14Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s

Robert Gordon Menzies

became the prime

Minister of Australia

on 10 December 1949.

The nation was still

recovering from World

War II and looked to a

decade ahead that would

bring renewed growth

and security.

In 1950, Australia was

at the beginning of great

change. The revolution

in technology would

transform the homes

we lived in, the way we

worked, how we spent

our leisure time and what

we understood of the

world beyond our shores.

older generations of

Australians could not

have dreamt of the

change that was to come.

I N Q u I R Y Q u e S T I o N S

What were the major social ✚

and cultural features of the

post-war decade?

A photograph of popular performer Lonnie

Lee on the ABc's Six O'Clock Rock in 1959

Retroactive 2424

The 1950s � the Australian dream14.1

Rebuilding post-war AustraliaWhen war ended in 1945, Australia entered the period known as reconstruction. More

than half a million Australians had to return to a civilian way of life. They needed a

government that could provide:

employment and economic growth � after the rationing and hardships of the war •

years Australians wanted jobs created through growth in primary production and

manufacturing

affordable housing � the �• baby boom� families of the post-war period combined with

a successful and large-scale immigration program to create an acute housing shortage

national security � after World War II Australians felt vulnerable to future attack, •

especially given the population was just over seven million.

After the horror of World

War II, people wanted a

return to normality and to

look forward to the chance

of prosperity. In 1949 Robert

Menzies was elected Prime

Minister of Australia in a

landslide victory. He was the

leader of the newly formed

Liberal Party, a position he

held for the next 16 years.

Menzies promised to

end wartime restrictions

and to provide a boost to

the Australian economy.

When Menzies came to

power, petrol was still being

rationed and Australians

were trying to deal with a

series of bitter strikes at

the waterfront, the railways

and the coalmines. Coal-

based power met most of the

world�s energy needs, so the

strikes meant constant power

blackouts.

The �lucky country�Despite the massive social change, the image of the 1950s is of a conservative era.

Churches and local clubs played an important role in the social life of a community.

The population was increasing through immigration but the government also

encouraged women to have large families. The 1950s in particular produced the baby

boomer generation. The focus on child-rearing strengthened the idea that a woman�s

role was with the home and family while men were the breadwinners who went out

to work. Newspapers and women�s magazines emphasised the virtues of motherhood

and idealised the vision of family life. The sex roles were reinforced through

advertisements that depicted women cooking, working in the home and caring for

their babies. Divorce was dif� cult: in 1950 there were over 75 000 marriages compared

with only 7428 divorces. The prosperity of the 1950s led to a belief that Australia was

the �lucky country�.

primary production: an

industry which involves

growing, mining or

producing natural resources

baby boom: period between

1946 and 1960 when

large numbers of babies

were born as a result of

the end of war

SouR ce 14.1

Photograph of Prime Minister Menzies and the young Queen Elizabeth II

during the 1954 Royal Tour of Australia

SouR ce QueSTIoN

Explain why the royal visit of 1954 was so

important to Australians and what you think the

Queen represented to 1950s Australia.

conservative: unwilling

to accept change

chApTeR 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 425

It is your own fault if you’re still single at 28!

An Essendon woman of 28 has written me a letter asking for some words of advice to women

like herself, who, having reached an age when the prospect of marriage is diminishing, give

themselves up to a feeling of defeat.

She says . . . ‘I regard myself as average, so there must be many like me facing the life of

an unmarried woman.

‘What is wrong with us? Do we lack what it takes to get a husband? Many of us are reason-

ably attractive to look at, though we vary just as much as those who marry.

‘We all long for a home of our own, a husband, and children — even though we often pre-

tend that our freedom is valuable to us and we are single by preference.

‘Until I was 24 I did not worry over boys. I had other interests. I belonged to a church group

and met quite a number of boys there. I can cook, sew, keep house . . .’

Married women teachers are asking for redress against the Act of Parliament that refuses them

permanent standing . . .

This attitude to employment is completely outdated. It stems from a time when women

were still a novelty in the professions, and men were uneasy about competition from them.

Married women in particular, since it was assumed they were supported by their husbands,

and had family duties, were regarded as having little or no right to be wage earners at all.

But since those days there has been a complete social revolution. Women’s competence in

all walks of life has been accepted. It is taken for granted that young women have the right to

work for a few years after marriage, so as to help their husbands establish them according to

costly modern standards. It is accepted too that older women whose children are past child-

hood have a right to return to work rather than lead increasingly futile lives in suburban homes

. . . to accept the services of married women while at the same time penalising them for their

married status is neither logical nor just . . .

SouR ce QueSTIoNS

1 Explain the opinions expressed in sources 14.2 and 14.3.

2 Write a letter to the editor of the Age supporting the newspaper�s stand against discrimination and arguing against the attitude towards women as expressed in source 14.2.

Fibro and fridgesMost Australians in the 1950s lived in the spreading suburbs of the major cities. The

�Australian dream� became a brick home on a quarter-acre block of land in suburban

Australia, with a car in the garage. In 1946 the government estimated that nearly

200 000 more homes were required to adequately house existing Australian families.

Government reports also indicated that one dwelling in eight required rebuilding to

reach acceptable construction standards.

The government made cheap war-service home loans available for returned

servicemen, and established a housing commission to encourage and coordinate

housing construction. Under the Labor government, the prices of building materials

had been controlled. In 1949 the new Liberal government removed price controls and

the cost of housing construction doubled over a 12-month period. The only available

accommodation for many Australians was in ex-army camps, tents and temporary

dwellings made from � bro.

Despite the shortages of traditional building materials, such as timber and brick, there

were 57 000 new homes built in 1950. Alternative construction materials were used to

replace expensive timber; concrete was used instead of � oor boards and masonite, a

building material made from compressed wood � bres, was used to line home interiors.

There were also many schemes to construct prefabricated and mass-produced

houses. A series of small but practical and affordable houses, known as the Beaufort

houses, was one of the best designs. An aircraft factory was re� tted and prepared

SouR ce 14.2

Excerpt from �Alan Marshall�s Casebook�,

an article in the Argus

newspaper, 29 August 1951, expressing the

importance of marriage to many young women

SouR ce 14.3

Women faced discrimination in the workplace during the 1950s. This article in the Age, 1 July 1955,

highlights the penalties against married women

who were teachers.

discrimination:

differentiating between

people on the basis of their

sex, age, race or beliefs

� bro: � bro-cement sheeting

� asbestos and cement

that has been compressed

into a board to be used as a

building panel

prefabricated:

manufactured in

standardised parts ready for

construction or assembly

Retroactive 2426

to begin mass production of these steel-framed homes. The government ordered

10 500 homes for erection in Victoria. However, the project was eventually dropped

when the government made the decision to answer the housing shortage by building

high-rise blocks of � ats to accommodate low-income families. A typical block could

house 700 people, with ten � ats to a � oor, 20 storeys high.

The alternative to dense inner-city living was to build in suburbs on the fringes of

cities. Many of these suburbs lacked any planning and failed to provide support facilities

such as shopping centres, public transport or even sewerage.

SouR ce QueSTIoNS

1 Describe what is happening in source 14.4.

2 Explain the insights that the illustration provides into the 1950s suburban experience.

3 How useful is this source for historians examining the post-war reconstruction era?

SouR ce 14.4

This 1951 cover of the

Australian Women�s Weekly is a cartoonist's

interpretation of the

common suburban scene

of the era.

Note the images

the cartoonist has

used to illustrate

the hardship of life

during the building

boom.

A suburb being

built � house next

door completed with

neighbours over the

fence

Note the house is

partway through

construction and

there appears to be a

shortage of materials.

Note how the

cartoonist has

shown the need

to be resourceful

and make do with

whatever materials

were available.

SouR ce 14.5 A description of Australian suburban life in 1952

SouR ce QueSTIoN

Describe the main characteristics of

suburban life identi� ed in source 14.5. Does the

description apply to suburban Australia

today?

The suburb was children playing cricket

against a lamp-post in a hot, narrow street,

or in an asphalt schoolyard . . . or in a broad

park with secret stretches of shrubbery and

with yabbies in the lake. It was women car-

rying bulging baskets in a busy, chatty street

of small shops . . . It was the slap of tennis

rackets after Saturday lunch; a muddy foot-

ball match on the municipal ground watched

by a thin ring of friends; the squeals from a

crowded swimming pool; a brief fi st fi ght

bursting through the doors of a packed bar. It

was the purr of lawn-mowers; the car being

washed in the street with a hose threaded

through the fence; neighbours discussing

the merits of their favourite manures while

applying them to the front fl ower beds;

a short burst of glassy laughter from the

house where they entertained on Sunday

mornings . . .

Robin Boyd, Australia�s Home,

Melbourne, 1952, pp. 4�6.

� ats: a residence composed

of a number of rooms,

usually on one � oor of

a building of at least

two storeys

chApTeR 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 427

SouR ce 14.6 Photograph of a housing project in Carina, a suburb of Brisbane, in 1952. In this view of the new suburb 353 houses were under construction.

SouR ce 14.7 Extract from the Australian Women�s Weekly, 27 April 1955, describing the changes to Australian society that came with the post-war boom

Wages have shot up. Working conditions have been revolutionised. Motor-cars, refrigerators,

and other erstwhile luxuries have become almost necessities. Social services, health benefi ts,

and family endowments have expanded. Savings have increased enormously. Under these con-

ditions, people expect a similar improvement in housing. They are not content with tenements,

shacks and humpies. The national urge is to have a home of one’s own.

Living in luxuryDespite housing shortages, the 1950s

was the decade of full employment

and rising living standards. Modern

electrical appliances such as vacuum

cleaners, toasters, refrigerators and

washing machines became affordable

symbols of post-war af� uence.

The household labour-saving

appliances did provide some release

from heavy domestic work. In 1946

only 13 per cent of Australian homes

could boast that they owned a

refrigerator and 2 per cent a washing

machine. Hire purchase � nance

boomed in the 1950s as people

borrowed money to replace the ice

box with the refrigerator, the copper

with the washing machine and

the eggbeater with the Mixmaster.

Reliable employment convinced

Australians that it was safe to acquire

modern consumer goods through

borrowing � or putting goods on the

�never-never� as it was known. This

was a break from traditional values

and the belief that goods should

never be purchased without having

the �cash in hand�.

SouR ce QueSTIoN

Refer to sources 14.6 and 14.7 as evidence of

the �Australian dream� of the 1950s. Write a short explanation of

how Australia changed during this era.

SouR ce 14.8

The modern kitchen had all the latest in electrical

appliances, such as the �Semak Vitamiser�. The

recipe book included instructions on how to

make the latest in adult party drinks such as the

�Sherry joy maker� and the �Hazy-dazy�.

af� uence: an abundance of

material goods or wealth

hire purchase: a system of

paying for goods in regular

instalments, while having

full use of the goods after

the � rst payment

Retroactive 2428

SouR ce 14.9 During the 1950s, 3000 Victa lawnmowers were being produced every week.

Australia�s own carFor 1950s Australia, the greatest symbol of prosperity was ownership

of a motor car. On 29 November 1948, �Australia�s own car� came off the

production line for the �rst time in Victoria. It was launched and named

the �Holden� by Prime Minister Ben Chi�ey.

The Holden was an Australian-made car, designed by American

engineers. In 1921 E. W. Holden, the heir to a saddlery business in

Adelaide, had begun building motor car bodies. Ten years later, Holden

joined his business with the American �rm General Motors to form

General Motors-Holden Limited.

In 1948 the Holden production rate was only 10 cars per day and

there were only 143 registered motor vehicles for every 1000 people.

By 1951 Holden�s production had reached 100 cars per day, continuing

to increase during the 1950s until General Motors-Holden took half

of Australia�s new vehicle market. By 1960 one in four Australians

owned a motor vehicle and the �family car� was a part of the Australian

way of life. �Australia�s own car� had been an immediate success,

with the millionth Holden coming off the assembly line in 1962. The

development of this motor industry was part of the government�s

ambitious post-war reconstruction plan.

SouR ce 14.10 �Australia�s own car� rolling off the Melbourne factory assembly line in the 1950s

SouR ce QueSTIoN

Explain how the items featured in sources

14.8, 14.9 and 14.10 would have changed

everyday life and made a contribution to the �Australian dream� in

the suburbs.

chApTeR 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 429

TUESDAY, 30 NOVEMBER 1948 Australia’s fi rst Holden motor car was launched by General

Motors-Holden yesterday. More than 1000 guests were present in a fl ower-decorated hall to

witness this important milestone in Australian manufacturing history.

The manufacturing plant means more to Australians than the production of the motor

car. It is symbolic of the considerable expansion of Australia’s industrial capacity during

the immediate post-war years. When war broke out, Australia was unable to manufacture a

single car or aircraft and the country was therefore heavily reliant on our allies to maintain

our defence. Now, with industrial facilities growing every year, Australia’s capacity for self-

defence is greatly improved.

Quoted in Australia Through Time: 126 years of Australian history, Random House, Sydney, 1994.

The spread of the motor car in the 1950s changed the way people lived in Australia.

Australians were now prepared to build homes away from the rail and tram lines

because men could drive to work in their new cars. Fields and orchards made way for

suburban streets of endless brick, timber and � bro houses on their own block of land.

Towards the end of the decade, a handful of new suburban supermarkets were being

built with adjacent carparks. The shopping centre was about to replace the corner store

and the small family-run business.

Technology was transforming Australian community life. The iceman, the woodman

and the � sho were no longer required to pay their regular visits to Australian homes.

Newly sewered toilets were being � ushed in millions of Australian houses, so even the

nightman�s service stopped.

out and aboutAustralians also became more mobile in the

1950s. The car transported the family to the

shops, beach and sporting venues on weekends.

Sur� ng increased in popularity as surfboards

could be attached to roofracks, and a young

generation of surfers drove the coastal roads

in search of the perfect wave. The portable

battery-powered wireless was now being

produced, so listeners could tune in at the

beach or in the car.

By the middle of the 1950s, the Australian

family took to the highway for a holiday, and

could stay in Australia�s � rst motel, located in

Canberra. The � rst drive-in bottle shop opened

in Adelaide and the � rst international-class

hotel opened at Broadbeach in Queensland.

The most popular interstate holiday destination

became Coolangatta on the Queensland Gold

Coast. Australians could now travel by plane to

distant destinations; Trans Australian Airlines

(TAA) and Australian National Airways (ANA)

� ew passengers across the nation, and Qantas

started its around-the-world service in 1958.

Recreation entered the fast lane in the

1950s. Motorcycles became a popular mode

of transport and waterskiing was the popular

new sport with the introduction of motorboats,

towed to the water on a trailer hitched to the

back of the family car.

SouR ce 14.12

The explosion of advertising of American products around the world, as shown in this 1950 Coca-Cola advertisement, demonstrated the power of American culture in the 1950s.

SouR ce 14.11

Report of the launch of Australia�s � rst

mass-produced car

SouR ce QueSTIoN

According to source 14.11, what

was the signi� cance of Australia�s increased

industrial capacity?

Retroactive 2430

SouR ce QueSTIoN

Explain how the growing prosperity of 1950s Australia is expressed in sources 14.12 and 14.13.

Turn on the televisionIn 1950 the family�s evening entertainment was listening to the radio. Dad and Dave and

When a Girl Marries enthralled audiences. Jack Davey was the star of radio with his quiz

show sponsored by Mortein �yspray.

In 1956, �ickering black-and-white television arrived in Australia. The �rst news was

telecast in Sydney on 16 September, just weeks before the Olympic Games were staged

in Melbourne. An American named Chuck Faulkner made history when he read the

news that night on TCN9. Faulkner�s American accent was an indication of the great

cultural change that television and popular culture would bring to Australia in the 1950s.

SouR ce 14.13

The Courier-Mail

promotion for Queensland as a 1950s

holiday destination

chApTeR 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 431

Working historically

/// In your history studies you are learning how to:

(a) identify, comprehend and evaluate a range of sources

(b) identify perspectives of different individuals or groups.

The following �W� questions can help you evaluate a source:

What is the source (for example, a newspaper article) and when was it created?•

Who is the author? (individual or organisation)•

Who is the intended audience?•

Why was the source written? (to inform, persuade, entertain)•

What is the main point the source is making?•

What is the point of view being expressed in the source?•

What, if any, indications are there that the source is biased? (Are there a range of points of •

view that could be expressed on the topic?)

What evidence is there to support or contradict the source?•

What insight into 1950s society does this source provide?•

Read source 14.14 and practise the skills of a historian by seeking answers to the

questions above. Some notes have been included in the source to help you.

SouR ce 14.14 A Sydney Morning Herald article on 15 October 1956 predicts the

cultural and social impact of television.

Nature of source and

indication of audienceDate

Content of source

The introduction of television into Australia will assuredly have a marked infl uence on

the life of the community.

This has been the experience of other countries — the United Kingdom, America and

the Continent — where it has been established in varying forms for many years.

It is manifest that every section of the Australian people will feel the impact of this new

medium; it is an enterprise capable of exercising an infl uence for good or for evil . . .

It is perhaps trite to say that the primary purpose of television is to provide entertain-

ment. In this connection it will embrace live shows as well as fi lms. Much of it will make

an appeal to children at times of day best suited to that end. It will have an attraction for

adolescents and adults. Generally it will provide theatre, panel items and the like. Regard

will — as it should — be had to the principle that entertainment can be popular without

being vulgar. It will afford ample opportunities for the development of Australian talent.

But television is not limited to mere entertainment. It must cater . . . for the more

serious and basic needs of the community . . .

Point of viewMain point of source

Television provided Australians with a diet of American culture. It brought with it a

Hollywood-style publicity machine that made Perry Mason, 77 Sunset Strip and I Love

Lucy the most watched programs in Australia. Twenty-� ve years later, Australians could

still watch Lucille Ball�s I Love Lucy on TCN9 � ve times a week.

Televisions were expensive, so many people watched them through store windows.

Listening to the radio serials gave way to social evenings organised around the viewing

of TV shows in homes with a television.

Television was particularly popular with young Australians, who embraced the

technology and the new cultural in� uences. Television was a powerful medium with

an in� uence far beyond the youth culture. American � lm and television was shaping

our lives.

In January 1957, a licence fee had to be paid by each television owner. Within three years there were over 600 000 licence holders and it was

estimated that over half the homes in Sydney had a television.

Retroactive 2432

A modern artist�s impression of life in Australian suburbs in the 1950s

A subculture of the rebellious teenager emerged in the 1950s. Britain had teddy boys, the United States had greasers and Australia had bodgies (boys) and widgies (girls).

Boys replaced their �short back and sides� haircuts with longer James Dean styled hair or hair slicked back Elvis-style.

Teenagers provided a huge market for fashions, food, games, motorbikes and cars.

Australia�s population grew from 8 million at the start of the decade to 10 million by the end.

Housing developments of brick, timber and �bro houses sprang up in new suburbs on the fringes of cities.

The Hills Hoist rotary clothes line and the Victa lawnmower were new features of Australian backyards.

The modern kitchen featured new electrical appliances, such as vacuum cleaners, toasters, refrigerators, washing machines and Mixmasters.

In 1956, the �rst black and white televisions arrived in Australia. Neighbours often gathered in the homes of families with a television to watch their favourite shows.

Television brought American culture into Australian homes. Perry Mason, 77 Sunset Strip and I Love Lucy were the most watched programs.

The �rst suburban supermarkets sprang up in the late 1950s, with their own carparks.

These one-stop locations could provide all the family�s consumer needs and the small corner stores soon struggled to compete.

chApTeR 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 433

Rock�n�roll hit Australia in the mid 1950s and teenagers loved it, although not all parents approved.

They danced to Bill Haley�s Rock Around the Clock, Elvis Presley�s Hound Dog and Jailhouse Rock , Buddy Holly�s Peggy Sue and, later in the decade, to the music of Australia�s Johnny O�Keefe and Col Joye.

American music, fashions and dances dominated the youth scene. Popular dances were the bop, the swing, the jitterbug and the boogie-woogie.

Young women copied the fashions of Marilyn Monroe with the tight-waisted �aring skirt and tight jumper.

Owning your own car was a symbol of prosperity and an important way of getting around in the new suburbs.

The FJ Holden established its place as �Australia�s favourite car�. A new Holden cost around $2000 in 1953.

America also in�uenced Australia through cinema, with their �lms in brilliant technicolour and with Hollywood-backed promotional campaigns.

By 1952, 74 per cent of the �lms imported into Australia came from the United States.

The 1955 US movie Blackboard Jungle, with its theme of teenage rebellion, introduced Australians to Bill Haley and the Comets� Rock Around the Clock. Bill Haley�s 1957 tour of Australia was a runaway success.

Retroactive 2434

AcTIVITIeS

checK YouR uNDeRSTANDING

1 Make sentences about the 1950s by matching the words in column A with the appropriate end to the sentences in column B.

column A column B

When World War II � nished television came to Australia.

Robert Menzies led to a big shortage of housing.

Ben Chi� ey was a radio star of the 1950s.

Immigration and a baby boom were features of the 1950s backyard.

In November 1948 Australia entered the reconstruction period.

The spread of the motor car were popular building materials in the 1950s.

In 1956 the � rst of �Australia�s own car� was produced.

Jack Davey launched and named the Holden car.

Fibro and masonite changed patterns of living in Australia.

A Victa and a Hills Hoist became Prime Minister after the 1949 election.

2 Australia was described as the �lucky country� in the 1950s. Describe the era and explain why there was such a mood of optimism.

3 Explain why the production of �Australia�s own car� was such an important development.

4 Fill in the gaps:

In 1950, the Australian family was entertained by listening to the . Television arrived in

, just a few weeks before Australia hosted the . With the arrival of television in Australia came the powerful in� uence of culture.

5 Identify some popular television programs watched by Australians in the 1950s. What does this suggest about Australian popular culture of the decade?

uSe SouRceS

6 Imagine you are a historian studying the period of post-war reconstruction in Australia. Select a primary written source from this unit and analyse the source for its usefulness. Use the �W� questions (see page 431) to guide you in your analysis.

ReSeARch AND coMMuNIcATe

7 Design a 1950s advertising campaign to promote one of the following:

the purchase of a new cara

an exciting interstate holiday destinationb

taking up a new sport. c

Look at the fashions, designs and styles of the period so that your advertisement is appropriate to the era.

8 Research the technology of the 1950s. Write an essay on the topic: �In what ways did technology in� uence social change in Australian society?�

9 Hold a class discussion on what you and your classmates believe the role of television is in our modern world.

WoRKSheeT

Worksheet 14.1 A guide to 1950s lifeeBookpluseBookplus

SouR ce 14.15

Even before television transmission began

on 16 September 1956, advertisements for

the sale of televisions were appearing in

newspapers around Australia.

SouR ce QueSTIoN

Explain the impact television had on Australian values and identity.

ChaptER 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 435

Rock�n�rolling into the fifties14.2

SOUR CE 14.16

Photograph of Elvis Presley � a symbol of the rock�n�roll generation

SOUR CE QUEStION

Suggest why Elvis became so popularwith teenageaudiences andremains such anicon of the times.

In the mid 1950s, rock�n�roll hit Australia. This musical style blended black American

rhythm and blues with white country music. Parents were worried by it; teenagers

loved it.

By the 1950s, most air time on the radio was devoted to music. To the listeners, a hit

song had to be American and had to be rock�n�roll.

In 1954 an American singer named Bill Haley recorded a song called Rock

Around the Clock, which went to the top of the American charts and rapidly

became a hit in Britain and Australia. Later, in 1956, a young man called

Elvis Aaron Presley signed with the recording company RCA and gained

international attention through his sensational television appearances, singing

hits like Heartbreak Hotel. In January 1957, Bill Haley toured Australia and

brought rock�n�roll to enthusiastic teenage audiences.

the wild onesMore than any other form of pop music,

rock�n�roll was criticised for encouraging

scandalous behaviour. The rock�n�roll

performers were accused of dressing

obscenely and playing to the crowd in a

sexually suggestive manner. It was as if the

dancing and behaviour that accompanied Bill

Haley and the Comets or Elvis Presley would

turn young Australians into �bodgies and widgies�.

Rebellious teenage boys roaming the streets on

their motorcycles were known as �bodgies�,

and their girls were known as �widgies�.

Their clothes, language and attitudes

offended the older generation, who

saw their rebellion as a sign of juvenile

delinquency. They rode motorbikes and

dressed in tight black pants and bright

shirts at a time when most well-behaved

teenagers were attending Saturday-night

dances supervised by the local church or

community group. The church and the newspapers

warned Australian teenagers about the dangers of

a bodgie lifestyle and of listening to the wild music of

performers like Elvis Presley. He was nicknamed �Elvis the

Pelvis� due to his hip swivel and gyrating dance style. In 1956

television stations would televise Presley only from the waist up, so as

not to offend their adult audiences.

SOUR CE 14.17 The causes of and solutions to juvenile delinquency as discussed in the Bulletin magazine, 4 January 1956

A press campaign has begun in Sydney in favour of the use of the lash on some of the young

thugs who are terrorising the city and suburbs. It might have been more salutary if a little lash

had been doled out to the type of newspapers which have popularised the cults of the bodgie

and the widgie and which prove, by their columns, that the most newsworthy features of daily

life are crime, accident and nakedness. They are largely responsible for the education of the

unstrung generation which has lost its respect for the law.

delinquency: bad behaviour

characterised by lack

of responsibility and

neglect of duty

SOUR CE QUEStIONS

1 Identify the individuals or groups that the Bulletin criticises in source 14.17.

2 Describe the perspective of the Bulletin�s writer.

Retroactive 2436

Johnny O�Keefe and

Col Joye were the local

rock�n�roll idols of

Australian audiences.

Johnny O�Keefe had

been born in Sydney in

1935, the same year as

Elvis Presley. In 1955 and

1956 he was appearing

in local youth halls

around Sydney with a

backing group called the

Dee Jays. Securing the

spot as warm-up band

for Bill Haley�s 1957 tour

took Johnny O�Keefe

from the Saturday night

suburban dance to

being Australia�s biggest

rock�n�roll star. In 1958

Johnny O�Keefe�s �rst

hit record, The Wild One,

gave him the nickname

that identi�ed him for

the rest of his career. It

became the �rst of his

29 top-forty hits, and the

beginning of Australia�s

own rock music industry.

In February 1959

another television

milestone was reached

when Johnny O�Keefe

launched Australia�s �rst

teenage music program,

Six O�Clock Rock. This program brought Australian rock�n�roll artists such as Col Joye,

Johnny Rebb, Dig Richards and Digger Revell to the television screen every Saturday

night.

Fifties films and fashionAustralia had always been interested in American culture, but after the war American

music, dance, television, food, fads and clothes dominated. At a social and cultural

level, America exerted a huge in�uence on Australia through cinema. American �lms

were in brilliant technicolour and advertised in bigger, brighter �lm posters. Film

actors became celebrities whose lives provided an endless �ow of publicity material.

By 1952, 74 per cent of the �lms imported into Australia came from the United States,

and only 18 per cent came from Britain.

Mad scientists and terrifying aliens attacking earth featured in popular science-

�ction movie classics of the �fties. The 1953 production of The Twonky, the story of a

television that came to life and had the ability to hypnotise its human victims, took

�fties sci-� to a new and absurd level but also expressed the public�s fascination with

modern technology. Space travel, atomic warfare, the power of modern science and

the Cold War world provided the raw material for American cinema that used fantasy

to explore the real-life concerns of the decade.

SOUR CE 14.18

Johnny O�Keefe and the Dee Jays, Australia�s

�rst professional rock band, performing at the

Melbourne Town Hall in 1960

A 1959 survey of

Sydney teenagers

reported that 15-year-

olds were watching

television for between

9 and 12 hours a week

� more time than was

spent on any other

recreational activity.

ChaptER 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 437

The �fties was the decade in which

the �teenager� emerged. In the �lm

The Wild One, the movie star Marlon

Brando helped to create a new fashion

with his Levi�s, ripple-soled shoes and

leather motorbike jacket. In the movie

Rebel Without a Cause, James Dean

symbolised a generation of young

people who rejected the conduct and

values of their parents. James Dean�s

brilliant acting career was cut short

when he was killed, aged 24, in a car

crash in 1955.

SOUR CE QUEStIONS

Science-�ction �lms and stories featuring phenomena not accepted by mainstream science, such as aliens and time travellers, became very popular during the 1950s.

1 Describe the content of source 14.19.

2 Suggest what it reveals about popular culture and the fears of people in this post-war world.

SOUR CE QUEStIONS

James Dean and Marlon Brando were 1950s icons of popular culture. They were brooding, handsome and rebellious and immensely attractive to teenage audiences.

1 In small groups discuss the de�nition of popular culture and its effect on society.

2 Research 1950s popular culture and how fashion, music and entertainment were changed. Using the sources as your starting point, gather images that express this changing time.

SOUR CE 14.19

The fascination with science �ction and UFO

(unidenti�ed �ying objects) stories was

evident in the movies and literature of the

1950s. The Fantastic

Universe magazine combined fact and �ction

in the exploration of the �space� theme.

SOUR CE 14.20

A photograph of Marlon Brando, representing

rebellious youth, in the movie The Wild One. As

the bikie leader in his leather jacket he was

dangerous, exciting and an icon of �fties style.

© E

sta

te o

f A

lex S

ch

om

bu

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Retroactive 2438

Despite their rebelliousness,

teenagers were now part of an

af� uent consumer group that

provided a huge market for

manufacturers of clothing, food,

games and cars. �Teddy boys�,

for example, dressed in long

jackets and thick-soled shoes.

Movie stars eventually had

the biggest in� uence on � fties

teenage fashion. When Marilyn

Monroe became the pin-up girl,

the tight-waisted skirt with the

equally tight jumper became the

look. The standard �short back

and sides� haircut for young men

was replaced by longer James

Dean styled hair, or slicked back

with grease in the Elvis Presley

fashion. Modern jazz, record

bars and the cinema went with a

black sweater, chunky costume

jewellery and turned-up pants.

Whether it was the sophisticated

style of Audrey Hepburn or

the sizzling fantasy of Marilyn

Monroe, fashion in the � fties

came from Hollywood.

SOUR CE QUEStION

With reference to source 14.21 and the text,

describe 1950s fashion and how the study of

fashion can provide an insight into the social and cultural features

of the decade.

SOUR CE 14.21

A more casual style of clothing and the

appearance of �sports wear� was a feature

of a more relaxed era, as shown in this 1958

advertisement for Catalina sweaters

aCtIVItIES

ChECK YOUR UNDERStaNDING

1 Write short answers to the following �Who� or �What� questions:

Who was the Wild One?a

Who recorded the song b Rock Around the Clock, and toured Australia in 1957?Who were �bodgies and widgies�?c

What was Australia�s � rst teenage music program?d

Who appeared on television in 1956 and caused a e

sensation with his hip swivels?Who starred in the movie f Rebel Without a Cause?

2 Identify the main characteristics of the �teenagers� that emerged in the 1950s.

3 Discuss the reasons stars like James Dean and Marlon Brando became so in� uential during the 1950s.

4 Describe the changes in fashions that came from the 1950s.

USE SOURCES

5 Watch one of the movies produced in the 1950s and write a review. Identify the features that made movies of this era different from the movies we are accustomed to today. Some of the 1950s classics are listed in the next column.

1950 Harvey; Father of the Bride 1951 The African Queen;

A Streetcar Named Desire 1952 High Noon; Moulin Rouge 1953 Roman Holiday; From Here to Eternity 1954 Three Coins in the Fountain;

Rear Window 1955 East of Eden; Blackboard Jungle 1956 Around the World in 80 Days; A Town Like Alice 1957 Peyton Place; Jailhouse Rock 1958 South Pacifi c; The Defi ant Ones 1959 The Diary of Anne Frank; Ben-Hur

RESEaRCh aND COMMUNICatE

6 Research the life and music of any of the bands or singers of the 1950s. Compare their music with the music of today and decide how far we are still in� uenced by them.

7 Research the movies and magazines of the 1950s and put together a fashion collection incorporating the look and fabrics of the era.

8 Hold a debate on the topic: �That rock�n�roll was a cultural revolution�.

WORKShEEt

Worksheet 14.2 �Top ten� of the � ftieseBookpluseBookplus

ChapTER 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 439

a nation of good sports14.3

The increased prosperity of the 1950s gave Australians more time and money for

sport. Governments and local councils promoted sport through the construction of

new facilities such as community swimming pools and playing � elds. In the 1950s

Jimmy Carruthers retired undefeated as the world bantamweight boxing champion

and John Landy became the second person in the world to break the four-minute

mile. National morale was

boosted through success on

the sporting � eld.

In 1956 the � rst

international sur� ng

carnival was held in

Victoria, at Torquay. The

sur� ng legend Duke

Kahanamoku was the

manager of the team that

came from Hawaii. During

the summer of 1956 the

Hawaiian sur� ng team

moved their competition

from Victoria to the Sydney

beaches of Manly, Collaroy,

Bondi, Maroubra and Avalon.

Thousands of spectators

were inspired by the

Hawaiians demonstrating

their sur� ng skills. Every

surf club on the Australian

coast screened footage from

the 1957 � lm Service in the

Sun, featuring the Hawaiians

on their Malibu boards

at Bondi.

SOUR CE 14.23

A photograph of three surfers with long boards

in 1950

SOUR CE QUESTION

Describe the characteristics of the 1950s beach culture

expressed through sources 14.22 and 14.23,

and the role the beach has played in shaping

our identity.

SOUR CE 14.22

The Australian passion for the beach as

expressed on the front cover of the Australian

Women’s Weekly, 23 January 1952

Retroactive 2440

A teenage beach culture

focused on sur�ng was born.

Bands such as the Atlantics and

the Delltones belted out their

music on Saturday nights at

the town halls and surf clubs

of Australia. Movies, radio and

television spread sur�ng culture

across the continent.

Australian tennis players like

Lew Hoad and Ken Rosewall

dominated the international

competition. From 1952 to 1958,

Australians won the men�s singles

championship at Wimbledon.

The Wimbledon men�s doubles

were won for seven successive

years from 1950 to 1956. Australia

also won the Davis Cup from the

United States on eight occasions

during this great sporting decade.

The Olympic Games and the politics of sportWhen Australia hosted the 1956 Olympic Games, it was the �rst time in history the

games had come to the southern hemisphere. One hundred thousand people went to

the Melbourne Cricket Ground to watch the opening ceremony. Millions more watched

the events of the sixteenth Olympic Games on their new televisions. Channel 9 gained a

world exclusive when they provided live coverage from Melbourne.

SOUR CE QUESTION

Using source 14.25, write the script for a radio bulletin describing the opening ceremony of the 1956 Olympics.

SOUR CE 14.25

Photograph showing the opening day of the 1956 Olympic Games, with Ron Clarke entering the stadium carrying the Olympic torch

SOUR CE 14.24

Photograph of Lew Hoad and Ken

Rosewall, winners of the 1953 Davis Cup at

Kooyong, Victoria

ChapTER 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 441

Sixty-seven nations participated in the sixteenth Olympic Games of the modern era.

The Australian team was made up of 243 men and 44 women. The television coverage

made athletes such as Dawn Fraser and Betty Cuthbert household names and role

models for other young Australians.

Television took us to the rest of the world at a time when there was little international

awareness of Australia. Despite the goodwill generated by the Olympics, 1956 was

still part of the Cold War era (see chapter 6). Ron Clarke, the Australian junior mile

champion, lit the Olympic �ame as a symbol of peaceful competition, but Russia

and the United States competed hard for Olympic supremacy. Earlier in the year the

Russians had invaded Hungary and suppressed an uprising. On 6 December, politics

dominated the Olympics when these two nations faced each other in a water polo game.

Sportsmanship was the casualty and the pool became a battle�eld until the Russians

were �nally booed from the venue and the Swedish referee called the game off,

awarding it to the Hungarians 4�0.

Sportsmanship was not entirely forgotten

in 1956. Some Australian sporting legends

were born in the 1956 Olympic Games:

Dawn Fraser broke the world record in •

the 100 metres freestyle.

Lorraine Crapp, Murray Rose and John •

Hendriks broke records in the pool.

Shirley Strickland won two gold medals •

on the running track.

Eighteen-year-old Betty Cuthbert, •

Australia�s �Golden Girl�, won both the

100 and 200 metres sprints. She won a

third gold medal when she ran the last

leg of the 4 × 100 metres relay.

At the conclusion of the games, the two

Cold War giants headed the medal tally

with Australia coming in third place with

thirteen gold medals.

Sport had popular support in 1950s

Australia, so the Olympic Games were a

highlight of the decade. The selection of

Melbourne as the scene of this event gave

international recognition to Australia�s

achievement on the sporting �eld.

For Queen or countryTo a fanfare of trumpets and a 21-gun salute, the Duke of Edinburgh of�cially opened

the Olympic Games in Melbourne. Although many Australians viewed the United States

as representing the way of the future, they remained inextricably linked to Britain

during the 1950s.

Princess Elizabeth became the Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after

the death of her father, King George VI, in 1952. In 1954 she became the �rst reigning

monarch to ever visit Australia. Thousands of Australians lined the streets to catch

a glimpse of the young Queen and her husband, Prince Philip. The Commonwealth

Government issued a guide on appropriate behaviour and dress for those fortunate

enough to meet the royal couple. The Australian Women�s Weekly editorial suggested the

popularity of the royal tour was due to the genuine admiration Australians had for the

Queen�s goodness. Other commentators suggested that it was the symbolism and history

she represented, and the strength of the Commonwealth of Nations.

SOUR CE 14.26

Photograph of Betty Cuthbert crossing the �nish line and taking the gold medal in the

100 metres at the 1956 Olympics

SOUR CE QUESTION

Explain how the image of Australia�s �Golden Girl� in source 14.26 is in contrast to the

media stereotype of the 1950s woman.

Retroactive 2442

Despite never having been to Britain, many Australians regarded it as �home�

because it stood for the culture and values they had been brought up with. Australians

waved their � ags and threw streamers in outbursts of loyalty to the �mother country�.

Queen Elizabeth�s 1954 visit provided an opportunity to celebrate the values of a more

conservative and secure past. It provided a relief from the tensions of the Cold War

world (see chapter 6). Splendid parades and � uttering Union Jacks reinforced the

bonds of culture and history. Despite the anthems being sung for Queen Elizabeth II,

the new Australian immigration, defence and economic policies inevitably led to a drift

away from Britain during the 1950s. The massive technological changes of the era also

brought powerful cultural in� uences that were shaping a new world and way of life.

More than 2000 people collapsed in the press of dense crowds which gathered outside the

Town Hall last night to see the Queen arrive for the Lord Mayor’s Ball.

At one stage many hundreds of cases were receiving treatment in the basement of the Town

Hall.

Casualties rose alarmingly when the crowd broke through barriers and police cordons.

The worst crush was outside Bebarfalds, where hundreds of people tried to force their way

through the waiting crowds into the railway station.

They refused to stop even when told that the station had been closed.

As people collapsed they were passed out over the heads of onlookers to the road where

they were given fi rst aid by St John Ambulance offi cers . . .

SOUR CE QUESTIONS

1 Consider what the difference is between a royal visit to Australia in 1954 and a visit in the twenty-� rst century. Using sources 14.27 and 14.28 as your evidence, explain how Australia�s relationship with Britain and the monarchy has changed over the last 50 years.

2 Analyse the sources to gain an appreciation of the success of the Queen�s visit and then design an advertisement, aimed at a 1954 audience, to promote the Royal Tour.

SOUR CE 14.27

Photograph of the Queen and the Duke

of Edinburgh in Australia, 1954

SOUR CE 14.28

The February 1954 Sydney Morning Herald

report of crowds waiting to catch a glimpse of the Queen during her

Australian tour

ChapTER 14 | Australia�s social and cultural history: the 1950s 443

SOUR CE 14.29

Cover of a souvenir issue of a boys

magazine, 1954

Children’s Literature Collection, La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria

aCTIVITIES

ChECK YOUR UNDERSTaNDING

1 True or false:The � rst international sur� ng carnival was held in a

1956 in Torquay, Victoria.The � rst time the Olympic Games were held in the b

southern hemisphere was in Melbourne in 1956.The politics of the Cold War were left behind at the c

Melbourne Olympics.Elizabeth II was the � rst reigning monarch to visit d

Australia.Australian immigration, defence and economic e

policies became more closely linked to Great Britain during the 1950s.

2 Write short answers to the following �Who� or �What� questions:

Who were three sporting legends from 1956 and a

what were their achievements?Who mixed politics and sport in the swimming pool b

in 1956?What happened in 1954 that reminded Australians of c

the link with Britain?Where was Australia�s � rst international sur� ng d

carnival held in 1956?

3 Explain how the increased prosperity of the 1950s had an impact on Australian sport.

4 Clarify why the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne were regarded as a highlight of the decade.

5 Explain why many Australian-born people still regarded Great Britain as �home� during the 1950s.

RESEaRCh aND COMMUNICaTE

6 In small groups research the achievements of famous Australian sporting personalities from the 1950s. Share your group�s research with the class using PowerPoint or a simulated radio interview format.

7 As a class, discuss the signi� cance of sport and sporting achievements in Australia, and the role of sport in developing a sense of national identity.

8 Use the 1950s weblink in your eBookPLUS to access more information and resources on the 1950s in Australia.

WORKShEETS

Worksheet 14.3 On assignment with the QueenWorksheet 14.4 Crossword of the 1950s

eBookpluseBookplus

eBookpluseBookplus

Retroactive 2444

Review — timeline and summaryCHAPTER

14

TIMELINE

1945 End of World War II

1948 Prime Minister Ben Chifley launches ‘Australia’s own

car’, the Holden

1949 Robert Menzies, Liberal Party leader, becomes

Australia’s Prime Minister

Government removes price controls on building

materials and housing construction doubles in

12 months

1950 February: Petrol rationing ends

1951 June: Ben Chifley dies; School of the Air starts

1952 February: Accession to the throne of Queen

Elizabeth II on the death of her father, King George VI

October: Britain explodes its first atom bomb in the

Monte Bello islands, 70 kilometres from the north-

west Australian coast

1953 January: Aborigines residing in the Northern Territory

granted citizenship rights

1954 February: Queen Elizabeth II is the first reigning

monarch to visit Australia

Bill Haley records Rock Around the Clock

1955 January: World premier of Charles Chauvel’s film

Jedda

February: First power generated by the Snowy

Mountains Scheme

November: Millionth post-war migrant arrives

1956 September: TCN9 in Sydney begins Australia’s first

television service

November: Olympic Games opened in Melbourne

Elvis Presley signs record deal with RCA

1957 January: Joern Utzon wins competition for design of

Sydney’s Opera House

Bill Haley tours Australia, with Johnny O’Keefe as

warm-up act

September: Britain conducts nuclear weapons tests at

Maralinga, Western Australia

1958 January: QANTAS commences a round-the-world air

service

Johnny O’Keefe’s hit record The Wild One

1959 February: Launch of Johnny O’Keefe’s music program

Six O’Clock Rock

March: Australia’s population reaches 10 million

SUMMARY

During the post-war period of reconstruction, the •

Australian Government established policies aimed at:increasing primary production and manufacturing –improving national security –providing affordable housing for the ‘baby boom’ –families and newly arrived migrants.

The construction of thousands of homes in the new •

suburbs of Australia was encouraged through cheap war service home loans and coordinated through a government department known as the Housing Commission.

The 1950s was a decade of full employment, rising living •

standards and increased availability of modern electrical appliances within the home, such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, toasters and refrigerators.

During the 1950s the Australian-made car, the Holden, •

supplied half of Australia’s new vehicle market, making it one of the government’s most successful reconstruction initiatives.

The increased numbers of cars and the availability of •

airline transport gave Australians much greater mobility and established holiday destinations and motels catering for tourism.

Television broadcasts began in Australia in September •

1956 with the first news telecast from TCN9 in Sydney.

Rock’n’roll was brought to teenage Australian audiences •

with Bill Haley’s tour and the television appearances of stars like Elvis Presley.

American culture dominated the 1950s through television, •

movies, music, dance, food, fads and fashion.

Sport was strongly promoted during the 1950s through •

the construction of new sporting facilities and the hosting of the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne.

The traditional links with Britain were reinforced in •

1954 when Queen Elizabeth II became the first reigning monarch to visit Australia.

CHAPTER 14 | Australia’s social and cultural history: the 1950s 445

CHAPTER

14 School Certificate practice

Multiple choice

Choose the letter that best answers the question.

Consider the following two statements about 1

Australia after World War II.

Statement I: Australia was dealing with industrial

unrest and strikes.

Statement II: Restrictions and rationing had come to

an end.

Both statements are true.(A)

Both statements are false.(B)

Statement I is true and statement II is false.(C)

Statement I is false and statement II is true.(D)

How did the Australian Government encourage 2

housing construction in the 1950s?

By attracting more migrants(A)

By providing cheap war service loans and (B)

establishing the Housing Commission

By encouraging women to enter the workforce(C)

By lowering the cost of building materials(D)

Despite the housing shortage, what was the main 3

feature of the 1950s decade?

Limited employment(A)

Rising living standards(B)

Economic downturn(C)

Unstable government(D)

In what year did television and the Olympic Games 4

come to Australia?

1950(A)

1960(B)

1956(C)

1946(D)

During the 1950s, what was seen as the main role of 5

women?

Rearing children and looking after the home(A)

Rearing children and earning a living(B)

Rearing children and working in the community(C)

Looking after the home and earning a living(D)

Why did the infl uence of the United States on 6

Australia increase in the 1950s?

Many migrants were coming to Australia from (A)

the United States.

Australia’s economy was weak and needed (B)

American support.

Australia was politically unstable and needed (C)

American security.

The United States was a major investor, trading (D)

partner and source of popular culture.

Which statement is 7 not true about rock’n’roll?

Rock’n’roll was a style of music popular with (A)

teenage audiences in the 1950s.

Rock’n’roll music was heavily promoted by the (B)

record companies.

Rock’n’roll music was identifi ed with teenage (C)

rebellion by conservative community

members.

Rock’n’roll music was never a commercial (D)

success.

By 1962, how many Holdens had GMH produced? 8

10 000(A)

100 000(B)

1 000 000(C)

None, because the government had failed in (D)

the plan to develop a motor industry in 1950s

Australia

Which of the following is evidence of the rapid 9

spread of the motor car in 1950s Australia?

The growth of the suburbs(A)

The growth of the corner store(B)

The creation of TAA and growth of Qantas(C)

The disappearance of the iceman and the (D)

nightman’s service

Who was the fi rst reigning monarch to visit 10

Australia?

King George VI in 1950(A)

Queen Elizabeth II in 1954(B)

The Duke of Edinburgh in 1956(C)

Queen Elizabeth II in 1950(D)

In which sport did Lew Hoad and Ken Rosewall 11

dominate international competition in the 1950s?

Surfi ng(A)

Athletics(B)

Tennis(C)

Cricket(D)

Using source A (page 446) and your own 12

knowledge, what were the forces that were shaping

a new Australian way of life during the 1950s?

Greatly increased numbers of women in the (A)

workforce and new economic policies

New economic policies and improved (B)

conditions in the workplace

Massive technological change and new (C)

immigration policies

Improved communication links and (D)

educational opportunities for women

Retroactive 2446

Source A

Revolutionary new computer technology is shown in this photograph from the 1950s.

Short answer questions

Using examples, describe how American popular 1

culture infl uenced Australian society between 1950

and 1960.

Assess the signifi cance of the royal visit and the 2

Olympic Games to Australians during the 1950s.

Evaluate the impact of the motor car on Australia 3

during the 1950s.

Identify the goals of the Commonwealth Government 4

during the period known as ‘reconstruction’.

Critically evaluate the view that Australians of the 5

1950s were living in the ‘lucky country’.

Extended response questions

Explain how new advances in technology could be 1

regarded as one of the strongest forces that shaped

Australian society and culture during the 1950s.

Read the following statement:2

Australia remained closely linked to Britain in the

1950s.

Discuss this statement, supporting your opinion with

reference to events in Australia during the 1950s and

your knowledge of the cultural and historical links of

the twentieth century.

Read the following statement:3

Despite the massive social change, the image of the

1950s is of a conservative era.

Discuss this statement, supporting your opinion with

reference to technology, popular culture and the role

of women during this decade.

CHAPTER 14 | Australia’s social and cultural history: the 1950s 447

Learning Object

FACT FINDER: ‘LIFE IN THE 1950s’

In 1950, Australia was at the beginning

of an era marked with many changes.

A revolution in technology would

transform the homes we lived in, the

way we worked, how we spent our

leisure time and what we understood

of the world beyond our shores. In this

interactive Fact Finder game, you will

race against the clock to identify images

in a montage of ‘Life in the 1950s’ from

a series of clues. You must think quickly

and carefully. Clicking on the wrong

marker in the montage will lose you

time, but if you select the right marker,

you’ll receive bonus time.

SEARCHLIGHT ID: INT-1417

Interactivity

THE POST-WAR PERIOD

Download this interactive learning object

and test your knowledge of Australia in the

post-war period. Answer all 15 questions

and receive instant feedback. You can

even print your results to hand in to

your teacher.

SEARCHLIGHT ID: T0227

ICT activitieseBookpluseBookplus

These ICT activities are available in this chapter’s

Student Resources tab inside your eBookPLUS.

Visit www.jacplus.com.au to locate your digital

resources.