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FortiGate Multi-Threat Security Systems Administration, Content Inspection and Basic VPN Course 201 v4.0 Raúl Núñez Herrero Fortinet Certified Instructor

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Fortinet 201 Training Course

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Page 1: 201 v3.0 Slides to Accompany Student Guide

FortiGate Multi-Threat Security Systems Administration, Content Inspection and Basic VPN

Course 201 v4.0

Raúl Núñez Herrero

Fortinet Certified Instructor

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Prerequisites

• Introductory-level network security experience• Basic understanding of core network security and firewall

concepts

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Agenda

• Introduction• Overview and System Setup• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Logging and Alerts• Firewall Policies• Basic VPN• Authentication• Antivirus• Spam Filtering• Web Filtering

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Lesson 1Overview and System Setup

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Unified Threat Management

• One device Firewall, intrusion protection, antivirus and more

• Centralized management

Page: 7

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Fortinet Solution

• FortiGate platform• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Management, reporting, analysis products

Page: 8

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FortiGate

• Application-level services Antivirus, intrusion protection, antispam, web content filtering

• Network-level services Firewall, IPSec and SSL VPN, traffic shaping

• Management, reporting, analysis products Authentication, logging, reporting, secure administration, SNMP

Page: 8

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FortiGate Portfolio

• SOHO FortiGate 30B, 50B, 51B, 60B, 100A, 110C, 111C Protect smaller deployments

• Medium-Sized Enterprises FortiGate 200C. 310B, 620B Meet demands of mission critical enterprise applications

• Large-Sized Enterprises and Carriers FortiGate 1000A, 3016B, 3600A, 3810A, 5020, 5050, 5140 High performance and reliability

Page: 9-10

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FortiGate Portfolio

Page: 9

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FortiGuard

• Dynamic updates Antivirus, intrusion protection, web filtering, antispam

• Updated 24x7x365• Data centers around the world

Secure, high availability locations

Page: 10

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FortiManager

• Manage all Fortinet products from a centralized console• Minimize administration effort

Deploying, configuring and maintaining devices

Page: 10

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FortiAnalyzer

• Centralized analysis and reporting Aggregate and analyze log data from multiple devices

• Comprehensive view of network usage Identify and address vulnerabilities Monitor compliance

• Quarantine and content archiving

Page: 10

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FortiMail

• Multi-layered email security Advanced spam filtering, antivirus

• Facilitate regulatory compliance

Page: 11

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FortiClient

• Security for desktops, laptops, mobile devices Personal firewall, IPSec VPN, antivirus, antispam, web content

filtering

• FortiGuard keeps FortiClient up-to-date

Page: 11

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FortiGate Capabilities

• Firewall Policies to allow or deny traffic

• UTM Features: Antivirus

• Multiple techniques

Antispam• Detect, tag, block, and quarantine spam

Web Filtering• Control access to inappropriate web content

Intrusion Protection• Identify and record suspicious traffic

Page: 17

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FortiGate Capabilities

• UTM Features (continued): Application Control

• Manage bandwidth use

Data Leak Prevention• Prevents transmission of sensitive information

Page: 17-18

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FortiGate Capabilities

• Virtual Domains Single FortiGate functions as multiple units

• Traffic Shaping Control available bandwidth and priority of traffic

• Secure VPN Ensure confidentiality and integrity of transmitted data

• WAN Optimization Improve performance and security

• High Availability Two or more FortiGates operate as a cluster

Page: 18-19

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FortiGate Capabilities

• Endpoint Compliance Use FortiClient End Point Security in network

• Logging Historical and current analysis of network usage

• User Authentication Control access to resources

Page: 18-19

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Operating Modes

• NAT/Route Mode Default configuration Each FortiGate unit is visible to network it is connected to Interfaces are on different subnets Unit functions as a firewall

Page: 24

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Operating Modes – NAT/Route

Internet

Router

WAN1204.23.1.5

Internal192.168.1.99

DMZ10.10.10.1

10.10.10.2

192.168.1.3

NAT mode policies control traffic between internal and external networks.

Routing policies control traffic between internal

networks.

Page: 24

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Operating Modes

• Transparent Mode FortiGate unit is invisible to the network All interfaces are on the same subnet Use FortiGate without altering IP infrastructure

Page: 25

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Operating Modes – Transparent

Internet

Router

10.10.10.2

10.10.10.3

204.23.1.5

Gateway to public network

WAN1

InternalHub or switch

Page: 25

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Device Administration

• Web Config Configure and monitor device through web browser

• CLI Command line interface

Page: 26

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Web Config

Page: 26

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Web Config Menu

Page: 28

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System Information

Page: 29

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License Information

Page: 29

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CLI Console

Page: 29

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System Resources

Page: 30

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Unit Operation

Page: 30

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Alert Message Console

Page: 30

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Top Sessions

Page: 31

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Top Viruses

Page: 31

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Top Attacks

Page: 32

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Traffic History

Page: 32

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Statistics

Page: 33

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Online Help

Page: 34-35

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Topology Viewer

Page: 36

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Command Line Interface (CLI)

Page: 37

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CLI Command Structure

• Commands config

• Objects config system

• Branches config system interface

• Tables edit port1

• Parameters set ip 172.20.110.251 255.255.255.0

Page: 38-44

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CLI Basics

• Command help ? config ? config system ?

• Command completion ? or <tab> c? config + <space> + <tab>

• Recalling commands or

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CLI Basics

• Editing commands <CTRL> + <key>

• Line continuation use \ at end of each line

• Command abbreviation get system status g sy st

• IP address formats 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1/24

Page: 46

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Administrative Users

• Responsible for configuration and operation• Default: admin

Full read/write control Can not be renamed Default password blank

• System administrator Assigned super_admin profile

• Regular administrator Access profile other than super_admin Access configurable

Page: 47

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Interface Addressing

• Number of physical interfaces varies per model• Interface addresses configurable

Static DHCP PPPoE

Page: 48-51

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DNS

• Some functions use DNS Alert email, URL blocking, etc

• Lower end models can retrieve automatically One interface must use DHCP Can provide DNS forwarding

Page: 52

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Configuration Backup and Restore

• Different locations Local PC FortiManager FortiGuard Management Service USB disk

• Can be encrypted Required to backup VPN certificates

Page: 53

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Firmware Upgrades

• File must be obtained from Fortinet• Apply upgrade

Web Config CLI FortiGuard Management Service

Page: 54

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Lab

• Connecting to Command Line Interface• Connecting to Web Config• Configuring Network Connectivity• Exploring the CLI• Configuring Global System Settings• Configuring Administrative Users

Page: 55

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Agenda

• Introduction• Overview and System Setup• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Logging and Alerts• Firewall Policies• Basic VPN• Authentication• Antivirus• Spam Filtering• Web Filtering

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Lesson 2FortiGuard Subscription Services

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FortiGuard Subscription Services

• Continuously updated security Antivirus Intrusion Protection Web Filtering Antispam

• Delivered through FortiGuard Distribution Network

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FortiGuard Distribution Network

• Secure, high availability data centers• Updated methods

Manual Push Pull Customized frequency

• Devices continuously updated• Device connects to FortiGuard Service Point

Page: 75-76

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Connecting to FortiGuard Serversservice.fortiguard.net

DNS

FortiGuard Server 1

FortiGuard Server 2

FortiGate

Page: 77

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Connecting to FortiGuard Serversservice.fortiguard.net

DNS

FortiGuard Server 1

FortiGuard Server 2

FortiGate

Page: 77

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Connecting to FortiGuard Serversservice.fortiguard.net

DNS

FortiGuard Server 1

FortiGuard Server 2

FortiGate

Page: 77

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Connecting to FortiGuard Serversservice.fortiguard.net

DNS

FortiGuard Server 1

FortiGuard Server 2

FortiGate

Page: 77

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Connecting to FortiGuard Serversservice.fortiguard.net

DNS

FortiGuard Server 1

FortiGuard Server 2

FortiGate

Page: 77

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Connecting to FortiGuard Serversservice.fortiguard.net

DNS

FortiGuard Server 1

FortiGuard Server 2

FortiGate

Page: 77

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Connecting to FortiGuard Serversservice.fortiguard.net

DNS

FortiGuard Server 1

FortiGuard Server 2

FortiGate

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Connecting to FortiGuard Servers

DNS

FortiGuard Server 1

FortiGuard Server 2

FortiGate

service.fortiguard.net

Page: 77

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FortiGuard Antivirus Service

• Latest virus defenses New and evolving viruses Spyware Malware

• Automated updates

Page: 78

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FortiGuard Intrusion Protection System Service

• Latest defenses against network-level threats• Library of signatures• Engines

Anomaly inspection Deep packet inspection Full content inspection Activity inspection

• Supports behavior-based heuristics

Page: 79

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FortiGuard Web Filtering Service

• Hosted web URL filtering service• FortiGuard Rating Server

Billions of web page addresses Regulate and block harmful, inappropriate and dangerous content

• FortiGuard Web Filtering Service Regulate web activities to meet policy and compliance CIPA Compliance

Page: 80

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FortiGuard Antispam Service

• Reduce spam at network perimeter• Global filters

Sender reputation database (FortiIP) Spam signature database (FortiSig) Constantly updated

• Local filters Banned words Local white and black lists Heuristic rules Bayesian training (in FortiMail)

Page: 81-82

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FortiGuard Subscription Service Licensing

Page: 83

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Scheduled Updates

• Check for updates at defined times Once every 1 to 23 hours Once a day Once a week

• Must be able to connect to FortiGuard Distribution Network using HTTPS on port 443 Use override server address option may be used

Page: 84

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Push Updates

• FortiGuard Distribution Network notifies FortiGate units with push enabled FortiGate will request update

• Use push in addition to scheduled updates Receive updates sooner

• If configuring push through a NAT device, configure port forwarding

Page: 85-87

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Manual Updates

• Update antivirus and IPS definitions• Download definition file• Copy to computer used to connect to Web Config

Page: 88

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Caching

• Available for web filtering and antispam• Improves performance• Uses small % of system memory• Least recently used IP or URL deleted when cache full• Time to Live (TTL) controls time in cache

Page: 89

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FortiGuard Web Filtering Categories

• Wide range of categories to filter upon Specify action for each category Allow, Block, Log, Allow Override

• Enabled through protection profile

Page: 90-91

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FortiGuard Antispam Controls

• Filter email based on type IMAP, POP3, SMTP

• Filtering options enabled through protection profile

Page: 92

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Configuring FortiGuard Using the CLI

• CLI can be used to configure communications with FortiGuard Distribution Network Override default connection settings

• config system fortiguard

Page: 93

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FortiGuard Center

• Online knowledge base and resource Spyware, virus, IPS, web filtering, antispam attack library Vulnerabilities Submit spam and dangerous URLs

• Timely threat and vulnerability information Updated around the clock

Page: 94-95

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Lab

• Enabling FortiGuard Services and Updates

Page: 96

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Agenda

• Introduction• Overview and System Setup• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Logging and Alerts• Firewall Policies• Basic VPN• Authentication• Antivirus• Spam Filtering• Web Filtering

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Lesson 3Logging and Alerts

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Logging and Alerts

• Track down and pinpoint problems• Monitor network and Internet traffic• Monitor normal traffic

Establish baselines Identify changes for optimal performance

Page: 101

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Log Storage Locations

• Local hard disk FortiGate must have hard disk

• FortiAnalyzer Device for log collection, analysis and storage

• System Memory Overwrites older logs when capacity reached Logs lost when FortiGate reset or loses power

• Syslog Forward logs to remote computer

• FortiGuard Analysis Service Subscription-based web service

Page: 101-105

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Logging Levels• Emergency

System unstable• Alert

Immediate action required• Critical

Functionality affected• Error

Error condition exists, functionality could be affected• Warning

Functionality could be affected• Notification

Normal event• Information

General info about system operations• Debug

Primarily used as a support function

Page: 106-107

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Log Types

• Traffic Traffic between source and destination interface Only generated when session table entry expires

• Event Management activity

• AntiVirus Virus incidents

• Web Filter Web content blocking actions

• Attack Attacks detected and blocked

Page: 108

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Log Types

• AntiSpam Records detected spam

• Data Leak Prevention Records data that matches pre-defined sensitive patterns

• Application Control IM/P2P

• Records IM and P2P information

VoIP• Logs SCCP violations

Content• Logs metadata

Page: 108-109

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Configuring Logging

• Select location and level• Enable log generation

Protection profile• Antivirus, web filtering, FortiGuard web filtering, spam filtering, IPS,

IM/P2P and VoIP

Event log• Management, system and VPN activities

Firewall policy• Log Allowed Traffic

Page: 110-114

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Viewing Log Files

• Log&Report > Log Access• Remote or Memory tabs

Local Disk if available

• Formatted or Raw view• Select columns to display• Filter messages

Page: 115-118

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Content Archiving

• Store session transaction data HTTP FTP NNTP IM (AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo!) Email (POP3, IMAP, SMTP)

• Only available with FortiAnalyzer unit• Summary

Archives content metadata

• Full Copies of files or email messages

Page: 119-121

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Alert Email

• Send notification upon detection of a defined event• Requires one DNS server configured• Up to 3 recipients

Page: 122

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SNMP

• Report system information and forward to SNMP manager• Access SNMP traps from any FortiGate configured for SNMP• Read-only implementation• Fortinet-proprietary MIB available

Or use Fortinet-supported standard MIB

• Add SNMP Communities 8 SNMP managers per community

Page: 123-126

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Lab

• Exploring Web Config Monitoring• Configuring System Event Logging• Exploring the FortiAnalyzer Interface• Configuring Email Alerts• SNMP Setup (Optional)

Page: 127

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Agenda

• Introduction• Overview and System Setup• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Logging and Alerts• Firewall Policies• Basic VPN• Authentication• Antivirus• Spam Filtering• Web Filtering

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Lesson 4Firewall Policies

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Firewall Policies

• Control traffic passing through FortiGate What to do with connection request?

• Packet analyzed, content compared to policy ACCEPT DENY

• Source, destination and service must match policy Policy directs action

• Protection profile used with policy Apply protection settings

• Logging enabled to view connections using policy

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Policy Matching

• Searches policy list for matching policy Based on source and destination

• Starts at top of the list and searches down for match First match is applied Arrange policies from more specific to more general

• Policies configured separately for each virtual domain• Move policies in list to influence order evaluated

Page: 138-141

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User Authentication to Firewall Policies

• User challenged to identify themselves before using policy Before matching policies not requiring authentication

• Available for policies with: Action set to ACCEPT SSL VPN

• Authentication methods Username + Password Digital certificates LDAP RADIUS TACACS+ Active Directory

• FSAE required

Page: 142

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Authentication Protocols

• Protocol used to issue authentication challenge specified• Firewall policy must include protocol

HTTP HTTPS Telnet FTP

Page: 142

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Creating Policies

• Source and destination address• Schedule• Service• Action• NAT• Options

Protection profile Logging Authentication Traffic shaping Disclaimers

Page: 143

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Firewall Addresses

• Added to source and destination address Match source and destination IP address of packets received

• Default of ALL Represents any IP address on the network

• Address configured with name, IP address and mask Also use FQDN Must be unique name

• Groups can be used to simplify policy creation and management

Page: 144-148

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Firewall Schedules

• Control when policies are active or inactive• One-time schedule

Activate or deactivate for a specified period of time

• Recurring schedule Activate or deactivate at specified times of the day or week

Page: 149-150

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Firewall Services

• Determine types of communications accepted or denied• Predefined services applied to policy

Custom service if not on predefined list

• Group services to simplify policy creation and management

Page: 151-153

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

• Translate source address and port of packets accepted by policy

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

Page: 154

internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

Page: 154

internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1

Firewall Policy with NAT enabledwan1 IP: 192.168.2.2

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1

Firewall Policy with NAT enabledwan1 IP: 192.168.2.2

Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1

Firewall Policy with NAT enabledwan1 IP: 192.168.2.2

Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 192.168.2.2

Source Port: 30912Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

Page: 154

internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1

Firewall Policy with NAT enabledwan1 IP: 192.168.2.2

Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 192.168.2.2

Source Port: 30912Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Original New

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Dynamic IP Pool

• Translate source address to an IP address randomly selected from addresses in IP pool

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Dynamic IP Pool

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1

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Dynamic IP Pool

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1Firewall Policy with NAT + IP Pool

IP Pool wan1: 172.16.12.12-172.16.12.12

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Dynamic IP Pool

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1Firewall Policy with NAT + IP Pool

IP Pool wan1: 172.16.12.12-172.16.12.12

Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

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Dynamic IP Pool

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1Firewall Policy with NAT + IP Pool

IP Pool wan1: 172.16.12.12-172.16.12.12

Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 172.16.12.12

Source Port: 30957Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

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Dynamic IP Pool

Page: 155

internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1Firewall Policy with NAT + IP Pool

IP Pool wan1: 172.16.12.12-172.16.12.12

Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 172.16.12.12

Source Port: 30957Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Original New

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Fixed Port

• Prevent NAT from translating the source port Some applications do not function correctly if source port translated

• If Dynamic Pool not enabled, policy with Fixed Port can only allow one connection to that service at a time

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Fixed Port

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1

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Fixed Port

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1Firewall Policy with NAT + IP Pool + Fixed Port

IP Pool wan1: 172.16.12.12-172.16.12.12

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Fixed Port

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1Firewall Policy with NAT + IP Pool + Fixed Port

IP Pool wan1: 172.16.12.12-172.16.12.12

Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

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Fixed Port

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1Firewall Policy with NAT + IP Pool + Fixed Port

IP Pool wan1: 172.16.12.12-172.16.12.12

Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 172.16.12.12

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

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Fixed Port

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internal wan1

10.10.10.1

Internet

Client FortiGate Server

172.16.1.1Firewall Policy with NAT + IP Pool + Fixed Port

IP Pool wan1: 172.16.12.12-172.16.12.12

Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 172.16.12.12

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Original New

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Virtual IPs

• Allow connections using NAT firewall policies• Addresses in packets are remapped and forwarded

Client address does not appear in packet server receives

• Upon reply, session table used to determine what destination address should be mapped to

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DNAT

• NAT not selected in firewall policy Policy performs destination network address translation (DNAT)

• Accepts packet from external network intended for specific address, translates destination address to IP on another network

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

Firewall Policy withDestination Address VIP

VIP, Static NATInterface Wan1

Address 172.16.1.1 192.168.1.100

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

Firewall Policy withDestination Address VIP

VIP, Static NATInterface Wan1

Address 172.16.1.1 192.168.1.100Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

Firewall Policy withDestination Address VIP

VIP, Static NATInterface Wan1

Address 172.16.1.1 192.168.1.100Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 172.16.12.12

Source Port: 1025Destination IP: 192.168.1.100

Destination Port: 80

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

Firewall Policy withDestination Address VIP

VIP, Static NATInterface Wan1

Address 172.16.1.1 192.168.1.100Source IP: 10.10.10.1

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Original New

Source IP: 172.16.12.12

Source Port: 1025Destination IP: 192.168.1.100

Destination Port: 80

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

Firewall Policy with NAT

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

Firewall Policy with NAT

Source IP: 192.168.1.100

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

10.10.10.2Destination Port: 80

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

Firewall Policy with NAT

Source IP: 192.168.1.100

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

10.10.10.2Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 172.16.1.1.

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

10.10.10.2Destination Port: 80

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DNAT

Page: 159

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

192.168.1.100

10.10.10.2

Internet

Client

Server

Server

Firewall Policy with NAT

Source IP: 192.168.1.100

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

10.10.10.2Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 172.16.1.1.

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

10.10.10.2Destination Port: 80

OriginalNew

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Server Load Balancing

• Dynamic one-to-many NAT mapping• External IP address translated to a mapped IP address

Determine by load balancing algorithm

• External IP address not always translated to same mapped IP address

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Server Load Balancing

Page: 160

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

Client

FortiGate

Server

10.10.10.2

Client

10.10.10.3

Client

Internet Internet Internet

Server Server

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Server Load Balancing

Page: 160

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

Client

FortiGate

Server

10.10.10.2

Client

10.10.10.3

Client

Internet Internet Internet

Server Server

Firewall Policy withDestination Address VIP

VIP, ServerLBInterface Wan1

Address 172.16.1.1 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.101 192.168.1.200

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Server Load Balancing

Page: 160

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

Client

FortiGate

Server

10.10.10.2

Client

10.10.10.3

Client

Internet Internet Internet

Server Server

Firewall Policy withDestination Address VIP

VIP, ServerLBInterface Wan1

Address 172.16.1.1 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.101 192.168.1.200

Source IP: 10.10.10.3

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

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Server Load Balancing

Page: 160

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

Client

FortiGate

Server

10.10.10.2

Client

10.10.10.3

Client

Internet Internet Internet

Server Server

Firewall Policy withDestination Address VIP

VIP, ServerLBInterface Wan1

Address 172.16.1.1 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.101 192.168.1.200

Source IP: 10.10.10.3

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

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Server Load Balancing

Page: 160

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

Client

FortiGate

Server

10.10.10.2

Client

10.10.10.3

Client

Internet Internet Internet

Server Server

Firewall Policy withDestination Address VIP

VIP, ServerLBInterface Wan1

Address 172.16.1.1 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.101 192.168.1.200

Source IP: 10.10.10.3

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 10.10.10.3

Source Port: 1025Destination IP: 192.168.1.200

Destination Port: 80

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Server Load Balancing

Page: 160

wan1 dmz

10.10.10.1

Client

FortiGate

Server

10.10.10.2

Client

10.10.10.3

Client

Internet Internet Internet

Server Server

Firewall Policy withDestination Address VIP

VIP, ServerLBInterface Wan1

Address 172.16.1.1 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.101 192.168.1.200

Source IP: 10.10.10.3

Source Port: 1025Destination IP:

172.16.1.1Destination Port: 80

Source IP: 10.10.10.3

Source Port: 1025Destination IP: 192.168.1.200

Destination Port: 80

Original New

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Protection Profiles

• Control all content filtering• Group of protection settings applied to traffic

Types and levels of protection customized for each policy

• Enables settings for: Protocol Recognition Anti-Virus IPS Web Filtering Spam Filtering Data Leak Prevention Sensor Application Control Logging

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Default Protection Profiles

• Strict Maximum protection

• Scan Applies virus scanning to HTTP, FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP

• Web Applies virus scanning and web content blocking to HTTP

• Unfiltered No scanning, blocking or IPS

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Traffic Shaping

• Control bandwidth available to traffic processed by firewall policy Which policies have higher priority?

• Improve quality of bandwidth-intensive traffic Does NOT increase total bandwidth available

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Token Bucket Filter

• Dampening function Delays traffic by buffering bursts Does not schedule traffic

• Configured rate is never exceeded

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Token Bucket Filter Mechanism

• Bucket has specified capacity Tokens added to bucket at mean rate

• If bucket fills, new tokens discarded• Bucket requests number of tokens equal to packet size• If not enough tokens in bucket, packet buffered• Flow will never send packets more quickly than capacity of

the bucket• Overall transmission rate does not exceed rate tokens placed

in bucket

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Token Bucket Filter Mechanism

Page: 175

Destination Network

FortiGate unit

End users

Token bucket

Regulator

Buffer

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Token Bucket Filter Mechanism

Page: 175

Destination Network

FortiGate unit

End users

Token bucket

Regulator

Data packets

Buffer

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Token Bucket Filter Mechanism

Page: 175

Destination Network

FortiGate unit

End users

Token bucket

Regulator

Data packets

Tokens

Buffer

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Token Bucket Filter Mechanism

Page: 175

Destination Network

FortiGate unit

End users

Token bucket

Regulator

Data packets

Tokens

Buffer

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Token Bucket Filter Mechanism

Page: 175

Destination Network

FortiGate unit

End users

Token bucket

Regulator

Data packets

Tokens

Buffer

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Token Bucket Filter Mechanism

Page: 175

Destination Network

FortiGate unit

End users

Token bucket

Regulator

Data packets

Tokens

Buffer

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Traffic Shaping Considerations

• Attempt to normalize traffic peaks Prioritize certain flows over others

• Physical limitation to how much data can be buffered Packets may be dropped, sessions affected

• Performance on one traffic flow may be sacrificed to guarantee performance on another

• Not effective in high-traffic situations Where traffic exceeds FortiGate unit’s capacity Packets must be received for being subject to shaping

• If shaping not applied to policy, default is high priority

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Disclaimers

• Accept disclaimer before connecting• Use with authentication or protection profile• Can redirect to a URL after authentication

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Lab

• Creating Firewall Policy Objects• Configuring Firewall Policies• Testing Firewall Policies• Configuring Virtual IP Access• Debug Flow

Page: 179

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Agenda

• Introduction• Overview and System Setup• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Logging and Alerts• Firewall Policies• Basic VPN• Authentication• Antivirus• Spam Filtering• Web Filtering

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Lesson 5Basic VPN

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Virtual Private Networks (VPN)

• Use public network to provide access to private network• Confidentiality and integrity of data• Authentication, encryption and restricted access

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FortiGate VPN

• Secure Socket Layer (SSL) VPN Access through web browser

• Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Windows standard

• Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) VPN Dedicated VPN software required Well suited for legacy applications (not web-based)

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SSL VPN Operating Modes

• Web-only mode Web browser only Secure connection between browser and FortiGate unit FortiGate acts as gateway

• Authenticates users

• Tunnel mode VPN software downloaded as ActiveX control FortiGate unit assigns client IP address from range of reserved

addresses

Page: 197-199

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User Accounts

• Must have user account assigned to SSL VPN user group• Users must authenticate

Username + Password RADIUS TACACS+ LDAP Digital certificates

• User group provides access to firewall policy• Split tunneling available

Only traffic destined for tunnel routed over VPN

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Web-Only Configuration

• Enable SSL VPN• Create user accounts

Assign to user group

• Create firewall policy• Setup logging (optional)

Page: 204

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Tunnel Mode Configuration

• Enable SSL VPN• Specify tunnel IP range• Create user group• Create firewall policy

Page: 205

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SSL VPN Settings

• Tunnel IP Range Reserve range of IPs for SSL VPN clients

• Server Certificate, Require Client Certificate Certificates must be installed

• Encryption Key Algorithm• Idle Time-out• Client Authentication Time-Out

CLI only

• Portal Message• Advanced

DNS and WINS Servers

Page: 206-208

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Firewall Policies

• At least one SSL VPN firewall policy required• Specify originating IP address• Specify IP address of intended recipient or network• Configuration steps:

Specify source and destination IP address Specify level of encryption Specify authentication method Bind user group to policy

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Firewall Addresses

• Web-only mode Predefined source address of ALL Destination IP address where remote client needs to access

• Entire private network, range of private IPs, private IP of host

• Tunnel model Source is range of IP addresses that can be connected to FortiGate

• Restrict who can access FortiGate

Destination IP address where remote client needs to access• Entire private network, range of private IPs, private IP of host

Page: 209

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Configuring Web-Only Firewall Policies

• Specify destination IP address Name Type Subnet/IP range Interface

• Define policy Action: SSL-VPN Add user group

Page: 210-212

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Configuring Tunnel-Mode Firewall Policies

• Specify source IP addresses Addresses that can connect to FortiGate

• Specify destination IP address Addresses clients need to access

• Specify level of encryption• Specify authentication type• Bind user group to policy• ssl.root

Page: 213-218

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SSL VPN Bookmarks

• Hyperlinks to frequently accessed applications Web-only mode

• FortiGate forwards connection request to servers• VPN > SSL > Portal

Page: 219-221

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Connecting to the SSL VPN

• https://<FortiGate_IP_address>:10443 Port customizable

• SSL-VPN Web Portal page displayed Bookmarks

• What appears is pre-determined by administrator’s settings in User > User Group and VPN > SSL > Portal > Settings

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Connecting to the SSL VPN

Page: 222

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Connecting to the SSL VPN

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PPTP VPN

• Point-to-Point (PPP) authentication protocol PPP software operates on tunneled links

• Encapsulates PPP packets within IP packets Not cryptographically protected

• PPTP packets not authenticated or integrity protected• FortiGate unit assigns client IP address from reserved range

Assigned IP used for duration of connection

• FortiGate unit disassembles PPTP packet and forwards to correct computer on internal network

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PPTP VPN

• FortiGate unit can act as PPTP server• FortiGate unit can forward PPTP packets to PPTP server

Page: 224

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FortiGate Unit as PPTP Server

Page: 224

Internet

PPTP Clients Internal Network

FortiGate

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FortiGate Unit Forwards Traffic to PPTP Server

Page: 225

Internet

PPTP Clients Internal Network

FortiGatePPTP Server

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PPTP Server Configuration

• Configure user authentication for PPTP clients• Enable PPTP on FortiGate unit• Configure PPTP server• Configure client

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PPTP Pass-Through Configuration

• Configuration required to forward PPTP packets to PPTP server

• Define virtual IP that points to PPTP server• Configure firewall policy• Configure client

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IPSec VPN

• Industry standard set of protocols• Layer 3

Applications do not need to be designed to use IPSec

• IP packets encapsulated with IPSec packets Header of new packet refers to end point of tunnel

• Phase 1 Establish connection Authenticate VPN peer

• Phase 2 Establish tunnel

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IPSec Protocols

• Authentication Header (AH) Authenticate identity of sender Integrity of data Entire packet signed

• Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Encrypts data Signs data only

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Authentication Header (AH)

Page: 229

Original IP Header

Authentication Header

DataTCP Header

Authenticated

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Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)

Page: 229

New IP Header

ESP Header

Original IP Header

TCP Header DataESP

Trailer

ESP Authentication

Trailer

Encrypted

Authenticated

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Modes of Operation

• Tunnel mode Entire IP packet encrypted and/or authenticated Packet then encapsulated for routing

• Transport mode Only data in packet encrypted and/or authenticated Header not modified or encrypted

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Security Association (SA)

• Defines bundle of algorithms and parameters Encrypt and authenticate one-directional data flow

• Agreement between two computers about the data exchanged and protected

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Internet Key Exchange (IKE)

• Allows two parties to setup SAs Secret keys

• Uses Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) Framework for establishing SAs

• Two distinct phases Phase 1 Phase 2

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Phase 1

• Authenticate computer involved in transaction• Negotiate SA policy between computers• Perform Diffie-Hellman key exchange• Set up secure tunnel• Main mode (three exchanges)

Algorithms used agreed upon Generate secret keys and nonces Other side’s identity verified

• Aggressive mode (one exchange) Everything needed to complete exchange

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Phase 2

• Negotiate SA parameters to set up secure tunnel• Renegotiate SAs regularly

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Gateway-to-Gateway Configuration

• Tunnel between two separate private networks• All traffic encrypted by firewall policies• FortiGate units at both ends must be in NAT/Route mode

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Gateway-to-Gateway Configuration

Page: 234

Internet

Site 1

FortiGate 1

Site 2

FortiGate 2

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Gateway-to-Gateway Configuration

• FortiGate receives connection request from remote peer Uses IPSec phase 1 parameters

• Establish secure connection• Authenticate peer

• If policy permits, tunnel established Uses IPSec phase 2 parameters Applies policy

• Configuration steps Define phase 1 parameters Define phase 2 parameters Create firewall policies

Page: 234

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Defining Phase 1 Parameters

Page: 235-236

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Authenticating the FortiGate Unit

• Authenticate itself to remote peers• Pre-shared key

All peers must use same key

• Digital certificates Must be installed on peer and FortiGate

Page: 237-238

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Authenticating Remote Clients

• Permit access using trusted certificates FortiGate configured for certificate authentication

• Permit access using peer identifier• Permit access using pre-shared key

Each peer or client must have user account

• Permit access using peer identifier and pre-shared key Each peer or client must have user account

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XAuth Authentication

• Separate exchange at end of phase 1 Increased security

• Draws on existing FortiGate user group definitions• FortiGate can be XAuth server or XAuth client

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IKE Negotiation Parameters

Page: 240-242

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Defining Phase 2 Parameters

Page: 243-246

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Firewall Policies

• Policies needed to control services and direction of traffic• Firewall addresses needed for each private network• Policy-Based VPN

Specify interface to private network, remote peer and VPN tunnel Single policy for inbound, outbound or both direction

• Route-Based VPN Requires ACCEPT policy for each direction Creates Virtual IPSec interface on interface connecting to remote

peer

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Lab

• Configuring SSL VPN for Full Access (Web Portal and Tunnel Mode)

• Configuring a Basic Gateway-to-Gateway VPN

Page: 251

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Agenda

• Introduction• Overview and System Setup• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Logging and Alerts• Firewall Policies• Basic VPN• Authentication• Antivirus• Spam Filtering• Web Filtering

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Lesson 6Authentication

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Authentication

• User or administrator prompted to identify themselves Only allowed individuals perform actions

• Can be configured for: Any firewall policy with action of ACCEPT PPTP and L2TP VPNs Dial-up IPSEC VPN set up as XAuth server Dial-up VPN accepting user group as peer ID

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Authentication Methods

• Local user User names and passwords used to authenticate stored on

FortiGate

• Remote Use existing systems to authenticate

• RADIUS• LDAP• PKI• Windows Active Directory• TACACS+

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Users and User Groups

• Authentication based on user groups User created User added to groups

• User Account created on FortiGate or external authentication server

• User group Users or servers as members Specify allowed groups for each resource requiring authentication Group associated with protection profile

Page: 266-267

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User Group Types

• Firewall Access to firewall policy that requires authentication FortiGate request user name and password (or certificate)

• Directory Service Allow access to users in DS groups already authenticated

• Single sign on

Requires FSAE

• SSL VPN Access to firewall policy that requires SSL VPN authentication

Page: 268-270

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Authentication overrides

• Require access to blocked site Override block for period of time

• Link to authenticate presented

Page: 271

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Authentication Settings

Page: 272

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PKI Authentication

• Valid certificate required• SSL used for secure connection• Trusted certificates installed on FortiGate and client

Page: 273

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RADIUS Authentication

• User credentials sent to RADIUS server for authentication• Shared key used to encrypt data exchanged• Primary and secondary servers identified on FortiGate unit

Page: 274

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LDAP Authentication

• User credentials sent to LDAP server for authentication• LDAP servers details identified on FortiGate

Page: 275

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TACACS+ Authentication

• User credentials sent to TACACS+ server for authentication• Choice of authentication types:

Auto ASCII PAP CHAP MSCHAP

Page: 276

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Microsoft Active Directory Authentication

• Transparently authenticate users Fortinet Server Authentication Extensions (FSAE) passes

authentication information to FortiGate Sign in once to Windows, no authentication prompts from FortiGate

Page: 277

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FSAE Components

• Domain Controller Agent Installed on every domain controller Monitors user logons, sends to Collector Agent

• Collector Agent Installed on at least one domain controller Sends information collected to FortiGate

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FSAE Configuration on Microsoft AD

• Configure Microsoft AD user groups All members of a group have same access level FSAE only send Domain Local Security Group and Global Security

Group to FortiGate

• Configure Collector Agent settings Domain controllers to monitor

• Global Ignore list Exclude system accounts

• Group filters Control logon information sent to FortiGate

Page: 279-280

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FSAE Configuration on FortiGate

• Configure Collector Agents FortiGate to access at least one collector agent Up to five can be listed

• Configure user groups AD groups added to FortiGate user groups

• Configure firewall policy• Allow guests

Users not listed in AD Protection profile for FSAE firewall police

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Labs

• Firewall Policy Authentication• Adding User Disclaimers and Redirecting URLs

Page: 282

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Agenda

• Introduction• Overview and System Setup• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Logging and Alerts• Firewall Policies• Basic VPN• Authentication• Antivirus• Spam Filtering• Web Filtering

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Lesson 7Antivirus

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Antivirus

• Detect and eliminate viruses, worms and spyware• Scan HTTP and FTP traffic• Scan SMTP, POP3, IMAP

Page: 289

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Antivirus Elements

• File filter File pattern and file type recognition

• Virus scan Virus definitions kept up-to-date through FortiGuard Subscription

Services

• Grayware• Heuristics

Detect virus-like behavior

Page: 289-290

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File Filter

• File pattern Name, extension or pattern Built-in patterns or custom

• File type Analyze file to determine type Types pre-configured

• Actions Allow Block

• Replacement message sent

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Enabling File Filtering

Page: 292

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File Name Pattern Filtering

Page: 295

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File Type Filtering

Page: 296

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File Pattern Filtering

Page: 297

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Virus Scan

• Virus definitions used to detect and eliminate threats Updated regularly FortiGuard Subscription Services license required

Page: 298

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Updating Antivirus Definitions

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Grayware

• Unsolicited commercial software Often installed without consent

• Scans for grayware in enabled categories Categories and content updated regularly

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Grayware Categories

• Adware Pop-up advertising content

• Browser Helper Objects Add capabilities to browser

• Dialers Unwanted calls through modem or Internet connection

• Downloaders Retrieve files

• Games• Hacker Tools

Subvert network and host security

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Grayware Categories

• Hijackers Manipulate settings

• Jokes• Key loggers

Log input for later retrieval

• Misc Uncategorized (multiple functionalities)

• NMT (Network Management Tool) Cause network disruption

• P2P File exchanges containing viruses

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Grayware Categories

• Plugins Add additional features to an existing application

• Remote Administration Tools (RAT) Remotely change or monitor a computer on a network

• Toolbars Augment capabilities of browser

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Spyware

• Component of adware Track user activities online Report activities to central server Target advertising based on online habits

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Quarantine

• Quarantine blocked or infected files FortiGate unit with hard drive FortiAnalyzer

• Files uploaded to Fortinet for analysis

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Proxies

• Intercepts all connection requests and responses• Buffers and scans response before flushing to client• Splicing

Prevent client from timing out Server sends part of response to client while buffering Final part sent if response is clean FTP uploads, email protocols (SMTP, POP3, IMAP)

• Client comforting Prevent timeout while files buffered and scanned by FortiGate Can provide visual status to user that progress being made HTTP and FTP downloads

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Scanning Options

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Lab

• Configuring Global Antivirus Settings• Configuring a Protection Profile• Testing Protection Profile Settings for HTTP/FTP Antivirus

Scanning

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Agenda

• Introduction• Overview and System Setup• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Logging and Alerts• Firewall Policies• Basic VPN• Authentication• Antivirus• Spam Filtering• Web Filtering

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Lesson 8Spam Filtering

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Spam Filtering

• Manage unsolicited bulk email Detect spam messages Identify transmissions from known/suspected spam servers

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Spam Filtering Methods

• IP address check Verify source IP address again list of known spammers

• URL check Extract URLs and verify against list of spam sources

• Email checksum check Calculate checksum of message and verify against list of known

spam messages

• Spam submission Inform FortiGuard

• Black/White list Check incoming IP and email addresses against known list SMTP only

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Spam Filtering Methods

• HELO DNS lookup Check source domain name against registered IP address in DNS

• Return email DNS check Check incoming return address domain against registered IP in

DNS

• Banned word Check email against banned word list

• MIME headers check Check MIME headers against list

• DNSBL and ORDBL Check email against configured servers

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FortiGuard Antispam Global Filters

• FortiIP sender IP reputation database Reputation of IP based on properties related to address

• Email volume from a sender Compare sender’s recent volume with historical pattern

• FortiSig Spam signature database FortiSig1

• Spamvertised URLs FortiSig2

• Spamvertised email addresses FortiSig3

• Spam checksums

• FortiRule Heuristic rules FortiMail only

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Customized Filters

• Compliment FortiGuard• Banned word lists• Local black/white list• Heuristic rules• Bayesian

FortiMail only

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Enabling Antispam

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Spam Actions

• Tag or discard spam email Add custom text to subject or instead MIME header and value

• Only discard if SMTP and virus check enabled• Spam actions logged

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Banned Word

• Block messages containing specific words or patterns Values assigned to matches If threshold exceeded, messages marked as spam

• Perl regular expressions and wildcards can be used

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Black/White List

• IP address filtering Compare IP address of sender to IP address list If match, action is taken

• Email address filtering Compare email address of sender to email address list If match, action is taken

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Configuring IP Address List

Page: 336-338

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Configuring Email Address List

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MIME Headers Check

• MIME headers added to email Describe content type and encoding

• Malformed headers can fool spam or virus filters• Compare MIME header key-value of incoming email to list

If match, action is taken

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DNSBL and ORDBL

• Published lists of suspected spammers• Add subscribed servers

Define action

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FortiMail Antispam

• Enhanced set of features for detecting and blocking spam Some techniques not available in FortiGate

• Stand-alone antispam system Can be second layer in addition to FortiGate

• Legacy virus protection• Email quarantine

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Agenda

• Introduction• Overview and System Setup• FortiGuard Subscription Services• Logging and Alerts• Firewall Policies• Basic VPN• Authentication• Antivirus• Spam Filtering• Web Filtering

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Lesson 9Web Filtering

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Web Filtering

• Process web content to block inappropriate or malicious content

• Categorized content 76 categories 40 million domains Billions of web pages Automated updates

• Check web addresses against list• Customizable

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Order of Filtering

• URL Filtering Exempt, Block, Allow

• FortiGuard Web Filtering• Content Exempt

Customizable

• Content Block Customizable

• Script Filter

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Web Content Block

• Block specific words or patterns Score assigned to pattern Page blocked if greater than threshold Perl regular expressions or wildcards can be used

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Web Content Block

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Web Content Exemption

• Override web content block Even if banned words appear

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Web Content Exemption

Page: 356

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Enabling Web Filtering

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URL Filter

• Block specific pages Displays replacement message

• Text, regular expressions and wildcards can be used

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URL Filter

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FortiGuard Web Filter

• Managed web filtering solution Web pages rated and categorized

• Determines category of site Follows firewall policy

• Allow, block, log, or override• Ratings based on:

Text analysis Exploitation of web structure Human raters

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Web Filtering Categories

• Categories based on suitability for enterprises, schools, and home Potentially liable Controversial Potentially non-productive Potentially bandwidth consuming Potential security risks General interest Business oriented Others

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Web Filtering Classes

• Classify web page based on media type or source Further refine web access Prevent finding material

• Classes Cached contents Image search Audio search Video search Multimedia search Spam URL Unclassified

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Enabling FortiGuard Web Filtering

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Enabling FortiGuard Web Filtering Options

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Web Filtering Overrides

• Give user ability to override firewall filter block Administrative overrides User overrides

• Override permissions configured at user group level or with override rules

• User group level overrides Group of users have same level of overrides Assumes authentication enabled on policy

• Override rules Fine granularity Access domain, directory or category

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Allowing Override at User Group Level

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Configuring Override Rules (Directory or Domain)

Page: 371-372

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Configuring Override Rules (Category)

Page: 373

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Web Filtering Override Page

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Web Filtering Authentication Page

Page: 375

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Local Ratings

• Administrator controlled block of web sites• Per protection profile basis

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Local Categories

• Administrator controlled block on group of web sites• Per protection profile basis

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Lab

• Configuring Local Web URL and Content Filtering• Testing Web Category Filtering

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