2007.12 bennett the 3rd anglosphere century

8/8/2019 2007.12 BENNETT the 3rd Anglosphere Century

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T TAlsp

CyT Els-Spk

Wl

E f s


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T TAlsp

Cy

T Els-SpkWl

E f s

James C. Bennett


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2 by he Heritage Foundation2 Msscss Av, NEWs, DC 22(202) 546-4400 heritage.org

atcherCenter.org

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

ISBN: --5-2-


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Contents

Ic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Excv Smmy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v

. e Anatomy of the Anglosphere . . . . . . . 1

. e Riddle of the

Els-Spk Wl:Alsp Excplsm Cy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

. e Anglosphere Distinction:Wy I Ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

. Where We Stand:

A N-by-N Svy. . . . . . . . . . 48

. Relations Among the CoreAlsp Ns: Emc f Nwk Cmmwl. . . . . . . . . . . . 64

. What Now?

A Alsps A . . . . . . . . . . . 76

. e Path Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100


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Ic

In the at ie ear, w m, Al-sp, s pp m m fqlyin political discourse and the media. T ms b s s s f Els-spk s, U Ss, U Km, Asl, C (

y cmb f), s y c jly international aairs.

T ly cc, s f mAlsp s m msks mextensive and more complex phenomenon. e

Alsp s sc y cmps f Els-spk, cmm lwbs p-litical communities, cultures, and peoples. e

Alsp s sl plcl y, bs l by bs f I,cmmc, cmmc; fcl by

James C. Bennett, Te Anglosphere Challenge:Why the English-Speaking Nations Will Lead the Way inthe wenty-First Century (Lanham, Md.: Rowman &Littleeld, 2004).


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ii Te Tird Anglosphere Century

lw-cs cl sp; ss by ws f fm, pcs,capital, and people that are thereby created.

T Alsp s m sm f sparts. It is continually evolving, becoming more

densely networked and more self-aware. Ranked vs cmc, mly, plcl, scl c, mmbs f Alspstand at the top. Indeed, for their size, they

often dominate both their industrialized and

non-industrialized neighbors.

B s f Alsp s bmasked by globalization in both the 19th and

20th centuries. e Anglosphere exists within

w cvlsp: l s f s,peoples, and cultures that are modernized or

modernizing. In addition to the Anglospheres, mb f s cls csly pcp cmplx-s f wl mk cmy, vlp w pms f psv cs-l vm cvl s, fm

Wllm Lws, Te Cousins Wars: Wealth,Poverty, and the Treat to Global Stability (Cc,Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2005).


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Introduction iii

w vly mcsms f cp-tion and association.

W sp f cvl scs, -vls f fm w wbs f ss-c c sscmmcl,

ls, vml, cmm-cial. e state, no matter how large or powerful my b, cs pmly s f sss- vls cvl scy, s end in itself. Furthermore, family, ethnic, and

s xpsss f c

y pss xblydetermine lifes course at birth.

By s bw Scyll f vwlm s Cybs ffmly cysm, cvl scy bs fm,

vlsm, pspy, pc sthat develop it. In other parts of the world,c m fms f b b c b s, cp,misery, and strife.

D l ws f 2 cy,cvl scs mk mb f cm-pmss w cs lls s cmp- l scs ideologies. Stronger civil societies embraced


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iv Te Tird Anglosphere Century

lss vc lls w bl wkthrough their shortcomings. Many other cor-p, cy-bs, scs

w l spp s lss vl the ght against totalitarianism. Some nations

w cmpl ss cvl scy weven accepted as equals in our councils.B c lf fllw

f ls mj l sppw,fl ls w cvlsp v vl-oped. Globalization may have become a world-

w pm, b s b f fmuniform in its successes.

Ev m ks f vlps, sm fms f cvl scy pv b f m pv s

to the challenges of our current era. eseclls cl ccl wvof technological and organizational innovation,

minimizing the ensuing social disruptions,

psv l lbs fcf vl ccmscs, m sclcs p f cs

wlw mm, vlp cll slf-cc f cvl scy


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Introduction v

fm l slf-b xl ssl byfanatical ideologies and religious sects.

I m ll f s clls, E-ls-spk s ppls v jyscly b sccss v

strong civil societies. Herein, circumstancesb ss Alsp fm rest of the civilsphere. In many areas, such as

pcvy mplym, p bw Alsp s f cvlsps cs, sp cscs s

part of other nations to address the disparity.I s f l pw, sc s -fs scy, sm s v pself-deluding excuses for inaction.

All f s cs bl, y

plcy ccls f mj Els-spks v y pply scl -tellectual tools necessary to understand them.

Dl w csqcs f p bw Alsp s f cvlsprequires new strategies and policies. e follow- ps wll skc q ccscsf w Alsp, fy css

Ibid.


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vi Te Tird Anglosphere Century

csqcs f s ccscs, ss plcy cs f U Ss Els-spk s based upon these characteristics.

James C. Bennett

November 2007


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Excv Smmy

he eon earned sc f Cl W ss cl s-s cl cs mj fcsin the relative successes of nations. Within the

w s f vlp s, smll pf s w pclly s cvl sc-s v ms pcl sccss, beconomically and politically. Most of these,

ll f l, s s,

English-speaking, common lawbased nations.Nw sc fm w vy f ls sw w cl pc f wy Els-spk wl s cs f b sl mcc vls

wy cs l my cs csly p clcl vlof the 21st century.

k , s sls ss l pc f vlpm f


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viii Te Tird Anglosphere Century

mc f ll my , - ss w s ll wllsomeday reachis false. Undeveloped nations,

wl sm, vyw lk; wv,c vlp cv vlpm

its own fashion. T Els-spk wls w p,fm s s El s xs N Amc, Asls, lsw,

ws , cy clms f vs -mplss, y spcc vc,

religious, or otherwise. Nor was it due to anypcl vc, s scl Alpbsand current-day Americophobes suggest. It is

ms lkly sl f l f ccm-scs, py, fcs

m f l s f Els-spk ppl psv x distinct variety of civilization.

T mplcs f s m pf vw ms b f domestic policy spheres. e rst implication

s cls cp m pcplEls-spk s, s wll s -l scs mk sc cppp, lws- f vlbl


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Executive Summary ix

to the U.S. and its Anglosphere cousins in theforeseeable future. A proactive policy of extend- p f ms, cm-m cmc s, spcl s fs fs pcm, b bllly

mlllly, Asl, C, NwZealand would render immediate benets.Ex sc ms U

Kingdom (U.K.) and, where appropriate, Ire-land should be a U.S. policy goal, recognizing

B Il cly pv

by Ep U (EU) s fm c-cp my f bs sc msmight bring. India, not an Anglosphere coun-yper seb vly c by Alspties, should be a particular focus of U.S. policy

in Asia. Although friendly ties and an open lsp w C m s-bl, Is l mccy, cmm lw

jspc, csly wsp sf Els ss spcl lspbw U Ss I s bpossible and desirable.

T U Ss l-s c-agement of European integration and of U.K.

mmbsp Ep U s b


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x Te Tird Anglosphere Century

msclcl, s fbck bly s f -fense cooperation. e U.S. has been placed

wkw ps f l slf w ms -Amc lms f B-

s plcl spcm s ss sslf s ms lly p-Amcelements. Similarly, the U.S. has long tended

l w s Els-spk lls ml-ll f scsf l

ws pmy c s pm s

ply s sv-tage of both the U.S. and its allies.

Dmsclly, Alsps lyssls m f Amc slf-c-c y jc f ml-

culturalism and the politics of guilt. However,y sl b s mmc cls wy Fspc-lly Js, Fkl, Amssw sbsq Ep-syl -tionalist formulations of the later 19th century.

Ts vw ssss cy f Amccl Els s f lby,stretching back through the Glorious Revolu-, M C, bl ssmbls f


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Executive Summary xi

AlSxs css -s by Fs fmly

w Msq w cmm lwlegal and constitutional traditions.

I b v mm, Al-

spheric analysis emphasizes assimilation and l f Els plcl vlsof the English-speaking world. In education

fm, ms f l -v, wc ssss xcpl s fslavery in early America, by emphasizing the

q xcpl l f Els-spk wl sysmc cf slvy wlw (ms cly l, fxmpl, lmAmazing Grace.)

Flly, Alsps vwp s

mplcs f lb-ls b csvv ccls f English-speaking world. e traditionalists

vw m cplsm mc s Ccll swmccy: ws fm f vm x-cp ll s fms v b from time to time. In other words, the creative

sc Jsp Scmp cclypcv cplsm s vw w sspcand as a solvent of the traditional, Burkean ties.


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xii Te Tird Anglosphere Century

Lbs, spclly s f ws-opposed Randian and Rothbardian schools,

are in some senses the modernists of the Right,

celebrating what the traditionalists deplore.

Ts ks clb f my

s vl sv bs f ppssvtradition.Both views are, in fact, incorrect. ere

v ws y bk Els-spk wl bw m, v-ls ps cmmls, ls

past. To the contrary, the Anglosphere has al-wys b vlsc plclsense. Individualism is an Anglosphere tradi-, b s vlsm xcs w pcl cll ll fmwk,

s bs pc by spc s -tions. Communities are networks of individu-lss w s fm wll negotiated cooperation. Any Anglosphere poli-cs s pc b cmmy the individual needs to recognize the long roots

of both. e Anglospheric understanding of

Amc llws s clb fm ps w cc scl fm-

work. It provides nothing less than a deeper


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Executive Summary xiii

bss f f f Amcpatriotism.


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T Amy f Alsp

When Winton Churhi rote s His-tory o the English-Speaking Peoples, s -

f sbjc m ws smpl mainly straightforward. T Els-spk- ppls w bs f B-s Isls, scs cls ysl (Amc, C, Asl, Nw

Zl), lm mb f s f- mms s cls w s-similated into their cultures.

y s f m cmpl-cated. Churchill s denition still constitutes the

c f Alsp, b mb vy f mms Alsp s

Ws Ccll, A History o the English-Speaking Peoples (L: Cssll Cmpy,19561958).


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2 Te Tird Anglosphere Century

s w f Cclls m, f ssml vs wly fmcountry to country and source to source.

Hwv, ms bl c b-w Cclls m y s s f

w m b m Nw Alsp, wc cls l Alsps fmcolonial possessions. e English language is

s, c fm ss mkf ps-cll ls mc m wlyspread and rapidly growing phenomenon. A

Els-spk wkfc w fcs w wl cmy sf-ware and oshore call center industries. is

pm s f vw s s Fs Wl: m f I c-

mcs v w ws -national competition. Yet it is also a culturalphenomenon. e oshore worker becomes a

cyb-mm Alsp, pcssby wc vls f Alsp wbck, c scl sfm home country.

Py M, Is Els L fIndias Future? Seminar, No. 545 (January 2005).


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Te Anatomy of the Anglosphere 3

Ts Nw Alsp s lmsly fm Bs cls, bly I;b y ls cl fm Amcpossession, the Philippines. It is worth noting

that in the 2006 Pew Global 16-Nation survey

of public attitudes toward the U.S., the Philip-ps s p-Amc higher, even, than in the U.S. itself. I s f fw s v bcm mpro-American in the past six years. Given the

fc f bll Is mll Flp-

s, bvs Amc py sstate of relations with these nations.

T cll pbly c bywsp s f Els l spps wll by w m b -

sonably expected in, say, China. What makesI C s I,Els s bcm m js sflforeign language. Indian English is an Indi- l, s m s wll s wkor in the legislature. It is, in fact, one of the

Pew Global Attitudes Project, U.S. Image UpSlightly, But Still Negative, My 2, 2, http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=247 (Apl16, 2007).


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s bs I , s s, c pmly ss mk f l, s sp ply lwclasses. Private English schools in India have

proliferated. English-language knowledge has

bcm p scl vcm, mly I lcmmcindustries.

A I s csly Els, lk by w f m- c Alsp s, cs

m m lsp bw I the Anglosphere than had existed before. Ger-m Ccll O v Bsmck fmslyp ms mp ly f 2 cy ws fc U Ss

spoke English. He was right. It is also possible ms mp fc f 2s cy

will be that India increasingly speaks English.

T my cc f A-lsp wc Is, Afcs, -l Els-spk p-pls ply sc l s b c-

M, Is Els L f IsFuture?


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Te Anatomy of the Anglosphere 5

sidered to any signicant degree. Without ab, s -l Els spks

will have an impact.

A sm m, cvl s,bs ps sy, s w plcs sc

people will pursue may be highly misleading. T sm cmmcs vl mks pssbl f -l Elsspks cmmc cly wscl w Alsp bypsss -ditional political and media elites. As the in-

cs p-Amc sms f I -c, s f f s mysps ls, plcl ls, rest of the world.


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2

e Riddle of Els-SpkWl: AlspExcplsm

Cy

he idea that the Engih-eaing wls sc fm vlp- clsis not new. A century ago, it was a fairly com-

mplc bsv, c-ries of tradition behind it. But as ContinentalEp, Jp, Es As vlp c-mclly bcm m cmpv, U Km xpc lv s-l cl s, sc sincreasingly looked obsolete. Britains quick re-cvy f s cmc ps bsc fms f Tc c smms m, s Al-


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Te Riddle of the English-Speaking World 7

sp b pll wy fm s cmc mly cmps, f bhistorical explanation returned.

Such an explanation is part of a larger puz-zle gradually being solved by historians, partic-

ularly historical sociologists. While intellectu-ally fascinating in its own right, this puzzle has wider and more immediate implications. e

mkbl p f cmpy Al-sp xcplsm s b scsp ls s cmcs lw w

y fc ( pp kwl f)w xpls f Els cy xcplsm vlp c sclessays and books.

M s f Alsp xcp-

lsm s sbls by scl scl-gists require an explanation. Given the his-cl vc f cy f Bsss, pps xplmust be sought in a 1,500-year-old root. While

Western civilization as a whole may look to the

Greeks and Romans for inspiration, common

lw cs ms ls lk mbls vs ss El f of their modern sheri. Current Anglosphere


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xcplsm, cmb w w wv fsc cc cyf Alsp ss, ps pwflpc s p mplcs f ps-day policies. Contemporary events have added

some urgency to this historical research.

Contemporary Significance of

the Anglosphere

Is Alsp xcplsm ss-cl mly, s mly ccml

of centuries of undeserved good luck? Doesit have a historical basis? Regardless of the

sc, ms cly s cmpysignicance.

Ev y, m w ys f

ly cks L ms f v m mbs ssl slc c ws wly w, s ss f sck c b fl E-land. If a generation of young MuslimsEng-ls-spk, cck-ply, smlyly mc pc wk ffcs w cpbl f ply scc w -Mslm bs y pl- bmbs m m x, w s


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future for the shire reeve and all he represents?Ty v l fm s w ply, w ss, w lk, Bs my k,b w sm v m four identity or our values.

T sck fcs f L bmb-s v pvk slf-xm f B-s y, Bs vls, w ms b Bs, sml qss wll v b sw ll f Alsp c-s s y fc clls f w pm-

ss b pc cl w sradical Islamic terrorism. Old narratives about

w ms b Amc Bs v Els-spk k f and are no longer explicitly taught. is pat-

f fflss s v ly B-, b ls Asl, C, weven in the United States. Nations that have the

most diverse citizenry on the planet, claiming

bwl y f ls cllblfs, sm wll l ss pymly w p cws bck ps, s spk, w fc w schallenges.


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T xplc s f cmmy cvl bcm vsbl ps-Wl

W II , b ss c whighlight their signicance. e Anglosphere

faces challenges beyond a few stray cattle. A

cs f s pcpls f Al-sp xcplsm fm v pof the 21st century is overdue.

O wy c b sf s qss s lk bck v s-y f El lk w css

wl cmms s Bsheritage. To begin with, the previous centurys

xpls f Els xcplsm hold water. Variously attributed to ethnic, ra-cl, ls, bls cll sp-

y, s ps xpls f Els sccssv b spp wy by cq -vancing scientic knowledge.

Ec xpls sp f Hs Hs w smww w sp llc, cc,or willfail for many reasons. e rst critique

ks f ly v c c-bution of England since AngloSaxon times.

Dl Df lmp f -


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b Elsm s fc cAmp v xpss/A m -k all the universe.

A Unique Societal emplate

Recent DNA evidence has shown that asbsl c f Bs ppl s c cmmly bck v ml-l sps cs p-IndoEuropean Basque population of Europe.

T s sy, B s s wvs

f sls v ml w sancient stock. Its daughter nations, and par-clly Amc, v b msly sc-cssfl m q mpl fs scy cl wl wvs

f mms, b vly vly,into that template. is strongly suggests that q ss f Alsp scy l mpl mls it organizes.

Mcl Wl et al., Y Chromosome Evidencef AlSx Mss M, MolecularBiology and Evolution, Vol. 19 (2002), pp. 10081021,bsc http://mbe.oxordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/7/1008(April 16, 2007).


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e religious argument is equally incorrect.L Slsby, f ms ly y Alc Pm Mss f cyB, smss Ps wk css sccc bsv: W xpl

Catholic Belgiums prosperity and work ethic? T w sclsp f Bs cyshows that pre-Reformation Catholic England

m b b vy Els vyCatholic. Historians and sociologists must

f s ss bck by

Reformation for an answer to the riddle ofBritish exceptionalism.

Hw smlls sl pp-y f Ep, vly w l v, psp s p-sl

times? What would lead Britain to serve as theveritable forge of modernity? Why do its o-sp s pc -v, - smply mmc, cps

S Al Mcfl, Te Origins o English In-dividualism: Te Family, Property and Social ransi-tion (Oxf: Blckwll Pblss, ), JmsCmpbll, Te AngloSaxon State(L: Hmbl-don & London, 2003).


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neighbors around the globe? is is the Riddleof the English-Speaking World.

T sw c b f w scinto AngloSaxon and medieval England.El ws mc m vlsc

mk- cmpy C-nental societies. Englands forms of feudalism,mcy, cslsm w qdierent from continental norms. ey grew

csly s C b- mvl cslsm p

a resurgent Roman civil law. As the Continen-l pws bcm mlybcc -msv ss, Els mvl msf psv lm v-ment. e shape of English-speaking political

scl cl s f b sc

Mcfl, Origins o English Individualism, Al Mcfl,Marriage and Love in England: Modes o Reproduction 13001840 (Oxf: BlckwllPublishers, 1987).

B Dw, Te Military Revolution andPolitical Change: Origins o Democracy and Autocracyin Early Modern Europe (Princeton, N.J.: PrincetonUvsy Pss, 2), Fcs Fkym, rust:Te Social Virtues and the Creation o Prosperity (NwYork: Free Press, 1995).


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and continuous over the past 1,500 years. To-ys Amc s s sc f Old English shire reeve. e National Guards-m ks bck cly AlSxmilitiaman.

Continuity of Culture

Nw sc Amc sy f Alsp cls m-ss cy f cl sccsettlement. Historian David Hackett Fischer

s cm w lBs s c Amc sms fslm m l clldiversity in early America. Ts l cl-s w c css c,

scs bcm bss f lvss Amc cl plcs have survived to this day.

Dv Hck Fsc,Albions Seed: Four Brit-ish Folkways in America (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1991).

Kv Pllps, Te Cousins Wars: Religion, Poli-tics, and the riumph o AngloAmerica (New York:HarperCollins, 2000); Walter Russell Mead, Spe-cial Providence: American Foreign Policy and How ItChanged the World(New York: Routledge, 2002); and


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A m scl f Amc cll p vss s-lc cs j B, Amc, Ws Is slc spc by cmm lw sysm f ppl-

css bk fm cllcourts to the Privy Council in London. Tpost-Revolutionary American practice of ju-cl vw c b cs vof the pre-Revolutionary practice of review- cll lws f pc lw f

England. After the American Revolution, the m cls cmc lspbw B Amc l p- f jcl vw ss f css sp-pss ppls mpms Bs -

vestment. Britain has, after all, been Americaspcpl f sc f cpl sc ,

Mcl B, Our First Revolution: Te Remark-able British Upheaval Tat Inspired Americas FoundingFathers (New York: Crown, 2007).

Dl Hlsbsc, A Dsc Csmpl- My: T Lylss, Alc Wl, the Origins of Judicial Review, Chicago-Kent LawReview, Vol. 74 (2006).

My Bl, T Cp Os f JclReview, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 116 (2006).


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sls ll pblms bacceptable to both parties.

Ts, w pc f Alspm fm c sc s my f llcl cmc syps f

past hundred years on their heads. e idea that vbl ss f sy wc ll scs s, s f ls,is unsustainable.

El v ps cllstage in Continental European fashion. In

fc, Els v b mkbly -vlsc, mk-, wll bb by cc-bs ms sclstructures as far back as written records exist.I, clcl vc sss

s ps sm bck fm ls mf AlSx slm f El 5 cy; Jms Cmpblls wk, f x-mpl, ks f l vlm f slvc f AlSx ss, c- mc m mk- cmy

Hlsbsc, A Dsc CsmplMinority.

Mcfl, Origins o English Individualism.


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England than on the Dark Age Continent.Fm, cl fmls, lv pfm s f ps, s pps x-, ml-l sls, sm v m Els msc ps s

far back as can be determined.Rather than being a response to the Prot-estant Reformation and the Industrial Revolu-, s m scl ps f m ppy mm , fc, p fthe explanation of why the Industrial Revolu-

tion had its origins in England. Similarly, thepattern of the Reformation in the British Isles,

w s q s f ccsAlc,Ms, Cls, Psby, Qkws pply pc f s

unique English sociology rather than its cause.

Importance of Geography

Geography does seem to have played a

p sp Els, Bs, Anglosphere exceptionalism. e sea brought

AlSx, Scv, Nm

Cmpbll, Te AngloSaxon State. Mcfl,Marriage and Love in England.


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invaders to the British Isles. Britains EnglishCl m sp ll ss s-tablished themselves on the island. Once the

Els l w bl m vy, y w bl jy q bl-

c f pxmy sc fm sof Europe. e island had easy access to trade C b ws s (vcky Cl csss) b sl fm Cs cycls f ysc ls

wars. As a result, the countryside maintained a

cy f s ms, lw, j-c, ppy ls, -by-- ccml f wl pv q cmb f scy pspyunmatched in pre-modern times. C y

p Dmsy Bk, wccs ws, vlls, wmlls sllstanding a thousand years later?

Nicholas A. M. Rodger, Te Saeguard o theSea: A Naval History o Britain 6001649 (L:P, 2), Te Command o the Ocean: ANaval History o Britain 16491815(New York: W. W.Norton, 2004).

Al Mcfl, Te Savage Wars o Peace(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).


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sml ppss, ws sm san everyday business structure. When English-

spk jscs l p wsps f cp cy, yly cs f xpc w

pv ss cp llidentities. ese institutions were the ancientfoundation of English civil society. e busi-ss lws f Els-spk wl f-mlly c f cpfm f mply l-pps,

exible institution for carrying on business. Un- Els sysm, fm cpbcm smply m f s than seeking the approval of the legislature.

Ts, b Els scy scs

vlp fm pssss ll cll fs f s cvl scycpbl f cc bsss c-vs w l by lw b sof the direct control of the state. ese societies

m csbly m p scl -v mbly Clcps, s c cs s y w pccl mplcs s scas the formation of entrepreneurial companies.


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A Distinct Political EvolutionBl s s bs, ss f

scl sfs v sc plcl vl-tion in the English-speaking world. Conven-l wsm clms -s

f B fm ssl sc lccscs ly ss, p s sl f c f f s, sp ppl sms sb-sqly mm s s cs

y m vc fm c Els s-

cial patterns. But this view of history does notl p cls xm f m s-cial patterns in the Anglosphere. Rather, them scscl pc s f Alsp cll p w p s

cs, spp ms vscitizenry on the planet.Hw s p sp fm B

to a global network? How was this pattern rep-lc, w s cy mits member nations?

Fck , T Scc f F Amc Hsy, Proceedings o theState Historical Society o Wisconsin, Dcmb ,1893.


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T AlSxs sl s Sc-l ly sm m s El, p-c s xb p smlto that of its southern neighbor. In the words of

Jms Cmpbll, I s s f ws sc

England, and it was called Scotland. AlSx bls Nm cqsf wlcm v vly AlSx-on-inuenced Scotland. In the following centu-ries, the Border Reivers, meanwhile, arbitraged

sml scl sysms css b-

ary between Scotland and England. ScottishClvs fm J Kxs cs Scs cc sl pbls s Bbl Els Scs plc Sclmly w p f lsc cmml-

ity with England. Stuart Scottish monarchs,fm Jms I Q A, ccls p w b de acto de jurepolitical union.

T m wc ws c-complished was also signicant. During Oliver

Cmwlls bf Cmmwl p, Els-spk wl xpc s s

Cmpbll, Te AngloSaxon State.


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ly cmpsv y s written constitution: the Instrument of Govern-ment. e Restoration undid this unitary state,

and the period of militarily enforced centraliza-tion that followed proved very traumatic.

W pss f vs lly vEl Scl lf-cy l, Scl ( s sLck b, s wll b scss blw)

ws vy cfl psv my f ccl l ss: Cc

f Scl; cl sysm, cls p vss; s sc l-gal system. is autonomy had important and

unanticipated consequences.

A m w ms Ep ss w

bsss w l s l ml b byms f s ccs ls, wBritish union did not follow suit. For example,

Cc f El m m sacrament and thus insoluble. e Church of

Scl, wv, m cv, ms cl b m sslv js sany other civil contract could. e British state

could enforce each ruling with equal zeal in


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c jsc, b cl ly clm benforcing a universal moral truth in doing so.

T Bs s scv, l bfCl Ep, f s sfc f l fmwk w wc

ml ls m p, b lf ll b ms lly pplcbl ml jmsp vl ccs , lmly,the individual. Marriage was good, it said in

c, b l m, s s,exactly what kind of marriage was good.

T U f c lm blss sc ml f b,structural embrace of toleration. Unlike the

xp l pcc lSs, cl b by sl c

of Parliament. e structure of the Treaty ofU pv y fm l- sbls, c c -wyratchet. Political rights advanced as well and

w x s Ps sss Clcs, Jws, , lmly, llBritish subjects.


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A Colonizing ProcessI ss, Els scy s s cl-

onizing process. e AngloSaxon conquerors

f El pssss m vc cl-l cqs s f v B-

ons. AngloSaxon communities were able toxpl l m pvsly -cultivated. For centuries afterwards, commer-cl cmps f Els sls w fmto colonize lands in southern Wales and eastern

Ireland, using AngloSaxon techniques.

By the time the Virginia Company wasfm 55, cmc scl m-plate for such colonization companies had long

b sbls, ll sbsq Amcventures followed the same pattern. ese colo-

nization companies were variants of the medi-vl c cp, sml -ing companies or the chartered cities. All of

s cps w slf-v w scp f cs cl s-sembly of members or their representatives.

R. R. Davies, Te First English Empire: Powerand Identities in the British Isles 10931343 (Oxf:Oxford University Press, 2005).


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F Jmsw clss, ws -ral to convene such an assembly in 1619. Ini-tially, it was no more intended for the Virginia

Company to be governed from Virginia than

f ys ms f NASA v s

c M; b c vc f Cmpy mv Nw Wl, msand method of transferring and decentralizing

the administration were well understood.

I sf, Els-spk scy, ll s lb, xp smlssly css

the Atlantic. e Virginians were followedquickly thereafter by the Plymouth colonists.

T Plms, , MywCmpc, cq w Els clss

were expected to have: a written charter.

Al lc Nw Wl wsvl, fm f cvyws ly fmls mc s Llawyers drawing up the Virginia Company and

sbsq cs m s legal matters.

T cs w Ep cllxpcs cl b : Sp Fc w bsss w msv c-l fm c pv f y


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vestige of local autonomy. Ev Dc,w ly vlp sysm f lcl pvcl slf-vm m, bl spl v my m-sv mcy Nw Amsm

Cape of Good Hope. ey never managed toplc slms spscpsv ss s home. It took 134 years from the arrival of the

Dc f s c by Cp w b fm, v slm by m

had expanded well beyond it.Sm f Cl sl w -

centralization was due to the rigidity of Roman

civil law. English-speaking frontier communi-s f fw lwys w cps

of Blackstone in their saddlebags. Along came s skp, Mscircuit-rider. Before long, a county or territory

would be set up. Judges and sheris would be

Claudio Vliz, Te New World o the Gothic Fox:Culture and Economy in English and Spanish America(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).

Nl Ms, Frontiers: Te Epic o South A-ricas Creation and the ragedy o the Xhosa People(NwYork: Knopf, 1992).


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appointed or elected. Juries would be convened.Els-spk scy l c --yslf ply- lk q, bs, ly vs blss fdistant authority. With it, the English-speaking

ppls w bl c vs spscll spc b by w vy fself-governing communities.

W s cmm cll spc xss vs p f l l cm-ms, c w sbslly sc

pss cll ccscs smpmly fm vs l s far-from-homogeneous British Isles. Tscll cmms c b f sforming the fabric of the Anglosphere.

Burkean Communities

and the Lockean Bargain

A bs f Alsp wm b m Bk cmms: lccs f wks f cvc ssc shared understandings. In turn, these Burkean

cmms by w Lck-

Fsc,Albions Seed.


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bs: cscs, cllcv sbw wly sp cmms f pps f fm y l s sb-sqly ccml w s f -tive. e British Union of 1707 was the rst of

these. e subsequent American, Canadian, Asl s v cc xmplsof how the English model was elaborated.

Us s w scl pspcv, wc s f s f Els-spk wl v Cl E-

p l f -s: ll spks f l cmpss w sl b-der. Only during the brief stretch from 1707 to

w ll Els spks slstate structure. e unwillingness of that states

l ccls Lck bm s ps, s Bjm Fkl -s s, l ssl f s-atlantic constitution.

T Amc fllw mlof the British union. A provisional union was

c ; x qly , Acls f Cf fthe Revolution, to spur the convening of the

Csl Cv ; lly,


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f s b c by f l ss , m pm- w Cs w c March 1789.

T w Amc fllw

mpl f Bs svl ky -spects. I pcl, b fl v-m fm y l s lm fc f pcl cl ls vs, xcply wc ws mplc cm-mon law. e First Amendments separation of

cc s xplcly x lcf Bs y f U mlplls Amc (l ccs s-bls by vl ss cinto the 1830s). e American state, like the

Bs, jc Ep ccp f wMcl Oks clls ps s: s mpw slf m pmm ml pp wy f lf f sppl mps vs p s c-zens. Is, Amc ccp

B, Our First Revolution, Pllps, TeCousins Wars.

S, f xmpl, Mcl Oks, On Hu-man Conduct (New York: Oxford University Press,


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mplc vls f Bs , mm xplc, cl m vsllyapplicable.

B s l cl, -cl Amc, cm k f

wy ws q sc fm C-tal vision. In Europe, Burkean communitiesc cmms b by wk fsscs, bl s, cmm sm, s sywl b cs single element necessary to form a nation-state.

Smll cs l, sc s s b-w Ds, Sws, Nw, wcs sc jsc f spnations on the Continent.

B s f Alsp

cmpss svl, slly my,Burkean communities. What tied these unions lly ws Lck b: cscs, , b -ms m vs Bk cmm-ties to tie their fortunes together. e reasons

f s w lly pss: l

Cl Ppbck, 2; lly pbls1975).


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scy, cmc v, cmmprojects, particularly transportation projects.

T B ws b bs ml scy s Jcb

s, c f wcmc spc, cllf f Scl fm bsf D sc, wc bkp Scs bindividually and collectively.

T A pms m-l scy s ccl E-p cls ll ss pspy f cmm cmcspace. Transgressions against this

spc by pcs mmb ssw mm cs f C-sl Cv, wc s-sumed the states Revolutionary War

bs sbls pms fbly vl s post roads.

T C ws fl by need to organize Canadian defenses

s U Ss ws pw


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ws vvly ms sCivil War. It also reected the need

c m pcv cmmcmc spc s weconomic attraction of America. e

m pssbl c f scl l kp ws C fm j United States.

T A pms better defense against German ex-

pssm Pp Sm s s pw f Jp fthe SinoJapanese War. e Austra-l bls -cll bs cs c-

mc cvy , s cs fC, llw c f trans-Australian railroad.

T v fc f Alsp ss sypclly b cscs : pmcbargain over mutually useful items. is fact is

smms p plmclly s pf f Alsps s scl f ql -


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ganic nation-state. Linda Colleys deconstruc- f mk f Bs s

m Ns s f U Km sUk are two examples. is line of argu-m, wv, lssly ccps f

European -s s sm s f -versal standard. Over time, each of these An-lsp s sbsqly vlp s femotion as well as ties of agreement. rough

s xpc, pclly s sc-cs f w, Lcls mysc cs f mm-

ory appeared in all of these nations. Lockeanbargains thereby acquired Burkean resonance.

Durable Fabrics

Spsly sm, s css-wv

csc f Bk wp Lck woof has created remarkably durable fabrics.Ec f Alsp s s wb ws s pwfl l fs, s

wll s l ssss , sp-

L Clly, Britons: Forging the Nation 17071837 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press,1992).

Tms N, Ater Britain: New Labour andthe Return o Scotland(London: Granta, 2000).


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posedly organic states apart. Furthermore, theAlsp s m mkbly ff l ps f s cppup in almost every other industrialized na-tion. Rather than measure Anglosphere states

s f l s l , wwl b s l f pwfl cv scl fms

we have created.

T Alsp s s vvlp l ls f Cl

ps-s ml, s ly b l laissez-aire state. e English, in par-cl, cv l vlcf l Cl vls , s pv wy f lvly s

msv s ccss fcm f ppy s ws mwsp jc f sps mcf w scl scl Ep f-fered. After Sir Isaac Newtons currency re-fms f cy, E-lish could mobilize resources at half the cost of

their Continental competitors. Samuel Pepyss

msv fms ly c Nvy ws cpbl f xpl s cp


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c: pwfl s ws qp-m s fs mc f centurys industrial revolution.

Ts p f vs b lm sc cs: T Alsp s v

s s s pw cs-by-csbasis. Hegel said that the state scarcely existedin America. By this, he meant the European-

syl ps s, wc ws ly kof state he knew. Yet Anglosphere states have

often been eective at enterprising. When the

s s (slly f lfs), y v b bl c lss f mkbly cv ss sp-s, c, smms p by state. ese works range from the Royal Navy

ckys E Cl ssValley and Columbia River dams, which pro-v lccl pw f vlp-ment of the atomic bomb in World War II. e

l, sly , v w bcm ss f cc f mssv sv fmsof the Information Age. In each case, these

Rodger, Command o the Ocean.


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s pjcs sfm lscps economies of the Anglosphere.

Recent historical research, then, suggests

that Anglosphere exceptionalism is real. It is the

sl f mb f q scl ccm-

stances and turns of events. In response to thesevs, scl fms mcsms w c- ss m llc, skll, ps slv pblms f mlsccy cv fs s b -ternal and external threats. And these mech-

sms p by ss wthe economist-philosopher F. A. Hayek called

m pm, w Jms Swckhas called the wisdom of crowds.

El s pls k

sophisticated market mechanisms of the Re-naissance, which came to England via the mi-gr nanciers of Londons Lombard Street,

S Jms Swck, Te Wisdom o Crowds:Why the Many Are Smarter Tan the Few and How Col-lective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, andNations (New York: Doubleday, 2004).

Rodney Stark, Te Victory o Reason: How Chris-tianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success(New York: Random House, 2005).


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cmb m w lms f p-psv ss f mvl cs-lsm, sc s Plm cpslf-v ssmbls, s wll s s-tions of the English common law. e result

was three informational products.

T w, m spsc mc-sms f sl mk c-ms, sc s b mks , l,sck xcs, w sb-

m wsm f smf mk pcps pc sp fml pc: l v wlw pc f commodity.

Smlly, psv s- f lly lc lslcs fm cmp ps p-c sp fmlpc: fm ss f slms f scy ws wll c-operation maximized the national

political will. e political elements

w w s fm lvly


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smll pl b v m w -clude all adults.

Flly, cmm lw sysmc cmplmyfml pc: csss f

fss jsc scy, ssummarized in the corporate wisdomf Els bc l p by f p pcs vcs c by js wcommon law courts. Again, the

jy pl ws w lly fm lvly w bs b vllyexpanded to include adult citizens as

a whole.

I c cs, s fml pcs w vsly sp s v by p-w f bcc ss f Continent. Unlike the xed prices of European

s mply cps, yl csf bsl mcs, ls vfm cclly mps cps f cvllaw, decentralized decision-making enabled the

English state to enjoy sustained advantages.


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T cs f sc mcsms (fs mcsms b cq l s-psc w f c-y) v l w s w spscinstitutional set of the Anglosphere. Other

scs, pclly s cvl scsf N Ep Jp, v cp vlv sml mcsms, b y v copied or evolved the entire set. is appears to

b ly xpl f pssexceptionalism of the Anglosphere.


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T AlspDsc:

Wy I Ms

Engih i not on the anguage f -

verse set of developed and developing nations.I s bcm de acto language of globaliza-tion. e great majority of educated, globally

ppl Ep, As, L Amc,and Africa have some uency in English. Many

have near-native abilities. Why, then, should lsc bls f Amcs, Bs, Is v m m ms -

vantage in a globalized world? Is it an advan- ly vcm by b m vsmin English-language classes in Guangzhou and

Grenoble?

Rafael La Porta et al., s L O-zations, American Economic Review Papers and Pro-ceedings, My ; p P Dsp


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Recent research suggests that beingEls-spk cmm lwbs sm lbl py, c mkp, l vlpm c s pcof national status and behavior. Ranked on

pcvy p cp, Els-spks s scly f vlpnations. Among them, the United States ranks

rst and stands in a class by itself. Canada, with

pcvy qvl pc f fthe U.S., is second. (Isly ,

Canada is approximately 22.3 percent French-spk, wc sss Els-spkCanada may be almost equal to the U.S.; but

C pcvy bk by m l, s sc spps c

be easily veried.)Ev m mkbl, k vl-p s, fm Bs cls -

Isml Sl, Social Capital: A Multiaceted Per-spective(Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1999).

Ibid. Cl Illc Acy, Te World Fact-

book, www.cia.gov/cia/publications/actbook/rankorder/2004rank.html(April 16, 2007).

Lws, Te Cousins Wars.


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Te Anglosphere Distinction 43

cmm lw Els s wspl v scly b their counterparts colonized by other European

powers. Ev w y s sm -pcl bs c bcks

(Is Mlys b cclexamples), the distinction persists. k , c ss vls

cl, pcvy, vlpm, plcl lby ll p sl ccls:

T Els-spk, cmm lwbs s-

cs f wl s p fm ll -ers. Of the worlds top 20 universities, all but

one are in the Anglosphere. W sls

L P et al., Trust in Large Organizations. Ronald Inglehardt and Christian Welzel,Mod-

ernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: Te Hu-man Development Sequence (Cmb: CmbUniversity Press, 2005).

Lws, Te Cousins Wars. L P et al., Trust in Large Organizations. Ronald Inglehardt, Rafael La Porta, and Law-

c Hs, Te Central Liberal ruth: How Poli-tics Can Change a Culture and Save It rom Itsel(NwYork: Oxford University Press, 2006).

Academic Ranking of World Universities: Top5 Wl Uvss (), http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006_op100.htm (April 16, 2007).


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are adjusted for population size, the results arev m vl: Alms ll f wlspsps / fs s w ppl-tion sizes over 5 million are part of the Anglo-sphere. is suggests that there is something

b Els-spk scs pmsthem to be both large and free.As m b xpc, cmc

clcl pfmc f Alspis reected in its military capabilities. However,

xcplsm f Alsp pss

itself in other ways as well. e principal Anglo-sp s (ms bly U Ss)have the most robust set of defense capabilities.

Ty m lkly sp pc-age of GDP to pursue eective military capa-

bilities and are more willing to use them. eyls m f pblym mslvs qpm, pcmss, , c, s ml-itary corporate culture.

omas Durrell Young, Cooperative Diu-sion rough Cultural Similarity, in Emily Gold-man and Leslie Eliason, eds., Te Diusion o Militaryechnology and Ideas (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Uni-versity Press, 2003).


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O xmpl f sls f s cm-mly s Dcmb 2 sm lfeort in Asia. U.S. and Australian forces be- cmb ps mmly, jquickly thereafter by Japanese forces. Canadian

ps fllw w w pc emergency response teams. e interoperabil-ity of all of these forces is not surprising. ey

v, f ll, pcc cmb psfor decades.

W ws s ws w I-

fcs j , y ls wkwll w Alsp fcs, sp lckf cmb ps xpc previous 50 years. is interoperability is due

ply s f Els I Nvy,

b ls cs sl cl f I Nvy, wc s s s British Royal Navy.

As wll b scss blw, xplc A-lsps plcy s f fs p-cm cly sfspcllycss b l pcp cly sfs, sc s F-5 JSk F, cly wysof immediate relevance. e conict between


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Alsp ls f cp l-tive ideologies must be resolved.

e simple fact is that the U.S. trusts

s c Alsp lls w cclfs fm s

pssbl w lls fly fnations. However, Britains commitment top-Ep fs pms w msm f Bs Epspc fs cpbls c skof inadvertent technology transfer. A formal

Alsps plcy p f b Bs Amc vms wldenitively resolve such issues.

Illc-s s pclly clsexample of intra-Anglosphere cooperation.

One of the few inter-governmental organiza-s b fm ply Alspsbss s Ecl, ly clss sls--telligence program run jointly by the U.S., the

U.K., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

T fll vl f s f cpis, by its nature, unknown. Many British politi-cs, lly skpcl f spcl l-sp, v m ps w ka Prime Ministership. Seeing is believing, as


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sy s, pps fll vl fEcl sml Alsp pmss s ly w plcs c pss

w y flly cpbl f ppc eect on their nations security.


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W W S: AN-by-N Svy

he United Kingdom

and the European Union

Of c Alsp s, U Ss, U Kmis the largest, both in the size of its population

and in the size of its economy. It is a permanent

mmb f U Ns Scy C-

cl, cl pw w cv force, and a key member of NATO. It also hasb l cb f mly fcs b-hind the U.S. in every military action the U.S.

has participated in since Vietnam; at the start of

vs f Iq 2, Bs fcs mup a third of the total invasion force.

e U.K. is a member of the G-8 economic

p s wls f-ls c-omy. In addition, the U.S. and the U.K. have


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Where We Stand 49

b ls sl vss c seconomies for over a century. In fact, Britain

has been the biggest foreign investor in the U.S.

since before the American Revolution.

For several centuries, U.S.U.K. relations

v b c -Alsprelationship. Even within the closest periods,wv, ls v b s byepisodes such as the Suez intervention of 1956,

ly ps f Flkls w 2, the present tensions over U.K. participation in

post-war Iraq.U.S.U.K. tensions are inevitable precisely

because so much is at stake in this relationship.

Alsp cmmly s l fc b Bs Amc s

sp ss f v wss wll cm cc, lsoccasionally. Balanced against this is the con-s b s v s mc common. Both are Anglosphere nations. ere

s , s s cmmcivilization that rises above shared interests as

vlp s, s mccs, v smembers of Western civilization. e chal-lenge of U.S.U.K. relations lies in creating


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sysmc mcsms w sflcmmls m, wv pssbl,cs pv cblcs conicts of interest when they do occur.

T s l l w s cl-

lenges should be to decouple U.S.U.K. issuesfm mlll f vlv -Al-sphere nations. e United Nations in particu-l ss wy f cv sl fU.S.U.K. issues. is organization can drag in

l ss l

those of the U.S. and U.K. ird parties mayattempt to play U.S. against U.K. interests (or

vice versa) to the detriment of all.

Specically, the U.S. should avoid trying

to address U.S.U.K. issues within the context

of U.S.European Union relations. Ever sinceWorld War II, U.S. foreign policy has favored

Ep s sly c-aged British participation in a united Europe.

B spcs f s plcy v b f-mlly msk, b l s b p-ticularly so. e theory had been that a united

Ep wl b lss lkly USs wl w lf Ep wl bl pspy


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Where We Stand 51

create freer trade with the United States. It wasls fl Bs psc cclsf Ep wl cs fvbl,pro-American voice.

I ly, ws Ep U

b NAO psv pc WsEurope. e threat of a NATO Article Fivesps fm cl pw ws m f y xpss fconcern from the European Commission. e

csms didsml f m

Cl s, pclly v pcs s pvsly pvl,but the global free trade process of the GATT

(General Agreement on Taris and Trade,

now the World Trade Organization, or WTO)

ws lms s cv lw bs p s f f ly Europe, but worldwide.

T vlm f -Ep and the benets of standards harmonization for

s vlv sc , s wll s cm-m bck f ss scsm cl Eps, m -c pm cv c Epcountries such as France, Germany, and Italy.


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T f f fsc vlpm fm f lb mvm m mmb-sp lcv s Ils, Sps,Portuguese, and Greeks. After 1989, member-sp EU ls l Es E-

ps pspc f cls f wl p y wl v fllunder Russian domination.

B f U Km, bsf Ep mmbsp w fw, css , y w f y mm-

ber. e price of membership had been high,pclly bm f lCmmwl ps w s -side the walls of European taris.

Cl ss, v bf c-

pcss b, w pmly -E-pean traders. e U.K. had traditionally been albl , sp ys f Epmembership, it still is. As part of membership

in the EU, the U.K. was obliged to harmonize

w Ep ss lms ll spcsof its industrial and commercial life. is ex-pensive process improved the U.K.s ability to

sll Ep mks b m m f-cl pc s f s l


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Where We Stand 53

pspclly U Ss members of the Commonwealth.

Es f mvm fm Cmmwl spbbly slms ppl b f Cmmwl f

ordinary Britonswas ended. e benets ofb bl mv fly , Syy, Ackl k ly vlbl jb

w mml ppwk w plc by ly cl b f mv Dssl-f Lll y f scc

job there.T Eps l f lmly ml-

m Ep s sl f-l s w cmm y s fcmm ll, cmc, msv

ss m b fsbl m C-tinental nations. However, the Anglospherebck f U Km sssthat for the U.K., such a state would require the

imposition of a system foreign to it.

Fm, j sc sysm wldegrade rather than enhance the U.K.s civil

society, endanger its re-energized global com-pvss, ps f wy fmcls mlly bcl ls w


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U.S. Were this program and its desired resultsplaced before the U.K. electorate as a referen-m, v s m plk f sm pyplatform, it would be rejected out of hand. As a

csqc, c sp f Ep

s b ps lc s mly f- ms, js s feconomic development and job creation.

I ps c, Eps has had its prole raised within the U.K. politi-cl sc w pps vs:

inclusion of the U.K. in the European Mon-y U, wc wl q b- p f , pof the proposed European Constitution. Given

the level of unhappiness in the U.K. regarding

Ep , Bl vm fm wl b l bof these initiatives. Polls indicated that each of

sss wl lkly fc f, pssbly bya large margin.

Fm Pm Ms Bl sCcll f Excq (c ms),Gordon Brown, now Prime Minister, hedged

s ps by c fm wl b l l cmc


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Where We Stand 55

indicators were favorable. e ve tests neededf p f lsly y cl b cs smply sone test: the likelihood of victory at the polls.

T c w v m, Bs

vm s ly ssp ssof U.K. membership in the single currency.Smlly, fm EpCs, fc ql skpcsm plls, ws cvly ly l French and Dutch referenda. e subsequent

fl f Cs pss s wcountries rendered the question moot.

Given particularly the Anglosphere history

of the U.K., the objections of U.K. Euroskeptics

are valid. On the whole, accelerated integration,

v m c css f EUmmbsp, wl v v mpc the United Kingdom.

U.S. policy toward the U.K. must take into

cc fc blk f pplis hostile or indierent to European integration.

T p fvs s s s vbl, mv by f f jb lss, c by -Amcsentiments. Ironically, by ocially encouraging


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further European integration, the U.S. alien-ates one of the most pro-U.S. elements of Brit-s pblc p wl l slf w most anti-American elements.

e current U.S. Administration has been

vly c by ps f fmPm Ms Bl, w s b cspc-sly p-Amc, wvsupport for U.S. policy in Iraq even at the cost

of his Prime Ministership. At the same time,

s b s spp f Ep -

s s pps f bthe U.K.s entry to the single currency and rati-cation of the European Constitution. Blair has

sslly b sp wll w Ams s p spp

in Washington for European integration.Another critical aspect of the U.K.Eu-

p U lsp cs U.S.U.K. relationship is defense procurement.

Prime Minister Blair encouraged U.K. defense

cmps psps w kyEU players on defense procurement policy. is

has further integrated U.K. defense corpora-s, my f wc l m vccly Cl cps


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Where We Stand 57

do, into joint production programs. It has alsocmm Bs fcs s f qp-m cs pbly wU.S. forces.

Canada, Australia, New Zealand,and Ireland

T l sc f c Al-sp s fsc cmplxy, f pl xs f lm s f larger statesmaller state regional pair. us,

Britain and Ireland, the U.S. and Canada, andAsl Nw Zl cs lps, c b plclly (, As-l/Nw Zls cs, lms ) p sp sm css

by violent struggle. In each, the smaller partners f cls ls sm spcsf w l p b sblb ls s b sms ccsb b swllw ssml by slarger partner.

Canada. If B s ls mspwfl f c Alsp ss, C- s pclly clss USs ms vsbly sml cl-


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ally. Despite this proximity and similarityorpssbly bcs f m s f f Anglosphere states furthest from the U.S. in

terms of policy alignment.

C s q bcs f psc

f l, ly -Alsp smf s lc: Qbc, wc s bsconsider a distinct, French-speaking nation.

C plcs v by xlqs f pc ms f pl -gration with the U.S., as well as by the internal

lsps m cys vs ps: ly Qbc, b ls Cs mlschunk of the Red Anglosphere, Alberta.

Australia. Asls plcs s v by l-m sss b by

s pcl ps fw mlss f l-c, Islmc, csly -cl sbl Is , f ,China. Australias support of East Timors in-dependence made it a target of radical Islamism.

Asls plcs f cmplc bycvl s s b f Pp Nw

See Chapter 5, Relations Among the Core An-lsp Ns: Emc f Nwk Cm-monwealth.


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Where We Stand 59

Guinea and the small island states of Melanesiaand Polynesia.

Mc f Asls f plcy, wcseeks close alignment with the U.S. and friend-ly relations with the U.K., may indeed be due

sms f ksp fl-ss, b s ls p by scys f cy f lss 25 mll ppl s s by bs, sm cl--m, ly fly

ws ppls c s

of millions.New Zealand. Nw Zl xp-

c sbsl cmc sp fmthe severing of its trade ties with the U.K. at

m f ls y Ep

common market. is strained what had been f s -Alsp l-ships. Its once-close defense relationship with

the U.S., forged in World War II, Korea, and

Vietnam, for the past several decades has come

under similar stress.

Ulk Asl, Nw Zl s mmly pss scy , lly symblc ss f cl wps

visiting U.S. warships became a pretext for


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withdrawal from U.S.AustralianNew Zea-land treaty relationships. However, New Zea-l s cb smll b cv mlycs Af c-s cp clsly w Al-

sphere powers in intelligence matters. T pcpl -Alsp ssfc Nw Zl y s cmc, p-ticularly in its relations with Australia. In ad- w s f sl lks css ws v sm S,

cs scsss w p slks, cl pssbly f ccy even political union. Former Canadian Prime

Ms B Mly, f fsf N Amc F Am

(NAFA), s pps Asl NwZl mmbsp NAFA, spk even more vigorous debate.

Ireland.e Republic of Irelands rela- s f Alsp s cm-plexity that matches its troubled history. Ireland

v cmplly plc q ms-c scly f El, m s sy ql mx f v Clc -stitutions and transplanted English forms.


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Where We Stand 61

F cs, Els clss Islcls b vlv w fs, bthat slowed to a near-halt as a result of the Ref-m Il, wc sc -m Clc Is p-

litically suspect to the English state. e 19thcy xpm w plcl Clc mcp m v wk b mplm l m wl-ly, b vc f sy sms v b sc cs ws ll,

late. e Irish war of independence and thesbsq Is cvl w c s f l m ws p, sspcs f B

y cmclly p p , plcl-ly l Wl W II Cl

W, pccp w qs fNorthern Ireland.Mc f s c ps -

, wv, w ccss w m-ks b by EU mmbsp p f lw x s spk cmcboom. Ireland has enjoyed an extended period

f pspy s cps v s swm l s bl mfc fcl-ties and then built corporate oces in Dublin.


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Ils Alsp ccscscy Els, cmm lw cs, lckf vw sw ccl ssuccess.

Il cs m s plcl

ly s v Ep -, v pcp Ep c-rency union. However, its ability to maintain

sbslly lw f cp xs cs Ep plclsysm, Ep plcs w m

fqly s spc f x m-zation, which would force Ireland to raise its

xs llw Eps v lw-ering theirs. is threat eventually could force

Il ssss s w s w C-

vis--vis s xl s vs Ism ppl Hbspwithin the Anglosphere.

F c f s s, Alsp-s ppc Nwk Cmmwl,s wll b scss Cp 5, pmss ms f lf ky lsps f pblmc cmfbl bll fm-

works of the past. Australia and New Zealand,

C U Ss, v


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Where We Stand 63

U Ss U Km m lsps smw m cm-fbl ls b w s f scs,f fm cmplcs f m s f -Alsp s w q

dierent social, legal, and economic systems.


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5

Relations Among the CoreAlsp Ns:

Emc f Nwk Cmmwl

A noted, the Angohere s cmmcll w vs s f scl, Burkean, communities. Four great unions have

fm m s cmms, s

s cs bsc l v-sions of the Anglosphere. However, their veryvsy p cy bw l f cmms -sp wl c xsalong which the Anglosphere is divided.

Since the U.S. presidential elections of

2, cmms v b spkof Red and Blue states, with Red states

being Republican and conservative and Blue


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Relations Among the Core Anglosphere Nations 65

states being Democrat and liberal. Othercmms v f ssPpl ss, wc plcl pplsm scl csvsm sl lc sws bw ps ss-by-

issue basis. Winning political coalitions inAmerica typically involve mobilization of the

Red or Blue core populations and the striking

f ss-bs llc w sm ll fthe Purple electorate.

As Dv Hck Fsc, Kv Pllps,

Walter Russell Mead, and Michael Barone havems, these qualities of Red, Blue, orPpl cl wll w pc s-b f scl, ls, ls ppls fm Bs Isls f

which these communities developed. Since thesame communities that seeded the U.S. also

s s f c Alsp, s

S Fsc, Albions Seed: Four British Folkwaysin America; Pllps, Te Cousins Wars: Religion,Politics, and the riumph o AngloAmerica; M,Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How ItChanged the World; B, Our First Revolution:Te Remarkable British Upheaval Tat Inspired AmericasFounding Fathers.


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possible to extend the Red, Blue, and Purpleanalysis through the Anglosphere at large.

T sb f vs scl,ls, l lms f BsIsls w Alsp s b

uneven.

A large part of the Red Anglosphere

resides in the U.S., although it extends

Alb, sl ps f Mm Pvcs, O

C s WsIndies. ese regions exhibit many of

sm mxs f ls -, scl csvsm, c-nomic populism that characterize the

American Red states. Red outliers in-cl sms f N I-l lc pssbly Qs-land in Australia.

T Bl Alsp s f s ls Bl s w U Ss: l b s,csl s, s w ppl s p --c, -l, -l,


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or inter-class state transfers. us,in the U.K., it is found in the Lon-, Bmm, Mcsb s, s wll s sf-p s f El,

Wales, and Scotland. In Canada, it isfound in Toronto, Vancouver, parts of

Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces.

I Asl, s f mjcoastal, urban areas.

T m s f Al-

sp Ppl c b xpc v c, pupon the issue under consideration.

e uneven RedBluePurple distribution

css Alsp s pm f s lkly c scllyin the future. is reality was an impediment

b Alsp w ws s-s cy, ms impediment in the 21st century. e pattern of

s sc cll vls s -Alsp lsps wll mcls b wll v b qvl plydomestic political sphere. is makes it unlike-


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ly Els-spk wl wl fma political union on the model of the EU.

From Solar System to

Network Commonwealth

C Alsp lsps mb cmp s f pls w multiple-star solar system. e multiple suns

pls sw c cmplx f-c lsp, yy v fll f vl c

w c cs c cothers orbits. e current high level of anti-

Amcsm B s wsm, b sls b lkly mk pm sf f Alsp b lkly c

under dierent circumstances.F s s, Alsp s

sm s m sc -lsp s by mly l s bshort of full union or common nationhood. ey

need to form a Network Commonwealth.

T ccp f Nwk Cmmwlscbs plcl fms wll s era of increased global interconnection. Net-

wk Cmmwl, s s, scbs


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sm l f wb f l -ganizations, associations, and special-purpose

s fm m p f s wsbslly m cmmls mgeographical propinquity. Civil societies today

b cms w l b-s, w sm sbs f scs w national boundary.

A Nwk Cmmwl s slf cs pm ml f sthat characterize strong civil society to spread

and take root across national boundaries. el f Nwk Cmmwl s fcl- w f cc cvl scyacross boundaries. is goal is pursued by cre- ms pm vls vl-

untary organizations to initiate and cultivatepss Cmmwl

w f spcc p ppvlof any component government.

ls f Nwk Cmmwl -cl f s cmm mks,ml fs llcs, ml c- f ss, p f ml cm-mercial codes. ey might also include special-

pps s f cc f mlly


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bcl pjcs w, mllscope. What makes these tools into a Network

Cmmwl s cscs -vlp s f sc pjcs m cmmset of nations.

O qs ss s w Ep U s sc Nwk Cmm-wealth. In many ways it is, particularly when

scbs slf s xpss f cm-mon European culture. However, the EUs

cs mb slf fl

state belies this. Brussels desire for devolutionfrom international organization to nation-state

s c vy f NwkCommonwealth.

T EU mps b clsv

ms cp ll Ep s its denition. It is exclusive in that it excludesany states but those that t its denition. For

sc, Asl Nw Zl my b sEp s B Sp, b bcs f EUs bsss w py, y eligible for membership. However, the EU is

s ss ms pply ll fs ps, xcps s s smto be minimized and eventually eliminated.


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Advantages of aNetwork Commonwealth

Cs l f Nwk Cmm-wealth as applied to the Anglosphere nations.

I bcs wl b p ll Els-spk-, cmm lw s b wl cs slf bl cvcll lbl mmbs l;

I x bcs

wl cssly xcl s ll s c s l s l m ss;

M : Ifc, wl b m p f ss

of networks and organizations withdiering memberships. Ireland, for

xmpl, m cs j mvm-f-ppl ms b

wl pbbly pcp joint defense structure.

I s, vy EU ss s pb-lm s s by Nwk Cmmwl sa desirable feature. e EU ideal of ever closer


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s pply Alsp N-wk Cmmwl, wc ll fml swl b cml, p-, cs-specic, with no particular end state in mind.

A Nwk Cmmwl wl b lb-

spanning and unconcerned with geography. T fm vlplcs m f vl f bjcs f cm-mc sfw ss m,s m, cls mfc-ture. As manufacturing becomes increasingly

automated and utilizes smaller and smallermfc fcls, pyscl scbecomes less important in trade. As a conse-qc, cp cmplx s sbecomes increasingly important. Much of the

eort spent by the EU on harmonization ofpyscl ss f m-fc css C wll b bs-l l bf wll v p css fimplementation.

A lbl Nwk Cmmwl f Els-spk s wl plc mpss fm f xbl wks f bcommercial and nonprot purposes. In doing


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s, wl p ws EUwith a far lower cost of implementation.

An Alternative Scenario?

A fw ws sl b s b m

extreme but not entirely implausible scenario.F cs, b Qbc Sclhave had separatist parties. In Quebecs case,

sps py s m pv-cl vm svl ms s cllyl f vly fml sv-

y-ssc p, ls f wcfailed only narrowly. In Scotlands case, the na-ls py s pms l sc f-m, c plls sw mjy b El Scl spps ss-

lution of the union. In both countries, it is notmpssbl spcv s mbe dissolved within the next ve to 10 years.

If b s were sslv ly sm m, s pssbly mexist. A number of times in the past ve years,

Web sites and organizations have advocated

Cmmwl U ls fl f ss, pvcs, kmsof the U.K., Australia, Canada, and often New


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Zealand. is idea has died on the vine in theps, sc sc sc lms f ll scs wl q l fpolitical support. Even with separatist parties,

b C B c sl

with little prospect of dissolution.Hwv, w s pp, fl f Asl ss, C msQbc, El pp wl b -teresting possibility. e rest of Canada would

gain an alternative to absorption into the U.S.,

Asl wl c cc lb-sp pw s clc cpbly, El wl access to a road out of the European Union.

(Various EU politicians have stated that the

ps f sslv U Km wlhave to reapply for membership individually.) T sl wl b pw l

Germany or Japan, with the worlds second-

largest economy. And if this union inherited

Cs y bls, s psmblywl, wl ls NAFA mmb-ship and NORAD military cooperation, which

lms cs Nwk Cmmwlin and of themselves.


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Sc lm ms lss lkly,b s ms ccps f Alsp Nwk Cmmwlcs pwfl xbl lk ppls f Els-spk wl

could use to build their future.


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What Now?A Alsps A

Hitoria and oia iene reearh Alsp wll , by slf, ly

the blueprint of a new political agenda. At ammm, m sc my sv c-c s ss scl sclscience assumptions that no longer hold water.

J My Kys fmsly l

cmm ss f ys bsssm s mlythe opinion of some defunct economist. YetKys s w fc cms, scmm ss s sw b mly p-

Pccl m, w blv mslvs bq xmp fm y llcl c, s-ally the slaves of some defunct economist. John May- Kys, Te General Teory o Employment, Inter-est and Money (L: Mcmll Pss, NwYork: St. Martins Press, 1936), Chapter 24.


96/119

What Now? 77

f v m cly cs ssand social scientists.

T w s f slvs, scs, w wl s s b by s sy f

Alsp sss fm f y xs plcl scl mv-ment. In general, this new understanding is

m css w sms -lk f Els-spk wls csv-tive parties. Conservatives see Western civiliza-

, w , Els-spk wls psv fc sy s lp sc my fm lf f m sbss-tence, toil, and predation. Because of it, people

c m f cv pspy, lvy,

pcvy, fm, pc fmthe cruelties of random fate.Sc ccmplsms sl b s s

a good thing. ey are not merely the playing

f vbl lws f sy, s Mx-ist philosophy would claim. ey are the for-s wks f spcc q sof historical circumstances. We cannot assume

m ss wl v slsw y b El


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America. We live in the world England made,as Claudio Vliz put it, c ssm y cl wl v m wlanything like the one we know.

Ts w s f sy ls

s fm pcl yp f y , lk Mxsm, ssms El cdwelt in a cozygemeinschatwl f jlly ps-ants living in a traditional, non-market society.

Mlly p b splly ppy, sfolk experienced the Industrial Revolution and

my s vcbl bk w -l wl smw s b sby government at. is nostalgic Toryism and

s Amc vs m ms fMarxist historiographyand just as wrong.

A Alsps vwp svs s ccv f s s s mplc-s f lblsb csvv ccls f Els-speaking world. e traditionalists view mod- cplsm mc s Ccll sw mc-cy: I, s b s mccy s ws fm f vm xcp ll s

See Vliz, Te New World o the Gothic Fox.


98/119

What Now? 79

fms v b fm m time. I ws, cv sc- Jsp Scmp ccly p-cv cplsm s vw w sspcby lss s slv f l,

Burkean ties. Traditionalists see modernity as fc , wl bcl my spcs, w Ws scy c y-m f sl l f sBurkean ties.

O , lbs, spclly

those of the otherwise-opposed Randian andRothbardian schools, are in some senses the

modernists of the Right, celebrating what the

traditionalists deplore. ese thinkers celebrate

f my s vl sv

bs f ppssv : crassez liname(Crush the Infamousi.e., the Church) is acomfortable slogan for them.

Both views are, in fact, incorrect. ere

ws v y bk bw m-, vls ps cmmls,ls ps w Els-spk

Spc Hs f Cmms, Te OfcialReport, House of Commons, 5th Series, Vol. 44,November 11, 1947.


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wl, l w ps f sp-tion, occasionally or locally severe. To the con-y, Alsp s lwys b v-lsc, wll pmly cl fmlsp fm sbs wfs ps

sbjc y f fconsent. Land is viewed as an asset to be boughtand sold rather than as a sacred patrimony.

Lawyer-hating yet litigious, citizens of the An-lsp jls f lcl pc b

wll vl ml cll-p

when threatened by the foreign foe. ey stand c csl s, wM C Ff Amm, fcof the sheri. ey are enterprising, prot-

maximizing, devoted to their religious com-

ms, sspcs f f wys, b qckto ape the latest French novelty.Citizens of the Anglosphere have been this

wy ms spcs f ,5 ys, s l f s blv my fs s wll b vc sm fm fs ,5 ys fm w, lssf w Els s spk Ml-sex, Mars, or both places. Individualism is an

Alsp , b s vlsm


100/119

What Now? 81

w pcl cll ll fm-wk s bs pc by spc framework. Communities are networks of indi-

vlss w s fm wlland negotiated cooperation. Any Anglosphere

plcs s pc b cmmyand the individual needs to recognize the longroots of both.

T Alsp s ls sfl fm-work for viewing and assessing other nations.

Mmbsp s b pc f -

s pspcs lklss cp s-fully with the U.S. than are other, more com-mon considerations such as geography. e

U.S. government should therefore:

Mk fml cmmm c-p w Els-spk-, cmm lwbs s ls mcs s cmmm mspc cp s sp-p f -Ep cp;

Cs sps s w Els-spk s s cy lvl sml s s


101/119


w P-Amc U Ccl f Ep;

Review its existing intergovernmental

Alsp lks, ms pclly llc-s, cs

lv s xcv ms sc s ss f fmltreaty organization similar to NATO,

w ccl lslvassembly.

Ulk Bs , Amc

sbls sl lslv fc, b slf s lsls sp svover those functions not delegated to the union.

Hwv, lk pvs mls (pclly Dc s s fml Els-

spks), Amc Cs c s, mly cmm -tional level. is model was followed later by

the Canadian and Australian unions.

Kl Mx fmsly bsv p-lsps sk s wl, bthe point is to change it. Hw s A-

T plsps v ly p world, in various ways. e point, however, is to changeit. Karl Marx, Teses on Feuerbach, 1845, esis 11.


102/119

What Now? 83

glosphere viewpoint establish a policy agenda?T svl ccl cs w c-ventional wisdom.

Sc b Els-spk,

cmm lws s s-c pc f cmc ymsm,plcl sccss, s f fc

with the American economy, the U.S.

sl mk py ccmc, plcl, fs s

w sc s, b bllly collectively.

e U.S. should not require English-

spk, cmm lws s m ls w

U.S. through regional or multilateralblcs, cl Alsp s

w cll sclidentities such as India.

Acvm f vlp-scyss s mc pc finevitable historic forces. is status

s cl pblmc x-s f q pm w scs qs s-


103/119


ation-specic approaches. e U.S.sl k w ppcs -

vlpm -bl,s lsc xpcs, wk

w c cy cs-by-cs

basis. It appears that undeveloped na-s vyw lk b c vlp s cvdevelopment in its own manner.

e U.S. should rethink its approach

to multilateral organizations and pro-

ms, pclly f- ms, k cc f-fcs bw vs mmbstates. One-size-ts-all agreements

sfl vs pp

sccll cs m members. NAFTA is a particularlyappropriate example.

T pcl ccscs - fm Alsp cl f s cys ps, ps-ent, and future successes. Domesti-cally, the U.S. should judge all for- msc plcy ppsls by ysck f w cs


104/119

What Now? 85

wl b s wkcvl scy, s f s f -msc cls, c cohesion of the Union. e denition

f fmly f mm-sp-

ssp ppss sl b cls-sc Alsp sps,cl, ps x-fmly s fother cultures. Multiculturalism and

bllsm sl b b,

ssml l f E-lish should become national policies.

Amcs Alsp cmmlw sl b xplcly f-rmed in school curricula. American

Fs sc s Js, Fkl,and Adams emphasized the roots ofthe Constitution and Bill of Rights

in Anglosphere history. is outlook

should be rearmed.

Pmmclly, lbv wl b mplm by plcs specic issues and areas.


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Defense and Security PolicyA Alsps fs plcy sl

ss spcc s f cc c --Alsp fs lsps, cl- cly sf , spcclly, I-

national Trac in Arms Regulations (ITAR)sss s by F-5 J Sk Fprogram, potential conicts between the U.S.

Global Positioning System and the European

Galileo program, potential conicts in the

U.S.Canada defense relationship, and expan-

sion of the U.S.Australian defense industrialrelationship. Drawing India further into An-lsp fs ls ccls l wc Ams vs sl ls ba long-term Anglospherist goal.

F pjcs sl sk clysf, pcm, vsm ms, bll pmly -Al-sphere multilateral basis. e goal should be to

m cs ccss f c A-lsp pws ccl fs cl-gies and further industrial participation in U.S.

fs pcm f mcmm, s -py s c-trols on any such technology.


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What Now? 87

I cs f U Km, s wl q -sblsm f clseparation between U.K. defense industry and

cvy fm s f -pvl s,including some current European partners. e

U.S. would then grant full access to U.S. de-fs mks l s sc s vand communications.

Sc fs cly mshould certainly include the U.K., Canada,

and Australia. New Zealand membership

m b pc p w -tion of U.S.New Zealand defense coopera-tion issues. Full membership for India would

pbbly s vms ps, b sm fm f l ss m

evolve over time. Other nations would be as-sessed on a case-by-case basis. Singapore, forxmpl, m b ly c f -tion, at least as an aliate.

rade Policy

A Alsps plcy wl c-c lly xp pU.S.Canada trade with the ultimate goal of

cmm wl lm


107/119


y csms cls bw w -tions. It would also seek to deepen trade links

w Asl Nw Zl, cl pssbly f xp NAFA clthese two countries.

T w pssbl scs f Alsps United Kingdom and Ireland. One assumes

that the U.K. remains within the existing EU

customs union indenitely. e other envisions

a scenario in which the U.K. leaves the customs

xcs f m w EU sml EU clyhas with Switzerland. In the former case, im-proved trade relations with the U.K. and Ire-l wl p sccssfl

l slc F Am(TAFTA). is has been suggested repeatedly b ss f Alc b s v p-gressed very far.

T pblms f vc AFA l-ls l pblms w pm-Alsp cs bcm vlv m -Alsp l-ships. e U.S., the U.K., and Canada are ready

mbc xpl f m m-


108/119

What Now? 89

selves. However, Continental interests form anobstacle. German Chancellor Angela Merkel

has again raised the possibility of freer U.S.

EU , b pcs -Amcplcl lms C my

permit it. If a TAFTA agenda were advanced,it would be particularly important for the U.S.

ps f plycc AFA: sc s ccssbl ll Ep ss -less of EU membership. It is not in the United

Ss bs s mk Ep ss

ccp Bssls s kp f f with the U.S.

W U Km ls ss w EU, U Ss cl m-mediately oer a full free trade agreement. e

m qs wl b w sl b de novo w ms xp-tious avenue would be to make the U.K. a full

ssc mmb f N AmcFree Trade Agreement.

T l cs s b f lv-ing an existing structure. is would allow the

Bs j, by Cs xpc, wmmbsp wl wk s

vy clly w s bls


109/119


would be. Mechanisms such as NAFTA Chap- b bs, wc slv spsbw cmps, wl mmly b-come available to U.K. companies. And, of

cs, wl ls mmly b f

w C Mxc w fnegotiation.O , NAFA ly sf-

fers somewhat from being a one-size-ts-all

m bw ly sp cmcpartners. British membership would subject

U.S.U.K. trade to conditions negotiated pri-marily with U.S.Mexican relations in mind.

Honoring the Anglosphere Past

e U.S. government should work to re-

mv l s slsb by lc fflss srelations among English-speaking nations.

H vsbly sl b v cof our English-speaking allies. Consider, for a

mm, js w l ls f ll v-s s bcm: D-Dy, Pcc T

World War II, Korea , Vietnam, the Gulf War,

Afghanistan, and the war in Iraq. ere should


110/119

What Now? 91

b b wss f l pof shared sacrice within the Anglosphere.

e U.S. should send high-level repre-svs j cmmms f lleortsand should strive to organize such

eventson a regular basis. ere should be anl j mmbc f D-Dy, wcsl cl vs f ll s ps that day. Friendly-re incidents involving intra-

All s sl b vsbly vs resolved by joint bodies. Supporters of Irish Re-

publican Army terrorism in the U.S. should bedealt with decisively, using anti-terrorist tools.

e U.S. ambassador to the U.K. should

b l- s mbss BsCommonwealth, and the U.S. government

sl s bsvs Cmmwlvs, sc s Cmmwl Hs fGovernment meetings. e U.S. President

sl cs v Pm Mssof Canada, the U.K., and Australia to a joint

m, wc sl ss cl m cvl s, bs cmmlw sms f s fmthe histories of English-speaking nations. is


111/119


cl sl k pcc v U.N. Declaration of Human Rights.

It is likely that U.S. and other Anglosphere

mls wll cp l c-vl wf ss f,

m b sfl pcl l f pss sspcs wcall Anglosphere militaries would adhere. is

wl s plc f pblmc mc-bs Il Cml Cor Geneva Convention Fourth Protocol pro-

vss, wc s by ly sm Al-sphere states.


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T P Fw

he Engih-eaing nation f wls ms scv ps f sc-s cllcvly v b ps s f my sc Isl

and Democratic Revolutions. ey were excep-l , v b xcpl - vlpm, m xcply wys ssclly vbl c s sv s mfl pcs f f-

ture developments. e English-speaking na-s, l cmclly by U Ss,c cs p bw m-slvs wls s cvl sc-s ms f pcvy, v, other metrics of dynamism.

Ts fcs v csqcs sdoes the failure to recognize them. Members

f Amc f plcy cmmyv sc mplcs f s


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xcplsm v fl p thinking to its realities. is has led to a number

f f plcy s p f U.S. that need to be corrected. Making these

ccs wl mpv Amcs ls

w s fllw Els-spk s, csubstantial economic stimulus for both the U.S. s Els-spk ps, ly groundwork for a realistic U.S. foreign policy

c w ls s fthe Founders.

T wl b p psv sfrom an Anglospheric focus in trade policy.

T lws- f f xps c b vs by p ls w Els-spk,

common lawbased developed economies. esuccess of the U.S.Canada Free Trade Agree-m sbsq N Amc F

Trade Agreement are cases in point. Further

measures for deepening U.S.Canada econom-c lsspclly v psc Ow f ms p-Amc vmin 30 yearsshould be a high priority. Simi-lly, lm v f- -m w Asl sl b p


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Te Path Forward 95

b, ss cs slb v fm C Pm MsB Mlys ppsl Asl New Zealand to NAFTA.

Obvsly, x f , b-

y, cmm cmc B Il wl b v m vsfor all parties. Here, however, the Anglospher-s c cms c cc wone of the U.S. governments most enduring

msjms: s plcy f c B-

ish integration into the European Union. isplcy w ss wy f p c-mc ls w f Amcs pmycmc ps , bcs f wcc bw Ep fs plcy m-

bitions and traditional U.S.U.K. defense andaerospace industry ties, threatens a critical U.S.

defense and defense industry relationship.

As sentiment to reconsider U.K.Europe-an ties grows within the U.K., the U.S. would

wll mk cl U Km w s pc plcy wl qckly f- lspwith the U.S. and, if desired, NAFTA mem-bership. Similarly, a clear separation from Eu-


115/119


p fs spc ss w wk -py s cls wlresult in closer U.S.U.K. defense industry in-tegration, including easier investment in U.S.

fs, spc, l cmps by

Bs cpl s slc msin those industries.Additionally, the U.S. should recognize

that those things that the U.S. and India

s cmmplmy mccy, l f lw s by cmm

lw , f spc pss, Els l ls s wllcs I k l m vlpnations over the coming decades. e U.S. and

I lk by s m cmc

s, w fs cp, sfl ps s cl Islmsterrorism. e U.S.India axis will likely be a

cs f IPcc l scyand of a globalized world in which India plays

a key role.

T Amss c vcs c I sl f bbroadened and deepened. However, because

f Is q sy, s l slf-


116/119

Te Path Forward 97

s s -l pw, slong-standing defense ties to Russia, as well

s fcs, s lsp wll qp clv ms b llw vlp p pc s by Is

themselves.In the long term, the U.S. should take

l csc Nwk Cmm-wealth. is web of cooperative institutions and

cmm scl cmc spcs - Els-spk wl wll b bl

fm fml cmps, sc s -ms pm fs llcs, s wllas rules governing the movement of people.

Oc sbls, Nwk Cmmwlwll lk lb-sp wks f cmm

linguistic-cultural characteristics. It will have s xbly f wsp s-cl-plcl wks wl v m-enization through distinct national narratives

or the eradication of local sovereignty. Unlike

Ep U, Nwk Cmm-wl wll notsk v cls -formity among its members.

T Alsp Nwk Cmm-wealth will likely not be the only such organiza-


117/119


tion in the world of the future. Other commu-nities will form their own, similar groupings.

Ty wll b fllw Alsp s w sl fm, js s ps cmms v p plmy

vm, mcc lcs, wcss, ll p by Alspcommunities. A global community of Network

Cmmwls ls pms f pc-cl cml ms f k cvl s-cs css l bs

m spcs scl cls fthese communities.

Ts, Alsp pspcv ppsl mv w Nwk Cmm-

wl ps lv p fw

is made possible by modern technology. It is,wv, ls p s ppcby analysts who look to the past for guidance.

Rather than looking to homogenize sovereign-s l blcs mccsl scms f l lblvc, w c lk s w

wl f p y cp s v sb-l s lk


118/119

Te Path Forward 99

culturally and linguistically organized NetworkCommonwealths.

Sc Cmmwls, k ,cl fm lv lyundemocratic universal superstate. Instead, the

world would be organized as a concert of civi-lizations, growing in their ability to act inde-ply ms s cp fly

where needed.


119/119

he Author

J C. B s Ps

founder of the Anglosphere Institute (P.O.

Bx , F Clls, Cl 522;

Wb s www.anglosphereinstitute.org), nonprot organization created to conduct

plcy sc f ccps

f Alsp Nwk

Commonwealth. He also has written for

sc pblcs s Te Wall Street Jour-

nal, Reason,National Post, Orbis,NationalInterest, National Review Online; s

cb bks cl-

y scy; w wkly clm,

T Alsp B, f U Pss

2007.12 bennett the 3rd anglosphere century

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