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Anatomy & Physiology:*Cytology

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Body Basic Structural Levels

Cell: basic unit of all living things.

Tissue: Groups of similar cells joined together

to perform a particular function.

Organ: are structure composed of two ormore different tissues and together will

perform a specific function. E.g. Heart.

System: Group of bodily organs acting togetherto perform one or more functions. E.g.

Digestive system.


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Cells Cellsthe basic unit of all living things. From

bacteria to plants to animals to human beings

Without cells, life does not exist

The cell is responsible for carrying on all lifeprocesses

There are trillions of cells in the human body, andthey vary widely in size, shape and purpose


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Basic construction of the cell

The cells of all living things are composed ofa substance calledprotoplasm.

Protoplasm is a colourless, jellylike

substance in which food elements such asproteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral saltsand water are present. You can visualize the protoplasm ofthe cell like the white of a raw egg.

Nucleus the dense, active protoplasm foundin the centre of the cell. It is responsible forcell reproduction and metabolism. You canvisualize the nucleus as the yolk of a raw egg.


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Cytoplasm is all the protoplasm of a cellexcept for the nucleus. It is made up of

the watery fluid that contains foodmaterial necessary for growthreproduction, and self repair of the cell

Cell Membrane encloses theprotoplasm and permits solublesubstances to enter and leave the cell.


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Mitosis

Cells have the ability to reproduce, thus providing newcells for the growth and replacement of worn or injuredones.

Most cells reproduce by dividing into two identical cells

called daughter cells.

The ideal conditions for the cell to grow and reproduceinclude an adequate supply of food, oxygen, and water;

suitable temperatures; and the ability to eliminate wasteproducts.

Unfavourable conditions with toxins (poison) anddisease will impair and destroy the cell


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Stages of Mitosis

Consisting of the following stages:

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase


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MITOSIS


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Cell metabolism

Metabolism is a chemical process thattakes place in living organisms, whereby

the cells are nourished and carry out

their activities.

Metabolism has two phases, anabolism

and catabolism which are carried outsimultaneously and continually within the

cells.


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Anabolism Catabolism

This is the phase ofmetabolism in whichcomplex compounds withinthe cells are broken downinto smaller ones.

This process releasesenergy that is stored byspecial molecules to used

in muscle contractions,body secretions or heatproduct

It is the constructivemetabolism, the process of

building up larger molecules

from smaller ones.

During this process, the

body stores water, food and

oxygen for the time when

these substances will be

needed for cell growth and

repair


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Tissues

Tissue is a collection of similar cells thatperform a particular function.

There are four main types of bodytissues:

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Muscular Tissue

Nervous Tissue


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Connective Tissue

Supports, Protects and binds together

other tissues of the body

E.g. bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons,

fascia (band or fiber which separates

muscles), elastin and collagen fiber, fat or

adipose tissue, blood and lymph.


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Epithelial Tissue

Protective covering on body surfaces

E.g. skin, mucous membranes and the

lining of the heart, digestive andrespiratory organs, and glands.


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Muscular Tissue

Designed to produce movement

Three main type of muscle tissues:

Cardiac - heart

Skeletalmuscles of the arms and legs

Smooth (visceral)walls of food canal


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Nerve Tissue

Carries messages to and from the brainand controls and coordinates all bodily

functions.

Nerve tissue is composed of special cells

known as neurons, which make up the

nerves, brain, and spinal cord.


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Organs

Organs are groups of tissues designed toperform a specific function. Some of themost important organs of the body are:

Brain: controls of the body Eyes: control vision Heart: circulates the blood Kidneys: excrete water and waste products Lungs: supply oxygen to the blood Liver: removes toxic products of digestion Skin: forms external protective covering of

the body Stomach and intestines: digest food


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BODY SYSTEMS

The human body is composed of 11 major systems:1. Skeletal system2. Muscular system3. Nervous system4. Circulatory system (cardiovascular &

lymphatic)5. Digestive system6. Endocrine system7. Urinary system8. Integumentary system9. Reproductive system10. Respiratory system11. Lymphatic system

Body systems are groups of bodily organs acting together to

perform one or more functions.


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References

Miladys Standard Fundamentals forEstheticians

Learners guide WRBCS408A Apply

knowledge of anatomy and physiology tobeauty therapy

MarynezAnne Marie/anatomy &

physiology Structure and function of human body 5th

editionMemmler Cohen Wood


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