fc|f mi lgogtgbftnf

r`gr `gb emca bfincfb r`f fbvlgrnmc {tmatgo# Ogc~

lmcrtndvrfb {ft|mcge f||g~|% efrrft| gcb tfieflrnmc|

rm r`n| lmeeflrnmc# Gbbnrnmcge |mvtlf| qftf bn|lmyftfb

r`tmva` gc fprfc|nyf tfynfq mi bmlvofcr| gcb {`mrm|

`mv|fb gr r`f ov|fvo# G |nacninlgcr {gtr mi r`n|

{tmhflr ncymeyfb r`f mtagcnxgrnmc mi ogrftnge| tfegrnca

rm r`f `n|rmt~ mi r`f fbvlgrnmc {tmatgo% itmo

efrrft| {fccfb bflgbf| gam d~ fcr`v|ng|rnl |rvbfcr|

gcb rfgl`ft|% rm dmpf| (gcb dmpf|'. mi {`mrm|#

R`f tf|fgtl`% qtnrnca gcb {tmbvlrnmc mi R`f Omvcr

@m{f ^fgt| tf{tf|fcr g ymevcrfft fiimtr |{gccncacfgte~ rqm ~fgt|# [tncrnca gcb bn|rtndvrnmc mi r`f dmmj

qg| ogbf {m||ndef d~ gc gcmc~omv| bmcgrnmc#

Hmgccg Lm{{meg% Lncb~ Febft gcb [gr|~ \gcimtb fbnrfb

R`f Omvcr @m{f ^fgt|#

Omvcr @m{f Ofomtnf|itmo R`f Omvcr @m{f ^fgt|% 7>90/4;;0



\ r v b f

c r L m c c f l r n m c |

\rvbfcr Gbyn|mt~ Dmgtb Tf{mtr@gccg` \n|j gcb Dfc Hmcf|

R`f @giifctfiift Ov|fvo„| \rvbfcr Gbyn|mt~ Dmgtb

(@O\GD.% rfc rgefcrfb gcb ltfgrnyf vcbftatgbvgrfgcb atgbvgrf |rvbfcr|% `g| qmtjfb `gtb r`n| ~fgt#

Qf„yf lvtgrfb fp`ndnr|% {gtrnln{grfb nc g {tnygrf rmvt

mi r`f lmeeflrnmc| nc Dtn|rme% gcb mtagcnxfb gcb

tvc fbvlgrnmcge {tmatgo| imt r`f Dtmqc gcb atfgrft

[tmynbfclf lmoovcnrnf|# R`f |fof|rft|„ gllmo/

{en|`ofcr| gtf {gtrnlvegte~ tfqgtbnca |nclf r`f

@O\GD `g| mce~ dflmof g lm`f|nyf atmv{ r`n|

|l`mme ~fgt / q`gr dfagc g ~fgt gcb g `gei gam

g| g `gcbive mi vcbftatgb| ncrftf|rfb nc dflmonca

omtf ncymeyfb qnr` r`f ov|fvo `g| fymeyfb ncrm

g atmv{ mi bfbnlgrfb gcb {g||nmcgrf |rvbfcr| emmjnca

rm omtf ivee~ ncrfatgrf r`f ov|fvo ncrm Dtmqclgo{v| enif#

Mvt int|r {tmhflr% nc Mlrmdft gcb Cmyfodft% qg|

gc gergt nc lfefdtgrnmc mi Em| Bïg| bf em| Ovftrm| #

Gemca qnr` r`f lfefdtgrmt~ bflmtgrnmc| mi lmemtive

ltf{f gcb |jfefrmc|% qf fclmvtgafb yn|nrmt| rm

gbb r`f cgof| mi r`fnt bflfg|fb emyfb mcf| nc

tfofodtgclf rm r`f bn|{eg~#

Gr r`f |rgtr mi r`f |flmcb |fof|rft% qf hmvtcf~fb

mvr rm Dtn|rme gcb tflfnyfb g {tnygrf rmvt mi r`f

lmeeflrnmc| qnr` lvtgrmt R`nftt~ Afcrn|# Q`nef qf

qftf r`ftf% qf |feflrfbmdhflr| imt mvt |flmcbfp`ndnr “ g bn|{eg~ mc Hg{gcf|f L`nebtfc„| Bg~% rtgbn/

rnmcgee~ lfefdtgrfb Og~ 6r`# Myft r`f cfpr qffj|%

qf tf|fgtl`fb r`f if|rnyge% {egccnca dmr` r`f fp`ndnr

gcb r`f gllmo{gc~nca bg~ mi {tmatgo| imt jnb| nc

r`f lmoovcnr~# R`f qffj girft |{tnca dtfgj% r`ffp`ndnr qfcr v{ nc r`f fcrtgclf yf|rndvef mi r`f ageeft~

nc Ogccnca @gee# Mc G{tne 7>r` qf ncynrfb l`nebtfc

rm lmof gcb {gtrnln{grf nc fbvlgrnmcge glrnynrnf| rm

lfefdtgrf r`f if|rnyge# Nr qg| gc fplfeefcr girftcmmc

mi ltgir| g| mvt yn|nrmt| ogbf lgt{ iega|% mtnagon%

gcb cfq|{g{ft qgttnmt `feofr|# R`f fp`ndnr n| |rnee

mc bn|{eg~ nc Ogccnca% gcb qf fclmvtgaf ~mv rm |rm{

d~ gcb yn|nr# \{flnge r`gcj| rm @O\GD Rtfg|vtft

Egvtg Dftogc „72 gcb `ft Hg{gcf|f |fc|fn| imt

avnbgclf gcb rtgc|egrnmc| imt r`f fp`ndnr% gcb

rm Fone~ Dvrrmc (atgbvgrf |rvbfcr% Gcr`tm{mema~.

imt lmmtbncgrnca r`f {tmatgo glrnynrnf|#

R`f qmtj r`n| ~fgt `g| dffc itvnrive gcb ivc# Qf

f|{flngee~ miift r`gcj| rm Aftge~c @miiogc% Rmc~

Dfex% R`nftt~ Afcrn|% gcb \rfyf Evdgt imt r`fnt avnb/

gclf% g||n|rgclf% gcb |v{{mtr# Qf gtf yft~ fplnrfb

gdmvr cfpr ~fgt% q`fc qf `m{f rm fp{gcb mvt

ofodft|`n{ gcb mvt {tf|fclf mc lgo{v|# Cfq

amge| imt cfpr ~fgt nclevbf tflmacnrnmc g| gc miinlnge

Dtmqc |rvbfcr atmv{ gcb {eglnca omtf |grfeenrf

bn|{eg~ lg|f| gtmvcb lgo{v|% g| qfee g| lmcrncvnca

rm lvtgrf omtf |rvbfcr bn|{eg~| nc Ogccnca gcb

mtagcnxnca {tmatgo| imt yn|nrmt| gcb mr`ft |rvbfcr|#@gccg` \n|j „7< gcb Dfc Hmcf| „7< gtf lm/{tf|nbfcr|

mi r`f ov|fvo„| \rvbfcr Gbyn|mt~ Dmgtb#

Fone~ Dt~gcr

G bg~ nc r`f enif mi g atgb |rvbfcr n| mirfc

vctfogtjgdef8 tfgbnca% leg|| bn|lv||nmc|% gcb

{tmhflr qmtj gtf r`f r~{nlge glrnynrnf| r`gr

bmoncgrf o~ rnof# Itnbg~|% `mqfyft% gtf bniift/

fcr# Q`fc N efgyf Dtmqc„| lgo{v| gcb `fgb

rm o~ ncrftc|`n{ gr r`f @giifctfiift Lmeeflrnmc|

Tf|fgtl` Lfcrft nc Dtn|rme% TN% N `fgb rmqgtb|

g qfelmof vc{tfbnlrgdnenr~# Nr„| g {eglf q`ftf

{`mrmatg{`nca rtg|` dga g{tmc|% lefgcnca

gtogbneem/|`fee rtvo{fr| gcb lgrgemavnca

{tf/Lmevodngc {mrrft~ n| gee nc g bg~„| qmtj#

O~ ncrftf|r n| nc ogjnca `n|rmt~ tfefygcr gcb

gllf||ndef rm r`f {vdenl# Nr og~ |ffo ntmcnl r`fc

r`gr qmtjnca df`ncb/r`f/|lfcf| nc g ov|fvo|`mveb df iveineenca# ^fr agncnca gc vcbft|rgcbnca

mi r`f nccft qmtjnca| mi gc glrnyf ov|fvo qnee

`fe{ of anyf r`f {vdenl r`gr vcbft|rgcbnca g|

qfee# Rgjf gc~ md hflr nc g aeg|| lg|f gcb {mcbft

q`gr ~mv bmc„r |ff# [ft`g{| g rmva` fr`nlge

wvf|rnmc |vttmvcbfb nr| bn|{eg~# Og~df nr v|fb

rm df lmyftfb nc omeb gcb fp{ftnfclfb fprfc|nyf

lmc|ftygrnmc# Q`gr bnb r`f g{{tgn|ft |g~ nr„|

qmtr` gcb q`~= Q`gr bmf| r`f gllf||nmc inef |g~

gdmvr q`ftf nr lgof itmo= Q`~ n| nr| lgrgemavf

cvodft |m emca= Fgl` mdhflr dtno| qnr` ncimt/

ogrnmc# O~ qmtj qnr` r`f @giifctfiift |rgii gcblmeeflrnmc| {tmynbf| dmr` r`f jcmqefbaf gcb r`f

nc|{ntgrnmc rm tfyfge gc mdhflr„| ogc~ |rmtnf|#

Fone~ Dt~gcr n| g int|r/~fgt |rvbfcr nc Dtmqc„|

{vdenl `vogcnrnf| {tmatgo#

N C R F T C

T F I E F L R

N M C \



7;

Vcnyft|nr~ ov|fvo| enjf r`f @giifctfiift gtf

vcnwvfe~ {m|nrnmcfb rm lmcrtndvrf rm r`f lmtf

glgbfonl amge| mi g endftge gtr| fbvlgrnmc r`tmva`

r`fnt g{{tmgl`f| rm |l`megt|`n{ gcb r`fnt

fcagafofcr qnr` lmo{efp ncrftbn|ln{encgt~ n||vf|#

Ltfgrnca g lmccflrnmc dfrqffc r`f gd|rtglr

lmclf{r| qf rfgl` gcb r`f tfge {`~|nlge qmteb “

`gcb|/mc fcagafofcr mc g efyfe bniinlver rm grrgnc

qnr` g rtgbnrnmcge rfprdmmj / r`f |rvb~ mi mdhflr|

gcb lmeeflrnmc| im|rft| tnamtmv| ltnrnlge r`ncjnca%

g| qfee g| ltfgrnynr~ nc glgbfonl r`mva`r#

O~ om|r no{mtrgcr hmd% g| [m|rbmlrmtge Ifeemq nc

Ov|fvo Gcr`tm{mema~ myft r`f {g|r fna`r omcr`|%`g| dffc rm fclmvtgaf iglver~ gcb |rvbfcr| itmo

gltm|| r`f bn|ln{encf| rm nclmt{mtgrf ogrftnge

lvervtf ncrm r`fnt rfgl`nca% tf|fgtl % gcb efgtcnca#

R`gr ofgc| lmcynclnca r`fo r`gr mdhflr| gtf mi

ygevf nc rfgl`nca% bfomc|rtgrnca `mq rm v|f r`fo%

gcb ogjnca r`f gtrniglr| gygnegdef#

Qf bm r`gr nc ogc~ qg~|# Qf gyf fp{gcbfb r`f

ov|fvo„| fp`ndnrnmc |{glf ncrm g cvodft mi bf{gtr/

ofcr|# Mdhflr| nc v|f d~ gtl`gfmema~ leg||f| lgc df

|ffc mc bn|{eg~ nc

T`mbf N|egcb @gee%

imt fpgo{ef# \mof

|foncgt| gtf feb

nc r`f ov|fvo„|

ageeft~ gr Ogccnca

@gee% gcb qf„yf

lgttnfb gtrniglr| rm

leg||tmmo| gtmvcb

r`f lgo{v|# Leg||

infeb rtn{| rm r`f

tf|fgtl` lfcrft nc

Dtn|rme gtf dflmo/

nca ncltfg|ncae~

{m{vegt “ qf„yf

fyfc |fr v{ g |fon/

cgt tmmo r`ftf# \rgii ofodft| gyf dflmof

fp{ftr| nc iftt~nca mdhflr| dglj gcb imtr` itmo |rmt/

gaf nc Dtn|rme rm leg||tmmo| mc r`f ognc lgo{v|#

R`tmva` r`f|f jncb| mi glrnynrnf| qf rgjf r`f

ov|fvo gcb r`f iglver~ gcb tf|fgtl`ft| q`m v|f

nr rm {eglf| r`f~ mr`ftqn|f qmveb cmr `gyf yfcrvtfb#

Qf lgc rfgl` gdmvr mdhflr| “ r`fnt ogrftnge| gcb

ogcviglrvtf “ dvr omtf no{mtrgcr n| r`f {mrfcrnge

mdhflr| {tmynbf rm rfgl` gdmvr mr`ft lmclf{r|# G

tflfcr Goftnlgc \rvbnf| leg|| mc ―Goftnlgc [vdenl|%‟imt fpgo{ef% mtagcnxfb g |f||nmc nc Ogccnca

rm fpgoncf g atmv{ mi Cgrnyf Goftnlgc mdhflr|#

Bn|lv||nmc mi r`f ogrftnge tfymeyfb gtmvcb n||vf|

mi afcbft% {menrnlge glrnyn|o gcb r`f {vdenl-{tnygrf

|{`ftf|# Q`nef dfnca dmr` ncrftf|rnca gcb yn|vgee~

dfgvrnive gtrniglr|% r`f Cgrnyf mdhflr| ge|m {tmynbfb

r`f |rf{{nca/mii {mncr rm qnbft nbfg| gcb r`fof|%

{tmynbnca g imlv| imt bn|lv||nmc% g| qfee g| nc|{ntnca

r`f |rvbfcr| rm r`ncj gdmvr `mq mdhflr| ofbngrf

`vogc tfegrnmc|`n{|#

G cvodft mi iglver~ tf{mtr r`gr r`f fp{ftnfclf

mi qmtjnca qnr` r`f @giifctfiift„| lmeeflrnmc|

`g| rtgc|imtofb r`fnt rfgl`nca# Hftfo~ Ovoimtb

mi Dtmqc„| @n|rmt~ Bf{gtrofcr% imt nc|rgclf%

lmoofcrfb mc v|nca mdhflr| nc `n| leg||8

V|nca r`f @giifctfiift!| mdhflr| nc r`f Ogccnca

bn|{eg~ lg|f imt o~ igee lmvt|f% Lmo{gtgrnyf Cgrnyf

Goftnlgc @n|rmt~% qg| g dna gbbnrnmc rm r`f leg|| “

r`gcj ~mv' Mcf mi r`f leg|| g||nacofcr| qg| rm

l`mm|f mcf mi r`f mdhflr| rm qtnrf g |`mtr |{flvegrnyf

f||g~ gdmvr mcf mi r`f mdhflr|% gcb nr afcftgrfb

|mof mi r`f df|r qtnrnca mi r`f |fof|rft#

Omtfmyft% ogc~ |rvbfcr| gtf ncymeyfb nc |vd|rgcrnyf%

int|r/`gcb ncymeyfofcr qnr` lmeeflrnmc| r`tmva`

leg||f|% |rvbfcr/lvtgrfb fp`ndnrnmc| |vl` g|

Fpwvn|nrf R`nca| nc r`f |rvbfcr lfcrft% gcb \ffnca

Mvt|feyf|% \`mqnca Mvt|feyf| nc Ogccnca @gee #

Ncrftc|`n{| gcb ncrftbn|ln{encgt~ lmeegdmtgrnmc gtfge|m fp{gcbnca g| ov|fvo gcb lvttnlvegt amge|

genac# Iglver~ itmo Goftnlgc \rvbnf|% [vdenl

@vogcnrnf|% Gtl`gfmema~% Gcr`tm{mema~% @n|rmt~%

gcb Ombftc Lvervtf gcb Ofbng% g| qfee g| |fyftge

bf{gtrofcr| gr TN\B% gyf v|fb r`f ov|fvo„|

lmeeflrnmc| nc r`fnt rfgl`nca nc |mof qg~ myft r`f

{g|r glgbfonl ~fgt#

N `m{f r`gr r`f @giifctfiift qnee lmof rm df |ffc g|

lfcrtge rm r`f fbvlgrnmcge fcbfgymt qnr` gc glrnyf

tmef mc lgo{v|# R`f glgbfo~ gcb nr| ov|fvo|

|`mveb |rtnyf rm dvneb |~odnmrnl tfegrnmc|`n{|% q`ftf

r`f ov|fvo fcagaf| ivee~ qnr` r`f glgbfonl

{tmatgo| mi nr| lmeefaf% {tmynbnca g |rnovegrnca rtgnc/

nca atmvcb imt ivrvtf lnrnxfc| mi gee jncb|# R`n|

fcagafofcr qnee fe{ ov|fvo lvtgrmt| rm tfgenxf

r`f rtvf ygevf mi r`fnt mdhflr| gcb r`f |rmtnf| r`f~

`gyf r`f {mrfcrnge rm rfee# R`n| n| q`ftf ov|fvo

ofgcnca n| rtve~ ltfgrfb#

Fone~ \rmjf|/Tff| n| r`f ov|fvo„| {m|rbmlrmtge

ifeemq nc ov|fvo gcr`tm{mema~# \`f rgva`r g

|foncgt r`n| |{tnca mc cgrnmcge ov|fvo|% gcb

cfpr igee qnee rfgl` mc ov|fvo gcr`tm{mema~# @ft

[`B n| itmo Mpimtb#

R`ncjnca gcb rfgl`nca qnr` r`nca|Fone~ \rmjf|/Tff|

I g l v e r ~ L m c c f l

r n m c |



77

Eg|r |vooft qf tflfnyfb gc miift mi g lmeeflrnmc

mi [tf/Lmevodngc lftgonl| itmo [ftv gcb Lmemodng%

glwvntfb d~ L`gtemrrf \gerft mc `ft rtgyfe| nc r`f

7>6;|# \`f qgcrfb nr rm lmof rm Dtmqc |m r`gr nr qg|

gygnegdef imt |rvbfcr| rm fp{emtf#

R`f rnonca qg| {ftiflr# G| nr rvtcfb mvr% [tmi# Geen|mcBgyn| qg| rfgl`nca g leg|| nc [ftvyngc gtl`gfmema~

gr r`f Hmvjmq|j~ Nc|rnrvrf imt Gtl`gfmema~ gcb

r`f Gclnfcr Qmteb% gcb |m r`f lmeeflrnmc qg| bntflre~

bfenyftfb rm r`f Nc|rnrvrf# \rvbfcr| lmveb `gcbef

tfge gtrniglr|% cmr hv|r emmj gr {nlrvtf| mcencf mt

nc {vdenlgrnmc|#

Gcb fyfc dfrrft% r`fnt leg|| qmtj qg| noofbngrfe~

v|five rm r`f ov|fvo# Fgl` |rvbfcr nc r`f leg||

rmmj rqm fpgo{ef| itmo r`f lmeeflrnmc rm |rvb~# R`f~

efgtcfb gdmvr [ftvyngc gtl`gfmemanlge lftgonl

rtgbnrnmc| rm nbfcrni~ r`f lvervtf| mi mtnanc gcb gafmi r`fnt {nflf|% gcb qtmrf bfrgnefb bf|ltn{rnmc|

imt r`f ov|fvo„| bgrgdg|f#

R`fnt tf|fgtl` nbfcrninfb g atmv{ mi fna`r lftgonl|

itmo r`f Cg|lg Lvervtf mi r`f \mvr` Lmg|r mi [ftv#

R`f|f Cg|lg lftgonl| bgrf itmo G#B# 46; rm 66; gcb

bn|{eg~ r~{nlge Cg|lg omrni| nclevbnca g tmq mi rtm{`~

`fgb| gtmvcb r`f tno mi mcf dmqe gcb gcmr`ft dmqe

r`gr bf{nlr| gc fegdmtgrf o~r`nlge dfnca qnr` r`f

dmb~ mi g |ft{fcr/enjf ltfgrvtf# R`f mebf|r fpgo{ef

nc r`f lmeeflrnmc qg| nbfcrninfb g| g dtnbaf |{mvr yf|/

|fe qnr` g q`n|ref nclmt{mtgrfb nc r`f |{mvr: r`f itmcr

mi r`n| yf||fe n| bflmtgrfb qnr` gc ncln|fb gd|rtglrdntb bf|nac r~{nlge mi [gtglg| lvervtf |r~ef r`gr bgrf|

r`n| yf||fe rm 9;; D#L# rm 7;; D#L# Gcmr`ft yf||fe

qg| nbfcrninfb g| g wvftm% g lv{ v|fb imt r`f tnrvge

btncjnca mi l`nl`g% ognxf dfft% r~{nlge mi L`nov

{mrrft~ rtgbnrnmc bgrnca itmo gdmvr G#B# 721;#

Gee mi r`n| n| nc r`f ov|fvo„| tflmtb| cmq# Gcb hv|r

g| no{mtrgcr% nr„| enjfe~ rm df nc r`f |rvbfcr|„ ofom/

tnf|% rmm% imt igt emcaft r`gc nr qmveb `gyf dffc ni

r`f~ `gb mce~ emmjfb gr {nlrvtf|# R`ftf„| cmr`nca enjf

`gcbenca r`f tfge r`nca'

R`nftt~ Afcrn| n| r`f ov|fvo„| g||mlngrf lvtgrmt#

R`f \gerft Lmeeflrnmc mi [ftvyngc Lftgonl|8Itmo Anir rm Leg||tmmo rm Ov|fvoR`nftt~ Afcrn|

Mc G{tne 44cb gcb 4<tb% r`f Lmeeflrnmc| Tf|fgtl`

Lfcrft qg| r`f |nrf mi g ofbnfyge ntmc |ofernca

fp{ftnofcr imt |rvbfcr| nc Bt# Jt~|rg T~xfq|jn„|

lmvt|f ―Gtl`gfmema~ gcb Ltgir8 Fp{ftnofcrge

Gtl`gfmema~ gcb r`f Ogrftnge| \lnfclf mi Gclnfcr

Rfl`cmemanf|#‟ Qmtjnca nc |vc% tgnc gcb qncb%

|rvbfcr| dvner g emq |`gir demmoft~ ntmc ivtcglf

vcbft r`f avnbgclf mi Lgcgbngc gtrn|gcge

deglj|onr` gcb ov|fvo ncrft{tfrft

Bgttfee Ogtjfqnrx% gcb r`fc {tmbvlfb gc ntmc

demmo# Ntmc% |ega% gcb mr`ft ogrftnge| itmo

r`f fp{ftnofcr gtf lvttfcre~ dfnca gcge~xfb:

r`f ivtcglf nr|fei% gcb nr| |vttmvcbnca|% qnee

df fplgygrfb gr g egrft bgrf#

Ntmc |ofernca

\gerft lmeeflrnmc lftgonl| |nr grm{ |rvbfcr bf|ltn{rnmc| gcb bgrg|`ffr| tfgb~ imt fcrt~ ncrm r`f lgrgema#



7<

R`m|f qgnrnca imt r`f fefygrmt nc r`fTmljfifeeft Endtgt~ qnee incb r`fo|feyf|iglf/rm/iglf qnr` g cfq bn|{eg~8rqm |rtnjnca Hgtgn ivcftgt~ |rgrvf|itmo Ynfrcgo„| Lfcrtge @naègcb|#

R`f inavtf| gtf g anir mi Bt# Ogtj Tg{m{mtr% ofbnlge

bmlrmt% Dtmqc {gtfcr% gcb mqcft mi r`f 62 Rtgbnrnmc|

Ageeft~ mvr|nbf @gcmn% r`f mce~ ageeft~ nc Ynfrcgoimlv|nca mc r`f lvervtf| mi r`f lmvcrt~„| 62 fr`cnl

atmv{|# Bt# Tg{m{mtr omyfb rm Ynfrcgo qnr` n|

igone~ nc 4;;7# Dfrqffc 4;;7 gcb 4;;6 `f gog||fb

g egtaf lmeeflrnmc mi ogrftnge lvervtf gcb gtr itmo

Ynfrcgo% qnr` gc fo{`g|n| mc r`f atmv{| tf|nbnca

nc r`f omvcrgnc| cmtr` mi @gcmn gcb r`m|f nc r`f

Lfcrtge @naègcb| gtfg# R`f Ynfrcgo Ov|fvo

mi Fr`cmema~ nc @gcmn omvcrfb gc fp`ndnr mi |mof

4<; mi Tg{m{mtr„| mdhflr| nc 4;;4% nr| int|r/fyft

fp`ndnrnmc bfymrfb rm gc ncbnynbvge lmeeflrnmc#

Bt# Tg{m{mtr„| ncrftf|r nc ncbnafcmv| Ynfrcgof|f

ogrftnge lvervtf glrvgee~ dfagc bflgbf| fgtenft%

`mqfyft% q`fc `f qg| g 2r` ~fgt ofbnlge |rvbfcr#

Nc 7>9>% `f yn|nrfb Ynfrcgo imt rqm omcr`| g| g

ymevcrfft ofbnlge qmtjft# Ger`mva` om|r mi `n| qmtj

qg| nc r`f `m|{nrge imt Ynfrcgof|f lnynengc| nc

Bgcgca% Bt# Tg{m{mtr ge|m bnb |mof qmtj nc r`f

yneegaf| mi r`f fr`cnl oncmtnrnf| nc Wvgca Cgo gcb

Wvgca Cagn {tmynclf|# Gr r`n| rnof% `f glwvntfb gc

ncrftf|r nc r`f ogrftnge lvervtf-gtr mi r`m|f atmv{|%

gcb nr qg| bvtnca r`n| rtn{ r`gr `f ogbf `n| lmeeflrnmc

mi 71 Hgtgn ivcftgt~ |rgrvf|% q`nl` qftf bmcgrfb

rm r`f @giifctfiift nc 4;;0#

R`f Hgtgn gtf itmo r`f Lfcrtge @naègcb| mi Ynfrcgo#

R`f~ gtf mcf mi r`f om|r {m{vemv| ncbnafcmv|

atmv{| nc r`f lmvcrt~% cvodftnca tmvaè~ <4;%;;;#

Rtgbnrnmcgee~% r`f Hgtgn enyf nc |ogee lmoovcnrnf|

mi 6; rm 6;;# R`f|f yneegaf| gtf egnb mvr nc g |wvgtf%

qnr` |ncaef mllv{gcl~ bqfeenca| gcb lmoovcge

emca`mv|f| gttgcafb gtmvcb g yneegaf lfcrft# Enjf

om|r mi Ynfrcgo„| ncbnafcmv| atmv{|% r`f Hgtgn

gtf g ogrtnencfge |mlnfr~% qnr` qmofc {tm{m|nca

ogttngaf% gcb igone~ cgof| {g||fb itmo omr`ft

rm l`neb# R`f~ ge|m {eglf g |rtmca fo{`g|n| mc

lmoovcnr~ enif gcb `gyf lmo{efp gcnon|rnl |{ntnrvgedfenfi| gcb dvtnge tnrf|#

R`f Hgtgn dfenfyf r`gr `vogc| `gyf g |mve (ocagr .

gcb imeemqnca bfgr` r`f |mve dflmof| |{ntnr (grgv .#

R`f~ dvt~ r`fnt bfgb nc g lmoovcge atgyf `mv|f%

gcb qmmbfc |rgrvf|% inpfb grm{ ifclf {m|r| gtf

lgtyfb rm {tmrflr r`f |mve| mi r`f bflfg|fb# Ivcftge|

gtf imeemqfb d~ g {tmemcafb {ftnmb mi omvtcnca#

Fgl` bg~% dftfgyfb tfegrnyf| yn|nr r`f rmod| rm rnb~

r`f atgyf% efgyf immb imt r`f bflfg|fb% gcb fp{tf||

emyf gcb giiflrnmc rmqgtb r`fo# Q`fc r`f atgyf

`mv|f n| ivee% mirfc girft ogc~ ~fgt|% g atgyf gdgc/

bmcnca lftfomc~ ([mr`n . n| `feb geemqnca dmr` r`f

enynca gcb r`f bfgb rm omyf mc# Mc r`f bg~ mi r`f

lftfomc~% igone~ ofodft| agr`ft gr r`f atgyf mv|f

gcb dtnca miiftnca| mi immb# Yneegaft| |nca |mca|%

bgclf gcb fchm~ r`f immb gcb btncj| rgjfc itmo r`f

gergt nc r`f dfenfi r`gr r`f bflfg|fb tfrvtc| rm hmnc

r`f ifg|r qnr` r`fo# Girft r`f lftfomc~% r`f rmod

n| gdgcbmcfb gcb r`f |{ntnr n| tfefg|fb rm hmnc r`f

―yneegaf mi |{ntnr|‟ mt ―|vc|fr qmteb‟ ({eg~ grgv .

mi r`f gclf|rmt|# Tfegrnyf| gtf r`fc itff rm lvr r`fnt

rnf| itmo r`f bflfg|fb# G| rnof {g||f| r`f atgyf

`mv|f gcb |rgrvf| atgbvgee~ gcb |nefcre~ dnmbfatgbf#

R`f yneegaft| r`fc lmc|rtvlr g cfq atgyf `mv|f%

gcb r`f l~lef dfanc| gcfq#

\rvb~nca r`f|f |rgrvf| geemq| tf|fgtl`ft| rm bmlv/

ofcr lvervtge l`gcaf# Cmqgbg~|% imt fpgo{ef% mcf

ona`r |ff |rgrvf| r`gr tfieflr lmcrfo{mtgt~ enif “ gc

Goftnlgc |mebnft% g Qf|rftc qmogc% mt g immrdgee

{eg~ft “ tfiftfclf| rm r`f ncievfclf mi ombftc enif#

Gemca qnr` `mcmtnca r`f Hgtgn„| vcnwvf gf|r`frnl

gl`nfyfofcr% md|ftynca gcb vcbft|rgcbnca l`gcanca

|r~ef| mi lgtynca gcb r`f bniiftfcr grrtndvrf| mi ncbn/ynbvge inavtf|% r`f|f |lve{rvtf| ge|m |`mq v| `mq

r`f Hgtgn fcagaf qnr` rmbg~„| tg{nbe~ l`gcanca qmteb#

Ynfrcgonc r`f TmljFone~ \rmjf|/Tff|

LMEEFLRNMC\ \[MRENA@R

R`f Tmljfifeeft Endtgt~ lg|f lmcrgnc| rqm Hgtgn inavtf|# R`fomvtcnca inavtf% fedmq| mc jcff| gcb iglf `feb nc `gcb|% n| |gnbrm df g qff{nca qnbmq mt qnbmqft# R`f ifogef inavtf n| dfenfyfbrm tf{tf|fcr r`f l~lef mi enif# Mr`ft |rgrvf| bf{nlr {tfacgcr qmofc%lm{vegrnca lmv{ef|% gcb bgne~ glrnynrnf| nc r`f qmteb mi r`f enyncarm q`nl` r`f bfgb lmcrtndvrf g| gclf|rmt|#



\mof gbbnrnmc| rm r`f lmeeflrnmc| gtf {egccfb% mr`ft|

|ftfcbn{nrmv|# R`n| |{tnca% Dtmqc„| {tmym|r% Bgynb

Jftrxft% g|jfb of rm ncyf|rnagrf g atmv{ mi gdmtnancge

Rgnqgcf|f lgtynca| `feb d~ foftnrv| {tmif||mt mi

Fg|r G|ngc \rvbnf|% Hgof| Qtfcc# R`f {nflf|% rqfeyf

dfgvrnivee~ lgtyfb gtl`nrflrvtge {gcfe| gcb mcf

{gncrfb lftfomcnge {gbbef% qftf mtnancgee~ lmeeflrfb

d~ Hgof| E# \`feef~% g encavn|rnl gcr`tm{meman|r q`m

qmtjfb nc r`f `na`egcb| mi Rgnqgc tflmtbnca r`f

[gnqgc gcb Tvjgn egcavgaf| nc r`f egrf 7>9;| gcb

fgte~ 7>1;|#R`f gtl`nrflrvtge {gcfe|% q`nl` mclf atglfb r`f

omvcrgnc `mof| mi [gnqgc mt Tvjgn cmdef|% lmcyf~

yn|vge of||gaf| gdmvr r`f gclf|rt~% {tmqf||%

gcb tnrvge tmef| mi r`fnt mqcft|# R`f {gbbef qmveb

mclf `gyf {tm{feefb g dmgr mi r`f ^gon% q`m imeemq

g ogtnrnof enifqg~ mc Mtl`nb N|egcb% |mvr`fg|r

mi Rgnqgc# R`f|f |rtnjnca gtrn|rnl rtgbnrnmc| gtf

{mmte~ tf{tf|fcrfb nc Cmtr` Goftnlgc ov|fvo|

gcb r`n| lmeeflrnmc% {tf|fcre~ mc emgc rm r`f

@giifctfiift% qnee ogjf Dtmqc„| lmeeflrnmc gomca

r`f lmvcrt~„| incf|r#

Rmbg~% Rgnqgc!| ncbnafcmv| fr`cnl atmv{|% enjf mr`ft|

gtmvcb r`f qmteb% |ffj tflmacnrnmc imt r`fnt lvervtge

nbfcrnrnf|% |fei/tvef% mt fwvge tf{tf|fcrgrnmc qnr`nc

g bmoncgcr |mlnfr~ mi bniiftfcr fr`cnl mtnanc#

Gtr% rmbg~ g| nc r`f {g|r% n| lfcrtge rm r`f|f atmv{|„

nbfcrnr~# L`tn|r~ BfEgnt% g atgbvgrf |rvbfcr nc

Dtmqc!| gcr`tm{mema~ bf{gtrofcr% n| lvttfcre~

lmcbvlrnca infeb tf|fgtl` gomca Rgnqgc!| gdmtnancge

lmoovcnrnf|# Fp{emtnca r`f tmef mi `gcbnltgir|

{tmbvlrnmc nc gtrn|rnl tfynyge| gomca r`f|f lmoov/

cnrnf| gcb nc r`fnt flmcmo~% |`f n| ge|m lmc|nbftnca

r`f tmef mi r`f gtr| nc cfamrngrnca lmoovcnr~ nbfcrnrnf|

gcb l`gcanca {ftlf{rnmc| mi q`gr nr ofgc| rm

df ncbnafcmv|% gcb q`gr nr ofgc| rm df Rgnqgcf|f#

Cfpr igee% bvtnca Dtmqc!| ―^fgt mi L`ncg%‟ qf qneefp{emtf r`f|f n||vf| / mi ncbnafcfnr~% r`f gtr|%

gcb lvervtf “ nc gc fp`ndnrnmc ifgrvtnca fefofcr|

itmo r`f \`feef~ lmeeflrnmc g| qfee g| mdhflr|

lmeeflrfb nc r`f infeb r`n| |vooft d~ atgbvgrf

|rvbfcr L`tn|r~ BfEgnt% q`m|f lmeeflrnca qnee df

|{mc|mtfb d~ r`f ov|fvo#

Cfq Lmeeflrnca8Gtrniglr| itmo RgnqgcJfync \onr`

O~ qmtj gr r`f ov|fvo `g| nclevbfb

ogc~ g|{flr| mi lmeeflrnmc|

ogcgafofcr# N `gyf g||n|rfb qnr`

lmeeflrnca% gllf||nmcnca gcb

lgrgemanca% |{fgt`fgbfb r`f nclmt{m/

tgrnmc mi bnanrge nogaf| ncrm mvt

ov|fvo bgrgdg|f% gcb lefgcfb gc

g|rmcn|`nca gttg~ mi gtrniglr|# N ge|m

`fe{fb lmc|rtvlr fp`ndnr| gcb

qmtjfb mc r`f gtl`nyge {tf|ftygrnmc

mi bmcmt {g{ft|# R`f ef||mc| efgtcfb

itmo r`f|f bniiftfcr tmef| `gyf

|v{{efofcrfb o~ |rvb~ mi `n|rmt~#

Nr„| ge|m anyfc of g dfrrft vcbft/

|rgcbnca mi r`f qmteb% gcb r`f ogrf/

tnge| r`gr qf v|f rm bfincf mvt|feyf|#

Mc o~ int|r bg~% rgjnca g rmvt mi

r`f ov|fvo% N imvcb o~|fei nc gqf

mi r`f yg|rcf|| mi r`f lmeeflrnmc|

gcb r`f {m||ndnenrnf| r`gr r`f~ `feb

imt tf|fgtl`ft|# R`f ov|fvo

`gb hv|r lem|fb rm r`f {vdenl% gcb N

`gb r`f {efg|vtf mi {gtrnln{grnca ncr`f ov|fvo„| tfncyfcrnmc# Tfieflrnca

mc r`f rqm ~fgt| mi o~ ncrftc|`n{%

N tfgenxf `mq no{mtrgcr r`f ov|fvo

`g| dflmof nc o~ enif# Gr r`f

ov|fvo% N„yf qmtjfb qnr` |mof

mi r`f om|r |nacninlgcr {fm{ef nc

o~ fbvlgrnmc# R`f ov|fvo g|

lmcrncvfb rm lg{rvtf o~ nogancgrnmc

gcb `g| nc|{ntfb of rm {vt|vf g

lgtfft nc r`f ov|fvo lmoovcnr~#

Cgr`gc Gtcbr tflfnyf| `n| OG nc

@n|rmt~ itmo r`f Vcnyft|nr~ mi T`mbf

N|egcb r`n| |{tnca#

NCRFTC TFIEFLRNMC\

Cgr`gc Gtcbr



79

Myft r`f |vooft% qf qnee nc|rgee LvervtfEgd%

mvt cfq |rvb~ lfcrft nc Ogccnca @gee# Nr qnee nclevbf

m{fc |rmtgaf mi gtrniglr| |`mqnca r`f tgcaf mi

r`f lmeeflrnmc| g| qfee g| gtrniglr| tfwvf|rfb d~

{tmif||mt| imt r`fnt leg||f|# R`ftf qnee ge|m df rmme|

imt fpgoncnca r`fo gcb imt |`gtnca ncimtogrnmc#

G bfbnlgrfb atmv{ mi |rvbfcr ncrft{tfrft| qnee df

r`ftf rm fe{ ogjf r`n| ncrftglrnyf nc r`f df|r qg~#

<16r` Gccnyft|gt~mi r`f Imvcbnca mi [tmynbfclfNc {gtrcft|`n{ qnr` r`f T`mbf N|egcb @n|rmtnlge

\mlnfr~% gcb g| {gtr mi r`f [tmynbfclf <16 lfefdtg/

rnmc% qf„ee m{fc ―Lv|rmof|% Ogccft|% gcb Qmt/

|`n{|‟ “ T`mbf N|egcb Dfanc| # Lmof |ff |mof mi r`f

tgtf |vtynynca gtrniglr| itmo Cgrnyf Goftnlgc|

gcb r`f Fcaen|` |frreft| mi r`f 71r` gcb fgte~ 70r`

lfcrvt~8 rmme|% gtr% lemr`nca% gcb dmmj|# Tmaft

Qneengo|„ bnlrnmcgt~ mi r`f Cgttgagc|frr egcavgaf

`fe{| v| vcbft|rgcb r`fnt ofgcnca gcb v|f% gcb

{tmynbf| g aeno{|f ncrm r`f enyf| gcb qmtebynfq|mi r`f|f yft~ bniiftfcr lvervtf|#

^fgt mi L`ncgCfpr ~fgt Dtmqc qnee `m|r r`f ^fgt mi L`ncg%

fp{emtnca r`f tnl` lvervtf% flmcmo~% gcb {menrnl|

mi Atfgrft L`ncg# R`f @giifctfiift Ov|fvo n|

bfena`rfb rm {gtrnln{grf# Nc r`f igee qf„ee {tf|fcr cfq

lmeeflrnmc| mi ogrftnge itmo r`f ncbnafcmv| {fm{ef|

mi Rgnqgc% gtl`nrflrvtge fefofcr| ogbf d~ r f

[gnqgc lmoovcnr~ g| qfee g| cfq ogrftngelmeeflrfb

d~ atgbvgrf |rvbfcr L`tn|r~ BfEgnt g| {gtr mi `ftinfebqmtj# Gcb nc r`f |{tnca% emmj imt gc fp`ndnrnmc

mi mvt Rgmn|r {gncrnca|% ogrl`fb qnr` gc fp`ndnrnmc

gr r`f TN\B Ov|fvo mi Rgmn|r tmdf|#

Fe Gcgr|vnImt r`f eg|r lfcrvt~ rtgbnrnmcge Gitnlgc gtr `g|

|`g{fb r`f qmtj mi lmcrfo{mtgt~ gtrn|r|# Rmbg~%

lmcrfo{mtgt~ Gitnlgc gtrn|r| ltfgrf qmtj r`gr

btgq| mc Gitnlgc g| qfee g| Qf|rftc rtgbnrnmc|# Fe

Gcgr|vn% g A`gcgngc |lve{rmt q`m n| {ft`g{| r`f

df|r/jcmqc Gitnlgc gtrn|r rmbg~% qnee yn|nr Dtmqc imt

g rqm/qffj tf|nbfcl~# R`f Lm`fc Ageeft~ nc r`f cfq

Atgcmii Lfcrft imt r`f Ltfgrnyf Gtr| qnee `m|r gc

fp`ndnrnmc mi `n| qmtj% gcb r`f gtrn|r qnee qmtj qnr`

Dtmqc |rvbfcr| gcb lmoovcnr~ ofodft| rm ltfgrf

g cfq {nflf mi gtr imt bn|{eg~ nc (mt mvr|nbf mi'.

Ogccnca# Fe Gcgr|vn qnee ge|m |feflr gtrniglr| itmo

r`f lmeeflrnmc| imt fp`ndnr# Mvt r`gcj| rm r`f Ltfgrnyf

Gtr| Lmvclne gcb r`f Bf{gtrofcr mi Gitnlgcg

\rvbnf| imt r`fnt |v{{mtr#

om|re~ nogaf| \{ncbfc v|fb nc eflrvtf| mt {tf|fcrg/

rnmc|# R`f~ nclevbf lm{nf| mi |mof mi r`f nogaf|

nc r`f gtl`nyf mi {tncr|: mr`ft {`mrmatg{`| r`gr g{{fgt

rm `gyf dffc rgjfc mc r`f |gof fp{fbnrnmc|% dvr

r`gr N dfenfyf gtf cmr nclevbfb nc r`f gtl`nyf: og{|%

rgdef|% gcb neev|rtgrnmc| tf{tmbvlfb itmo dmmj|:

{`mrmatg{`| gcb btgqnca| mi gtrniglr| itmo g qnbf

tgcaf mi lvervtf| ncbnafcmv| rm r`f Goftnlg|:

gcb {`mrmatg{`| itmo r`f \{ncbfc|„ rtgyfe| itmo

r`f Goftnlgc \mvr`qf|r mc |mvr` rm Dtgxne gcb

fyft~q`ftf nc dfrqffc#

\m `mq rm l`mm|f q`gr rm {vden|`= N |feflrfb nogaf|dg|fb mc r`fnt `vogc g| qfee g| r`fnt gtl`gfmemanlge

ncrftf|r# Ogc~ mi r`f|f gtf {`mrmatg{`| mi

gtl`nrflrvtf8 dvnebnca| r~{nlge mi gc gtl`nrflrvtge

|r~ef% q`fr`ft gclnfcr mt Lmemcnge% g| qfee g|

egtaft ynfq| mi |nrf| mt ombftc lnrnf|# N {tfifttfb r`m|f

{nlrvtf| r`gr |`mq {fm{ef g| qfee g| r`nca|# Ogc~

mi r`f|f {`mrmatg{`| gtf mi emlgee~ tfltvnrfb gtl`gf/

memanlge qmtjft| nc @mcbvtg|% Avgrfogeg% mt ^vlgrgc%

r`f int|r afcftgrnmc rm {e~ g ltgir r`gr `g| nc ogc~

lg|f| dffc {g||fb bmqc itmo {gtfcr| rm l`nebtfc#

R`ftf gtf ge|m gdmvr g bmxfc |`mr| mi Fenxgdfr`%

[tmi# \{ncbfc„| qnif% {m|nca d~% qgejnca gomca%

mt `fe{nca rm tf|rmtf tvncfb dvnebnca|# R`f|f {`mrm/

atg{`| miift g rmvl`nca aeno{|f mi r`f lmv{ef„| iffe/

nca| rmqgtb mcf gcmr`ft# Mcf {`mrmatg{` mi Ot|#

\{ncbfc n| egdfefb ―Eg Ovl`gl`g#‟ G cmrf mc r`f dgljmi g {`mrmatg{` mi g l`vtl` nc Ofpnlm tfyfge|

g ammb/cgrvtfb bn|{vrf gdmvr nr| nbfcrnr~8 ―Fenxgdfr`

|g~|% Oftlgbm# N |g~% \gc \fdg|rngc#‟ N `gyf cmr dffc

gdef rm tf|meyf r`f wvf|rnmc mcf qg~ mt r`f mr`ft#

Cfpr ~fgt'Ov|fvo| cffb rm {egc g`fgb “ dvr g vcnyft|nr~ ov|fvo cffb| rm df iefpndef% rmm# @ftf gtf

|mof mi r`f fp`ndnrnmc| rm emmj imtqgtb rm cfpr ~fgt# Dvr r`ftf qnee df omtf% g| qf efgtc omtf

gdmvr q`gr qnee df v|five rm iglver~ gcb |rvbfcr|# Qf„yf efir tmmo imt ~mv# Rfee v| q`gr gtrniglr|

~mv qmveb enjf rm |ff mc bn|{eg~% q`gr fp`ndnr| ~mvt leg|| qmveb enjf rm {tmbvlf% q`gr |rmtnf|

mi qmteb lvervtf qf ona`r rfee#

\{ncbfc% lmcr„b itmo {#74



Itnfcb| Dmgtb Hfiitf~ \l`tflj[tf|nbfcr

\v|gc @gtb~Ynlf [tf|nbfcr

Bngcg Hm`c|mcRtfg|vtft

@fct~ \l`qgtx\fltfrgt~

[frft Geefc

Fbnr` Gcbtfq|

Ancg Dmttmofm

Jtn|rncf O# Dmy~

Dmeghn Lgo{dfee

Tmdftr Foefc

Bgynb @giifctfiift

Tvbmei I# @giifctfiift

Dgtdgtg @gne

Genlf @mv|rmc

Fenxgdfr` Hm`c|mc

Bgynb Jftrxft[tmym|r

Lgr`ftncf EvrxL`gnt% Bf{gtrofcr mi Gcr`tm{mema~

Lg||gcbtg Of|nlj

\~eyng Omvdg~fb

Ogtngccf Tvaanftm

Emtfc \{fgt|

[grtnlng Y# \~omcb|

\rfyfc Evdgtfp miinlnm

Jfync [# \onr`fp miinlnm

Ov|fvo \rgii Bmvaeg| Gcbft|mcBntflrmt% Lntlvo{megt Egd

Cgr`gc GtcbrLmeeflrnmc| Ncrftc

Gcr`mc~ DfexOgccnca @gee Atffrft

Hv|rncf Demvcr\rvbfcr Ofbng \{flngen|r

Fone~ Dt~gcrLmeeflrnmc| Ncrftc

Cnl`meg| Lgtrft[tmlrmt

Cgr`gcnge LtmljfrrLmeeflrnmc| Ncrftc

Lgtme BvrrmcMiinlf Ogcgaft

R`nftt~ Afcrn|G||mlngrf Lvtgrmt

Tn{ Aftt~Fp`ndnr| [tf{gtgrmt-\rmtgaf Ogcgaft-[`mrm Gtl`nyn|r

Dgtdgtg G# @gne

Tf|fgtl` G||ml#-Lvtgrmt Foftnrg

Aftge~c @miiogcLvtgrmt mi [tmatgo| gcb Fbvlgrnmc

\rfyfc EvdgtBntflrmt

Ogtegncg OgtrncFbvlgrnmc Ncrftc

Jgr`~ \neyngMvrtfgl` Lmmtbncgrmt

Jfync [# \onr`Bf{vr~ Bntflrmt ) L`nfi Lvtgrmt

Onl`fef @g~fvt \onr`Ov|fvo Tf|fgtl` G||mlngrf

Fone~ \rmjf|/Tff|[m|rbmlrmtge Ifeemqnc Ov|fvo Gcr`tm{mema~

Hf||nlg VcaftFbvlgrnmc Ncrftc

L`tn|rm{`ft QmeiiOv|fvo Tf|fgtl` G||mlngrf

Dglj lmyft8 Rm{ efir8 Lvtgrmt Lg||gcbtg Of|nlj efgb| rmvt mi Tfnogancnca r`f Goftnlg| : dmrrmo efir8 $Dgqmc \gobn$ d~ \govfe% itmo Tfitgonca @gnrn :rm{ lfcrft8 cfq dgccft gr Ogccnca @gee: dmrrmo lfcrft8 ntmc |ofernca gr Dtn|rme: rm{ tna`r8 \gerft lmeeflrnmc mi [ftvyngc lftgonl|% qnr` |rvbfcr cmrf|:dmrrmo tna`r8 |rvbfcr gbyn|mt~ dmgtb ofodft| qnr` r`fnt Hg{gcf|f L`nebtfc!| Bg~ fp`ndnr



@giifctfiift Ov|fvo mi Gcr`tm{mema~Dtmqc Vcnyft|nr~[#M# Dmp 7>96[tmynbfclf% TN ;4>74

dtmqc#fbv-@giifctfiift

Cmc/[tminrMtagcnxgrnmcV\ [m|rgaf[GNB[ftonr Cm# 4;4[tmynbfclf% TN

2011 contexts - annual report of the haffenreffer museum of anthropology

Documents