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The cooperation between the United Sates and Japanon our respective Defense Exchanges with other coun tries
to improve the international security environment
By
Col. Tadashi TABUCHI, Japan Ground Self-Defense For ceVisiting Fellow, Henry L. Stimson Center
13th November, 2007
As a disclaimer, the contents of this briefing are my personal opinions and are not representative ideas or positions of the Japanese government or the Japan Ministry of Defense.
JGSDF Chief of Staff Tsutomu Mori visited Vietnam in 2007
The cooperation between the United Sates and Japanon our respective Defense Exchanges with other coun tries
to improve the international security environment
3. Necessity of the Cooperation between the U.S. an d Japan
2. Defense Exchanges of the U.S.
1. Defense Exchanges of Japan
4. Measures to Cooperate between the U.S. and Japan
1. Defense Exchanges of Japan
(1) Overview
a. Traditional Concepts
During the Cold War
After the Cold Warthe U.S.-Japan
bilateral exchangesConfidence-building
National Defense Program Guidelines (2004)
One of the major roles to be played by defense capability “Proactive efforts, on its own initiative ,
to improve the international security environment ”
JMOD has been trying to redouble its effortto improve the security environment
by deepening and widening defense exchanges.
Japan-Russia
the U.S.-Japan bilateral exchanges
Bilateral
Exchanges between senior defense officials
Regular consultation between staff
Exchanges between units
Student exchanges
Research exchanges
Multilateral Security dialogue
Joint exercises
Types of Present Defense Exchanges of Japan
Republic of Korea, Russia, China, Australia, U.K., India,Southeast Asian countries, ARF, European countries, NATO, etc.
Counterparts of Defense Exchanges of Japan
1) In recent years, Japan’s defense exchanges, considering changes in international situations and other changes, have come to place a greater emphasis on establishing and strengthening cooperative relation s with the global community .
2) It also has expanded defense exchanges that go beyond Japan’s neighboring countries .
3) Furthermore, Japan’s defense exchanges have come to place greater importance on practical exchanges, making them more action-based exchanges .
Multilateral Search and Rescue
ExercisesCobra Gold Exercise
JMOD hosted multilateral forums
on disaster relief operations
b. New Concepts
One of the consideration for conducting defense exchangesThe cooperation with the U.S. as necessary in the case of promoting defenseexchanges of Japan and under taking account of the U.S. policy
Aims of defense exchangesConfidence-buildingDealing with security issues.
Directions of defense exchanges hereafter1) Conduct defense exchanges for direct contribution to strengthen international
cooperation- Dialogue for sharing awareness of security issues and cooperation ondefense policy,
- Bilateral and multilateral exercises connected with international peacecooperation activities of JSDF
2) Utilize a variety of defense-exchange means - Mutual visits of troops and sending officers to exercises as observers, - Sponsoring and participating in seminars, - Offering knowledge and skills of the JSDF on disaster relief activities
JMOD hosted multilateral forums on disaster relief operations
Basic Policy for Defense Exchanges (April 2007)
(2) Sections in Charge of Defense Exchanges
Defense ExchangesThe U.S.-Japan
Bilateral Exchanges
InternalBureaus
International Policy Division U.S.-Japan Defense CooperationDivision
JointStaff Office
Defense Exchange Section Defense Planning Section
Ground Staff Office
Defense Exchange Section(Defense Policy and Programs Department)
MaritimeStaff Office
Defense Planning Section(in Operation and Plans Department)
AirStaff Office
Defense Planning Section(Defense Planning and Policy Department)
(in Bureau of Defense Policy)
(in Defense Plans and Policy Department)
Japan Ministry of Defense
2. Defense Exchanges of the U.S.
(1) Overview
1) Defense cooperation
Cooperation between the U.S. and allies and friendly nations.
2) Confidence building measures
Building relations of mutual confidence with maybe China, Russia, etc.
3) Security assistance
Support to the foreign countries to improve its security environment.
The U.S.-China The U.S.-RussiaThe U.S.-Philippines The U.S.-Japan
The U.S.-Vietnam
(2) Sections in Charge of Defense Exchanges
the sections in the Joint Chief of Staff office tha t have regional portfolio, and each Office of Chief of Staff are in charge of comprehensive defense exchanges
Defense Security Cooperation Agencyin OSD
1) Defense cooperation 2) Confidence building measures
3) Security assistance
Joint exercises,multilateral seminars on disaster relief operations
More global engagement beyond Japan’s
neighboring countries
:Defense Exchanges of the U.S.:Defense Exchanges of Japan
1) Defense cooperation 2) Confidencebuilding measures
3) Security assistanceCobra Gold Exercise
Japan-Pakistan Japan-India
Image of Defense Exchanges of the U.S. and Defense Exchanges of Japan
(1) Mutual Understanding on Respective Basic Concep ts for Defense Exchanges(1) Mutual Understanding on Respective Basic Concep ts for Defense Exchanges
3. Necessity of the Cooperation between the U.S. an d Japan
When Japan first began to intensify its efforts in defense exchanges after the end of the Cold War,some U.S. defense officials became suspicious
that Japan might have begun to neglect the U.S.-Japan bilateral relations.
Reviewing the U.S.-Japan security relationship
Guidelines for U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation (1997) Both Governments recognize
the importance and significance of defense exchanges and will promote such activities and cooperate as necessary.
The U.S. and Japan to cooperate and understand each otheron the respective concepts of defense exchanges.
Basic Policy for Defense Exchanges (2007)
Japan-Russia
2+2 Meeting
JAPAN
Malaysia
Republic of Korea
Australia
India the Philippines
Indonesia
Mongolia
Singapore
Thailand the U.S.
U.S.-Japan Alliance, with the U.S.-Japan
security relationship at its core, is the linchpin of
American security policy in the Asia-Pacific region
The U.S.-Japan Alliance can and should remain at the core of the United States’ Asia strategy. And, the key to the success of this strategy is for the alliance to continue to evolve
from an exclusive alliance based on common threats toward a more open, inclusive alliance based on common interests and values.
The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Getting Asia Right through 2020 (Armitage-Nye Report II)
(2) Creating Synergy on Defense Exchanges
(3) Resolving Problems related Our Respective Defen se Exchanges with Other Countries(3) Resolving Problems related Our Respective Defen se Exchanges with Other Countries
NO
NO
Japan rejected the Australian military
students’ training in Japan under Japanese Law. The U.S. couldn’t receive
PLA officerswho were studying in NIDS
under U.S. regulations.
1) We have to cooperate with each other in order to understand, and have to list these problems.
2) If possible, we have to resolve these problems between the U.S. and Japanwhich occurred in our respective defense exchanges with other countries.
The U.S. deployed these units
to Japan for training for several months.
NIDS received military students from China PLA.
NIDS planned to senda delegation of students
to the U.S.
The U.S. Marine Corps received military students
form the Australian Defense Forcein aviation units.
(1) Purpose of the Cooperation
4. Measures to Cooperate between the U.S. and Japan
The purpose of the cooperation on our respective defense exchanges between the U.S. and Japan,
which share the fundamental values such as freedom and democracy, is to improve the international security environment
and solidify peace and stability of the international community and the region.
(2) Setting up Consultation mechanism discuss coope ration in Defense Exchanges(2) Setting up Consultation mechanism discuss coope ration in Defense Exchanges
- The U.S.-Japan Security Consultative Committee (2+2 Meeting) - High-level exchanges of defense officials- Regular consultations between defense authorities
We have to eliminate the negative effects of bureaucratic sectionalism, and these consultations must include sections in charge of the U.S.-Japan bilateral exchanges.
- to mutually understand the respective concepts of defense exchanges - to share the fruits of defense exchanges conducted thus far - to share ideas on defense exchanges hereafter, and establish the proceduresfor cooperation in order to strategically promote our respective defense exchanges.
- to mutually understand, list and resolve problems between the U.S. and Japanwhich occurred in our respective defense exchanges
Existing Consultations
We need to set up new consultations on defense exchangesbetween the respective bodies
in charge of defense exchanges in the U.S. and Japa n.
Contents of Consultations
2+2 Meeting
highlighted some common strategic objectives , for instance, 1)further encouraging China to conduct itself as a responsible international stakeholder,
improve transparency in its military affairs,and maintain consistency between its stated policies and actions,
2)further strengthen trilateral cooperation among the U.S., Japan and Australiain the region and around the world, including in the areas of security and defense,
3)continuing to build upon partnership with India .
1) China- Researchers of the U.S. and Japan are vigorously researching
how to promote defense exchanges with China.2) Australia
- Japan and Australia released the Japan-Australia Joint Declarationon Security Cooperation (March 2007).
- the first trilateral meeting of defense chiefs between the U.S., Japan and Australiawas held at the occasion of the sixth Asia Security Conference (June 2007).
3) India- the U.S., Japan and India conducted
the first trilateral joint maritime exercise (April 2007).
We should promote such kinds of defense exchanges through proactive consultations.
The U.S.-Japan-Australia
The U.S.-Japan-India
The Joint Statement of the U.S.-Japan Security Cons ultative Committee , “Alliance Transformation:
Advancing the U.S.-Japan Security and Defense Coope ration” (May 2007)
(3) Areas of Concrete Cooperation
a. Promote Bilateral Exchanges
the Asia-Pacific region has diversity
Such diversity will influence our respective defense
exchanges
to inform each otherof the situations
of respectivedefense exchanges
the U.S. Navy ship Peleliu, which included foreign military doctors and NGOs,
visited Vietnam and other countries to support medical treatment efforts.
JSDF doctors also took part in this activity.
So if there are some areas of cooperation on wide variety of defense exchanges of the U.S.
such as activity of Peleliu, Japan should proactively take part in these.
Indonesia Earthquake
PakistanEarthquake
Japan has hosted seminars ondisaster relief operations
In future, Japan should expand such kind of seminars
which related to operations.
b. Promote Multilateral Exchanges
Japan has same advantage to promote defense exchanges with Southeast Asia, because this area is a priority region in
Japanese ODA. So, Japan should use this advantage to promote multilateral exchanges. Chief of Defense Conference in Japan
JAPAN
Malaysia
Republic of Korea
Australia
India the Philippines
Indonesia
Mongolia
Singapore
Thailand the U.S.
The U.S. should lead allies and friendly nations as a hub of security
arrangements in the Asia-Pacific region, and promote more multilateral
exchanges such as the Asia-Pacific Chief of Defense Conference.
c. Promote Track 2s
Track Two conferences, which are hosted by the private sector
and which participants part from their official position
of their respective governmentsand discuss individual positions.
Encouraging the peaceful resolutionof issues concerning the Taiwan Strait
through dialogue, Track Two conferences may also be effective.
It is not easy to conduct frank discussions with military officers of communist countries
such as China, Vietnam, Laos and so onin official exchanges.
So when we discuss with these countrieson the common security concern
of the U.S. and Japan,we should also apply
Track Two approaches.
Cobra Gold Exercise
Multilateral Search and Rescue Exercises
Trilateral Joint Maritime Exercise
(the U.S.-Japan-India)
The Indian Ocean
Iraq
Golan Heights
We should cooperate and promotesuch defense exchanges furthermore.
Bilateral and Multilateral Exercises
International Peace Cooperation Activities of JSDF
I think if Japan hopes to promotebilateral and multilateral exercises further,
Japan needs to resolve the issue of exercisingthe right of collective self-defense
so that Japan can do solike other foreign military forces.
d. Promote Bilateral and Multilateral Exercises
Conclusion
General Vo Nguyen Giap said,“Vietnam hopes to promote defense exchanges with fo reign countries.”
Let the U.S. and Japan cooperate with each otheron our respective defense exchanges with other coun tries
to improve the international security environment.