2007 ieee aerospace conference digest - semantic … · 2007 ieee aerospace conference digest big...

2007IEEEAerospaceConferenceDigestBig Sky, Montana, March 3-10, 2007

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Dear 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference Attendee, The Technical Program Committee and the Track and Session Organizers are pleased to bring you the technical program for 2007. Covering a wide range of topics in aerospace engineering, science and technology, this program consists of papers delivered in 115 sessions organized into 14 tracks, presented either orally or in the Electronic Presentation Hall over six days. With seven panels, seven plenaries, and invited speakers, the total of papers and speakers will be over 500. We expect nearly 700 attendees over the week. The seven panels this year will address contemporary topics that include technology for NASA missions, robotics at NASA, spacecraft autonomy, finding extraterrestrial life, space engineering workforce, and “Big Things” at the DoD laboratories. The seven plenary talks promise to be as interesting and exciting as ever, addressing—the rise of the mind; cosmic inflation; space domination; tsunami deposits in Madagascar; exploration of the moon, Mars and beyond; volcanism in Yellowstone; and paradoxes in product pricing. The CD-ROM proceedings contain over 450 papers totaling more than 4700 pages. This year we have again increased representation from around the world and across industry, government, and academia. Twenty-three non-US countries have submitted eighty-four papers--up about 10% from last year. More than sixty-five universities are represented, as are a dozen national and six international laboratories, nine NASA centers, three military organizations, and nearly 100 commercial companies. We are confident that you will enjoy the conference and expect that you will take the opportunity to get to know some of your colleagues from this rich and diverse set of attendees. Technical Program Co-Chairs, Ed Bryan Karen Profet Richard Mattingly Chad Weiser

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TRACK 1: SCIENCE & AEROSPACE FRONTIERS (PLENARY SESSIONS).......................................................................... 1

1.1 Plenary 1 How Smart Were Early Humans? ................................................................. 1 1.2 Plenary 2 Cosmic Inflation and the Accelerating Universe............................................ 1 1.3 Plenary 3 Heavenly Ambitions: Will America Dominate Space?................................... 1 1.4 Plenary 4, Chevron Dunes in Madagascar:

The Most Spectacular Tsunami Deposits on Earth ................................... 1 1.5 Plenary 5, A New Constellation on the Horizon............................................................. 2 1.6 Plenary 6, Grand-scale Volcanism Past, Present, and Future in Yellowstone.............. 2 1.7 Plenary 7, Pricing .......................................................................................................... 2 1.8 Plenary 8, Conference Planning Session ...................................................................... 2

TRACK 2: SPACE MISSIONS, SYSTEMS, AND ARCHITECTURE ..... 3

2.01 Mobility and Robotics Systems for In Situ Exploration..........................3 2.0101 Sensible Planning for Vehicles Operating Over Difficult Unstructured Terrains........ 3 2.0102 Global Path Planning on Board the Mars Exploration Rovers................................... 3 2.0103 Terrain Adaptive Navigation for Mars Rovers............................................................ 3 2.0104 The EPEC Algorithm for Vision Guided Manipulation: Analysis and Validation ........ 3 2.0105 Kinematic-Vision Residuals Analysis......................................................................... 3 2.0106 SILVRCLAW III - Analyis, Prototype Development, and Testing............................... 4 2.0107 A Sample Caching Concept for Planetary Missions.................................................. 4 2.0108 Tetrahedral Robotics for Space Exploration.............................................................. 4 2.0109 Hand-Eye Calibration Using Active Vision................................................................. 4 2.0110 Prospecting Rovers for Lunar Exploration................................................................. 5 2.0111 A Hybrid Algorithm of Optimal Control for a Class of Nonlinear Systems ................. 5

2.02 Future Space and Earth Science Missions ..............................................5 2.0201 Low-Cost Earth Imaging System for Novel Commercial Applications....................... 5 2.0202 Future Mission Concept for 3-D Remote Sensing of Aerosols from Low Earth Orbit 5 2.0203 Herschel/Planck Program–From Complex Mission Design to Verification and

Operations............................................................................................................. 6 2.0204 Europa Explorer—An Exceptional Mission Using Existing Technology .................... 6 2.0205 Future Mission Concept for Operational Retrieval of Cloud-Top Heights and Cloud

Motion Wind Vectors ............................................................................................. 6 2.0206 Flower Constellation of Orbiters for Martian Communication .................................... 6 2.0207 MARVIN- Near Surface Methane Detection on Mars ................................................ 6 2.0208 Tier-Scalable Reconnaissance Missions for the Autonomous Exploration of

Planetary Bodies ................................................................................................... 7 2.0209 A Mars VTOL Aerobot – Preliminary Design, Dynamics and Control........................ 7 2.0210 Concept for Titan Exploration Using a Radioisotopically Heated Montgolfiere ......... 7

2.03 Missions and Technologies for In Situ Exploration and Sample Return................................................................................................................8

2.0301 Overview of NASA's 2006 SSE Strategic Roadmap ................................................. 8 2.0302 Electron Beam Irradiation for Microbial Reduction on Spacecraft Components ....... 8 2.0303 Bio-Barriers: Preventing Forward Contamination and Protecting Planetary

Astrobiology Instruments....................................................................................... 8 2.0304 Possible Liquid Water Ponds on the Martian Surface ............................................... 8 2.0305 Major Progress in Planetary Aerobot Technologies .................................................. 8 2.0306 Tools for Assessing Planetary Protection Implementation Strategies....................... 9 2.0307 Detecting Life and Biology-Related Parameters on Mars.......................................... 9

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2.04 Deep Space, Earth and Discovery Missions..........................................9 2.0401 STEREO Mission Overview.......................................................................................9 2.0402 The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission: From Launch to the Primary Science

Orbit .......................................................................................................................9 2.0403 MESSENGER: Flight Software Design for a Deep Space Mission .........................10 2.0404 Integrated Attitude and Orbit Control of an Interstellar Heliopause Probe...............10 2.0407 A Low Cost Rendezvous Mission to 99942 Apophis ...............................................10

2.05 Modular Bus Technologies, Components and Standardized Spacecraft.............................................................................................................10

2.0501 The MDA MicroSatellite Target System (MTS) for DoD Radar Calibration .............10 2.0502 Modular, Thin Film Solar Arrays for Operationally Responsive Spacecraft.............10 2.0503 Development of an Off-the-Shelf Bus for Small Satellites .......................................11 2.0504 Reconfigurable FPGA Computing to Mitigate for Total Ionizing Dose Effects.........11

2.06 Instruments for In Situ Exploration ........................................................11 2.0601 Atmospheric Electron Induced X-Ray Spectrometer Development .........................11 2.0602 Test Method for In Situ Electrostatic Characterization of Lunar Dust ......................11 2.0603 Raman/CHAMP Instrument for Lunar In-situ Resource Prospecting I - Imager

Design .................................................................................................................12 2.0604 Electrical Properties Probe Measures Water/Ice Content of Martian Soils Using

Impedance Spectroscopy ....................................................................................12 2.0605 Controllable Transport of Particulate Materials for In-situ Characterization ............12

2.07 Radiation Issues for Human Spaceflight ...............................................12 2.0701 Radiation Risk Issues for Long-Term Exposure to Ionizing Space Radiation .........12 2.0702 Development of a New Active Personal Dosimeter for Use in Space Radiation

Environments.......................................................................................................12 2.0703 Calculated Energy Loss Spectra in the CRaTER Detector for Selected Cosmic Ray

Ions......................................................................................................................13 2.0704 Earth-Moon-Mars Radiation Environment Module (EMMREM)...............................13

2.08 In-Space Technology Validation Missions ............................................13 2.0801 Space Technology 7 - Micropropulsion and Mass Distribution................................13 2.0802 Structural Bus and Release Mechanisms on the ST5 Satellites – Summary and

Status ..................................................................................................................13 2.0803 Technology Validation: NMP ST8 Dependable Multiprocessor Project II................14 2.0804 Increasing the Autonomy of Scientific Satellites to Deal With Short-Duration

Phenomena .........................................................................................................14 2.0805 Energy-efficient Sensor Circuit Design for Space Applications ...............................14 2.0806 Access to Space for Technology Validation Missions: A Practical Guide...............14

2.09 Mission Design for Spacecraft Formations ...........................................15 2.0901 A Study for a Space-Based Passive Multi-Channel SAR ........................................15 2.0902 Reconfiguring Flower Constellations Using Continuous Firing................................15 2.0903 Differential Drag as a Means of Spacecraft Formation Control ...............................15 2.0904 Autonomous State Estimation in Formation Flight...................................................15 2.0905 Mission Design and Trajectory Analysis for Inspection of a Host Spacecraft by a

Microsatellite........................................................................................................16 2.0906 Design of Satellite Formations for Interferometric and Bistatic SAR .......................16

2.10 mm Wave and Quasi Optic Payload Optimization and Testing ..........16

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2.11 Global Earth Observation System of Systems ......................................16 2.1101 Architecture and Data Management Challenges in GEOSS and IEOS .................. 16 2.1102 Reusing Software to Build Data Processing Systems: NPP Science Data Segment

Case Study.......................................................................................................... 16 2.1103 A Benchmark of Integrated Technologies for Civil Protection Emergencies ........... 16 2.1104 Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Satellite Network Based on High-Altitude-

Platforms ............................................................................................................. 17

2.12 Architectures for Complex Space Missions and Multi-Mission Campaigns ..........................................................................................17

2.13 System and Technology Challenges for Landing on the Earth, Moon and Mars..............................................................................................17

2.1301 Mars 2007 Scout Phoenix Parachute Decelerator System Program Overview ...... 17 2.1302 Guidance and Control Design for Powered Descent and Landing on Mars............ 17 2.1303 Design of a Retro Rocket Earth Landing System for the Orion Spacecraft............. 18 2.1304 Orion CEV Earth Landing Impact Attenuating Airbags-Design Challenges and

Application........................................................................................................... 18 2.1305 Mars Science Laboratory: Entry, Descent, and Landing System Performance ...... 18 2.1306 Preliminary Assessment of MSL EDL Sensitivity to Martian Environment .............. 18 2.1307 Mars Science Laboratory Entry Capsule Aerothermodynamics and Thermal

Protection System ............................................................................................... 18 2.1308 Entry Attitude Controller for the Mars Science Laboratory ...................................... 19 2.1309 Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing Triggers............................ 19 2.1310 Preliminary Design of the Cruise, Entry, Descent, and Landing Mechanical

Subsystem for MSL ............................................................................................. 19 2.1311 An Overview of the Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Decelerator System ....... 20 2.1312 Dynamic Simulations of MSL EDL Landing Loads and Stability ............................. 20

2.14 Autonomous Vehicles .............................................................................20 2.1401 Camera Aided Inertial Navigation in Poor GPS Environments................................ 20 2.1402 Co-operative Localisation and Mapping for Multiple UAVs in Unknown

Environments ...................................................................................................... 20 2.1403 Towards Full Formation Control of an Autonomous Helicopters Group.................. 20 2.1404 Autonomy in Space Exploration: Current Capabilities and Future Challenges ....... 21

TRACK 3: ANTENNA SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES .................. 22

3.01 Phased Array Antennas...........................................................................22 3.0101 Impact of an Electromagnetic Interference on Imaging Capability of a Synthetic

Aperture Radar.................................................................................................... 22 3.0102 An Analysis of Deep Ion Implantation for Use in Shielding of Phased Array Circuitry

............................................................................................................................ 22 3.0103 Electromagnetic Redirection thru Material Manipulation ......................................... 22 3.0104 Aperture Efficiency of Amplitude Weighting Distributions for Array Antennas ........ 22

3.02 Ground Antenna Technologies and Systems........................................23 3.0201 Aircraft Ice Detection Using Time Domain Reflectometry with Coplanar Sensors .. 23 3.0202 Design of a Wideband Radio Telescope ................................................................. 23 3.0203 Development and Implementation Experience of 20kW CW Transmitters at the DSN

34-m BWG Antennas .......................................................................................... 23

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3.03 Space Antennas Technologies and Systems........................................23 3.0301 European Large Deployable Antenna (12 meter): Development Status and

Applications .........................................................................................................23 3.0302 RADARSAT-2 Antenna............................................................................................24 3.0303 A Precision Deployable Aperture System Facility....................................................24 3.0304 Dual Polarized UHF/VHF Honeycomb Stacked-Patch Feed Array for a Large-

Aperture Space-borne Radar Antenna ................................................................24 3.0305 Mesh Reflector Antennas with Complex Weaves: PO/Periodic MoM and Equivalent

Strip Width Verification ........................................................................................24 3.0306 A Ka Band Offset Dish Antenna to be Used for the Future Algerian

Telecommunication Satellite................................................................................25

3.04 Antenna Systems: Novel Modeling and Optimization Techniques .....25 3.0401 Vibrating Antennas and Compensation Techniques Research in NATO/RTO/SET

087/RTG 50 .........................................................................................................25 3.0402 The Effect of the ADC Quantization on the Performances of GPS Receiver Adaptive

Antenna ...............................................................................................................25

3.05 Array Beamforming Technologies: Analog, Digital, and Optical.........25 3.0502 Signal Processing Suggestions for High Power RF Pulse Devices.........................25 3.0503 Beamforming in Tight Specifications Environment ..................................................26 3.0504 Beamforming in Tight Specifications Environment Using Generalized Minimum

Mean Error Algorithm ..........................................................................................26 3.0505 Performance Improvement of Blind Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms Using Pre-

filtering Technique ...............................................................................................26

TRACK 4: COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES.............................................................. 27

4.01 Responsive Space Transformation ........................................................27 4.0101 Applying Responsive Space Contracting to Missile Warning Acquisistions ............27 4.0102 Operational Satellite Concepts for ESPA Rideshare ...............................................27

4.02 Evolving Space Communication Architectures ....................................27 4.0201 DSN Antenna Array Architectures Based on Future NASA Mission Needs ............27 4.0202 The Struggle for Ka-band: NASA's Gradual Move Towards Using 32 GHz Ka-band

for Deep Space Missions.....................................................................................27 4.0203 MRO Ka-band Demonstration: Cruise Phase Lessons Learned .............................28 4.0204 Transfer of Files Between the Deep Impact Spacecrafts and the Ground Data

System Using CFDP............................................................................................28

4.03 Communication Protocols and Services for Space Networks.............28 4.0301 Improved Near-Earth Internet Data Transmission Using New Multi-Layer OSI

Protocol Designs .................................................................................................28 4.0302 Routing In Deep-Space Satellite Networks With Lossy Links..................................28 4.0303 A Demand Access Protocol for Space Applications ................................................28 4.0304 Deep Space Network Scheduling Using Evolutionary Computational Methods......29 4.0305 Performance Evaluation of Video Codecs in the Space Environment.....................29 4.0306 A Link-Layer Broadcast Service for SpaceWire Networks.......................................29 4.0307 Automatic Generation of Certifiable Space Communication Software ....................29 4.0308 Space-Based Voice over IP Networks.....................................................................30

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4.04 Transformational Communications Architectures and Technologies 30 4.0401 Transport Protocols in the Tactical Network Environment....................................... 30

4.05 Navigation and Communication Systems for Exploration ...................30 4.0501 Control Authority Network Analysis Applied to Lunar Outpost Deployment ............ 30 4.0502 Benefits of Cooperative Communication Applied to Robot Exploration .................. 30 4.0503 Lunar Robotic Relay: The First Phase of Building the Lunar Ground Network ....... 31 4.0504 Lunar Navigation and Communication System Implementation Concept ............... 31 4.0505 Developments Toward a Disciplined Timekeeping System for Lunar and Planetary

Navigation ........................................................................................................... 31

4.06 Space Exploration Communication and Navigation Status and Panel31

4.07 Innovative Techniques in Deep Space Communications.....................31 4.0701 Availability of Calibration Sources for Measuring Spacecraft Angular Position with

Sub-nanoradian Accuracy ................................................................................... 31 4.0702 Effect of Tracking Errors on Performance of Telescope Arrays Receiver for Deep

Space Optical Communication ............................................................................ 32

4.08 Communication System Analysis & Simulation....................................32 4.0801 Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Link Performance Using the USB/STDN

Waveform ............................................................................................................ 32 4.0802 Digital Transparent Processor for Satellite Telecommunication Services............... 32 4.0803 Real-Time Hardware/Software Approach to Phase Noise Emulation ..................... 32

4.09 Wideband Communications Systems ....................................................33 4.0901 Quality of Service in Mission Orientated Ad-hoc Networks ..................................... 33 4.0902 Third Update to the Order 7 de Bruijn Weight Class Distribution ............................ 33 4.0903 Perspectives of W-Band for Space Communications.............................................. 33 4.0904 Estimating Queue Size in a Computer Network Using an Extended Kalman Filter 33 4.0905 Multicarrier CDMA for Data Transmission over HF Channels: Application to “Digital

Divide” Reduction ................................................................................................ 34 4.0906 Analog-to-Digital Converter Loading Analysis Considerations for Satellite

Communications Systems................................................................................... 34 4.0907 Performance Analysis of TCP/IP/Q-Persistence ARQ over Satellite links .............. 34

4.10 Advanced Communication Signal Processing......................................34 4.1001 Adaptive Decision-Directed Quantized-State Algorithms for Multi-user Detection of

CDMA Signals ..................................................................................................... 34 4.1002 An Analysis of the Distortion Effects of Nonlinear Amplifiers on CDMA Signals ..... 35

4.11 Global Navigation Satellite Systems ......................................................35 4.1101 Looking for a New US/EU Agreement on Air Transport Regime Incoming GNSS.. 35 4.1102 Minimum Indicator Approach for Use with Precise Differential GPS....................... 35

4.12 Software Defined Radio Systems and Technology...............................35 4.1201 Effect of Nonlinear Amplification on Walsh Encoding/Spreading with Turbo Coding

............................................................................................................................ 35 4.1202 Adaptive Automatic Gain Control for Nonlinearly Distorted Constellations ............. 36 4.1203 Influence of Non-ideal Integration on Sampling Circuits with Internal Antialiasing

Filtering................................................................................................................ 36 4.1204 Software Adaptation: A Conscious Design for Oblivious Programmers .................. 36

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4.1207 On Dynamic Range of Digital Receivers .................................................................36 4.1208 Modulation and Spreading Techniques for Burst Transmissions ............................36

4.13 Advanced Communications, Navigation, & Surveillance Technology for National Airspace .........................................................................37

4.1301 Eurocontrol/FAA Future Communications Study - Phase II Technology Assessment.............................................................................................................................37

4.1302 Final Assessment of the B-VHF Overlay Concept...................................................37 4.1303 Aircraft Heading Measurement Potential from an Airborne Laser Scanner Using

Edge Extraction ...................................................................................................37

4.14 Advanced Navigation Systems for Surface, Air, and Space Applications........................................................................................38

4.1401 Considerations for Sensor Stabilization Using Stand-Alone GPS Velocity and Inertial Measurements .........................................................................................38

4.1402 Experiences in Data Analysis of a GBAS Approach Test........................................38

4.15 Speech and Audio Processing for Aerospace ......................................38 4.1501 UT-Scope: Speech under Lombard Effect and Cognitive Stress.............................38 4.1502 Speaker Recognition in Adverse Conditions ...........................................................38 4.1503 Unsupervised Indexing of Conversations with Short Speaker Utterances ..............39 4.1504 Detection of Speaker Change Points in Conversational Speech.............................39 4.1505 Automatic Speech Detection and Segmentation of Air Traffic Control Audio Using

the Parametric Trajectory Model .........................................................................39 4.1506 Boosting of Speech Recognition Performance by Language Model Adaptation .....39

TRACK 5: ELECTRO-OPTIC SENSORS AND OBSERVATION SYSTEMS.......................................................................... 40

5.01 Integration, Alignment and Test of Large Optical Systems .................40 5.0101 Cryogenic Optical Thermal-Vacuum Testing of the James Webb Space Telescope

.............................................................................................................................40 5.0102 Optical Alignment and Test of the James Webb Space Telescope Integrated

Science Instrument Module .................................................................................40 5.0103 Optical Modeling of the Alignment and Test of the NASA James Webb Space

Telescope ............................................................................................................40 5.0104 Looking at Hubble through the Eyes of JWST.........................................................40 5.0105 JWST Lightweight Mirror TRL-6 Results .................................................................41 5.0106 Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry for JWST ...............................................41 5.0107 Summary of NASA Advanced Telescope and Observatory Capability Roadmap...41 5.0108 Scaling Analysis for Large Membrane Optics..........................................................41

5.02 Photonic Technologies for Aerospace Applications ............................42

5.03 Electro-Optics Devices for Aerospace...................................................42 5.0301 Modelling and Testing of Two-Dimensional Sun-Sensors .......................................42 5.0302 Electro-Optic Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer..........................................42 5.0303 2-Dimensional Integrated VCSEL and PiN Photodetector Arrays for a Bidirectional

Optical Links ........................................................................................................42 5.0304 Fast Electro-Optic Gratings for Laser Beam Attenuations.......................................42

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5.04 Optics and Photonics Packaging for Space ..........................................43

5.05 Novel Imaging Systems...........................................................................43 5.0501 A Low-Cost Earth Imaging Telescope ..................................................................... 43 5.0502 Atmospheric Turbulence Generator Using a Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator

............................................................................................................................ 43 5.0503 A High Speed Reflective Wave Front Sensor Using a Novel MEM Device............. 43

5.06 Active Optical Sensing Systems ............................................................44 5.0601 Co-Boresighted Coherent Laser Velocimeter and Direct Detection Lidar for Dust

Devil Characterization ......................................................................................... 44 5.0602 Field Testing of Lunar Access and Navigation Device (LAND) ............................... 44 5.0603 3D Metrology Camera ............................................................................................. 44

5.07 Image Processing ....................................................................................44 5.0701 A Non-local Maximum-Likelihood Denoising Algorithm........................................... 44 5.0702 Enhanced Detection Through Obscurations Using Optimized Temporal Polarization

Imaging................................................................................................................ 44 5.0703 Spatial and Spectral Resolution Limits of Hyperspectral Imagers Using Computed

Tomography ........................................................................................................ 45 5.0704 Improved Near Earth Orbiting Asteroid Detection via Statistical Image Fusion ...... 45

TRACK 6: REMOTE SENSING ............................................................ 46

6.01 Tracking Applications..............................................................................46 6.0101 Aim Identification with a Minimal Parameter Set ..................................................... 46 6.0102 PMHT with the True Association Probability ........................................................... 46 6.0103 Multiple Targets Tracking Using Maximum Likelihood Probabilistic Data Association

............................................................................................................................ 46 6.0104 Frequency Synthesis Approach to Determine Spacecraft Angular Position with Sub-

nanoradian Accuracy........................................................................................... 46 6.0105 Bearing Line Tracking and Bearing-Only Target Motion Analysis........................... 47 6.0106 Multistatic Target and Sensor Field Tracking .......................................................... 47 6.0107 Grid Based Target Motion Analysis ......................................................................... 47 6.0108 Probabilistic Data Association with Amplitude Information Versus the Strongest

Neighbor Filter..................................................................................................... 47

6.02 Particle Filtering and Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques.............48 6.0201 Online Multiple Target Tracking and Sensor Registration Using Sequential Monte

Carlo Methods ..................................................................................................... 48 6.0202 Target Tracking by Multiple Particle Filtering .......................................................... 48 6.0203 Bootstrapping Particle Filters Using Kernel Recursive Least Squares.................... 48 6.0204 Target Tracking Performance Evaluation --- A General Software Environment for

Filtering................................................................................................................ 48 6.0205 A Multi Target Bearing Tracking System Using Random Sampling Consensus ..... 48 6.0206 A Monte-Carlo Approach for Tracking Mobile Personnel ........................................ 49 6.0207 Online Multisensor-Multitarget Detection and Tracking Using Variable Rate Particle

Filters................................................................................................................... 49 6.0208 A Vertical Gyro Model based on Particle Filters ...................................................... 49 6.0209 Gaussian Particle Implementations of Probability Hypothesis Density Filters ........ 49

6.03 Multisensor Fusion ..................................................................................50

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6.0301 Performance Evaluation of Multi-platform Distributed Data Fusion Methods for Multi-target Tracking.....................................................................................................50

6.0302 A Decentralized Approach to Pursuer-Evader Games with Multiple Superior Evaders in Noisy Environments...........................................................................50

6.0303 Use of Downlinked Aircraft Parameters in Enhanced Tracking Architecture...........50 6.0304 Bias Estimation for Distributed Radars in 3D...........................................................50 6.0305 An Integrated Electro-Optical Payload System for Forest Fires Monitoring from

Airborne Platform.................................................................................................51

6.04 Detection and Classification...................................................................51 6.0401 Intelligent Surface Threat Identification System ......................................................51 6.0402 Binary Integration of OS-CFAR Detection in a Non-homogeneous Background.....51

6.05 Hyperspectral Science and Signal Processing .....................................51 6.0501 Stable Scene-based Non-uniformity Correction Coefficients for Hyperspectral SWIR

Sensors ...............................................................................................................51 6.0502 Methods for Determining Best Multispectral Bands Using Hyperspectral Data.......52 6.0503 Regional Mineral Mapping By Extending Hyperspectral Signatures Using

Multispectral Data................................................................................................52 6.0504 Hyperspectral Image Sharpening Using Multispectral Data ....................................52 6.0505 Advanced Methods of Multivariate Anomaly Detection ...........................................52 6.0506 Finding Hyperspectral Anomalies Using Multivariate Outlier Detection...................52 6.0507 Simultaneous Extraction of Temporal, Spatial, and Spectral Information from Multi-

Wavelength Lidar Data ........................................................................................53

6.06 Radar/Sonar Signal Processing..............................................................53 6.0601 Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Non-Sidelooking Airborne Radar with HPRF53 6.0602 Evaluation of Knowledge-Aided STAP Using Experimental Data............................53 6.0603 Information Theory Based Radar Signature Analysis..............................................53 6.0604 Array Shape Self-Calibration for Large Flexible Antenna........................................54 6.0605 Analysis and Emulation of FM Radio Signals for Passive Radar ............................54 6.0606 A Modulus Compensation Algorithm for Shape Self-Calibration of Paired Sensors

Based Antennas ..................................................................................................54 6.0607 Clutter Suppression for Airborne Radar with Cylindrical Array Antennas................54

6.07 Space Based Radar Technology ............................................................55 6.0701 Clutter Impacts on Space Based Radar GMTI: A Global Perspective.....................55 6.0706 Robust Auto-Regressive Spectrum Using a Reiterative Median Cascaded Canceller

.............................................................................................................................55

6.08 Microwave Remote Sensing Technologies and Systems ....................55 6.0801 A Cross-Track Ku-Band Interferometer for Topographic and Volumetric Depth

Measurements.....................................................................................................55 6.0802 Technology Demonstration of Ka-band Digitally-Beamformed Radar for Ice

Topography Mapping...........................................................................................55 6.0803 Applications of MIMO Technique for Aerospace Remote Sensing..........................56

6.09 Interferometry and Large Optical Systems............................................56 6.0901 Starlight Nulling Technology at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ................................56 6.0902 Experimental Progress and Results of a Visible Nulling Coronagraph....................56 6.0903 An Interferometric Wave Front Sensor for Measuring Post-Coronagraph Errors on

Large Optical Telescopes....................................................................................56 6.0904 High-Contrast, Narrow-Field Imaging with a Multi-Aperture Telescope...................56

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6.10 Applications and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks ..........57 6.1001 Design Considerations for a Heterogeneous Network of Bearings-only Sensors

Using Sensor Management................................................................................. 57 6.1002 An Energy-Efficient Mechanism for Self-Monitoring Sensor Web ........................... 57

6.11 Integrated Sensing, Modeling, and Analysis Using Sensor Webs ......57 6.1101 Soil Moisture Smart Sensor Web Concept Using Data Assimilation and Optimal

Control ................................................................................................................. 57 6.1102 Harnessing the Sensor Web Through Model-based Observation........................... 58 6.1103 On Representative Spaceflight Instrument and Associated Instrument Sensor Web

Framework .......................................................................................................... 58 6.1104 Secure, Autonomous, Intelligent Controller for Integrating Distributed Sensor Webs

............................................................................................................................ 58 6.1105 Realization of the Sensor Web Concept for Earth Science Using Mobile Robotic

Platforms ............................................................................................................. 58 6.1106 QuakeSim: Enabling Model Interactions in Solid Earth Science Sensor Webs ...... 58 6.1107 Space-Ground Sensor Web for Study of Urban Micro-Environment ....................... 59 6.1108 An Objectively Optimized Earth Observing System ................................................ 59

6.12 Advanced Data Exploitation Techniques...............................................59 6.1201 Trajectory Comparison for Civil Aircraft................................................................... 59

6.13 Instrument and Sensor Architecture and Design..................................59 6.1301 An FPGA/SoC Approach to On-Board Data Processing Enabling New Mars Science

with Smart Payloads............................................................................................ 59 6.1302 International Space Station Remote Sensing Pointing Analysis ............................. 60 6.1310 Modeling and Analysis of a Mechatronic Actuator System by Using Bond Graph

Methodology........................................................................................................ 60

TRACK 7: SPACECRAFT AVIONICS SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES........................................................................................... 61

7.01 Onboard Processing Hardware Architectures and Interconnect Technologies ......................................................................................61

7.0101 Analysis of a SAE AS5643 Mil-1394b Based High-Speed Avionics Network Architecture ......................................................................................................... 61

7.0102 Increasing Performance and Removing Bottlenecks in Reconfigurable Space Processing........................................................................................................... 61

7.02 Onboard Processing Hardware Architectures and Interconnect Technologies ......................................................................................61

7.0201 SIFOpt -- Fixed-Point Implementations of Calculations from Floating-Point Descriptions......................................................................................................... 61

7.0202 SpaceWire Plug ‘n’ Play .......................................................................................... 62 7.0203 Radiation Hardened FPGA Technology for Space Applications ............................. 62 7.0204 Design of Store and Forward Data Collection Low-cost Nanosatellite.................... 62

7.03 Onboard Memory and Data Storage Technologies...............................62 7.0301 A Radiation Hardened 16-Mb SRAM for Space Applications.................................. 62 7.0302 RadHard 16Mbit SRAM Packaged in a Cantilever Die Multi-Chip Module ............. 62 7.0303 RadHard 16Mbit Monolithic SRAM for Space Applications ..................................... 63

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7.0305 Integrated Magnetic Memory for Embedded Computing Systems ..........................63 7.0306 Carbon Nanotube Based Memory Development and Testing .................................63

7.04 Reconfigurable Computing System Technologies ...............................63 7.0401 Field Programmable Processor Array: Reconfigurable Computing for Space.........63 7.0402 High Performance Dependable Multiprocessor II ....................................................64 7.0403 Communications for Integrated Modular Avionics ...................................................64

7.05 Mixed Signal and System-on-a-Chip Technologies ..............................64 7.0501 System-on-a-Chip Design of Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Nodes for Hostile

Environments.......................................................................................................64 7.0502 New Technologies and Concepts for Low Loss Radiation Hardened DC/DC

Converters ...........................................................................................................64

7.06 Miniaturization and Advanced Electronics Packaging for Spacecraft 65 7.0601 Carbon Nanotube Filled Conductive Adhesives for Aerospace Applications ..........65 7.0602 High-Density PWB Microvia Reliability for Space Application .................................65 7.0603 Multi-Functional Spacecraft Structures Integrating Electrical and Mechanical

Functions .............................................................................................................65

7.07 Fault Tolerance, Autonomy, and Evolvability in Spacecraft Avionics.............................................................................................................65

7.0701 Automating the Pluto Experience: An Examination of the New Horizons Autonomous Operations Subsystem...................................................................65

7.0702 Autonomous Fault Protection Orbit Domain Modeling In Aerobraking ....................66 7.0703 A Robust Fault Protection Strategy for a COTS-Based Spacecraft.........................66 7.0704 Fault Injection Campaign for a Fault Tolerant Duplex Framework ..........................66 7.0705 Demonstration of Self-Training Autonomous Neural Networks in Space Vehicle

Docking Simulations ............................................................................................66 7.0706 Fault-Tolerant 2D Fourier Transform with Checksum Encoding..............................66 7.0707 Temperature-Adaptive Circuits on Reconfigurable Analog Arrays ..........................67 7.0708 Extreme Temperature Electronics Based on Self-Adaptive System Using Field

Programmable Gate Array...................................................................................67

7.08 Electronics for Extreme Environments..................................................67 7.0801 CMOS Compatible SOI MESFETs for Wide Temperature Range Electronics ........67 7.0802 Development of a DC Motor Drive for Extreme Cold Environments........................67

7.09 Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, and Control Technologies.............68 7.0901 Analysis of the Reconfigurable Control Capabilities of a Space Access Vehicle ....68 7.0902 Input Saturation Treatments: A Performance Comparison of Direct Adaptive Control

and Theta-D Control ............................................................................................68 7.0903 Precision Attitude Determination Using a Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation

Scheme ...............................................................................................................68 7.0904 Terrestrial Attitude Estimation for the Formation Control Testbed...........................68 7.0905 Decentralized Cooperative Navigation for Spacecraft .............................................69 7.0911 Gyro Evaluation for the Mission to Jupiter ...............................................................69

7.10 Large Space-Based Sensor Platforms ...................................................69 7.1001 High Performance Space Computing ......................................................................69 7.1002 Multiresolution Subspace Beam Formation Using a Partially Coherent Model .......69

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7.11 Advanced Spacecraft and Mission Concepts........................................70 7.1101 Modular, Reconfigurable, High-Energy Technology Development.......................... 70 7.1102 Optimization of Inner Heliospheric Sentinels Spacecraft Conceptual Design ......... 70 7.1103 Artificial Gravity for Space Travel ............................................................................ 70

7.12 Avionics to Support Contemporary Commercial and Space Tourism Ventures ..............................................................................................70

TRACK 8: SPACECRAFT & LAUNCH VEHICLE SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................. 71

8.01 Advanced Launch Vehicle Systems and Technologies........................71 8.0101 Coupling Simulation of Heat Transfer and Temperature of the Composite Walled

Nozzle of Rocket ................................................................................................. 71

8.02 Rendezvous and Docking Technologies ...............................................71 8.0201 Hydra Rendezvous and Docking Sensor System.................................................... 71

8.03 Responsive Space Systems and Technologies ....................................71

8.04 Satellite Dynamic Systems and Controls...............................................71 8.0401 An Introduction to Evolving Systems of Flexible Aerospace Structures.................. 71 8.0402 Decentralized Estimation and Control in High Precision Spacecraft Formations:

Comparison Studies ............................................................................................ 72 8.0403 Stability and Reconfiguration Analysis of a Circularly Spinning 2-Craft Coulomb

Tether .................................................................................................................. 72 8.0404 Dynamics of a 3D Rotating Tethered Formation Flying Facing the Earth ............... 72 8.0405 A Decentralized Adaptive Control of Flexible Satellite ............................................ 72 8.0406 Multi-Purpose Satellites Constellations Propagator Toolkit..................................... 72

8.05 Rapid Prototyping and Demonstration of Operational Earth Observation Capabilities....................................................................73

8.0501 A Prototype Airborne Visible Imaging Spectrometer (PAVIS) ................................. 73 8.0502 Concept for a High MEO InSAR Seismic Monitoring System.................................. 73 8.0503 Prototyping a New Earth Observing Sensor – GeoSTAR ....................................... 73 8.0504 Broadband Imager-Sounder for Terrestrial Remote Observations (BISTRO)......... 74

8.06 Technologies for Planetary Exploration ................................................74 8.0601 Terrain Classification and Classifier Fusion for Planetary Exploration Rovers ....... 74 8.0602 Self-Supervised Classification for Planetary Rover Terrain Sensing....................... 74 8.0603 Remote Collaboration on Task Scheduling for Humans at Mars............................. 74 8.0604 Overview of High Priority Technologies for Solar System Exploration .................... 74

8.07 Nuclear Systems for Space Exploration ................................................75 8.0701 NASA’s Advanced Radioisotope Power Conversion Technology Development

Status .................................................................................................................. 75 8.0702 Design Reference Mission Set for RPS Enabled Missions in Support of NASA’s

SSE Roadmap..................................................................................................... 75

8.08 Autonomous Science Systems...............................................................75

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8.0801 Simulation to Evaluate Autonomous Behaviors for Mobile Planetary Surface Science Missions.................................................................................................75

8.0802 Performance Comparison of Rock Detection Algorithms for Autonomous Planetary Geology ...............................................................................................................76

8.0803 Onboard Autonomous Rover Science .....................................................................76 8.0804 Automated Classification of Visible and Near-Infrared Spectra Using Self-

Organizing Maps .................................................................................................76

8.09 Technology Development and Infusion .................................................76 8.0901 A Fast Technology Infusion Model for Aerospace Organizations............................76

8.10 Reconfigurable Space Systems and Space Assembly.........................77 8.1001 Uniform Current/Voltage-Sharing for Interconnected DC-DC Converters ...............77

8.11 Exploration Systems Technology Development ...................................77 8.1101 Exploration Life Support Overview and Benefits .....................................................77 8.1102 Environmental Monitoring Instruments: Using ISS as a Testbed for Exploration ....77 8.1103 Automated Rendezvous and Docking Sensor Testing at the Flight Robotics

Laboratory ...........................................................................................................78 8.1104 Autonomous Precision Landing and Hazard Detection and Avoidance Technology

(ALHAT)...............................................................................................................78 8.1105 ALHAT System Architecture and Operational Concept ...........................................78 8.1106 ATHLETE: A Mobility and Manipulation System for the Moon ................................78 8.1107 In-Flight Manual Electronics Repair for Deep-Space Missions................................78 8.1108 Lithium Ion Batteries for Space Applications ...........................................................79 8.1109 Technology Infusion Planning Within the Exploration Technology Development

Program...............................................................................................................79

TRACK 9: AIR VEHICLE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES............. 80

9.01 Aircraft Systems & Avionics...................................................................80 9.0101 Aircraft Collision Avoidance System ........................................................................80 9.0102 PC Rapid Modification Tool for Aircraft Experimentation & Training for the MH-

60S/MH-60R Helicopters.....................................................................................80 9.0103 In-flight Evaluation of an Amplified 802.11b Network ..............................................80 9.0104 MH-60S Armed Helo: Upgraded Capability to a U.S. Navy Workhorse Helicopter .80

9.02 Air Vehicle Flight Testing........................................................................81 9.0201 Low-Power Wireless Local Area Networks for Flight Test.......................................81 9.0202 Flight Trials and Drag Analysis of a Scale Model Floatplane ..................................81 9.0203 Using Parallel Processing Tools to Predict Rotorcraft Performance, Stability, and

Control .................................................................................................................81

9.03 UAV Systems & Autonomy .....................................................................81 9.0301 The Silent Force Multiplier: The History and Role of UAVs in Warfare ...................81 9.0302 Evolution of a UAV Autonomy Classification Taxonomy .........................................82 9.0303 Target Tracking and Adversarial Reasoning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles...........82 9.0304 A Novel Leader-Follower Framework for Control of Helicopter Formation ..............82 9.0305 A Nonlinear Digital Robust Controller for UAV ........................................................82 9.0306 An Optical Flow Based Electro-Optical See-and-Avoid System for UAVs...............82 9.0307 Intelligent Operation Using Terrain Following Flight in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.83

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9.0308 A Receding Horizon Control Approach for Roll Control of Delta Wing Vortex-Coupled Dynamics .............................................................................................. 83

TRACK 10: SOFTWARE AND COMPUTING....................................... 84

10.01 Advanced Software Verification Tools.................................................84 10.0101 Model-Based Validation & Verification Integrated with SW Architecture Analysis: A

Feasibility Study .................................................................................................. 84 10.0102 Technology Infusion of SAVE into the Ground Software Development Process for

NASA Missions at JHU/APL................................................................................ 84 10.0103 Applying a Formal Requirements Method to Three NASA Systems: Lessons

Learned ............................................................................................................... 84 10.0104 Verification of Flight Software with Karnough Map-based Checking..................... 84 10.0105 Tools and Methods for the Verification and Validation of Adaptive Aircraft Control

Systems............................................................................................................... 85 10.0106 Program Model Checking Using Design-for-Verification: NASA Flight Software

Case Study.......................................................................................................... 85 10.0107 Robust Derivation of Risk Reduction Strategies.................................................... 85

10.02 Agent-Based Systems for Aerospace ..................................................85 10.0201 An AI Modeling Tool for Designers and Developers.............................................. 85 10.0202 A Multi-Agent Architecture Provides Smart Sensing for the NASA Sensor Web .. 86

10.03 Computational Modeling .......................................................................86 10.0301 Game-Theoretic Modeling and Control of Military Air Operations with Retaliatory

Civilians ............................................................................................................... 86 10.0302 Calculating the Infrared Characteristics of the Rocket Nozzle with the Narrow-

Band Zone Model ................................................................................................ 86

10.04 Enterprise Mission Management ..........................................................86 10.0401 Searching Across the International Space Station Databases.............................. 86

10.05 Human-Computer Interaction ...............................................................87 10.0501 WebOnWorld: Geo-coded Video and Spatial Audio in Vehicles ........................... 87

10.06 Information Management and Collaborative Engineering..................87

10.07 Information Technologies for Counter Terrorism ...............................87 10.0701 Streaming Hierarchical Clustering for Concept Mining.......................................... 87 10.0702 Hardware-Accelerated Parser for Extraction of Metadata in Semantic Network

Content................................................................................................................ 87 10.0703 Ontology Building: A Terrorism Specialist's Perspective....................................... 88 10.0704 Building a Semantic Web Portal for Counter Terror Analysis................................ 88 10.0705 RAPSODI Adversarial Reasoner........................................................................... 88 10.0706 Anomaly Detection via Feature-Aided Tracking and Hidden Markov Models ....... 88

10.08 Novel Information Technologies for Asymmetric Threats .................88 10.0801 Sensitivity Analysis of Gigabit Concept Mining System......................................... 88 10.0802 GeoBoost™: An AJAX Web 2.0 Collaborative Geospatial Visualization Framework

............................................................................................................................ 89 10.0803 An Adaptive Markov Game Model for Threat Intent Inference .............................. 89

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10.09 Quantitative and Computational Social Sciences to Understand 21st Century Strategic Threats..................................................................89

10.0901 Models of Trust and Disinformation in the Open Press from Model-Driven Linguistic Pattern Analysis...................................................................................89

10.10 Software Development Methodologies ................................................89 10.1001 Uploadable Executable Specification Concept for Spacecraft Autonomy Systems

.............................................................................................................................89 10.1002 NavP: Structuredand Multithreaded Distributed Parallel Programming.................90 10.1003 Lessons Learned from Adapting Aerospace Engineering Tools to the Parallel and

Grid Computing Environment ..............................................................................90

10.11 Use of XML in Space Systems..............................................................90 10.1101 Standardization of XML Database Exchanges and the James Webb Space

Telescope Experience .........................................................................................90

10.12 Web++: Semantics, Ontologies, and Agents.......................................90 10.1201 Basic Concepts and Distinctions for an Aerospace Ontology of Functions, Entities

and Problems ......................................................................................................90

10.13 PANEL: XML Deployment .....................................................................91

10.14 Software Architecture and Design .......................................................91 10.1401 Reviewing Aerospace Proposals with Respect to Software Architecture ..............91

10.15 Intelligent networks for Space Applications .......................................91 10.1501 Management and Service Discovery in Satellite and Avionic Networks................91 10.1502 Intelligent Sensor Fabric Computing on a Chip - A Technology Path for Intelligent

Network Computing .............................................................................................91

TRACK 11: DIAGNOSTICS, PROGNOSTICS, AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT................................................................. 92

11.01 Fixed Wing and/or Rotary Wing PHM Program Applications.............92 11.0101 Sandra – A New Concept for Management of Fault Isolation in Aircraft Systems.92 11.0102 Development of Regime Recognition Tools for Usage Monitoring ........................92 11.0103 Reducing Military Helicopter Maintenance Through Prognostics ..........................92 11.0104 Helicopter Structural Life Modeling: Flight Regime and Gross Weight Estimation 92 11.0105 V-22 Data Visualization Toolset (VDVT) Implementation ......................................93 11.0106 A Data-Driven PHM Approach to Supporting the F-35 Lightning II .......................93 11.0107 ISHM & Design: A Review of the Benefits of the Ideal ISHM System ..................93

11.02 PHM for Aviation and Space Propulsion Engines...............................93 11.0201 Modeling Propagation of Gas Path Damage .........................................................93 11.0202 Adaptive On-Wing Gas Turbine Engine Performance Estimation .........................94 11.0203 Demonstration of a Reliability Centered Maintenance Tool to Extend Engine’s

Time-On-Wing .....................................................................................................94 11.0204 Simulation-based Design and Validation of Automated Contingency Management

for Propulsion Systems........................................................................................94

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11.0205 Remote Detection of Bearing Fatigue Spalls via the Dynamic Response of Bearings on the Same Shaft ............................................................................... 94

11.0206 A Systems Engineering Approach to PHM for Military Aircraft Propulsion Systems............................................................................................................................ 94

11.03 Diagnostics and PHM for Aerospace Subsystems and Components..............................................................................................................95

11.0301 Failure Modes and Prognostic Techniques for H-60 Tail Rotor Drive System Bearings .............................................................................................................. 95

11.0302 Validating Prognostic Algorithms: A Case Study Using Comprehensive Bearing Fault Data............................................................................................................ 95

11.0303 Advances in Intelligent Health Reasoning and its Application to IBDM................. 95 11.0304 Investigation of Current Methods to Identify Helicopter Gear Health .................... 95 11.0305 The Last Few Minutes Prior to a Fatigue Blade Failure in an Axial Compressor .. 96 11.0306 Dynamic Decision Support and Automated Fault Accommodation for Jet Engines

............................................................................................................................ 96

11.04 Algorithms and Advanced Analysis Concepts for Diagnostics and PHM......................................................................................................96

11.0401 Multi-Scale Rank-Permutation Change Localization ............................................. 96 11.0402 Hybrid Change Detection for Aircraft Engine Fault Diagnostics............................ 96 11.0403 A Generalized Process for Optimal Threshold Setting in HUMS........................... 96 11.0404 An Optimization-Based Method for Dynamic Multiple Fault Diagnosis Problem... 97 11.0405 Prior Training of Data Mining System for Fault Detection ..................................... 97 11.0406 Adaptive Maintenance Knowledge Bases for Field Service .................................. 97 11.0407 Integrated System Bench for Design V&V Using Real-Time Simulation............... 97 11.0408 Reasoning Framework for Diagnosis and Prognosis ............................................ 98

11.05 Remote Monitoring, Diagnosis, and New Business Practices...........98 11.0501 An Architecture for Distributed Search and Data-Mining in Condition Monitoring

Applications ......................................................................................................... 98 11.0502 Application of an Effective Data-Driven Approach to Real-time Fault Diagnosis in

Automotive Engines ............................................................................................ 98 11.0503 Opportunities for Prognostic Health Monitoring..................................................... 98

11.06 New Sensor Technologies for PHM Applications ...............................98 11.0601 Low-power Electronics for Distributed Impact Detection and Piezoelectric Sensor

Applications ......................................................................................................... 98 11.0602 Gas Turbine Inlet Salt Monitoring for Filtration and Hot Section Prognostics ....... 99 11.0603 A Methodology for Optimum Sensor Localization/Selection in Fault Diagnosis.... 99

11.07 Prognostics for Aero-Mechanical Systems .........................................99 11.0701 Propulsion System Prognostics R&D Through the Technical Cooperation Program

............................................................................................................................ 99 11.0702 Seeded Failure Testing and Analysis of an Electro-Mechanical Actuator ............. 99 11.0703 Formulation of Prognostics Requirements .......................................................... 100

11.08 Prognostics for Avionic Systems.......................................................100 11.0801 Predictive & Prognostic Controller for Wide Band Gap (Silicon Carbide) Power

Conversion ........................................................................................................ 100 11.0802 Application of Prognostic Health Management in Digital Electronic Systems ..... 100 11.0803 An Enhanced Prognostic Model for Intermittent Failures in Digital Electronics... 100 11.0804 A Prognostic Sensor for Voltage Regulated Switch-Mode Power Supplies ........ 101

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11.0805 Electronic Prognostics Through Advanced Modeling Techniques.......................101

11.09 PHM for Aerospace Structures ...........................................................101 11.0901 SIPS, A Structural Integrity Prognosis System....................................................101 11.0902 FUMS Technologies for Advanced Structural PHM.............................................101 11.0903 The UK MOD EUCAMS Strategy and the FUMS Developments ........................102 11.0904 Life Remaining Prognostics for Airframe Structural Components .......................102 11.0905 Effect of Improving Accuracy of Load Monitoring on Aircraft Probability of Failure

...........................................................................................................................102 11.0906 Classification of Damage Signatures in Composite Plates Using One-Class SVMs

...........................................................................................................................102 11.0907 Rapid Assessment of Surface Treatment Effectiveness and Degradation by Direct

Field Measurement............................................................................................102 11.0908 Real-Time Detection of Solder-Joint Faults in Operational Field Programmable

Gate Arrays .......................................................................................................103 11.0909 New Techniques for Detecting Early Fatigue Damage Accumulation in Aircraft

Structural Components......................................................................................103

11.10 PHM Integration Technologies ...........................................................103 11.1001 An Enterprise Strategy for Implementing Conditioned-Based Maintenance Plus

Research in the USAF.......................................................................................103 11.1002 Methodologies for Integration of PHM Systems with Maintenance Data.............104 11.1003 PHM Integration with Maintenance and Inventory Management Systems ..........104 11.1004 Health Management Engineering Environment and Open Integration Platform..104 11.1005 Design, Implementation, and Utilization of a Common Data Model for Vehicle

Health Management ..........................................................................................104 11.1006 An Open System Architecture for Condition Based Maintenance Overview .......104 11.1007 IVHM Solutions Using Commercially-available Aircraft Condition Monitoring

Systems.............................................................................................................105 11.1008 Real Time Data Management in Prognostic Systems .........................................105 11.1009 A Hierarchical Model-based Approach to Systems Health Management ............105 11.1010 Multi-platform Airplane Health Management .......................................................106

11.11 IVHM for Space Applications ..............................................................106 11.1101 On Quantifying Cost-Benefit of ISHM in Aerospace Systems .............................106 11.1102 Software Fault Protection with ARINC 653..........................................................106 11.1103 Model-Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis System for NASA Mars Subsurface

Drill Prototype ....................................................................................................106 11.1104 A Theory of Vehicle Management Systems.........................................................107 11.1105 Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Diagnosis for Liquid Rocket Engine

Propulsion..........................................................................................................107 11.1106 Bayesian Framework for In-Flight SRM Data Management and Decision Support

...........................................................................................................................107

TRACK 12: MISSION OPS CONCEPTS, TECHNOLOGIES, & EXPERIENCES ............................................................... 108

12.01 New and Emerging Ground System Technologies and Operations Strategies ..........................................................................................108

12.0101 Activity Planning for the Phoenix Mars Lander Mission.......................................108 12.0102 An Interactive Visualization System for Analyzing Spacecraft Telemetry............108

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12.0103 Update: Concept and Operation of the Performance Data Analysis and Reporting System (PDARS)............................................................................................... 108

12.0104 NASA World Wind: Opensource GIS for Mission Operations ............................. 108 12.0105 MONACO – Multi-Objective National Airspace Collaborative Optimization ........ 109

12.02 Architecting, Designing, Building, and Testing Successful Ground Systems.............................................................................................109

12.0201 Development of a Ground Data Messaging Infrastructure for the Mars Science Laboratory and Beyond ..................................................................................... 109

12.0202 Cruisin’ and Chillin’: Testing the Java-Based Distributed Ground Data System “Chill” with CruiseControl................................................................................... 109

12.0203 Planning and Scheduling of Earth Observing Satellites ...................................... 109

12.03 Realizing the Future: Drivers, Challenges, & Concepts for 21st Century Missions..............................................................................110

12.0301 Identification of Potentially Serious Global Trends with Relevance to Aerospace Systems Simulation........................................................................................... 110

12.0302 Human-Robotic Missions to the Moon and Mars: Operations Design Implications.......................................................................................................................... 110

12.0303 Tactile Display Technologies as an Enabler for Space Exploration Operations . 110

12.04 Enhancing the Mission, Reducing Cost & Risk: Automation, Multimission and Other Solutions...................................................110

12.0401 The James Webb Space Telescope Experience: A Lifecycle Approach to Ground Support Equipment............................................................................................ 110

12.05 Operations and Development Successes and Lessons Learned ....111 12.0501 Eight Days in Inner Space: My Experience at the Moon Desert Research Station

.......................................................................................................................... 111 12.0502 Autonomous Payload Operations Onboard the International Space Station ...... 111 12.0503 The Importance of Hardware-In-The-Loop Testing to the Cassini Mission to Saturn

.......................................................................................................................... 111 12.0504 Operations Challenges from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Constellation for Global

Earth Weather Monitoring ................................................................................. 112

TRACK 13: MANAGEMENT, SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND COST......................................................................................... 113

13.01 Conceptual Design Tools and Optimization ......................................113 13.0101 Earth Science Mission Concept Design System ................................................. 113 13.0102 Visual Steering and Trade Space Exploration..................................................... 113 13.0103 Modular Concurrent Engineering Models: Enabling Alternative Models in

Conceptual Satellite Design .............................................................................. 113 13.0104 A Storyboard Tool to Assist Concept of Operations Development...................... 113 13.0105 Automated Design of Spacecraft Telecommunication Subsystems Using

Evolutionary Computational Techniques........................................................... 114

13.02 Management Tools, Methods and Processes....................................114 13.0201 Effective Systems Engineering Training.............................................................. 114 13.0202 If You Want Good Systems Engineers, Sometimes You Have to Grow Your Own

.......................................................................................................................... 114

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13.0203 NPR 7120.5 and NASA's Program/Project On-line Library and Resource Information System............................................................................................114

13.0204 Ten Years After: Enduring Lessons Learned from Mars Pathfinder ....................114 13.0205 Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Lessons Learned Processes that Support Decisions

with Significant Risks.........................................................................................115 13.0206 The Virtual Research Laboratory: Taxonomy and Analysis.................................115 13.0207 Decision Making on Certification of Flight Readiness. Process and Tools..........115

13.03 Risk Management ................................................................................116 13.0301 A Holistic Approach for Risk Management During Design ..................................116 13.0302 GNSS Technology Improving Aviation Solicits New Boundaries in Risk

Management......................................................................................................116 13.0303 A Virtual Warehouse Simulation Tool for Aerospace Rotables Management .....116 13.0304 A Real Options Approach to Valuing a Multi-Year Procurement Contract...........116

13.04 Architecture, System Engineering, Modeling and Verification........117 13.0401 Investigation of the Relative Merits Between DAS and ORSAT for Small Satellite

Reentry Analysis................................................................................................117 13.0402 Model-Based Engineering Design Pilots at JPL ..................................................117 13.0404 Providing the Optimum Solution: Managing Design During Concept Development

...........................................................................................................................117

13.05 Cost and Schedule Tools, Methods and Processes .........................117 13.0501 Turning Avoidable Guidelines Into Sensible Requirements – Credible Space Cost

Estimating Policy ...............................................................................................117 13.0502 Parametric Project Monitoring and Control: Performance-Based Progress

Assessment and Prediction ...............................................................................118 13.0503 Earned Value Management at NASA: An Integrated, Lightweight Solution ........118 13.0504 Using Cost-Risk to Connect Cost Estimating and Earned Value Management...118 13.0505 Using Historical NASA Cost and Schedule Growth to Set Future Program and

Project Reserve Guidelines ...............................................................................118

TRACK 14: GOVERNMENT PLANS, POLICIES, AND EDUCATION......................................................................................... 119

14.01 PANEL: Technology for NASA's Science Missions.........................119

14.03 PANEL: Spacecraft Autonomy: Where We Are and Where We Are Going .................................................................................................119

14.04 PANEL: NASAs Forgotten Robots .....................................................120

14.05 PANEL: Finding Extraterrestrial Life?: a Challenge for Living Explorers...........................................................................................120

14.06 PANEL: Developing the 21st Century Space Engineering Workforce...........................................................................................................121

14.07 Panel Name: The “Next Big Thing” at DoD Labs ..............................122

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Track 1: Science & Aerospace Frontiers (Plenary Sessions) Track Organizer: David Woerner, (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena) 1.1 Plenary 1 How Smart Were Early Humans? Sally McBrearty, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:50 pm, Main Ballroom Most people know that the early stages of human evolution took place in Africa. But there is a common misperception that the important events of more recent human evolution occurred in Europe. There is now good fossil and genetic evidence to show that our own species, Homo sapiens, evolved in Africa, but the behavior of early Homo sapiens in Africa is usually depicted as unsophisticated and not quite human. What were our early African human ancestors really doing, what were they capable of, and how would we know? This presentation will discuss new research from digs in Africa that reveals a remarkable degree of early human complexity, and challenges us to find new ways to see into the inventive minds of the past.

1.2 Plenary 2 Cosmic Inflation and the Accelerating Universe Alan Guth, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:05 pm, Main Ballroom The inflationary universe theory can explain a number of otherwise mysterious features of our universe: why it is so flat, so uniform, and why there are faint ripples in the cosmic background radiation, the afterglow of the big bang. It can even explain the origin of essentially all the matter. The evidence for inflation is bolstered by the recently discovered acceleration of the cosmic expansion, which implies the existence of extra unseen matter which brings our estimate for the total matter density up to the level predicted by inflation.

1.3 Plenary 3 Heavenly Ambitions: Will America Dominate Space? Joan Johnson-Freese, Naval War College, Newport, RI Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:50 pm, Main Ballroom The interests and ambitions of the United States in different direction than those of the rest of the world. The U.S. is moving toward the weaponization of space for both defensive and offensive purposes while the rest of the world considers space primarily as a tool requisite for advancement in a globalized world and is fearful of apparent U.S. intentions to arm and control the heavens, potentially shutting them out. The strategic and geopolitical implications of this trend raise the importance of several recent global events, such as the development of a European global navigation system, Chinese entry into manned spaceflight, the announcement of the Bush space vision to return to the Moon and then go to Mars and beyond, and the issuance of a USAF document entitled Counterspace Operations, by orders of magnitude.

1.4 Plenary 4, Chevron Dunes in Madagascar: The Most Spectacular Tsunami Deposits on Earth Dallas Abbott, Columbia University, New York City, NY Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:05 pm, Main Ballroom Chevron dunes are V-shaped sand dunes that resemble swash from waves on a beach. The largest chevron dunes on Earth are located in southwest Madagascar and are up to 45 km long and extend up to 200 meters above sea level. The largest chevrons cover an area bigger than Manhattan Island. The tsunami wave washed over topography as tall as four Statues of Liberty stacked on top of one another. The ~90 meter high wave that deposited the chevron dunes came from a tsunami generated by a cosmic impact into the southwest Indian Ocean. The cosmic impact generated enough heat to melt marine shells, to turn rock into magma, and to turn water into superheated steam. Some distance away the steam cooled down enough to rain out, perhaps as unprecedented torrential rainfall. On a smaller scale, we have found melted marine shells and rocks within the sand of the chevron dunes in Madagascar. This melted material is evidence that a large cosmic

Track 1: Science & Aerospace Frontiers (Plenary Sessions)

2

impact produced the chevrons in Madagascar and that the chevrons were deposited by a giant tsunami wave rather than by the wind.

1.5 Plenary 5, A New Constellation on the Horizon Jeff Hanley, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 5:50 pm, Main Ballroom NASA’s Constellation Program was chartered just over a year ago to enable America’s human exploration of the Moon, Mars, and beyond using Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles and Orion crew capsule. The Constellation team has been planning launch and mission operations to make good use of what NASA learned over the last 40 years of human and robotic spacecraft operations, with an eye towards taking NASA a step beyond in efficiency. The Constellation team is leveraging the best of the Apollo-era know-how with the long-term operational experience NASA has gained from the Space Shuttle and the Space Station to not only re-visit the Moon, but to establish a presence there. This talk discusses the challenges and accomplishments from the start up of the program last year, through the recent program-wide system requirements review, as well as a view into what the future holds for the Constellation Program, including the exciting test flight program that starts next year.

1.6 Plenary 6, Grand-scale Volcanism Past, Present, and Future in Yellowstone Bob Christiansen, U.S. Geological Survey, retired, Menlo Park, CA Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:05 pm, Main Ballroom Yellowstone National Park lies at the focus of one of Earth’s largest volcanic fields. Over the past 2 million years or so, about 6,000 cubic kilometers of magma have erupted from this region, covering large areas with lava and flows of hot volcanic ash that welded into lava-like rocks. Each of the three greatest of these eruptions emptied so much from large magma-filled subsurface chambers that the Earth’s crust collapsed into enormous crater-like depressions, or calderas. Airborne ash carried from Yellowstone was deposited over more than two-thirds of the conterminous United States. Yellowstone’s volcanism is not over. The Park’s spectacular geysers, hot springs, and steam vents are reminders of still-active magma that lies not far beneath the surface and may yet again erupt.

1.7 Plenary 7, Pricing R. Preston McAfee, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 5:50 pm, Main Ballroom American Airlines changes fares 500,000 times per day. Gasoline varies as much as 15¢ per gallon over a two mile drive. How do companies determine prices? The main theory involves price discrimination, or value-based pricing, which involves charging each consumer what the market will bear. Sophisticated sellers create goods designed for specific groups of customers, selling intentionally damaged products to price-sensitive groups. The theory is illustrated with striking examples from IBM, airlines and more. Grocery stores advertise sale prices on milk, paper towels, cola and other items, even though the demand and cost of production didn't change. Why? Why are turkeys cheapest just before Thanksgiving, a time when demand is highest? These paradoxes have a common resolution.

1.8 Plenary 8, Conference Planning Session David Woerner, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:05 pm, Main Ballroom A session to chart the future direction of the conference.

3

Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture Track Organizer: Marina Ruggieri, University of Roma Tor Vergata Track Organizer: Christopher Stevens, Caltech JPL

2.01 Mobility and Robotics Systems for In Situ Exploration Session Organizer: Wayne Zimmerman, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Richard Volpe, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 2.0101 Sensible Planning for Vehicles Operating Over Difficult Unstructured Terrains Alex R Green, David Rye (Australian Centre for Field Robotics) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Madison A planning system has been developed for vehicles operating in `difficult` unstructured terrains: terrains that in many cases require areas to be negotiated rather than avoided. Under such circumstances a planner cannot simply plan over smooth sections between obstacles. Aspects of vehicle physics such as shape and chassis articulation, dynamics, available power and terrain surface properties must be factored into the planning process. This presentation compares three planning algorithms including two novel aproaches and also outlines results of combining planning algorithms in a combined planning strategy.

2.0102 Global Path Planning on Board the Mars Exploration Rovers Joseph Carsten, Arturo Rankin (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Dave Ferguson (Carnegie Mellon University), Anthony Stentz (Carnegie Mellon University) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Madison In May 2005, a new technology task was initiated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to improve the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) autonomous navigation and hazard avoidance system (AutoNav). The Carnegie Mellon University Field D* global path planner was integrated into MER flight software, enabling simultaneous local and global path planning during AutoNav. A revised version of AutoNav was uploaded to the rovers on Mars in 2006. This paper describes how global path planning was integrated into the MER flight software, and presents results of testing the improved AutoNav system using a MER testbed rover.

2.0103 Terrain Adaptive Navigation for Mars Rovers Daniel M. Helmick, Anelia Angelova, Matthew Livianu, Larry H. Matthies (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, Madison A navigation system for Mars rovers in very rough terrain has been designed, implemented, and tested on a research rover in Mars analog terrain. This navigation system consists of several technologies that are integrated to increase the capabilities compared to current rover navigation algorithms. These technologies include: terrain classification, remote slip prediction, path planning, terrain triage, high-fidelity traversability analysis, and slip-compensated path following. The focus of this paper is not on the component technologies, but rather on the integration of these components. Results from the onboard integration of several of the key technologies described here are shown.

2.0104 The EPEC Algorithm for Vision Guided Manipulation: Analysis and Validation Matthew DiCicco, Max Bajracharya, Kevin Nickels, Paul Backes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Madison This paper describes a simple but highly effective algorithm for improving the positioning accuracy of robotic manipulators. Description of the algorithm, analysis, simulation, experimental results and use of the algorithm on the Mars Exploration Rovers will be discussed.

2.0105 Kinematic-Vision Residuals Analysis Kevin Nickels (Trinity University), Max Bajracharya, Ashitey Trebi-Ollennu, Robert Liebersbach (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, Madison

Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture

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This paper describes the design, validation, and integration of a tool to locate a portion of the Instrument Deployment Device (IDD) on the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) vehicles on Mars in imagery from the front Hazard avoidance cameras, and to track the differences between the predicted and detected position of the manipulator over time. The analysis of Kinematic-Vision Residuals, or the difference between where a manipulator is expected to appear in on-board imagery and where it actually appears in the imagery, yields insight into several aspects of an operational robotic system.

2.0106 SILVRCLAW III - Analyis, Prototype Development, and Testing Christopher Mungas, David Fisher (Firestar Engineering); Greg S Mungas (Jet Propulsion Labratory); Dimi Apostolopoulos, Michael Wagner (ProtoInnovations) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:40 pm, Madison Enhancing robotic, surface mobility systems are a fundamental Mars Exploration Program goal because many surface-investigation goals require traversing significant distances in widely varying terrain conditions. SILVRCLAW (Stowable, Inflatable, Large, Vectran, Rigidizable, Cold-resistant, Lightweight, All-terrain Wheel) is an inflatable, rigidizable wheel technology that enables compact robotic vehicles to be deployed with significant ground clearance. Such a vehicle could traverse aggressive rocky terrains with a resultant low obstacle density (less than one obstacle per 100m), travel over chasms with >1m separation, and offer the mission operator the ability to navigate with orbital-imaging resolution (i.e. with Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s Highrise telescope).

2.0107 A Sample Caching Concept for Planetary Missions Paul Backes, Curtis Collins (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 8:30 am, Madison A Sample Caching Subsystem (SCS) concept that provides transfer and storage of core and soil samples for planetary missions has been developed. The SCS would transfer the samples into a sample container, with each sample in a separate sleeve. The SCS design seals each sleeve, and the sample with it, to isolate it from other samples and from the external environment. Sealing of the samples will allow for maintaining the integrity of organic materials over many years thereby allowing the samples to be analyzed in later missions or after a return trip to Earth.

2.0108 Tetrahedral Robotics for Space Exploration Steve Curtis, Tetrahedral Robotics Team (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Michael Rilee (CSC) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 8:55 am, Madison A reconfigurable space filling robotic architecture has a wide range of possible applications. One of the more intriguing possibilities is mobility in very irregular and otherwise impassable terrain. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is developing the third generation of its Addressable Reconfigurable Technology (ART) Tetrahedral Robotics Architecture. An ART-based variable geometry truss consisting of 12 tetrahedral elements made from 26 smart struts on a wireless network has been developed. The primary goal of this development is the demonstration of a new kind of robotic mobility. We describe our latest experience with and improvements of this technology.

2.0109 Hand-Eye Calibration Using Active Vision Kevin Nickels (Trinity University), Eric Huber (Johnson Space Center), Matthew DiCicco (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 9:20 am, Madison The project described herein designed and implemented a hand-eye calibration method for manipulators under observation by stereo cameras. This method explicitly reduces mismatch between kinematically derived positions and visually derived positions, to improve the manipulator`s hand-eye coordination. This method was utilized on Johnson Space Center`s Robonaut, where it reduced mismatch from a mean of 13.75cm to a mean of 1.85cm, and on a planetary manipulator mock-up at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where it reduced mismatch from 15.26mm to between 3mm and 5.5mm. The impact of this


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calibration is to greatly improve the positioning accuracy of the manipulator in novel positions.

2.0110 Prospecting Rovers for Lunar Exploration Jerry B. Graham (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 9:45 am, Madison A study of rover options for exploring the permanently shadowed regions of the lunar environment is presented. The possible existence of substantial water ice deposits, and the many potential uses for that water, makes these craters a compelling place for exploration. Measurement requirements and a number of rover design options are presented. Trades and analyses are performed for key functions including mobility, power, and thermal management. Radioisotope powered rover options in the 400 kg class and fuel cell powered rovers in the 530 kg class are developed which are capable of completing the mission.

2.0111 A Hybrid Algorithm of Optimal Control for a Class of Nonlinear Systems Seyed Salahadin Mirsaeid Ghazi (Iran University of Science, Technology), Anahita Zarei (University of Washington); Ali Akbar Jalali (Iran University of Science, Technology) This paper describes the use of a hybrid algorithm of optimal control for a class of mechanical, under-actuated, nonlinear systems having fewer control inputs than degrees of freedom, like Inverted Pendulum (IP), when sampling frequency of the measurable state variables is near the frequency at which the folding phenomenon happens. In this algorithm the online adaptive recognition of the system is essential; and to implement the algorithm on a digital controller a computational algorithm of inverse Z-transform is presented to apply on the microprocessor-based controllers.

2.02 Future Space and Earth Science Missions Session Organizer: Robert Gershman, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Filippo Graziani, University of Rome "La Sapienza" 2.0201 Low-Cost Earth Imaging System for Novel Commercial Applications Thomas H. Zurbuchen, Ryan A. Falor (University of Michigan) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:30 pm, Madison Observations of the Earth from space have traditionally been dominated by applications that require very accurate pointing to specific locations of interest, with high reliability and small latency. Today the general public has access to high-resolution imagery on a scale never before imagined, and demand for this resource is increasing. Acquiring large data sets of Earth imagery in a simple, low-cost way represents a new market opportunity that has yet to be answered. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss a system design for a low-cost satellite and ground system that addresses the challenges of this new paradigm.

2.0202 Future Mission Concept for 3-D Remote Sensing of Aerosols from Low Earth Orbit David J. Diner, Stacey W. Boland, Edgar S. Davis, Ralph A. Kahn (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Chris A. Hostetler, Richard A. Ferrare, John W. Hair (NASA Langley Research Center); Brian Cairns (Columbia University); Omar Torres (University of Maryland) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, Madison We describe the scientific rationale and mission architecture for a future aerosol mission concept, the Aerosol Global Interactions Satellite (AEGIS). Its combined passive/active payload is designed to eliminate ambiguities in aerosol microphysical retrievals and contribute to the next generation of atmospheric models. By combining several satellite-based approaches aimed at observing the 3-D distribution of aerosol abundances, sizes, shapes, and absorption, AEGIS represents a major advance in our ability to monitor and characterize particulate matter from space.


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2.0203 Herschel/Planck Program–From Complex Mission Design to Verification and Operations Astrid Heske, Thomas Passvogel, Gerald Crone, Pierre Estaria (ESA/ESTEC), Jean-Jacques Juillet (Alcatel Alenia Space) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, Madison Two far infrared / sub-millimeter astronomy missions have been combined in one program within ESAs long-term science program – Herschel, an observatory-type mission (60 to 670 microns), and Planck, a cosmic background survey mission (30 to 900 GHz). The inherent drivers of such missions on spacecraft and payload development, their testing and operations, and the adopted design solutions and verification approach will be described. Both spacecraft will be launched from the European spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, on an Ariane 5 launcher in mid 2008 to the second Lagrangian Point L2 of the Earth-Sun system.

2.0204 Europa Explorer—An Exceptional Mission Using Existing Technology Karla B. Clark (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Madison Identified as a high priority by the science community for several years, the difficulty of a Europa orbital mission (propulsive requirements, Jupiter’s trapped radiation) led to many studies that investigated various approaches to meeting the science goals. This Europa Explorer concept uses existing technologies and returns considerably more Jupiter system science data than previously examined conventional-propulsion mission concepts. Using gravity assists, an orbiter would reach Jupiter in 6 years, conduct a 1½ year Galilean satellite tour, and then enter Europa orbit. The Europa orbital Prime Mission would be 90 days, with the expectation of being operational up to a year.

2.0205 Future Mission Concept for Operational Retrieval of Cloud-Top Heights and Cloud Motion Wind Vectors David J. Diner, Jeffrey T. Booth, Edgar S. Davis, Veljko Jovanovic, Steven A. Macenka, Catherine Moroney (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Roger Davies (University of Auckland) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Madison To meet operational demands for vertically-resolved atmospheric winds, we propose a wide-swath multiangle stereo imaging system that could be easily integrated into future satellite platforms. The concept uses techniques proven with the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument, currently flying in polar low-Earth orbit (LEO) on NASA’s Terra satellite. MISR has demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining accurate stereophotogrammetric retrievals of cloud and aerosol plume heights and height-resolved cloud-tracked wind vectors.

2.0206 Flower Constellation of Orbiters for Martian Communication Mauro De Sanctis (University of Rome "Tor Vergata"), Tommaso Rossi (University of Rome "Tor Vergata"), Marco Lucente (University of Rome "Tor Vergata"), Marina Ruggieri (University of Rome "Tor Vergata"), Daniele Mortari (Texas A, M University), Dario Izzo (ESA ESTEC) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:40 pm, Madison Flower Constellations are a particular set of satellite constellations where every satellite covers the same repeating space track. When the Flower Constellations are visualized on an Earth centered Earth fixed reference frame, the relative orbits show flower-shaped figures centered on the Earth. This innovative type of constellation presents features useful to be used in several applications, such as telecommunications, navigation, Earth science and interferometric radar. Several missions are foreseen to explore Mars in the next years to collect data in order to enhance our knowledge of the red planet. This effort requires the development of a reliable orbital infrastructure to support telecommunications with orbiters, landers and rovers. In this paper, a novel...

2.0207 MARVIN- Near Surface Methane Detection on Mars Kshitij Shrotri, M. Emre Gunduz, Adeel Khalid, Kavya Manyapu, Y. Faik Sumer, Daniel Schrage (Georgia Institute of Technology)


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Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Madison Marvin the unmanned Airship, designed for mapping high methane concentration areas on Mars, Elysium Planitia, provides endurance and low speed, required for large-area near-surface high-resolution mapping. Sizing constraints necessitate H2 as the lifting gas. Refilling every 3rd Earth day ensures 50 meter airship altitude. A Delta II 7925H launch with parachute and airbag Entry, Descent and Landing, analogous to Mars Exploratory Rovers mission, was chosen. Airbags enclose ground station with transceivers, H2 tanks and airship. Propulsion, a 1kg 1 ppb resolution spectrometer, cameras, transmission, braking and 7 m/s limiting wind speed, are described. 2 month mission cost projected is US$350-430M.

2.0208 Tier-Scalable Reconnaissance Missions for the Autonomous Exploration of Planetary Bodies Wolfgang Fink, Mark A. Tarbell, Roberto Furfaro(California Institute of Technology); James M. Dohm, Victor R. Baker, Ty P.A. Ferré (University of Arizona); Dirk Schulze-Makuch (Washington State University); Trent M. Hare (United States Geologic Survey); Alberto G. Fairén (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain); Hideaki Miyamoto (University of Tokyo, Japan); Goro Komatsu (Università d’Annunzio, Italy); William C. Mahaney (York University, Canada) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:55 am, Madison A fundamentally new reconnaissance mission concept, termed tier-scalable reconnaissance, for remote planetary (including Earth) atmospheric, surface and subsurface exploration recently has been devised (Fink et al.) that soon will replace the engineering and safety constrained mission designs of the past, allowing for optimal acquisition of geologic, paleohydrologic, paleoclimatic, and possible astrobiologic information of Venus, Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, Triton, and other extraterrestrial targets. This paradigm is equally applicable to potentially hazardous or inaccessible operational areas on Earth such as those related to military or terrorist activities, or areas that have been exposed to bio-chemical agents, radiation, or natural disasters.

2.0209 A Mars VTOL Aerobot – Preliminary Design, Dynamics and Control Hanbing Song, Craig Underwood (University of Surrey) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:20 am, Madison In this paper, we propose the use of a novel fixed-wing vertical take-off and landing aerobot. A mission profile to investigate the Isidis Planitia region of Mars is proposed based on the knowledge of the planet’s geophysical characteristics, its atmosphere and terrain. The aerobot design is described from the aspects of vehicle selection, propulsion system, power system, payload, thermal management, structure, mass budget, and control strategy and sensor suite. A six-degree-of-freedom flight simulator has been created to support the aerobot design process by providing performance evaluations. Basic autopilot modes are developed for the aerobot based on the linearized state-space model.

2.0210 Concept for Titan Exploration Using a Radioisotopically Heated Montgolfiere John O. Elliott, Kim R. Reh, Tom Spilker (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:45 am, Madison This paper describes the results of a recent Titan exploration mission study aimed at investigating optimal methods for scientific observation of the atmosphere and surface of Titan. The study resulted in a mission concept combining an orbiter for global observations and data relay, and an aerial vehicle which would drift in the atmosphere for more detailed surface study. The aerial vehicle proposed is a hot air balloon, or montgolfiere, using the waste heat from its radioisotope power system to provide long term buoyancy. Use of venting to provide altitude control would potentially allow targeted observations and even surface sampling.


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2.03 Missions and Technologies for In Situ Exploration and Sample Return Session Organizer: Patricia Beauchamp, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 2.0301 Overview of NASA's 2006 SSE Strategic Roadmap James A. Cutts, Tibor S. Balint, Andrea P. Belz, Craig E. Peterson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:30 am, Madison In the 2003 SSE Decadal Survey, the NRC prioritized scientific targets and recommended missions to explore them. Building on these, NASA’s 2006 SSE Strategic Roadmap identified a set of Flagship, New Frontiers and Discovery class missions, addressing key exploration objectives. They also provide drivers for technology development; it outlines Research and Analysis; and Education and Public Outreach. These elements are connected through interdependencies and link to other programmatic activities, including the Mars and New Millennium Programs. The Roadmap also explores potential implementation trades. In this paper we outline this proposed Roadmap, representing NASA’s exploration plans for the next three decades.

2.0302 Electron Beam Irradiation for Microbial Reduction on Spacecraft Components Eduardo Urgiles, Jaroslava Wilcox, Oliver Montes, Shariff Osman, Kasthuri Venkateswaran (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Joe Maxim, Les Braby, Martha Cepeda, Suresh D. Pillai (Texas A&M University) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:55 am, Madison We report on our progress in the investigation of e-beam irradiation for planetary protection using both high energy (10 MeV) and low energy (100keV) electron sources. The former affects bulk sterilization, the latter is suited for surface sterilization. Our results indicate very high efficiency for microbial reduction, and compatibility of many s/c materials with the irradiation. To date, Dry Heat Microbial Reduction (DHMR) treatment is the only NASA approved PP technique for meeting the stringent requirements for Category IVb life detection missions. E-beam irradiation is a low temperature method complementary to DHMR suitable for treating heat sensitive materials.

2.0303 Bio-Barriers: Preventing Forward Contamination and Protecting Planetary Astrobiology Instruments Yuki Salinas (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); CalTech, Wayne Zimmerman (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); CalTech) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:20 am, Madison JPL engineers have developed a unique capability for protecting planetary environments which might harbor bio-signatures, as well as protecting the instruments looking for trace organic signatures. The team of researchers developed a class of extremely low mass, compliant, high strength deployable bio-barriers which encapsulate only the critical exposed areas of an instrument,while exceeding all the current NASA microbial planetary protection requirements.

2.0304 Possible Liquid Water Ponds on the Martian Surface Ron Levin, Daniel Lyddy (Lockheed Martin); Integrated Systems, Solutions) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:45 am, Madison The search for extant life on Mars is completely dependent on the search for liquid water on Mars. Change detection from Mars Global Surveyor show indications of current liquid water. This paper analyzes images from the Opportunity rover with features that could be small (one meter) ponds of liquid water in Endurance crater. Stereo imagery shows that these features are extremely featureless and exist in local depressions in the topography. The absence of detectable sand or pebbles provides evidence in favor of liquid water as opposed to ice.

2.0305 Major Progress in Planetary Aerobot Technologies Viktor V. Kerzhanovich, Jeffery L. Hall(Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Debora Faibrother, Magdi Said (Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:10 am, Madison


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Successful flight tests of aerobots (robotic balloons) signify major progress in the technology development. Two types of full scale Mars balloon prototypes were successfully deployed and inflated in Mars-like environment. One-third scale prototype of the Titan airship made of cryogenic material was built and tested at the Titan surface temperature. A full-size mockup of Titan airship was aerially deployed and inflated during a helicopter drop test. Robust leak-free and sulfuric acid tolerating superpressure balloon capable for multi-day flight in Venus atmosphere has been designed, built and tested. Collectively, these results constitute a basis for low-risk implementation in the planetary missions.

2.0306 Tools for Assessing Planetary Protection Implementation Strategies Jason Kastner, Robert A. Beaudet, Julia Dunphy, Ying Lin, Laura Newlin, Craig Peterson, Andy Spry (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:35 am, Madison In the early mission design stages the number of open options can make it difficult to perform planetary protection (PP) trade studies. This issue is being addressed at NASA`s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) with the development of design tools that will permit the assessment of both the effectiveness and cost of alternative PP approaches in the mission design process. By applying these tools early, project designers and program managers will be able to adopt the PP approach best suited to the mission architecture as well as estimate its cost in terms of dollars, schedule impact, and biological contamination risk.

2.0307 Detecting Life and Biology-Related Parameters on Mars Gilbert V. Levin (Spherix Incorporated); Joseph D. Miller (University of Southern California); Patricia A. Straat; Robert A. Lodder (University of Kentucky); Richard B. Hoover (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 11:00 am, Madison An integrated, miniaturized, low-power instrument capable of the detection and early characterization of microbial life in the soil of Mars is proposed. Based on the detection and monitoring of on-going metabolism as being the surest evidence for extant life, the experiments will probe for chirality in metabolism, for circadian rhythmicity, and for photosynthesis. However, the instrument package will also be able to detect biosignatures and a variety of other physical and chemical parameters of the Martian surface that have significance for life.

2.04 Deep Space, Earth and Discovery Missions Session Organizer: W. Adams, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Session Organizer: James Graf, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 2.0401 STEREO Mission Overview Michael Kaiser, W. James Adams (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:35 am, Madison NASA’s Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) mission began as a concept study in 1997 and was confirmed as a follow on to NASA’s highly successful line of Solar observing missions. Launched on October 25, 2006 the twin observatories will take unprecedented images of the sun from a unique off the sun-earth axis angle in 3-D. Along with the suite of ultraviolet and visible light imagers the mission also carries an array of state of the art energetic particle detectors and electro-magnetic sensors to enable better understanding of the dynamics of the sun’s coronal mass ejections and solar wind.

2.0402 The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission: From Launch to the Primary Science Orbit M. D. (Dan) Johnston, James E. Graf, Richard W. Zurek, Howard J. Eisen, Ben Jai (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:00 am, Madison The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, USA, on August 12, 2005. This spacecraft will conduct observations of Mars with its sophisticated suite of scientific instruments for two Earth years. This paper


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provides a status of the actual mission to date (through October 2006) and briefly describes the planned operations strategy for the upcoming science mission.

2.0403 MESSENGER: Flight Software Design for a Deep Space Mission David A. Artis, Brian K. Heggestad, Christopher J. Krupiarz, M. Annette Mirantes, J. Doug Reid (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:25 am, Madison MESSENGER is a NASA Discovery mission which will study the planet Mercury. This paper describes the design and deep space characteristics of the flight software for this mission.

2.0404 Integrated Attitude and Orbit Control of an Interstellar Heliopause Probe Rémi Drai, Bogdan Udrea (European Space Technology, Research Center); Stephanie J. Thomas (Princeton Satellite Systems Inc) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:50 am, Madison Solar sailing has been identified as a promising and enabling technology for future space missions; as such it is currently the object of a significant research effort within various space agencies, the academic world and industry. Active research and development activities have been performed by the European Space Agency (ESA) in the recent years to increase the technological readiness level of the key elements allowing the deployment and control of a spacecraft efficiently propelled by solar radiation pressure. A six-degree-of-freedom simulation environment has been developed to obtain the main results of the study and validate the IHP propellant-less AOCS concept.

2.0407 A Low Cost Rendezvous Mission to 99942 Apophis Regan Howard (Orbital Sciences Corporation); Ross Gillett (MDA Space Missions) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon This paper presents an approach for reducing the cost of NEO characterization missions. Specifically, we show how the configuration of one of Orbital’s small spacecraft designs coupled with a liquid propulsion system from an Orbital GEO communications spacecraft design is adapted to support delivery of a small science payload to the potentially hazardous near Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis. Using a C3 of less than 10 km2/s2, the Minotaur V low cost launch vehicle will place the spacecraft at Apophis in 321 days from a 2 May 2012 launch...

2.05 Modular Bus Technologies, Components and Standardized Spacecraft Session Organizer: Maurice Martin, Air Force Research Laboratory 2.0501 The MDA MicroSatellite Target System (MTS) for DoD Radar Calibration Jason Guarnieri, Greg Spanjers, James Winter, Martin Tolliver (US Air Force Research Laboratory), Greg Hegemann, Jeff Summers (Microsat Systems); Greg Cord (MDA) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Jefferson The MTS Program is to produce a low-cost spacecraft on a responsive timeline. MTS-1 will strive to meet this goal by keeping nonrecurring engineering (NRE) to a minimum such that the component cost is more than 50% of the total spacecraft cost.

2.0502 Modular, Thin Film Solar Arrays for Operationally Responsive Spacecraft Jeff Summers, J William Zuckermandel, Scott Enger, Neeraj Gupta (Microsat Systems) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:55 am, Jefferson MicroSat Systems has developed a low cost, lightweight solar array system using thin-film photovoltaic material to meet power generation needs for future responsive space missions. The foldable, integrated, thin film stiffener (FITS) concept is an integrated, passively deployed solar array structure designed specifically for TFPV to maximize the lightweight and low stowage volume advantages. FITS uses foldable components that store energy to provide deployment force and stiffness, having integrated power cabling to meet the demanding requirements of responsive space programs. MSI has completed


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qualification of a two wing experimental solar array for the Air Force TacSat-2 mission currently on orbit.

2.0503 Development of an Off-the-Shelf Bus for Small Satellites Garrett D. Chandler, Dale T. McClure, Samuel F. Hishmeh, James E. Lumpp, Jr. (University of Kentucky); Jennifer B. Carter, Benjamin K. Malphrus (Morehead State University); Daniel M. Erb, Murray State University); William C. Hutchison, III (University of Louisville); Gregory R. Strickler (Western Kentucky University); James W. Cutler, Robert J. Twiggs (Stanford University) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:20 am, Jefferson KySat1 is a 1 kilogram picoclass satellite being developed by college students across the state of Kentucky. The consortium assembled to fund and develop KySat includes public, private and educational partners throughout Kentucky. While the primary mission of KySat1 is educational outreach, the goals of the KySat program include 1) Educational experience for secondary and post secondary students 2) Cultivate an aerospace and satellite technology base in Kentucky 3) Develop a reliable reusable satellite bus that will form the basis for future education and commercial KySat missions.

2.0504 Reconfigurable FPGA Computing to Mitigate for Total Ionizing Dose Effects Farouk Smith, Sias Mostert (University of Stellenbosch) We present a novel design technique for hardening Field Programmable Gate Arrays against Total Ionizing Dose (TID). Digital electronic circuits can be hardened against TID effects by selectively applying Modular Redundancy. By applying Double Modular redundancy, hence, activating one module while the other is inactivated, allows the inactive modules to anneal during its “off” cycle. It is shown by means of experimentation that this new design technique provides greatly improved TID tolerance for Field Programmable Gate Arrays by means of reconfigurable computing.

2.06 Instruments for In Situ Exploration Session Organizer: Martin Buehler, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Philip Moynihan, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 2.0601 Atmospheric Electron Induced X-Ray Spectrometer Development J. Wilcox, E. Urgiles, R. Toda, J. Crisp (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:45 am, Jefferson The AEXS is a novel JPL-pioneered portable micro-instrument targeted for rapid, non-contact detection of surface elemental composition in situ for samples in planetary atmosphere. The composition is determined by analyzing electron-induced XRF spectra in a manner similar to a laboratory electron microprobe; however, since they do not need to be drawn into the vacuum of the electron source, the samples are in their pristine state. The enabling technology for the AEXS is a micro-fabricated electron transmissive membrane that isolates the source vacuum from the planetary atmosphere.

2.0602 Test Method for In Situ Electrostatic Characterization of Lunar Dust Charles R. Buhler (ASRC Aerospace, Kennedy Space Center), Carlos I. Calle (NASA Kennedy Space Center), J. Sid Clements (Appalachian State University), James G. Mantovani (NASA Kennedy Space Center), Mindy L. Ritz (ASRC Aerospace, Kennedy Space Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:10 am, Jefferson The unmanageable effects of the dust on the surface of the moon made lunar traverses for the Apollo astronauts nearly impossible after three days exposure. These effects, governed by electrostatic properties, are responsible for their behavior and, to this date, are largely unclassified. Although many of the electrostatic characteristics of lunar soil have been measured, there are other electrostatic properties yet to be determined, such as chargeability (or charge-to-mass ratio), charge decay characteristics, and triboelectric properties. The purpose of this paper is to present a future in situ instrument capable of simultaneously measuring four important electrostatic properties: dielectric permittivity, volume...


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2.0603 Raman/CHAMP Instrument for Lunar In-situ Resource Prospecting I - Imager Design Greg Mungas, Cesar Sepulveda, Kenneth Johnson, Michael Pelletier, Clayton La Baw, John Boynton, Mark Anderson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:35 am, Jefferson Lunar ISRU precursor prospecting missions are being considered in order to characterize the lunar surface environment. The Raman/CHAMP instrument (RCI) provides the ability to collect high resolution, hand lens to field microscopy images with nested microscopic spectroscopic measurements from a robotic arm with the ability to resolve, characterize, and chemically differentiate >90% of lunar Apollo fines. The entire measurement process is highly adaptive and does not necessarily require any type of active sampling. In this paper we provide an overview of the RCI and summarize current work on the optical design, analysis, instrument fluorescence testing, and anticipated instrument measurement performance.

2.0604 Electrical Properties Probe Measures Water/Ice Content of Martian Soils Using Impedance Spectroscopy M. G. Buehler, K. B. Chin, S. Seshadri, D. Keymeulen, R. C. Anderson, T. McCann (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:00 am, Jefferson Using impedance spectroscopy, we describe how conductivity measurements were used to determine the amount of water/ice in simulated Martian soils. We measured silica sand samples containing 0.05% to 10% water doped with KCl and MgSO4 between -65 °C and 25 °C. Results indicate that we are able to measure the water/ice content of coarse silica sand with > 0.05% water and > 0.5% ice.

2.0605 Controllable Transport of Particulate Materials for In-situ Characterization James G. Mantovani, Carlos I. Calle (NASA Kennedy Space Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:25 am, Jefferson A non-mechanical technique is presented for transporting micron-sized particles in a controllable manner to an instrument for subsequent analysis. The particles move across a surface in response to high-voltage three-phase waveforms applied to equally spaced line-electrodes embedded below an insulating surface. Results are presented for particles from the lunar soil simulant JSC-1a and Martian soil simulant JSC Mars-1 that were transported into a Faraday cup to measure their net charge. The results indicate that the technique is a potentially viable, non-mechanical method of collecting and transporting regolith particles for in-situ characterization during robotic planetary missions.

2.07 Radiation Issues for Human Spaceflight Session Organizer: Lawrence Townsend, University of Tennessee 2.0701 Radiation Risk Issues for Long-Term Exposure to Ionizing Space Radiation Ram Tripathi (NASA Langley Research Center) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 8:30 am, Jefferson NASA is focused on the agency’s vision for space exploration encompassing a broad range of human and robotic missions including missions to Moon, Mars and beyond. As a result, there is a focus on long duration human space missions. Exposure from the hazards of severe space radiation in deep space and/or long duration missions is ‘the show stopper.’ Thus, protection from the hazards of severe space radiation is of paramount importance to the new vision. NASA is committed to the safety of the missions and the crew, and there is an overwhelming emphasis on the reliability issues for space missions...

2.0702 Development of a New Active Personal Dosimeter for Use in Space Radiation Environments Lawrence Pinsky, Jeffrey Chancellor (University of Houston) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 8:55 am, Jefferson A recent technology developed by the CERN-based Medipix2 Consortium offers the prospect for a new active personal dosimeter that can be read out electronically or even


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wirelessly. The technology offers a large rate bandwidth and sensitivity to all of the radiation types likely to be of importance in the Space Radiation environment.

2.0703 Calculated Energy Loss Spectra in the CRaTER Detector for Selected Cosmic Ray Ions Y. Charara, L. Townsend, H. Moussa, R. Hatcher, C. Dudney, S. McKee, P. McKinnis, K. Ottinger (The University of Tennessee) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 9:20 am, Jefferson In 2008, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission will be launched into orbit around Earth’s moon. One objective of this mission is to characterize the lunar radiation environment and its biological impacts on humans. For this purpose a BU, MIT, Aerospace, and UT collaboration successfully proposed to develop a sensor system called the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER), which will measure linear energy transfer (LET) spectra. In this presentation, analyses of energy loss spectra and particle distributions for selected incident cosmic ray ions at a variety of relevant energies will be presented for the CRaTER detector.

2.0704 Earth-Moon-Mars Radiation Environment Module (EMMREM) Nathan Schwadron, Chuck Goodrich, Harlan Spence (Boston University); Larry Townsend (U. Tennessee); Frank Cucinotta, Mark Weyland (Johnson Spaceflight Center); Michael J. Golightly (US Air Force Research Laboratory);/VSBXR); Mihir Desai, Arik Posner, Don Hassler (Southwest Research Institute); Dietmar Krauss-Varban, Janet Luhmann (U. California, Berkeley); Jack Miller (Lawrence Berkeley National Lab); Bernd Heber (U. Kiel);Terry Onsager (NOAA Space Environment Center) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 9:45 am, Jefferson We are preparing to return humans to the Moon and setting the stage for exploration to Mars and beyond. However, it is unclear if long missions outside of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) can be accomplished with acceptable risk. The central objective of our project, the Earth-Moon-Mars Radiation Exposure Module (EMMREM), is to develop and validate a numerical module for completely characterizing time-dependent radiation exposure in the Earth-Moon-Mars and Interplanetary space environments.

2.08 In-Space Technology Validation Missions Session Organizer: Christopher England, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Martin Buehler, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 2.0801 Space Technology 7 - Micropropulsion and Mass Distribution A. Carmain, C. Dunn, J. Ziemer, V. Hruby, D. Spence, N. Demmons, T. Roy, R. McCormick, E. Ehrbar, J. Zwahlen, W. Connolly, J. O’Donnell, F. Markley, P. Maghami, O. Hsu) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:30 pm, Madison The NASA New Millennium Program Space Technology 7 (ST7) project will validate technology for colloid microthrusters and precision spacecraft control. The DRS will control the position of the spacecraft relative to a reference to an accuracy of one nanometer over time scales of several thousand seconds. The technology will be flown as part of the European Space Agency’s LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) Pathfinder project. The follow-on project, LISA, will observe gravitational waves from binary star systems. Knowledge of the spacecraft`s own gravitational field due to its mass distribution is necessary for success.

2.0802 Structural Bus and Release Mechanisms on the ST5 Satellites – Summary and Status Peter Rossoni (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:55 pm, Madison This system includes a highly integrated electronics enclosure as a multifunctional structure; a lightweight, magnetically clean Magnetometer Boom; the first use of Nitinol Shape-Memory Alloy trigger devices for deploying multiple spacecraft; an innovative compliant mount for the umbilical connector and a Deployer mechanism that imparts both separation velocity and mission spin rate to three constellation flying satellites. These


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elements employed cutting-edge design and analysis tools, state-of-the-art testing facilities and proven engineering techniques to meet stringent performance criteria, enabling the mission’s success.

2.0803 Technology Validation: NMP ST8 Dependable Multiprocessor Project II John R. Samson, Jr. Gary Gardner, David Lupia (Honeywell Aerospace, Defense, Space Systems), Minesh Patel, Paul Davis, Vikas Aggarwal (Tandel Systems), Alan George (University of Florida), Zbigniew Kalbarczyk (University of Illinois), Raphael Some (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 5:20 pm, Madison NASA’s New Millennium Program commissioned the development of Dependable Multiprocessor (DM) technology for use in science and autonomy missions. The goal of the Dependable Multiprocessor project is to provide spacecraft/payload processing capability 10x – 100x what is available today, enabling heretofore unrealizable levels of science and autonomy. Dependable Multiprocessor development is continuing as one of the four selected ST8 flight experiments planned to be flown in 2009. This paper describes the status of the project, the technology validation experiments and demonstrations achieved to date, the plans for the TRL6 technology validation effort, and the plans for the TRL7 flight validation.

2.0804 Increasing the Autonomy of Scientific Satellites to Deal With Short-Duration Phenomena Fabrício de Novaes Kucinskis, Mauricio Gonçalves Vieira Ferreira, Ronaldo Arias (INPE - Brazilian National Institute for Space Research) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:50 pm, Madison This talk presents RASSO, a software service that allows the onboard replanning of operations to allow satellites to autonomously respond to external events in orbit. RASSO has a number of interesting features, such as: 1) the use of the same programming language to develop the onboard software and to describe the satellite model used by the planner and 2) a form of modeling closer to the real satellite operation than other planning approaches.

2.0805 Energy-efficient Sensor Circuit Design for Space Applications Jin-Suk Kang, Meeyoung Sung (Incheon University); Taikyeong T. Jeong (Myongji University, Korea) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:15 pm, Madison This paper presents energy-efficient, safety-critical wireless sensor circuits for next-generation space satellites and space robots. The hardware design and implementation proposed here exploits a novel control algorithm and ensures that appropriate reconstructed sensing qualities can be achieved. In this paper we demonstrate that focus on preserving the clarity of important power consumption features, such as dynamic power dissipation, at peak voltage ratios of 120$W$. With this approach, features in the circuit that may be important for recognition are well preserved, even at high energy dissipation - a maximum power rate of about 125$W$ can be sustained.

2.0806 Access to Space for Technology Validation Missions: A Practical Guide Linda M. Herrell (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:40 pm, Madison The approach used by the New Millennium Program to understand access-to-space options is presented. Which is the most cost effective? The least technical risk? The least programmatic risk? All of these elements play into the final choice for access to space. Further, the approach for a cubesat or small flight experiment will certainly be different than the approach for NMP. But what are the common elements, fundamentally, in ‘finding a ride to space’? And what information is useful to a flight experiment that does not yet know the method that will be used for launch?...


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2.09 Mission Design for Spacecraft Formations Session Organizer: Giovanni Palmerini, University of Rome "La Sapienza" Session Organizer: Marco D`Errico, II Univ Naples - DIAM 2.0901 A Study for a Space-Based Passive Multi-Channel SAR Lt. Stefano Serva (C.I.T.S. - Italian Air Force); Fabiola Colone, Pierfrancesco Lombardo (University of Rome “La Sapienza”) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Jefferson This paper deals with the potentialities obtained by splitting the passive antenna of a space-based bistatic SAR into multiple sub-apertures. A preliminary analysis is performed in order to identify the main orbital and system design parameters for a satellite equipped with a multi-channel passive radar sensor. The effectiveness of the resulting bistatic system is investigated paying particular attention to the assessment of the achievable MTI capabilities. In particular the conceived system is shown to allow: (i) clutter cancellation and detection of slowly moving ground targets for surveillance purpose, and (ii) relocation of moving targets in high resolution SAR images.

2.0902 Reconfiguring Flower Constellations Using Continuous Firing Daniele Mortari(Texas A&M University); Valerio Nicolai, Marina Ruggieri, Pietro Salvini(University of Rome “Tor Vergata) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Jefferson Flower constellation have recently been proposed as a new facility to manage multiple satellite deployment: according to specific requirements the number of possible configurations is very wide. The present paper addresses the concept of the reconfiguration of a satellite set from a flower constellation said A to a flower constellation said B with no initial assumptions for the satellite number in the two configurations. All cases are faced to find an opportunity to manage important on-orbit decisions, for planning an “economic risks free” deployment or, differently, to design a mission with several reconfigurations over the time of life.

2.0903 Differential Drag as a Means of Spacecraft Formation Control Balaji Shankar Kumar(Canadian Space Agency), Alfred Ng (Canadian Space Agency) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, Jefferson This paper investigates the feasibility of using differential drag as a means of nano-satellite formation control. AGI`s Satellite Tool Kit is used initially to assess the magnitude of drifts caused due to differential drag for different altitudes. This information is then used to show that it is feasible to use differential drag for spacecraft formation control. A simple PID controller is then implemented that adjusts the cross sectional areas of the satellites such that the energies of the orbits remain equal. Results are presented that show that the control law can maintain the formation separation with reasonable accuracy.

2.0904 Autonomous State Estimation in Formation Flight Marco Sabatini, Fabrizio Reali, Giovanni Palmerini (Universita` di Roma La Sapienza - Roma, Italy) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Jefferson The problem of an efficient autonomous estimation of the kinematic state in formation flying missions is analyzed. In the case of Linear Kalman Filters (LKF), several linear models are proposed: rough steady dynamics, the traditional Hill’s or Tschauner–Hempel equations and a “J2 model” also including the J2 perturbation. As an alternative, an EKF designed for formation flying has proven to be accurate for very large formations (differently from LKF); in addition, it is robust with respect to large measurement errors and poor knowledge of the initial state, and sensitive only to the update interval of the measurements.


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2.0905 Mission Design and Trajectory Analysis for Inspection of a Host Spacecraft by a Microsatellite Susan C. Kim (Northrop Grumman); Stanley W. Shepperd, H. Lee Norris, III (Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.); Hannah R. Goldberg, Mark S. Wallace (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) The trajectory analysis and mission design for inspection of a host spacecraft by a microsatellite is motivated by the current developments in designing and building prototypes of a microsatellite inspector vehicle. This paper presents the design of the inspection mission design toolset and summarizes the performance of a baseline inspection mission concept of a host in Earth orbit. The toolset includes both natural and forced motion trajectories that can be utilized in designing an inspection mission.

2.0906 Design of Satellite Formations for Interferometric and Bistatic SAR Giancarmine Fasano (University of Naples "Federico II"); Marco D`Errico (Second University of Naples) This paper deals with orbit design for formation missions aimed at interferometric and bistatic SAR observation. An analytical second order model is derived, which describes relative motion between two satellites both moving on low eccentricity orbits, keeping a satisfying accuracy on distances of the order of hundreds of kilometers. Developed equations are used to design a propellant-effective maneuvering strategy to acquire observations with increasing bistatic angle, while keeping a low collision risk and maintaining the passive radar near the elevation plane of the transmitting one. The basic concept is optimize parameters’ choice so as to exploit Earth oblateness differential effects.

2.10 mm Wave and Quasi Optic Payload Optimization and Testing Session Organizer: Roberto Lojacono, University of Rome Session Organizer: Vittorio Dainelli, Oerlikon Contraves Spa

2.11 Global Earth Observation System of Systems Session Organizer: Kathleen Fontaine, NASA Session Organizer: Mirko Antonini, University of Rome 2.1101 Architecture and Data Management Challenges in GEOSS and IEOS Kathleen S. Fontaine (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, Jefferson The international Group on Earth Observations (GEO) was initiated in 2003 to engage all the nations of the Earth in building a coordinated, comprehensive, and sustained Earth observation capability, known as the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). Each member nation has responded to GEO by establishing some sort of coordinating body; within the United States, that is the United States Group on Earth Observations (USGEO). This paper will describe the establishment of GEO and USGEO, will provide an overview of the activities and challenges in the area of architecture and data management, and will highlight some of the...

2.1102 Reusing Software to Build Data Processing Systems: NPP Science Data Segment Case Study Shahin Samadi, Ryan Gerard, Mary Hunter, James J. Marshall, Robert J. Schweiss, Robert E. Wolfe, Edward J. Masuoka (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, Jefferson The NPOESS Prepatory Project (NPP) Science Data Segment (SDS) achieves its goals by leveraging off of existing processing centers. NPP SDS will perform the evaluation and analysis of atmosphere, land, ocean, ozone, and sounder data products. This paper will focus on the software reuse aspects of the SDS, and in particular, reuse of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS) in the development of the Land Product Evaluation and Algorithm Test Environment (PEATE) and Science Data Depository and Distribution Element (SD3E).

2.1103 A Benchmark of Integrated Technologies for Civil Protection Emergencies Gianluca Graglia, Viviana Artibani, Roberto Muscinelli(Alcatel Alenia Space Italy)


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Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Jefferson This paper aims at describing a benchmark based on different technologies, that suitably integrated, can provide an efficient and valuable solution to fulfil the needs of emergency managers such as the Civil protection. The solution, employing terrestrial and space based systems will has the main purpose to cover all the different phases of the emergency management life cycle that span from the prevention and preparation to the response and recovery...

2.1104 Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Satellite Network Based on High-Altitude-Platforms Elisa Duca, Valeria Carrozzo, Cesare Roseti, Federica Teodori (University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Jefferson The proposed system architecture is quickly configurable and suitable for disaster aid or war scenarios, where the rapid event changes must be monitored. Moreover, High-Altitude-Platforms (HAPs) represent a solution for providing Internet access in absence of infrastructure. This system is based on HAPs located on different sites within the same GEO visibility area. High transmission performance in the optical links can be achieved by systems operating at 1550-nm wavelength, where the Erbium-Doped-Fiber-Amplifier can improve the OSNR on the receiver end. The aim of this paper is to define the operative conditions that guarantee a high effectiveness in the band exploiting...

2.12 Architectures for Complex Space Missions and Multi-Mission Campaigns Session Organizer: Robert Easter, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech

2.13 System and Technology Challenges for Landing on the Earth, Moon and Mars Session Organizer: Robert Braun, Georgia Institute of Technology Session Organizer: Robert Manning, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 2.1301 Mars 2007 Scout Phoenix Parachute Decelerator System Program Overview Al Witkowski (Pioneer Aerospace) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:30 am, Madison NASA Mars Scout missions are intended to maintain the industry base and promote innovative research between “flagship” exploration missions. They are cost-capped and openly competed programs, the first of which is the Phoenix mission. Phoenix is a resurrection of the terminated Mars Surveyor 2001 lander with new/revised instruments. Since the Phoenix began as a partially completed system, it is constrained by some original program configuration details. The original configuration for the Parachute Decelerator System (PDS) was a Viking-derivative canopy and Mars Pathfinder Mortar. However, the Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) performance requirements of the Phoenix Lander are significantly different than...

2.1302 Guidance and Control Design for Powered Descent and Landing on Mars Gurkirpal Singh, Principal Engineer; Alejandro M. SanMartin, Chief Engineer, MSL Guidance, Navigation, & Control; Edward C. Wong, Task Lead, MSL Guidance, Navigation, & Control Algorithms Development; (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); 4800 Oak Grove Dr., 91109) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:55 am, Madison The design of a novel Sky-Crane landing concept to land the proposed Mars Science Laboratory rover is presented. The descent is guided and actively controlled in six degrees of freedom. It is aided by a Terminal Descent Sensor, an Inertial Measurement Unit, and eight throttle-able Mars Lander Engines. Computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the viability of this concept in the presence of various environmental, con-figuration, and hardware imperfections.


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2.1303 Design of a Retro Rocket Earth Landing System for the Orion Spacecraft Joshua A. St. Vaughn, Gurkirpal Singh, Ravi Prakash, Robert H. Frisbee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); James M. Corliss, Robin D. Tutterow (NASA Langley Research Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:20 am, Madison In this study, the trade space for the design of a retro rocket landing system for the Orion spacecraft was explored. By comparing the benefits and fault probabilities of four selected designs, and from preliminary kinematics analysis, it was possible to assess that a base mounted vertical rocket design with heatshield separation offered the most advantages in terms of performance and low risk. Further analysis determined the details of this design, and a Monte Carlo analysis showed the requirements the design could meet. The analysis showed that this system was well suited to landing astronauts on Earth terrain.

2.1304 Orion CEV Earth Landing Impact Attenuating Airbags-Design Challenges and Application Timothy R. Smith, Charles R. Sandy, Joanne S. Ware, Joseph Welch, Cliff E. Willey, Darrell (Skip) Wilson (ILC Dover LP) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:45 am, Madison Airbags are being evaluated by NASA as a candidate landing technology for Orion. ILC Dover generated an airbag system conceptual design for CEV and has fabricated prototypes and test articles. ILC modeling using LS DYNA showed that the design provides excellent vehicle and crew protection even during severe landing conditions and with multiple system faults. Airbags provide advantages over competing technologies such as retro-rockets or crushables. This paper is an overview of airbag principles of operation, key requirements, design drivers, configuration trades, supporting analysis, and a design overview. Materials selection is discussed, along with an overview of planned testing.

2.1305 Mars Science Laboratory: Entry, Descent, and Landing System Performance David W. Way, Richard W. Powell (NASA Langley Research Center); Allen Chen, Adam D. Steltzner, A. Miguel San Martin, P. Daniel Burkhart (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Gavin F. Mendeck (NASA, JSC) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:10 am, Madison The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) system is being designed to land an 850 kg rover to an altitude 1 km above the reference areoid and within 10 km of the desired landing site. In 2010, MSL will utilize the largest mass, largest diameter aeroshell, largest hypersonic lift-to-drag ratio, and largest parachute of any previous Mars mission. This paper describes the current EDL system performance as predicted by end-to-end simulation, highlights the design sensitivity to several key parameters, and discusses some of the challenges faced in delivering such an unprecedented payload to the surface of Mars.

2.1306 Preliminary Assessment of MSL EDL Sensitivity to Martian Environment Leila V. Lorenzoni (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:35 am, Madison -The Mars Science Laboratory Mission (MSL) will be launched during fall 2009 and will reach Mars at its northern summer season. The MSL entry, descent, and landing system is designed to land the heaviest rover, with the best landing precision, and highest elevation capability to date on Mars. The challenging ellipse size and high elevation sites are achieved by use of a guided lifting entry vehicle. The final landing site will be selected one year before launch and therefore the system’s performance is to be evaluated for all possible environments in all possible landing sites. This paper discusses EDL sensitivities...

2.1307 Mars Science Laboratory Entry Capsule Aerothermodynamics and Thermal Protection System Karl T. Edquist, Brian R. Hollis (NASA Langley Research Center); Artem A. Dyakonov (National Institute of Aerospace); Bernard Laub, Michael J. Wright (NASA Ames Research Center); Tomasso P. Rivellini, Eric M. Slimko (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); William H. Willcockson (Lockheed Martin) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:30 pm, Madison The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft is being designed to carry a large rover (> 800 kg) to the surface of Mars using a blunt-body entry capsule as the primary decelerator.


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The spacecraft is being designed for launch in 2009 and arrival at Mars in 2010. The combination of large mass and diameter with non-zero angle-of-attack for MSL will result in unprecedented convective heating environments caused by turbulence prior to peak heating. Navier-Stokes computations predict a large turbulent heating augmentation for which there are no supporting flight data and little ground data for validation. Consequently, an extensive experimental program has...

2.1308 Entry Attitude Controller for the Mars Science Laboratory Paul B. Brugarolas, A. Miguel San Martin, Edward C. Wong (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:55 pm, Madison This paper describes the preliminary concept for the RCS 3-axis attitude controller for the exo-atmospheric and guided entry phases of the Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descend and Landing. The entry controller is formulated as three independent channels in the control frame, which is nominally aligned with the stability frame. Each channel has a feedfoward and a feedback. The feedforward path enables fast response to large bank commands. The feedback path stabilizes the vehicle angle of attack and sideslip around its trim position, and tracks bank commands. The feedback path has a PD/D structure with deadbands that minimizes fuel usage.

2.1309 Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing Triggers Devin Kipp, Miguel San Martin, John Essmiller (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), David Way (NASA Langley Research Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 5:20 pm, Madison In 2010, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission will deliver the largest rover to date to the surface of Mars. Successful entry, descent, and landing (EDL) requires proper execution of a complex sequence of time-critical flight system reconfiguration events. Each event must occur within a narrow operational envelope and must be triggered autonomously based on estimates of the spacecraft state. Triggers must execute properly in the presence of potentially significant variability in Martian environments. This paper discusses the design of trigger algorithms that control timing during the EDL sequence and highlights some of the related challenges facing MSL .

2.1310 Preliminary Design of the Cruise, Entry, Descent, and Landing Mechanical Subsystem for MSL Pamela hoffman, Tomasso Rivillini, Eric Slimko, Neilesh Dahya, Anthony Agajanian, Jennifer Knight, Anita Sengupta, Benjamin Thoma, Richard Webster, John Gallon, Michael Gradziel (Jet Propludion Laboratory,) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:50 pm, Madison Mars Science Laboratory is a scientific mission to the surface of Mars which includes a rover with 10 science instruments. The mechanical hardware which transports the Rover to Mars includes the Cruise Stage Structure, the Aeroshell Subsystem, the Parachute Deceleration Subsystem, the Descent Stage Structure, the Bridle & Umbilical Device, and the pyro and separation devices. The key challenges for this system lie in the complex configuration, multiple unique load cases, and numerous separation events. This paper will describe the preliminary design and key challenges of each of these mechanical assemblies that comprise the CEDL Mechanical Subsystem.


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2.1311 An Overview of the Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Decelerator System Anita Sengupta, Adam Steltzner (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Al Witkowski, Jerry Rowan (Pioneer Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:15 pm, Madison In 2010 the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission will deliver NASA’s largest and most capable rover to the surface of Mars. MSL will explore previously unattainable landing sites due to the implementation of a high precision Entry, Descent, and Landing system (EDL). The Parachute Decelerator System, a mortar-deployed 20 m Viking type Disk-Gap-Band Parachute, and is an integral part of the EDL system, providing a mass and volume efficient source of aerodynamic drag to decelerate the entry vehicle from supersonic to subsonic speeds, prior to final propulsive descent to the surface.

2.1312 Dynamic Simulations of MSL EDL Landing Loads and Stability Chia-Yen Peng, Gary Ortiz, Tommaso Rivellini, Darlene Lee, Shyh-Shiuh Lih, Jaime Waydo, Chris White, Sean Haggart, Chris Voorhees, Richard Rainen (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:40 pm, Madison As required by the skycrane landing architecture, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover is designed as a "lander" to survive touchdown as well as traverse environments. Since it is difficult, costly and, in many cases, impossible to test the skycrane descent and landing system in Mars-like environments, the MSL project relies heavily on dynamic simulations to validate the skycrane landing concept and predict the landing loads and stability of the rover. This paper describes a multi-year extensive Loads and Stability Analysis Program conducted to develop a mass-efficient and landing-capable rover structure design.

2.14 Autonomous Vehicles Session Organizer: Liam Pedersen, Carnegie Mellon University Session Organizer: Jack Langelaan, Penn State University 2.1401 Camera Aided Inertial Navigation in Poor GPS Environments Michael George, Salah Sukkarieh (University of Sydney) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 10:10 am, Jefferson A framework for robust localization of vehicles operating in environments that have limited or unreliable access to GPS is presented. The core algorithm uses a variant of the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technique from the robotics literature as an aid to inertial navigation. A single camera is used to track unknown environment features providing a consistent constraint on inertial sensor drift while global localization information is unavailable. Results from an unmanned flight vehicle, performing a tracking and surveillance task are presented.

2.1402 Co-operative Localisation and Mapping for Multiple UAVs in Unknown Environments Mitch Bryson, Salah Sukkarieh (Australian Centre for Field Robotics) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 10:35 am, Jefferson This paper demonstrates a co-operative path-planning algorithm for multi-UAV Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) that co-ordinates the UAVs to build a high accuracy feature map of an initially unexplored terrain without the use of GPS to localise each UAV. Each UAV shares locally built map information via a central commuications node. This information is used to assist in localisation which in turn increases the accuracy of the map information each vehicle provides. The central communications node co-ordinates the actions of each platform (trajectory optimisation), so as to maximise the accuracy of the globally constructed map.

2.1403 Towards Full Formation Control of an Autonomous Helicopters Group Farbod Fahimi (University of Alberta) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 11:00 am, Jefferson


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This publication reports the first steps taken towards designing sliding mode control laws for controlling multiple small-sized autonomous helicopters in arbitrary formations. Two control schemes, which are required for defining a unique three-dimensional formation, are discussed. One of the schemes is developed in this work as a step towards full formation control. The presented formation control schemes only use local information. A six-degree-of-freedom dynamic model has been used for the helicopters. Four control inputs, the main and the tail rotor thrusts, and the roll and pitch moments, are assumed. Parameter uncertainty in the dynamic model and wind disturbance are considered in...

2.1404 Autonomy in Space Exploration: Current Capabilities and Future Challenges Ari K. Jónsson, Robert A. Morris(NASA ARC); Liam Pedersen (Carnegie Mellon) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 11:25 am, Jefferson Thos paper presents an overview of the role of autonomy for space exploration. We explore the range of autonomous behavior that is useful in space exploration. Three core requirements are defined for autonomous space systems. We identify the decision-making capabilities that will ensure the effectiveness and safety of autonomous systems, and describe architectures for integrating capabilities into an autonomous system. Finally, we discuss the challenges that are faced currently in developing and deploying autonomy technologies for space.

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Track 3: Antenna Systems and Technologies Track Organizer: Farzin Manshadi, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Track Organizer: Mark Thomson, Astro Aerospace

3.01 Phased Array Antennas Session Organizer: Glenn Hopkins, Georgia Tech Research Institute 3.0101 Impact of an Electromagnetic Interference on Imaging Capability of a Synthetic Aperture Radar Matteo Sedehi, Diego Cristallini, Julien Marini, Pierfrancesco Lombardo (INFOCOM Dpt. - University of Rome “La Sapienza”) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 3:30 pm, Elbow 3 The imaging capability of a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) could be seriously limited by an electromagnetic interference. In this paper we evaluate the impact of a jammer on the imaging capability of a space-borne SAR. The vulnerability measure is defined as the imaged area over which the jammer denies information acquisition. Simulated results show how a jammer can deny the SAR imaging capability for all range access area and for a long azimuth area. The same analysis has been carried out using an antenna nulling technique, obtaining a more limited denied area for focusing a SAR image.

3.0102 An Analysis of Deep Ion Implantation for Use in Shielding of Phased Array Circuitry Janice C. Rock (U.S. Army Aviation, Missile Research) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 3 The main purpose of this analysis is to quantify electromagnetic interactions through a study of the propagation characteristics of plane waves in semiconductor materials. For this paper, we examine the optimum pairing of substrate length and ion implantation doping for use in shielding other semiconductor devices by creating an electromagnetic evanescent area. This will be accomplished through simulation studies and verified in the laboratory using silicon as a sample substrate. An earlier study quantified electromagnetic interactions in bulk semiconductor materials and showed that as conductivity increased, the field decreased substantially as expected. That study is discussed here for clarity.

3.0103 Electromagnetic Redirection thru Material Manipulation Joel Booth (Redstone Arsenal) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 3 This paper will discuss the process of a basic electromagnetic analysis for a multilayer material. This discussion will include computer simulations, real world situations and graduate studies. The relationships between different materials and their effects on electromagnetic energy will be explored. This effort is being conducted in the RF Technology Division of the Applied Sensors, Guidance, and Electronics Directorate of the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) on the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama.

3.0104 Aperture Efficiency of Amplitude Weighting Distributions for Array Antennas Glenn D. Hopkins, Justin Ratner, Anya Traille, Vic Tripp (Georgia Tech Research Institute) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 3 This paper reviews calculations of aperture efficiency with regards to the difference between amplitude tapering via attenuation versus redistribution. The purpose of this paper is to define these terms, to provide a review of the proper normalization technique that is important in obtaining accurate aperture efficiency estimation. Descriptions of the amplitude tapers and their utility will be presented. A design example will be presented which will compare theoretical efficiencies with those obtained via Finite Element Method simulation.

Track 3: Antenna Systems and Technologies

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3.02 Ground Antenna Technologies and Systems Session Organizer: Farzin Manshadi, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Vahraz Jamnejad, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 3.0201 Aircraft Ice Detection Using Time Domain Reflectometry with Coplanar Sensors Christopher Bassey, Gregory R. Simpson (Western Kentucky University) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 3 Ice accretion on the wings and various parts of an aircraft remains a serious problem in aviation. Ice on the external tank of a space shuttle can also be a source of debris hazard at liftoff. Recent efforts to combat this problem have employed time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique with limited success, due to the structure of conventional TDR probes. This work proposes the use of a more compatible coplanar line as TDR sensor for ice detection. The one-sided structure of coplanar lines, allow the test material to be placed conveniently on the sensor for non-destructive measurements. The fringing fields...

3.0202 Design of a Wideband Radio Telescope William A. Imbriale (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Sander Weinreb, Handi Mani (California Institute of Technology) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 3 A wideband Radio Telescope is being designed for use in the Goldstone Apple Valley Radio Telescope program. It uses an existing 34-meter antenna retrofitted with a tertiary offset mirror placed at the apex of the main reflector. It can be rotated to use two feeds that cover the 1.2 to 14 GHz band. The feed for 4.0 to 14.0 GHz is a cryogenically cooled commercially available open boundary quadridge horn from ETS-Lindgren. Coverage from 1.2 to 4.0 GHz is provided by an un-cooled scaled version of the same feed. The performance is greater than 40% over most of the band...

3.0203 Development and Implementation Experience of 20kW CW Transmitters at the DSN 34-m BWG Antennas Arnold Silva - Presenting Author, Bruce Conroy, David Losh, Yakov Vodonos (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:40 pm, Elbow 3 New 20kW S/X-Band transmitters were developed by JPL for the six 34-m Beam Waveguide Antennas of the Deep Space Network in 2003. These transmitters were based upon design concepts published in the 2003 Aerospace Conference and provide a 7dB increase in X-Band uplink power, coverage of deep space and near-earth bands, and provide improved control, performance logging, and maintainability. Despite some similarity to previous DSN transmitters, problems surfaced during the first several months of installed operation. Adressing these problems has been an ongoing task over the past 4 years, and the result has been significant improvement in overall transmitter reliability.

3.03 Space Antennas Technologies and Systems Session Organizer: Yahya Rahmat-Samii, UCLA, Engineering 4 Bldg Session Organizer: Thomas Cwik, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 3.0301 European Large Deployable Antenna (12 meter): Development Status and Applications F. Mini, G.L. Scialino, M. Milano, V. Lubrano, P. Conforto, P. Pellegrino of Alcatel Alenia Space, D. Caswell, J. Santiago Prowald, K. Van’t Klooster of ESA/ESTEC A. Cherniavsky, V. Korneev of Energia Russia, I. Vorobey, A. Fedoseev of NPO EGS Russia are joint quthors for this paper.) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 3 — This paper presents the development and the ultimate results of the qualification activities of the 12m unfurlable Reflector Assembly of the Large Deployable Antenna (LDA), jointly developed by the Prime Contractor: Alcatel Alenia Space Italia and several Partners, under an ESA contract. The qualification campaign will be finalized within January 2007, opening near term opportunities for space applications relying on a European technology. The paper also dedicates a section to a Flight Experiment (FE), which is a follow on activity


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of the LDA qualification, for the in orbit verification of the LDA performance. Applications are proposed.

3.0302 RADARSAT-2 Antenna Sylvain Riendeau, Claude Grenier (MDA) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 3 The design of RADARSAT-2, scheduled for launch in 2007, has been driven by the needs of the global Earth observation markets. The RADARSAT-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) antenna is a state-of-the-art active array designed, built and tested by MDA in its Montreal facilities. The large 15m X 1.4 m antenna is comprised of 512 subarrays that are each connected to a Transmit/Receive (T/R) module. The antenna went through acceptance testing and good correlation was obtained between the predicted and the measured performances. The antenna met all expectations and has been integrated to the spacecraft.

3.0303 A Precision Deployable Aperture System Facility Tom Cwik, Greg Agnes, Alina Moussessian, Charles Norton, Feng Zhao (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 3 Precision deployment is an enabling technology for future NASA large aperture missions. Possible concept missions include optical, infrared, sub-millimeter, or microwave apertures too large to fit unfolded in a launch shroud. This talk will describe a facility under development that includes an enclosure with extreme environmental control, a metrology systems for measuring deployment precision and aspects of an integrated modeling system that will be validated in the facility. Though built to the demanding specifications of deployed optical systems, this talk will focus on components of the facility specific to space-based microwave and millimeter wave antenna systems.

3.0304 Dual Polarized UHF/VHF Honeycomb Stacked-Patch Feed Array for a Large-Aperture Space-borne Radar Antenna Mahta Moghaddam, Line Van Nieuwstadt, Jackie Vitaz, Mark Haynes(University of Michigan); Yahya Rahmat-Samii (UCLA); Preston Partridge (The Aerospace Corporation); John Huang, Vaughn Cable (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 3 As penetration depth through vegetation and ground becomes more important in active remote sensing applications, there is a shift toward using lower frequencies into the UHF and VHF and UHF bands. To accommodate weekly repeat observations from LEO, a 30-m long antenna aperture is required. The beams of the UHF and the VHF antennas must coincide in the cross-track direction, resulting in antenna widths of 3m and 11m, respectively. A stacked, linearly dual-polarized patch array feeding a 30 meter diameter parabolic reflector is developed for this application, which synthesizes near-rectangular effective apertures on the reflector. Using a mesh reflector technology...

3.0305 Mesh Reflector Antennas with Complex Weaves: PO/Periodic MoM and Equivalent Strip Width Verification Yahya Rahmat-Samii (UCLA), Harish Rajagopalan (UCLA) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 3 This paper numerically analyzes reflector antennas with complex mesh weave patterns by using extended physical optics (PO) combined with the periodic Method of Moments (MoM). Periodic MoM calculates the transmission coefficient of the realistic, complex weave pattern of the planar mesh to calculate the modified PO current on the mesh reflector. The analysis of mesh reflectors with two different complex weave patterns (single Satin and single Atlas at Ka band) is performed to exemplify the application of this algorithm. The paper also verifies the equivalent strip width for a cylindrical wire for mesh reflector antennas with experimental and numerical analysis.


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3.0306 A Ka Band Offset Dish Antenna to be Used for the Future Algerian Telecommunication Satellite L. Hadj Abderrahmane (Arzew-Algeria); M. Benyettou (USTO-Algeria) Design results of a wide-angle Coverage 20/30 GHz (Ka band) multiple-beam antenna to be flown on the first Algerian civil communication satellite are presented here. The high gain spot beams with low sidelobe levels and high efficiency antenna are generated by employing an offset reflector antenna. This paper considers the use of an offset reflector with a feed array as a way of combining the high gain of the reflector with the high performance of the antenna array pattern. Results of the demonstration antenna have shown that sidelobe level of better than -30 dB is achieved for beams scanned over...

3.04 Antenna Systems: Novel Modeling and Optimization Techniques Session Organizer: Ahmad Hoorfar, Villanova University Session Organizer: Vahraz Jamnejad, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 3.0401 Vibrating Antennas and Compensation Techniques Research in NATO/RTO/SET 087/RTG 50 Harmen Schippers (National Aerospace Laboratory, The Netherlands) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:40 pm, Elbow 3 Array antennas which are integrated onto structures of aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are subject to unsteady aerodynamic loads. The objective of the present paper is to present some applications of such array antennas, and to discuss the effects of deformations and vibrations on the performance of array antennas, and to describe technology to counteract these effects by means of adaptive or synthetic beam forming.

3.0402 The Effect of the ADC Quantization on the Performances of GPS Receiver Adaptive Antenna Yane Lu, Yuguo Yan, Huoping Yuan, Qingfu Liu, Chunyan Yang(Air Force Engineering University); Jianguo Yuan (Harbin Institute Of Technology) ADC quantization brings the Loss of ICR(Interference-to-cancellation ratio) and SNR. By estimating the maximal eigenvalue of the cross-correlating matrix of the quantization noise and the interferences, the ICR expression is approximately given. Through calculating the first moment and the second moment of the output of the rounding quantizer with the additive Gauss noise, the expression of the Loss of output SNR is deducted. According to theoretics and simulation, the ICR is barely influenced and the loss of output SNR is less than 0.1dB when the quantization interval equals to ?? is the RMS of the ADC input thermal noise).

3.05 Array Beamforming Technologies: Analog, Digital, and Optical Session Organizer: Farzin Manshadi, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 3.0502 Signal Processing Suggestions for High Power RF Pulse Devices William J. Schrenk, Stephanie E. Brown (U.S. Army ARMRDEC) Though High Powered Microwave (HPM) devices have been in existence for many decades, there seems to be no universally accepted method for hardware test and evaluation. Which data is taken is many times determined by the type of equipment available for testing. As a result, the data taken on the HPM devices may or may not be readily compared to data taken on similar devices at different facilities. This makes any type of government assessment extremely difficult. The following research discusses a few methods that could be implemented to ensure reasonable and comparable data collection of pulser type devices.


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3.0503 Beamforming in Tight Specifications Environment Bashir El-Jabu(The Higher Institute of Industry-Misurata, Libya); Jalal Abdulsayed Srar, Omar Ali Abu-Ella (University of 7th of October, Libya) The aim of this paper is to raise the issue of tight-specifications environment performance. Although there are many techniques such as RLS, MVDR and MUSIC, only the NLMS technique will be considered to prove the importance of this issue. Here, tight specifications environment is intended to mean environment with one or more of the following conditions; high noise level, high interference level, large number of interferers, and close angular separation between the desired signal and the interference. Some indicators are used; among them, SIR, SINR, standard deviation of the error, and the offset from the maximum gain of the beam.

3.0504 Beamforming in Tight Specifications Environment Using Generalized Minimum Mean Error Algorithm Bashir El-Jabu (The Higher Institute of Industry-Misurata, Libya); Jalal Abdulsayed Srar, Omar Ali Abu-Ella (University of 7 October, Libya) Frequency spectrum is considered to be scarce and valuable resource. Techniques, which help in its utilization, are welcome. Among these techniques is the beamforming in which a set of weight vector is obtained for optimum error solution. Many algorithms are used in the optimization process. The least mean square error is often used because of its simplicity and reasonable performance. In tight specifications environments (low SINR, close angular separation between the desired signal and the interference) the authors noticed degradation in the LMS performance. Therefore, a higher order error function is proposed in this paper, a technique named generalized minimum...

3.0505 Performance Improvement of Blind Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms Using Pre-filtering Technique Bashir El-Jabu (The Higher Institute of Industry-Misurata); Jalal Abdulsayed Srar, Omar Ali Abu-Ella (University of 7th of October, Libya) This paper presented the possibility of performance improvement of blind adaptive beamforming algorithms using a new proposed pre-filtering technique. We will introduce the idea of this technique with the necessary mathematical derivation. Simulation results of this technique show that there is a significant improvement in beam pattern characteristics with increasing in Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) level over conventional blind algorithms.

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Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies Track Organizer: Phil Dafesh, Aerospace Corporation Track Organizer: Shirley Tseng, Morgan Franklin

4.01 Responsive Space Transformation Session Organizer: Doug Holker, The Aerospace Corporation 4.0101 Applying Responsive Space Contracting to Missile Warning Acquisistions Joseph Simonds, Capt Robert Thompson (US Air Force Space, Missiles Systems Center) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Boardroom This paper compares source selection procedures using Program Research & Development Announcement (PRDA) guidelines versus procedures used under Federal Acquisitions Regulation (FAR) 15 Best Value Contracting. We intend to demonstrate that the judicious use of PRDA and Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) techniques allow for rapid prototyping and greater risk reduction when compared to the traditional approach of purchasing major systems in their entirety before critical technologies have reached acceptable Technology Readiness Levels (TRL).

4.0102 Operational Satellite Concepts for ESPA Rideshare 2Lt Thomas D. Chavez (Los Angeles Air Force Base); Mark J. Barrera, Matthew H. Kanter (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Boardroom Launch Costs significantly impact the total cost of small satellite space systems. One way to reduce these costs is to take advantage of the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) and excess EELV launch capacity. This paper examines the trade-space of ESPA compatible spacecraft, focusing on satellite missions and designs that are of operatoinal military utility. Preliminary results show a robust ESPA mission model and warrants further investigation and concept development.

4.02 Evolving Space Communication Architectures Session Organizer: Robert Cesarone, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 4.0201 DSN Antenna Array Architectures Based on Future NASA Mission Needs Bruce E. MacNeal, Douglas S. Abraham, Robert J. Cesarone - (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 11:00 am, Amphitheatre A flexible method of parametric, full life-cycle cost analysis has been combined with data on NASA’s future communication needs to estimate the required number. The requirements were derived from a subset of missions in the Integrated Mission Set database of NASA’s Space Communications Architecture Working Group. Assuming that no new antennas are “constructed”, the simulation shows that the DSN is unlikely to meet more than 20% of mission requirements by 2030. Minimum full life-cycle costs result when antennas in the diameter range, 18m-34m, are constructed. Architectures using a mixture of antenna diameters produce a slightly lower full life-cycle cost.

4.0202 The Struggle for Ka-band: NASA's Gradual Move Towards Using 32 GHz Ka-band for Deep Space Missions Shervin Shambayati (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 11:25 am, Amphitheatre 32-GHz Ka-band was first considered for deep-space use in 1976. In 1979, 1 GHz of spectrum at 32-GHz Ka-band was allocated for Deep Space use. Since then NASA`s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has been developing technologies and architectures necessary to support Ka-band planetary missions. This paper is a survey of JPL`s effort. This survey includes a summary of early paper studies done in the 1980`s and 1990`s, development of the 34-m beam waveguide (BWG) antennas at the Deep Space Network (DSN), and Ka-band experiments on Mars Observer, Mars Global Surveyor, Deep Space 1, Cassini and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft.

Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies

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4.0203 MRO Ka-band Demonstration: Cruise Phase Lessons Learned Shervin Shambayati, James S. Border, David D. Morabito, Ricardo Mendoza (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 11:50 am, Amphitheatre During its cruise phase, the Ka-band signal from MRO was tracked several times by the Deep Space Network. During these tracks a number of Ka-band functions for both the spacecraft and the ground systems were tested to assess the readiness of the ground system and spacecraft to support the Ka-band demonstration activities during MRO`s PSP. From these tests a number of important lessons were learned. This paper presents results on the performance of the ground antenna pointing, Delta Differential One-Way Ranging (Delta DOR) performance and the telemetry performance of the Ka-band link.

4.0204 Transfer of Files Between the Deep Impact Spacecrafts and the Ground Data System Using CFDP Felicia A. Sanders, Michael Levesque; Grailing Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) The CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) Standard could reshape ground support architectures by enabling applications to communicate over the space link using reliable-symmetric transport services. JPL utilized the CFDP standard to support the Deep Impact Mission. The architecture was based on layering the CFDP applications on top of the CCSDS Space Link Extension Services for data transport from the mission control centers to the ground stations. On July 4, 2005 at 1:52 A.M. EDT, the Deep Impact impactor successfully collided with comet Tempel 1. During the final 48 hours prior to impact, over 300 files were uplinked to the spacecraft...

4.03 Communication Protocols and Services for Space Networks Session Organizer: Humayun Arif, Cisco Systems, Inc. Session Organizer: Loren Clare, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 4.0301 Improved Near-Earth Internet Data Transmission Using New Multi-Layer OSI Protocol Designs Paul D. Wiedemeier (The University of Louisiana at Monroe); Harry W. Tyrer (University of Missouri - Columbia) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 3:05 pm, Gallatin This paper presents the designs for new multi-layer OSI protocols that improve Internet data transmission within a hybrid communication network consisting of a GEO satellite and a terrestrial channel. These new designs span the transport, network, and data-link open systems interconnect layers and decrease the time required to transmit large data sets over a hybrid communication network compared to TCP Reno and FDM over a geo-stationary earth orbit satellite. This paper outlines the functional details for these news designs, provides simulated data transmission performance characteristics for all designs, and concludes with justifications for and benefits related to our research.

4.0302 Routing In Deep-Space Satellite Networks With Lossy Links V. Maramreddy, O. Amadasun, V. Sarangan, J. Thomas (Oklahoma State University) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 3:30 pm, Gallatin This paper proposes routing schemes to forward packets in deep space networks with lossy links. It is a common practice in terrestrial networks to re-transmit packets lost due to transmission errors. However, it is not clear if such a strategy will be suitable for deep-space networks owing to the impact on throughput and energy consumption. In this paper, we attempt to answer the question "Is it worthy to re-transmit packets lost due to errors in deep space networks to ensure 100% data reliability or is it sufficient to forward the packets along the path with maximum reliability without any re-transmissions?".

4.0303 A Demand Access Protocol for Space Applications Jay L. Gao (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Dee Leang (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:30 pm, Amphitheatre This paper describes the motivation and design of a demand access protocol. The protocol provides both flexibility and resource efficiency for future space-based networks whereby


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autonomous and dynamic event-driven operation is the new paradigm. This protocol specifies the high level messaging formats and procedures for negotiating resource allocations for rapid response to demands arising from contingency, as well as advanced reservation of resources for future task planning for space applications.

4.0304 Deep Space Network Scheduling Using Evolutionary Computational Methods Alexandre Guillaume, Seugnwon Lee, Yeou-Fang Wang, Hua Zheng, Robert Hovden, Savio Chau, Yu-Wen Tung, Richard J. Terrile (Jet Propulsion Laboratory).) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:55 pm, Amphitheatre The Deep Space Network (DSN) is an international network of antennas that supports all of NASA’s deep space missions. With the increasing demand of tracking time, DSN is highly over-subscribed. Therefore, the allocation of the DSN resources should be optimally scheduled to satisfy the requirements of as many missions as possible. This paper presents the specific approach taken to formulate the problem in terms of gene encoding, fitness function, and genetic operations. The optimal solutions of the different fitness functions demonstrate the trade-off of the scheduling problem and provide insight into a conflict resolution process.

4.0305 Performance Evaluation of Video Codecs in the Space Environment Philip Tsao, Clayton Okino, Loren P. Clare (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 5:20 pm, Amphitheatre There is an increasing need to provide video services supporting space explortation for such functions as monitoring analysis, personal private video conversations and general public outreach. In this work we focus on the video performance mechanisms as they are impacted in a space environment where long range latencies and bit errors arise in the wireless/RF links. We provide results from experiments using open source implementations of commercial video standards. Both Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity (SSIM) are used as a performance metrics.

4.0306 A Link-Layer Broadcast Service for SpaceWire Networks Allison Roberts, Sandra G. Dykes, Robert Klar, Christopher C. Mangels (Southwest Research Institute) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:50 pm, Amphitheatre Network management on SpaceWire networks is hampered by the lack of a link-layer broadcast mechanism required for services such as the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Currently, address resolution and host IP assignments require manual configuration. This paper describes a link-layer broadcast service for SpaceWire that is implemented in the host node software drivers and requires no change to routers or host node interface hardware. We believe this work will help move SpaceWire towards a future of Plug And Play networks, decreasing the cost and time required to develop and integrate space systems.

4.0307 Automatic Generation of Certifiable Space Communication Software Johann Schumann, Ewen Denney (R(Intelligent Automation Corporation);S, NASA Ames) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:15 pm, Amphitheatre Reliable, secure and effective ground-space communication is central to all space missions. A single successful malicious attack or a flaw in space communication code can put the mission or even human life at risk. We are integrating and adapting a set of existing tools in order to provide a unified end-to-end approach to the design, analysis, implementation, and certification of space communication software. Based upon rigorous logical and mathematical foundations our tools are capable of automatically generating high-quality communication software and provide automatic, tamper-proof guarantees about important reliability and security properties and the absence of implementation errors.


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4.0308 Space-Based Voice over IP Networks Sam Nguyen, Clayton Okino, & Loren Clare (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); William Walsh: LinQuest Corporation) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:40 pm, Amphitheatre In human space exploration missions, there will be a need to provide voice communications services. In this work we focus on the performance of Voice over IP (VoIP) techniques applied to space networks, where long range latencies, simplex links, and significant bit error rates occur. Link layer and network layer overhead issues are examined. We posit that imposing additional speech processing latencies in the form of multiple frames per packet is tolerable in the space regime, and show resulting performance overhead improvements. Furthermore, we find that even with channel bit error rates of 10 -5 and 10 -4, the frame size does...

4.04 Transformational Communications Architectures and Technologies Session Organizer: Frederic Agardy, The Aerospace Corporation 4.0401 Transport Protocols in the Tactical Network Environment Richard Carl, Kirk Swanson, Jordan Bonney (Architecture Technology Corporation), Barry Trent (Triticom) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 2:40 pm, Gallatin The shift to Network Centric Warfare highlights the deficiencies of existing transport protocols in tactical networks. Existing transports are designed upon assumptions that are violated by noisy, wireless tactical networks where end-to-end encryption and authentication must be maintained. Protocols that are designed for low-corruptive-loss environments provide abysmal performance when deployed in tactical networks. TCP adaptations that address corruptive loss rates generally violate tactical-network security requirements. As part of a DARPA-funded effort to improve performance in tactical networks, Architecture Technology Corporation (ATC) has analyzed the tactical network environment and has examined the behavior of various reliable transport protocols within such environments.

4.05 Navigation and Communication Systems for Exploration Session Organizer: Patrick Stadter, The John Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory 4.0501 Control Authority Network Analysis Applied to Lunar Outpost Deployment Kristina Alemany (Georgia Tech); Elisabeth L. Morse, Robert W. Easter (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:25 am, Amphitheatre In order to return humans to the Moon, the Constellation Program will be required to operate a complex network of humans and spacecraft in several locations. This requires an early look at how decision-making authority will be allocated and transferred between humans and computers, for each of the many decision steps required for the various mission phases. This paper presents an overview of such a control authority analysis, along with an example based upon a lunar outpost deployment scenario. The results illustrate how choosing an optimal control authority architecture can serve to significantly reduce overall mission risk.

4.0502 Benefits of Cooperative Communication Applied to Robot Exploration Michael K. McLelland (Southwest Research Institute); Vahid Emamian (St. Mary’s University) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:50 am, Amphitheatre We define a wireless cooperative robotic communication network to be a network where robots cooperate in routing and/or improving the quality of transmission of each other’s communication packets. The cooperation is especially useful when the channel between a robot and base (source and destination) is in a deep shadow-fading state. In this situation increasing the power level may either not resolve the problem or be too power consuming, while generating interference for other robots operating on the same channel. A


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cooperating robot, which has good propagation channels to both the source and the destination, may be used to relay the...

4.0503 Lunar Robotic Relay: The First Phase of Building the Lunar Ground Network Jonathan Gal-Edd (Goddard Space Flight Center); Curtis Fatig (SAIC) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:30 pm, Amphitheatre The role of lunar relay satellites is to provide coverage for the areas that do not have direct view of earth. The lunar relay satellites and the earth ground network supporting them are key for the many robotic and manned missions. In this type of mission, though similar to the Mars relay system, the design of the ground network in support of the lunar relay system requires attention to: ground network infrastructure, spectrum, and tracking requirements.

4.0504 Lunar Navigation and Communication System Implementation Concept P. A. Stadter, P. J. Sharer, B. L. Kantsiper, C. DeBoy, E. J. Finnegan, D. Napolillo, D. J. Duven, K. Kirby (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory); J. J. Gramling (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:55 pm, Amphitheatre This paper describes an implementation of a Lunar Relay System that could represent a floor capability of a lunar infrastructure by providing basic communication and navigation service to lunar assets. The approach provides a flow from a reasonable, if basic, set of requirements and desired capabilities, and details space system implementation that meets those requirements. This includes a conceptual mission design, space and payload segment, ground segment, and operational performance.

4.0505 Developments Toward a Disciplined Timekeeping System for Lunar and Planetary Navigation Gregory L. Weaver, Brian L. Kantsiper (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 5:20 pm, Amphitheatre The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory has derived a method for disciplining quartz Ultra-stable Oscillators to extend their superior frequency stability from 10 seconds to nearly 30 days of operating time. This is accomplished through a Kalman estimator that optimally removes the drift of the free running USO. JHU/APL will report on the accuracy of a disciplined USO that maintains better than ±1.5 µ seconds over 30 days and describe our roadmap toward a robust, timekeeping system capable of providing both short term and long-term frequency stability for lunar and planetary navigation infrastructure and timekeeping.

4.06 Space Exploration Communication and Navigation Status and Panel Session Organizer: Ronald Miller, NASA

4.07 Innovative Techniques in Deep Space Communications Session Organizer: Christopher DeBoy, The John Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory 4.0701 Availability of Calibration Sources for Measuring Spacecraft Angular Position with Sub-nanoradian Accuracy Walid A. Majid, Durgadas S. Bagri (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 1:50 pm, Gallatin Precision measurements are now capable of determining the angular position of spacecrafts with accuracies of 2-5 nanoradians. To achieve this level of precision, compact radio sources with flux density of at least a few hundred milli-Jansky (at 8.4 GHz) are used for calibration purposes. Further improvements in position measurement accuracy may be possible with use of appropriate calibrators near the direction of the spacecrafts even if the calibrators are much weaker (a few milli-Jansky) in flux density. In this paper we discuss the calibrator flux density required to achieve sub-nanoradian astrometric accuracy and attempt to estimate the density of suitable...


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4.0702 Effect of Tracking Errors on Performance of Telescope Arrays Receiver for Deep Space Optical Communication Ali Javed Hashmi, Ali Asghar Eftekhar, Ali Adibi (Georgia Institute of Technology); Farid Amoozegar (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 2:15 pm, Gallatin On earth, a large aperture telescope is required to achieve the substantial data rates needed for a deep space optical communication link. However, not only are large telescopes very costly but, it is also very difficult to attain near diffraction limited performance. An array of relatively smaller sized telescopes combined to form a larger synthesized aperture is a viable and efficient alternative to a large monolithic telescope. However, the performance of telescope arrays needs to be investigated under certain limiting factors such as turbulence, tracking errors etc. In this paper, we analyze the impact of tracking errors on the performance...

4.08 Communication System Analysis & Simulation Session Organizer: Yogi Krikorian, The Aerospace Corporation 4.0801 Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Link Performance Using the USB/STDN Waveform Jack Kreng, Milton Sue, Sieu Do, Yogi Krikorian, Srini Raghavan (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Amphitheatre The USB/STDN waveform (Unified S-Band/ Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network) has been used to provide telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) services for many satellites in addition to NASA near-Earth orbital missions. The tracking and command signals are used in the forward link, or the uplink (Earth-to-space), while the spacecraft tracking and telemetry signals are used in the return link, or the downlink (space-to-Earth). An uplink with a square-wave PRN ranging (pseudorandom noise) or tone-ranging signal is used to improve the carrier acquisition, and ranging performance. Typically the downlink signal is a heavily filtered signal that is needed to reject the...

4.0802 Digital Transparent Processor for Satellite Telecommunication Services A. Le Pera (Alcatel Alenia Space Italy); F. Fornì, M. Grossi, M. Lucente, V. Palma, T. Rossi, M. Ruggieri (University of Rome “Tor Vergata”) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, Amphitheatre The Digital Transparent Processor (DTP) is an on-board application under development in Alcatel Alenia Space – Italy to accomplish increasing telecommunication’s market demand for flexibility, in terms of frequency and spatial allocation of traffic channels, realizing non-regenerative satellite connectivity. The way the DTP works, performing a digital filtering of up-link traffic channels coming from spots in RX and switching them to different spots in TX with a potentially different FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) organisation, offers unique capabilities to create mesh networks between users having different allocated bandwidth and operating under different satellite coverage areas.

4.0803 Real-Time Hardware/Software Approach to Phase Noise Emulation Eric McDonald, Ryan Speelman, Eugene Grayver, Nicholas Wagner (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Amphitheatre Phase noise is a complex and ubiquitous source of BER degradation for all communication systems. Tight interaction between the phase noise and implementation of receiver tracking loops limits the fidelity of analytical derivations. The long timescales associated with phase noise make software simulations extremely time consuming. Both of these difficulties are exacerbated in systems that employ forward error correction. This paper reports on the development of a hardware-assisted phase noise emulator. This emulator allows injection of wideband, completely programmable phase noise into a real-time system. The phase noise samples are computed entirely in software and then passed to a hardware...


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4.09 Wideband Communications Systems Session Organizer: Dave Taggart, The Aerospace Corporation Session Organizer: Gary Goo, The Aerospace Corporation 4.0901 Quality of Service in Mission Orientated Ad-hoc Networks Gregory Mayhew (Washington University St. Louis) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Amphitheatre Normal design practice is to decouple the design of applications using a network from the design of the network itself. Designers optimize network performance by only focusing on network transport layer mechanisms for robustness (connectivity), efficiency (throughput), and speed of service (latency). Applications offer loads to the network and rely on the QoS function in the network to prioritize the traffic flows. By contrast, network centric operations focus on application layer features like situation awareness and synchronization to enhance force effectiveness. Therefore, in contrast to enterprise networks in which QoS processes messages based on fixed priorities by data type...

4.0902 Third Update to the Order 7 de Bruijn Weight Class Distribution Gregory Mayhew (Washington University in St. Louis) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:55 am, Amphitheatre Order n de Bruijn sequences are the period 2n binary sequences from n-stage feedback shift registers. The de Bruijn sequences have good randomness and complexity properties. The number of de Bruijn sequences in a weight class of the order n generating functions is unknown for all but the smallest n. This paper posts the final results for weight class 47 and intermediate results for weight class 21 of the order 7 de Bruijn sequences.

4.0903 Perspectives of W-Band for Space Communications Ahmed Jebril, Marco Lucente, Emiliano Re, Tommaso Rossi, Marina Ruggieri (University of Rome “Tor Vergata”); Claudio Sacchi (University of Trento); Italy); Vittorio Dainelli (Oerlikon Contraves Italy) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:20 am, Amphitheatre In this paper, the main trends of the latest space missions will be outlined, dealing with the advantages of using W-band in space communication systems. Currently, the study of W-band is aimed at future applications in three fields: radar applications, space communications to/from Earth, space communications to/from Moon (and beyond). The paper will be focused on W-band applications for space communications systems to/from Moon. Specifically, some simulation related to the use of special modulation techniques over W-band link in order to reach a Gigabit connectivity will be reported. Moreover, a scenario simulations will be carried out dealing with performance analysis.

4.0904 Estimating Queue Size in a Computer Network Using an Extended Kalman Filter Nathan C Stuckey, Juan R Vasquez, Scott R Graham (US Air Force) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:45 am, Amphitheatre An extended Kalman filter is used to estimate queue size in a network. This paper presents the derivation of the transient queue behavior for a system with Poisson traffic and exponential service times. This result is then validated for ideal traffic using a network simulated in OPNET. A more complex OPNET model is then used to test the adequacy of the transient queue size model when non-Poisson traffic is combined. The extended Kalman filter theory is presented and a network state estimator is designed using the transient queue behavior model. The behavior of the network state estimator is than investigated.


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4.0905 Multicarrier CDMA for Data Transmission over HF Channels: Application to “Digital Divide” Reduction Leandro D’Orazio, Claudio Sacchi, Francesco G.B. De Natale (University of Trento) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:10 am, Amphitheatre In this paper we are proposing the use of Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access techniques for multi-user communications in HF ionospheric channels. The study reported here is related to part of a project aimed at providing cheap and robust wireless connections to isolated rural areas located in central Africa. We analyzed all the problems related to system design and implementation in the context of the considered application environment. Experimental results pointed out the real possibility of exploiting MC-CDMA techniques for high-data rate communications over HF channels due to the robustness and the flexibility inherent to the physical layer technology considered.

4.0906 Analog-to-Digital Converter Loading Analysis Considerations for Satellite Communications Systems David Taggart, Rajendra Kumar, Yogi Krikorian, Gary Goo, Joseph Chen, Robert Martinez, Tom Tam, Edward Serhal (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:35 am, Amphitheatre This paper describes analysis and simulation results on SNR versus the ADC load factor when the input signal is composed of many digitally modulated carriers. A nine-signal 8-ary phase shift key (8-PSK) modulated carrier case is considered with each signal band limited. It is important to note that for this particular ADC input, it is shown that the probability density function (PDF) is Gaussian-like. This is significant since this means that the SNR versus ADC load factor curve for the nine 8-PSK signal case will have nearly identical characteristics to that when the ADC input is white Gaussian noise.

4.0907 Performance Analysis of TCP/IP/Q-Persistence ARQ over Satellite links R. Liang, H. Tan, J. Han, S. Lim (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:00 am, Amphitheatre There are two general approaches to improve TCP performance in a lossy network. The first approach is to use a split-connection protocol, which provides packet recovery at the gateways. The second approach is to enhance both the physical and link layer’s reliability. Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) is commonly used at the link layer of wireless networks to enhance TCP performance. However, the combined TCP and ARQ approach leads to a protocol interaction problem because of the greater variability in round-trip time due to ARQ retransmission. One way to mitigate this interaction is to use a Q-persistent ARQ scheme, which limits...

4.10 Advanced Communication Signal Processing Session Organizer: Dave Taggart, Aerospace Corporation Session Organizer: Rajendra Kumar, The Aerospace Corporation 4.1001 Adaptive Decision-Directed Quantized-State Algorithms for Multi-user Detection of CDMA Signals Rajendra Kumar, Kelvin Khor (California State University, Long Beach) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 3:30 pm, Gallatin The paper presents novel techniques for the multi-user detection of synchronous or asynchronous CDMA signals over fading and non-fading channels. The proposed architecture is based on a decision-directed approach and does not require any training sequence. The architecture involves a bank of matched filters whose outputs are input to an adaptive weighted combiner whose weight vector is determined by the quantized-state adaptive algorithm. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed architecture in both the fading and non fading environments is close to that obtained in the multiple access interference free environment even under severe multiple access interference environment.


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4.1002 An Analysis of the Distortion Effects of Nonlinear Amplifiers on CDMA Signals Rajendra Kumar (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Amphitheatre This paper presents a direct method of analyzing the distortion effects of the power amplifier nonlinearity on the CDMA signal. The paper derives a closed-form expression for the output signal power, the output signal power-to-distortion power spectral density ratio as a function of the input signal power back-off, the number of codes, and the amplifier transfer characteristics. The paper also shows that the amplifier possesses a maximum capacity defined as the maximum total bit rate that can be present at the amplifier input for a specified output signal power back-off and the required output bit energy to distortion power spectral...

4.11 Global Navigation Satellite Systems Session Organizer: Chris Bartone, Ohio University Session Organizer: Steven Lazar, The Aerospace Corporation 4.1101 Looking for a New US/EU Agreement on Air Transport Regime Incoming GNSS Mariagrazia Spada (University of Rome, Italy) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, Amphitheatre An Open Sky policy, at least as formulated by the US government, has its limits. The next step must be an Open Skies multilateral agreement, also called an Open Aviation Area, which may shape transatlantic traffic. Within such Open Aviation Area, which is marked by the absence of restrictions upon the operation of air services operated within the area, competition must be regulated. The major aims of certification of any GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) would be to establish minimum guarantees of quality (as expressed in such dimensions as accessibility, availability, continuity, integrity, reliability and accuracy).

4.1102 Minimum Indicator Approach for Use with Precise Differential GPS Chris Spinelli, Brian Kish (USAF); John Raquet (AFIT) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:40 pm, Amphitheatre This paper describes the design and testing of a high-speed, real-time kinematic, precise differential GPS positioning system for use in airborne applications such as automated aerial-refueling and close formation flying. A novel approach to the ambiguity resolution problem is presented, called the minimum indicator. Instead of assuming the ambiguity set with the lowest residuals is the true set, other special characteristics of the residuals are examined. The result was the first-ever successful six-degree of freedom, in-flight demonstration of close formation flight, culminating in over 11 hours of close formation flying with a mean radial spherical error of 3.3 centimeters.

4.12 Software Defined Radio Systems and Technology Session Organizer: Eugene Grayver, The Aerospace Corporation 4.1201 Effect of Nonlinear Amplification on Walsh Encoding/Spreading with Turbo Coding Ryan Speelman, Eugene Grayver (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 8:30 am, Lake/Canyon Walsh modulation, based on the Hadamard matrix, is one type of spreading used in CDMA schemes. This paper presents the BER performance of an end-to-end transceiver in the presence of nonlinear amplification with both Walsh modulation and turbo coding. In order to achieve very low BER with reasonable delay, an end-to-end transceiver is implemented in real-time hardware on a FPGA. The high throughput afforded by the hardware implementation allows us to characterize the large system trade space defined by the Walsh order, amplifier back-off, and signal-to-noise ratio.


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4.1202 Adaptive Automatic Gain Control for Nonlinearly Distorted Constellations Eugene Grayver, Eric McDonald (The Aerospace Corporation); David Ardestani (UCLA) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 8:55 am, Lake/Canyon Automatic gain control (AGC) is a key part of any demodulator that supports multilevel linear constellations. The AGC scales the received signal such that the constellation points line up with the nominal mapping. This approach is not optimal for constellations distorted by a nonlinear amplifier. This paper investigates the relationship between AGC scaling and nonlinear distortion for turbo coded and uncoded communications links. We present experimental results that demonstrate significant improvement in the bit error rate by changing the AGC adaptation algorithm. This change can be implemented on legacy receivers with negligible increase in computational complexity.

4.1203 Influence of Non-ideal Integration on Sampling Circuits with Internal Antialiasing Filtering Gennady Y. Poberezhskiy (Raytheon); Yefim S. Poberezhskiy (Consultant, Communications & Signal Processing) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 9:20 am, Lake/Canyon Filtering properties of an ideal sampling circuit (SC) with internal antialiasing filtering are completely determined by its weight function. Imperfect parameters of SC units may significantly distort its transfer function. Influence of insufficient gain and input resistance of operational amplifiers (opamps) in SC integrators is examined in this paper. Equations for transfer functions of SCs with finite gain and input resistance of the opamps are derived. It is shown that these factors have minimal impact on the amplitude-frequency responses (AFRs) of SCs within their passbands, but significantly influence SCs’ phase-frequency responses within passbands and SCs’ AFRs within stopbands.

4.1204 Software Adaptation: A Conscious Design for Oblivious Programmers Faisal Akkawi (Northwestern University) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 9:45 am, Lake/Canyon Agility, mobility, evolvability, and reconfigure-ability are the main characteristics for the next generation software systems. Software adaptation can be seen as the ability to reconfigure the software system by the software engineer, hence the term software adaptability, or the ability of the software to reconfigure itself, hence the term software adaptiveness. Software adaptability and adaptiveness are complementary for building conscious design that can accommodate cohesive components built by programmers that are oblivious to the nature of future changes. The intent of software adaptability is to evolve and reuse the software components in future contexts, whereas the intent of software adaptiveness...

4.1207 On Dynamic Range of Digital Receivers Yefim Poberezhskiy (Consultant, Communications & Signal Processing) Dynamic range of a digital receiver is determined by its analog and mixed signal portion (AMP). Among parameters that characterize the receiver dynamic range, single-tone dynamic range and two-tone dynamic range are usually most important. The ultimate value of the dynamic range upper bound is limited by acceptable power consumption of the receiver AMP. Problems discussed in the paper include an approach to a closed-form determining the minimum required receiver dynamic range and methods of the digital receiver dynamic range improvement.

4.1208 Modulation and Spreading Techniques for Burst Transmissions Yefim S. Poberezhskiy (Consultant, Communications & Signal Processing) Novel modulation and spreading techniques are described in this paper. These techniques provide high overall energy efficiency of burst transmissions and can also be useful for other types of data transmission. High overall energy efficiency has been achieved as a combined result of several factors: fast synchronization, high noise immunity of a modulation/demodulation, efficient utilization of transmitter power, high tolerance to frequency offset of the transmitter and receiver, and simplicity of signal processing.


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4.13 Advanced Communications, Navigation, & Surveillance Technology for National Airspace

Session Organizer: Denise Ponchak, NASA Glenn Research Center 4.1301 Eurocontrol/FAA Future Communications Study - Phase II Technology Assessment Robert J. Kerczewski (NASA Glenn Research Center); Glen Dyer (ITT Corporation) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:30 pm, Amphitheatre The ICAO Air Navigation Commission identified a need for a future air-ground communications system for air traffic management. The Federal Aviation Administration and Eurocontrol initiated a joint activity called the Future Communications Study (FCS) to identify potential communications technologies. The first phase of the FCS identified relevant communications technologies and screened those technologies against a set of evaluation criteria. The second phase performed detailed technical evaluations of a subset of those candidates to determine their potential... This paper provides background on the FCS and presents an overview of the approach and results of the FCS technology assessment to date.

4.1302 Final Assessment of the B-VHF Overlay Concept Sinja Brandes, Snjezana Gligorevic, Michael Schnell (German Aerospace Center); Carl-Herbert Rokitansky, Max Ehammer, Thomas Graeupl (University of Salzburg); Armin Schlereth (DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH); Christoph Rihacek (Frequentis GmbH) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, Amphitheatre B-VHF is a proposal for a future aeronautical communication system in the very high frequency (VHF) band based on an overlay concept.I.e. During the transition phase the B-VHF system shares the same frequency band with legacy VHF systems without interfering with them. In this paper, the feasibility of the overlay concept is evaluated by simulations of the physical and higher layers as well as by laboratory measurements with a demonstrator. Simulation results show that the B-VHF overlay system works in presence of interference from legacy VHF systems. The protocol is designed to allow using the available resources very efficiently.

4.1303 Aircraft Heading Measurement Potential from an Airborne Laser Scanner Using Edge Extraction Jeff Dickman, Maarten Uijt de Haag (Ohio University) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, Amphitheatre This paper explores some considerations for making heading measurements using an airborne laser scanner (ALS). Laser range measurements are very low noise, so there is potential for high accuracy heading measurements that are not susceptible to broad interference. The traditional ALS configuration is capable of estimating heading from feature edges with degree-level accuracy. This paper discusses two techniques for increasing this accuracy by at least one order of magnitude. The second half of the paper discusses sensor stabilization limitations to attaining a high accuracy orientation measurement. Results show that it is better to have stabilization noise than uncompensated motion errors.


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4.14 Advanced Navigation Systems for Surface, Air, and Space Applications Session Organizer: 'Chris Bartone, Ohio University 4.1401 Considerations for Sensor Stabilization Using Stand-Alone GPS Velocity and Inertial Measurements Jeff Dickman, Chris Bartone (Ohio University) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Amphitheatre This paper explores the concept of using a high rate (i.e. 100 Hz), high accuracy integrated velocity (i.e. mm accuracy) estimate from stand-alone GPS measurement for sensor stabilization. This velocity can be used for heading determination and then for inertial alignment or stabilization of other sensors. This paper addresses several issues such as the velocity propagated position, velocity error due to sensor lever-arms, sensor time association, and a statistical technique to estimate the velocity error on a dynamic platform using two or more GPS antennas. Analysis of these concepts is provided using flight test data collected on April 12, 2006.

4.1402 Experiences in Data Analysis of a GBAS Approach Test Pier Domenico Tromboni, Giovanni Palmerini (Università di Roma La Sapienza); Paolo Gervasoni (Thales Italia) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Amphitheatre This paper moves from a set of data collected during a campaign recently carried out at Milan Linate airport by the Italian Company for Air Navigation Services (ENAV S.p.A.) in cooperation with several avionic instrumentation manufacturers and engineering firms. Tests were aimed to investigate the performances during the approach phase of GPS equipment accommodated on-board and aided by a Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS). The comparative analysis of data gathered on-board the aircraft and collected at the ground stations helps in evaluating and assessing the system behaviour, as well as in tuning a software simulation to compute navigation system performances.

4.15 Speech and Audio Processing for Aerospace Session Organizer: Aaron Lawson, Air Force Research Laboratory 4.1501 UT-Scope: Speech under Lombard Effect and Cognitive Stress Ayako Ikeno, Vaishnevi Varadarajan, Sanjay Patil, John H.L. Hansen (University of Texas) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:30 am, Amphitheatre This paper presents UT-Scope data base, and automatic and perceptual an evaluation of Lombard speech in In-Set Speaker Recognition. First, the deterioration of the EER of an in-set speaker identification system trained on neutral and tested with Lombard speech is illustrated. We also report results from In-Set Speaker Recognition tasks performed by human subjects in comparison to the system performance. Overall observations suggest that deeper understanding of cognitive factor involved in perceptual speaker ID offers meaningful insights for further development of automated systems.

4.1502 Speaker Recognition in Adverse Conditions Ananth Iyer, Uchechukwu Ofoegbu, Robert Yantorno (Temple University); Stanley Wenndt (US Air Force Research Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:55 am, Amphitheatre Non-parametric strategies, to statistically model speakers – as against to the traditional parametric modeling methods - are developed in this work. Non-parametric speaker modeling methods are generally known to be superior when limited data is available. In this research, it is aimed to perform speaker verification (SV) in practical conditions, like in an aircraft cockpit where most of the verbal communication is in the form of short commands. Experimental evaluation has resulted at a 70% accuracy level in speaker verification with only 0.5 seconds and at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5dB. This result corresponds to a 20% decrease in error...


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4.1503 Unsupervised Indexing of Conversations with Short Speaker Utterances Uchechukwu O. Ofoegbu, Ananth N. Iyer, Robert E. Yantorno (Temple University); Stanley J. Wenndt (Air Force Research Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:20 am, Amphitheatre Two speaker indexing techniques are presented. The first is a simple method with a side-product of being able to detect and remove data which are liable to cause errors. The second is based on first determining the number of speaker in the conversation and then indexing it. Both systems have been able to yield indexing accuracies of above 90%. Moreover, a speaker-count technique, with reasonable counting accuracy was developed in the process. The performances of the proposed systems are comparable to current speaker recognition systems which do not face the challenges of limited data availability and lack of speaker information.

4.1504 Detection of Speaker Change Points in Conversational Speech Michael A. Carlin (Air Force Research Laboratory / IFEC); Brett Y. Smolenski (Research Associates for Defense Conversion) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:45 am, Amphitheatre An important preprocessing step in many speech segmentation systems is the accurate detection of speaker change points, the times when one speaker stops talking and another begins. However, this becomes difficult in conversational speech since utterance lengths can be very short, speaker changes occur frequently, speakers may talk over one another, and the recording environment may exhibit distortion. Modern aviation systems can benefit from this research as a pre-processing stage in many applications including segmentation of pilot / air traffic controller dialog, detection of an unauthorized speaker in commercial airline cockpits, and automatic transcription of cockpit audio recordings.

4.1505 Automatic Speech Detection and Segmentation of Air Traffic Control Audio Using the Parametric Trajectory Model Shane Galligan (Research Associates for Defense Conversion) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:10 am, Amphitheatre This study investigates the use of the parametric trajectory model to perform unsupervised speech detection and segmentation in a noisy air traffic control audio. The process of detecting and segmenting speech is subdivided into two primary tasks: the binary distinction of speech and noise, and the ability to identify the beginning and end of speech segments. For each of these two tasks, the parametric trajectory model algorithm is applied in both a model-based (prior training) and a blind (no training) approach. The model is also trained created completely unsupervised. The results show that the parametric trajectory model can be applied...

4.1506 Boosting of Speech Recognition Performance by Language Model Adaptation Filipp Korkmazsky, Oliver Jojic, Bageshree Shevade, StreamSage (Comcast, Inc.) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:35 am, Amphitheatre This paper presents a novel approach to language model adaptation for speech recognition. We introduce a novel word distance measure which is based on mutual information histograms. By using this measure it is possible to create linguistically meaningful word clusters. Words included in this clusters were used to adapt language models. Conducted experiments on Fisher conversational telephone data proved that word clusters conveyed significant information about topic of conversation and could be helpful in improving speech recognition accuracy.

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Track 5: Electro-Optic Sensors and Observation Systems Track Organizer: David Tratt, The Aerospace Corporation Track Organizer: Edward Watson, Air Force Research Laboratory,

Sensors Directorate

5.01 Integration, Alignment and Test of Large Optical Systems Session Organizer: Lee Feinberg, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Session Organizer: H. Stahl, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 5.0101 Cryogenic Optical Thermal-Vacuum Testing of the James Webb Space Telescope Phil Sabelhaus, Paul Geithner, Charles Diaz (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Elbow 4 Cryogenic optical testing and verification the James Webb Space Telescope is one of the biggest challenges in the I&T program. JWST has constructed an incremental verification program for the Optical Telescope and the Integrated Science Instrument Module to ensure compliance and to mitigate the severity of problems on flight hardware. A Project Managers assessment will be presented of the chronological history as to the selection of the thermal vacuum test facility. Proposed facility modification to meet the optical test requirements, vibration stability requirements, thermal and stability requirements, cryogenic systems, vessel modifications requirements, along with the integration support requirements including accessibility...

5.0102 Optical Alignment and Test of the James Webb Space Telescope Integrated Science Instrument Module John G. Hagopian, Raymond Ohl, Brent Bos, Pamela Davila,William Eichhorn, Jason Hylan, Michael Hill, Maria Nowak, Bert Pasquale ,Henry Sampler, Mark Wilson (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Benjamin Gallagher, James Hardaway, Joseph Sullivan (Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.); Philip Young (Young Engineering Services); Timothy Keepers, Robert Quigley (Swales Aerospace, Inc.) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:55 am, Elbow 4 The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a 6.6m diameter, segmented, deployable telescope for cryogenic IR space astronomy (40K). The JWST Observatory architecture includes the Optical Telescope Element (OTE) and the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) element that contains the four science instruments. We describe the ambient and cryogenic optical alignment, test and verification plan for the ISIM element.

5.0103 Optical Modeling of the Alignment and Test of the NASA James Webb Space Telescope Joseph M. Howard, Bill Hayden, Ritva Keski-Kuha, Lee Feinberg (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:20 am, Elbow 4 Optical modeling challenges of the ground alignment plan and optical test and verification of the NASA James Webb Space Telescope are discussed. Issues such as back-out of the gravity sag of light-weighted mirrors, as well as the use of a sparse-aperture auto-collimating flat system are discussed. A walk-through of the interferometer based alignment procedure is summarized, and sensitivities from the sparse aperture wavefront test are included as examples.

5.0104 Looking at Hubble through the Eyes of JWST Bruce Dean (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:45 am, Elbow 4 The phase retrieval algorithm developed for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is used for processing the archival image data that was originally used to characterize the Hubble primary mirror edge defect. The Hubble mirror conic constant is deduced from these results and comparisons are made with earlier conic values reported by teams comprising the Hubble Aberration Recovery Project (HARP). Some “lessons learned” from the Hubble phase retrieval problem are described and a discussion is given on how these have been incorporated into the JWST Observatory design.

Track 5: Electro-Optic Sensors and Observation Systems

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5.0105 JWST Lightweight Mirror TRL-6 Results H. Philip Stahl (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:10 am, Elbow 4 Mirror Technology is critical for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). At the inception of JWST in 1996, such a capability was at a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 3. A highly successful technology development program was initiated including the Sub-scale Beryllium Mirror Demonstrator and Advanced Mirror System Demonstrator projects. These along with flight program activities have matured mirror technology for JWST to TRL-6. A directly traceable prototype (and in some cases the flight hardware itself) has been built, tested and operated in a relevant environment.

5.0106 Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry for JWST Babak Saif (Space Telescope Science Institute); Marcel Bluth, Bente Eegholm, Barbara Zukowski (Swales Aerospace Inc.): Ritva Keski-Kuha, Peter Blake (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:35 am, Elbow 4 — Development of many new technologies is required to successfully produce the large, lightweight, deployable, cryogenic telescope with segmented primary mirror for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) mission. One of the technologies is interferometry to verify structural deformations in large, deployable, lightweight, cryogenic, precision structures to nanometer level accuracy. An instantaneous acquisition phase shifting speckle interferometer was designed and built to support the development of JWST Optical Telescope Element (OTE) primary mirror backplane. This paper discusses characterization of the Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer (SPS-DSPI) developed for JWST to verify its capability to measure structural deformations in large composite structures at...

5.0107 Summary of NASA Advanced Telescope and Observatory Capability Roadmap H. Philip Stahl (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center); Lee Feinberg (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:00 am, Elbow 4 The NASA Advanced Telescope and Observatory (ATO) Capability Roadmap addresses technologies necessary for NASA to enable future space telescopes and observatories operating in all electromagnetic bands, from x-rays to millimeter waves, and including gravity-waves. It lists capability priorities derived from current and developing Space Missions Directorate (SMD) strategic roadmaps. Technology topics include optics; wavefront sensing and control and interferometry; distributed and advanced spacecraft systems; cryogenic and thermal control systems; large precision structure for observatories; and the infrastructure essential to future space telescopes and observatories.

5.0108 Scaling Analysis for Large Membrane Optics Michael J. Shepherd, Richard G. Cobb, Anthony. N. Palazotto, William P. Baker (Air Force Institute of Technology) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:25 am, Elbow 4 To meet future requirements, space telescopes are envisioned to require optics tens of meters in diameter. Packaging restrictions of current and foreseeable launch vehicles prohibit the use of a single rigid monolithic mirror of that size. Membrane optics research seeks to create large diameter apertures out of thin flexible film-like reflective material. Results show small-scale (existing) test articles may respond in accordance with linear models, but may mask the non-linear characteristics which dominate large full-scale membrane optics in the proposed applications.


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5.02 Photonic Technologies for Aerospace Applications Session Organizer: Edward Taylor, International Photonics Consultants Session Organizer: Andrew Pirich, ACP Associates

5.03 Electro-Optics Devices for Aerospace Session Organizer: Franz Haas, Air Force Research Laboratory Session Organizer: Kent Choquette, University of Illinois 5.0301 Modelling and Testing of Two-Dimensional Sun-Sensors John Enright, Albert Yam, Chris Li (Ryerson University - Aerospace Engineering) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 4 This paper presents the modelling, algorithm development, and laboratory testing of a two-axis digital sun-sensor. The basis for our modelling is the Sinclair Interplanetary SS-256, a sensor that employs a single, linear array to provide two-axis measurements of the sun-vector. The detector illumination simulation uses a Fresnel diffraction model to synthesize the detector image. This image agrees with actual sensor images to within about 4% (rms). Algorithm studies contrast the performance of existing peakdetection routines with centroiding and simple parametric algorithms. Laboratory studies confirm that these modified algorithms can provide a three-fold performance improvement over the baseline sensor processing.

5.0302 Electro-Optic Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer Tien-Hsin Chao (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 4 JPL is developing an innovative compact, low mass, Electro-Optic Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (E-O IFTS) for hyperspectral imaging applications. The spectral region of this spectrometer will be 1 – 2.5 µm (1000 – 4000 cm-1) to allow high-resolution, high-speed hyperspectral imaging applications. Due to the innovative electro-optics system architecture,this spectrometer is capable of hyperspectral measurements without any moving parts. In this paper, the principle of operations, system architecture and recent experimental progress will be presented.

5.0303 2-Dimensional Integrated VCSEL and PiN Photodetector Arrays for a Bidirectional Optical Links Kent D. Choquette (University of Illinois) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 4 We have designed, fabricated, and characterized separate and monolithically integrated 2-dimentional vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and photodetector arrays for optical board-to-board communications. The arrays of VCSELs, detectors, and integrated arrays have been fabricated on a hexagonal grid so as to maximize the number of devices that can be coupled to a circular waveguide. The photodetector epilayers are grown epitaxially on top of a conventional VCSEL structure. A novel fabrication process is employed which enables etching down to carefully expose the top laser facet. Device characteristics are observed to be uniform across the entire array.

5.0304 Fast Electro-Optic Gratings for Laser Beam Attenuations James Fosheea (US Air Force Research Laboratory); Suning Tang, Yuanji Tang, Baofeng Duan, Thomas Hartwick (Crystal Research, Inc.) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon This paper provides research progress in the development of fast electro-optic gratings for laser beam attenuations and in free space optical (FSO) communications involving mobile terminals. The electro-optic phase grating is formed by the phase separation of 100nm liquid crystals droplets from a polymerizing organic matrix using holographic interference technique. The formed grating separates the incident laser beam into the output beams: the transmitted and diffracted beam, whose intensities can be electrically adjusted through


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electro-optic effect. The fast electro-optic gratings have a very fast electro-optic response time of 50 µs with diffraction efficiency above 99.8%. Optical receivers used in FSO have...

5.04 Optics and Photonics Packaging for Space Session Organizer: Ping Zhou, LDX Optronics Inc. Session Organizer: Andrew Shapiro, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech

5.05 Novel Imaging Systems Session Organizer: David Wick, Sandia National Laboratories Session Organizer: Bradley Duncan, University of Dayton 5.0501 A Low-Cost Earth Imaging Telescope Thomas H. Zurbuchen, Ryan A. Falor, Romain Clement, Daniel Paul, Robby Swoish (University of Michigan); Thomas Ryan (EDM Technical Services) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 4 Today, the general public has access to high-resolution space imagery on a scale never before imagined. Acquiring large data sets of Earth imagery in a simple, low-cost way, represents a new market opportunity that has yet to be addressed. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss a telescope design that is part of a low-cost satellite with that purpose. The system uses a fast, two-mirror optical design with push-broom imaging. The design of the telescope involves innovative technologies to reduce costs without impacting the optical performance of the system. A theoretical study and practical implementation details are discussed.

5.0502 Atmospheric Turbulence Generator Using a Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator Christopher C. Wilcox, Jonathan R. Andrews, Sergio R. Restaino, Ty Martinez (Naval Research Laboratory), Scott W. Teare (New Mexico Tech Department of Electrical Engineering) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 4 Many devices are now being used in Adaptive Optics Systems for compensating atmospheric distortions. We have developed a testbed that simulates atmospheric aberrations using a LC SLM and the speed in which they vary may be controlled. This system allows the simulation of seeing conditions ranging from very poor to very good and these aberrations to be compensated by a second device. This second device may be a deformable mirror in conjunction with an Adaptive Optics System. Using these two devices simultaneously provides a well-defined quantitative characterization of the system and residual wavefront error using PSF and interferometric techniques.

5.0503 A High Speed Reflective Wave Front Sensor Using a Novel MEM Device Jonathan Andrews, Sergio R. Restaino, Ty Martinez, Christopher Wilcox (Naval Research Laboratory), Scott W. Teare (New Mexico Tech Electrical Engineering Department), David Wick (Sandia National Laboratories) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:40 pm, Elbow 4 Sandia National Laboratory has constructed several segmented MEM deformable mirrors that are under investigation for their suitability in Adaptive Optics systems for the Naval Research Laboratory. These mirrors are constructed in a hexagonal array and have been constructed with flat surfaces, orwith optical power allowing each mirror to bring its subaperture of light to a focus similar to a Shack-Hartman array. Each mirror can use the tip, tilt and piston function to move the focused spots to the desired reference location, and the measurement of the applied voltage can be used directly to power a similar flat MEM deformable mirror.


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5.06 Active Optical Sensing Systems Session Organizer: Steven Beck, The Aerospace Corporation Session Organizer: Gary Spiers, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 5.0601 Co-Boresighted Coherent Laser Velocimeter and Direct Detection Lidar for Dust Devil Characterization Steven M. Beck, Timothy J. Wright, Jose R. Linares, David A. Kozlowski (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 4 This paper describes recent work developing a mobile co-boresighted coherent laser velocimeter and direct detection Lidar for the characterization of dust devils. We also report on the field deployment of that system during the summer of 2006. The Lidar consists of a large, scanning aperture direct detection elastic scattering Lidar operating at 355 nm, and a CW coherent heterodyne laser velocimeter operating at 1550 nm. The coherent system is not capable of ranging but provides azimuthal velocities in the dust devil. Spatial dimensions and azimuthal velocity are critical parameters for understanding the energetics of the dust devils.

5.0602 Field Testing of Lunar Access and Navigation Device (LAND) Carl Christian Liebe, James Alexander, Mimi Aung, Hannah Goldberg, Andrew Johnson, Raymond Lam, Earl Maize, Patrick Meras, James Montgomery, Peter Palacios, Gary Spiers, Michael Wilson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) A laser radar system has been constructed. It is based on a commercial PC with digitizer, pulse delay instrument, National Instruments IO card and an optical head from a previous laser radar program. The laser radar was mounted on a gyro stabilized gimbal on the nose of a helicopter and flown in the Mojave Desert in September 2006. The collected data will be used to test algorithms for future precision lunar landers, which may be utilizing laser radar as the primary landing sensor.

5.0603 3D Metrology Camera Carl Christian Liebe, Serge Dubovitsky, Robert Peters (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) We describe a concept for a metrology system that can simultaneously determine the Cartesian coordinates of thousands of targets and has no moving parts. The system is based on two color interferometry where the conventional photodiode has been replaced with an extremely fast focal plane array. It permits the measurement of the three-dimensional position of multiple targets with a fraction of millimeter accuracy. The concept will be described in detail. Proof of concept measurements have been performed on a candidate camera. The measured parameters have been used in error budgets for performance validation of the concept.

5.07 Image Processing Session Organizer: Stephen Cain, Air Force Institute of Technology Session Organizer: Matthew Goda, AFIT/ENG 5.0701 A Non-local Maximum-Likelihood Denoising Algorithm Matthew Sambora, Lt Col, USAF (Air Force Institute of Technology) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 4 This paper describes a statistical method for denoising images that removes noise while maintaining high-frequency image content. The method works by statistically identifying non-local, redundant portions of an image and averaging these together to arrive at a denoised local portion of the image.

5.0702 Enhanced Detection Through Obscurations Using Optimized Temporal Polarization Imaging Daniel LeMaster (Air Force Institute of Technology) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 4


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Temporal fluctuations in polarization signature are maximized by forming linear combinations of polarization-sensitive intensity channels. These combination channels are also reduced in rank and therefore optimized for further processing. Temporal fluctuations are emphasized as a means to detect polarizing objects under heavy but weakly polarizing obscurations that would otherwise preclude detection in a traditional intensity image. The theoretical work, which is an expansion of previously published research, is demonstrated for three and four channel polarization imaging systems. Finally, the theory is tested through simulated examples using an empirical target obscuration model.

5.0703 Spatial and Spectral Resolution Limits of Hyperspectral Imagers Using Computed Tomography Samuel V. Mantravadi (Air Force Institute of Technology) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 4 Dispersive imaging spectrometers typically measure multiple wavelengths and a single spatial dimension. Unlike dispersive imaging spectrometers, chromo-tomographic hyperspectral imaging sensors (CTHIS) record two spatial dimensions as well as a spectral dimension using computed tomography (CT) techniques with only a few spatially-spectrally diverse images. Different CTHIS designs have been proposed using different chromatic dispersion elements (such as prisms or diffraction grating), but to date no comparison has been performed. In this paper, we examine two design proposals for CTHIS and use the Cramer-Rao theorem to determine the lower bound of the variance (and thereby resolution) of an unbiased object estimator of two point sources at different wavelengths.

5.0704 Improved Near Earth Orbiting Asteroid Detection via Statistical Image Fusion Stephen Cain (Air Force Institute of Technology) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 4 Efforts at detecting and identifying Near Earth Objects that pose potential risks to earth use telescopes combined with image processing algorithms to detect the asteroid motion. Algorithms detect objects via assumptions about the point-like nature of the target. This assumption breaks down in poor seeing conditions when the object no longer resembles a point source. This paper serves to document an alternative approach involving the use of many smaller apertures whose images are fused using Bayesian techniques that assume nothing about the shape of the target in order to determine the presence of an asteroid.

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Track 6: Remote Sensing Track Organizer: Lance Kaplan, U.S. Army Research Laboratory Track Organizer: Peter Kahn, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech

6.01 Tracking Applications Session Organizer: Darin Dunham, Vectraxx Session Organizer: Yaakov Bar-Shalom, Univ of Connecticut 6.0101 Aim Identification with a Minimal Parameter Set Vishal Cholapadi Ravindra, Yaakov Bar-Shalom, Stephen Gottesman; (University of Connecticut); Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 3:05 pm, Lake/Canyon This paper considers the problem of using passive LOS angle observations of a multistage surface to air or an air to air missile from a nonmaneuvering aircraft, to infer whether the missile is or is not aimed at the aircraft. The approach is to model the trajectory of the pursuer with a number of kinematic and guidance parameters, estimate them and use statistical tools to infer whether the missile is guided toward the aircraft or not. The aircraft can then decide, in a timely manner, whether appropriate countermeasures are necessary.

6.0102 PMHT with the True Association Probability Darin Dunham (Vectraxx) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 3:30 pm, Lake/Canyon The PMHT offers a balance between the single-frame approach of the PDAF and the multiple frame approach of the MHT. With single-frame tracking algorithms, only information that has been received to date is used to determine the association between tracks and measurements. On the other hand, in multi-frame algorithms, hard decisions are delayed until some time in the future, thus allowing the possibility that incorrect association decisions may be corrected with more data. This paper discusses and explores different approaches to calculating the association probabilities within the PMHT algorithm. The results are presented for multiple targets with a single sensor.

6.0103 Multiple Targets Tracking Using Maximum Likelihood Probabilistic Data Association Wayne R. Blanding, Peter K. Willett, Yaakov Bar-Shalom (University of Connecticut) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon The Maximum Likelihood–Probabilistic Data Association (MLPDA) target tracking algorithm is effective in tracking very low observable targets. A key limitation of MLPDA is that it is restricted to tracking a single target. We derive and implement a multiple target version of MLPDA called Joint MLPDA (JMLPDA). The MLPDA and JMLPDA algorithms are combined to form a multitarget MLPDA tracking algorithm. Performance of the JMLPDA and the multi-target MLPDA algorithms are compared to a Probabilistic Multi-Hypothesis Tracker (PMHT). Simulation results show that under conditions of heavy clutter, the multi-target MLPDA outperforms PMHT in terms of reduced track errors and longer track life.

6.0104 Frequency Synthesis Approach to Determine Spacecraft Angular Position with Sub-nanoradian Accuracy Durgadas S. Bagri (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:55 pm, Lake/Canyon This paper describes a possible approach to measuring angular position of a spacecraft with reference to a nearby calibration source (quasar) with an accuracy of a few tenths of a nanoradian using a very long baseline interferometer that measures the interferometer phase with a modest accuracy. It employs (1) radio frequency (RF) phase delay to determine the spacecraft position with a high precision, and (2) multiple group delay measurements using either frequency tones or telemetry signals at different frequency spacing to resolve ambiguity of the fringe (cycle) containing the direction of the spacecraft.

Track 6: Remote Sensing

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6.0105 Bearing Line Tracking and Bearing-Only Target Motion Analysis Fabien Bonneton, Claude Jauffret (Université du Sud Toulon-Var) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 5:20 pm, Lake/Canyon The framework of this paper is a passive sonar system, more precisely at the core of bearing estimation and bearing-only target motion analysis (BO-TMA). A cosine of bearing versus time image is first obtained by a conventional Frequency-Domain beam-former. Computing the first two moments of each line of this image (in the presence of Gaussian noise only, then in the presence of one sole target and Gaussian noise), we evaluate the likelihood of the cosine of bearing of the target. On the other hand, the cosine of bearing and its temporal derivative are considered as the two components of a...

6.0106 Multistatic Target and Sensor Field Tracking Roy L. Streit (Metron, Inc) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:50 pm, Lake/Canyon Multistatic active target tracking in GPS-denied scenarios is difficult because emitter and receiver locations are unknown and must be estimated jointly with the target track. Nonlinearities in the likelihood function further complicate the problem. An integral representation of the likelihood function for known sensor locations is presented. Remarkably, difficult nonlinearities are absent from this integral. How this transformation works is a main topic of the paper. The maximum a posteriori target state estimator derived via the integral representation turns out to be an iteratively re-weighted linear-Gaussian Kalman smoother. Joint estimators for target and sensor field tracking will be reported elsewhere.

6.0107 Grid Based Target Motion Analysis Dann Laneuville, DCN-CMS (France) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:15 pm, Lake/Canyon To achieve substantial tactical advantage over future submarine threats the Combat Management System has to quickly plot and maintain the trajectory of the moving targets for early response. Within this objective, the method described in this article will contribute to this aim as a key component. The paper is organized as follow: first, the context of Angle Only Tracking is recalled. Second, the theoretical framework of grid filtering is briefly introduced and we describe our approach. Then, using a typical testing scenario, we compare the target kinematics features obtained versus the Least Square solution and the Unscented Kalman Filter.

6.0108 Probabilistic Data Association with Amplitude Information Versus the Strongest Neighbor Filter Lisa M. Ehrman, W. Dale Blair (Georgia Tech Research Institute) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:40 pm, Lake/Canyon The literature on the probabilistic data association filter with amplitude information understates the impact of the amplitude information on the PDAF. This paper analytically derives the decision regions (e.g. the regions for which the strongest measurement receives a larger association probability) for measurement-to-track association using a PDAF with amplitude information. The ratio of association probabilities corresponding to two measurements is also considered. The analysis shows that the PDAF with amplitude information often gives the strongest target an association probability approaching one. Thus, including an amplitude term frequently reduces the PDAF to a strongest neighbor filter.


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6.02 Particle Filtering and Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques Session Organizer: Simon Godsill, University of Cambridge Session Organizer: Petar Djuric, Stony Brook University 6.0201 Online Multiple Target Tracking and Sensor Registration Using Sequential Monte Carlo Methods Junfeng Li, William Ng, Simon Godsill (Cambridge University) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:30 am, N Cheyenne In tracking applications, the target state (e.g, position, velocity) can be estimated by processing the measurements collected from all deployed sensors at a central node. The estimation performance significantly relies on the accuracy of the sensor positions/rotations when data fusion is conducted. Since in practice precise knowledge of this sensor information may not be available, in this paper two Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) approaches are proposed to jointly estimate the target state and resolve the sensor position uncertainty. The first one uses the Particle filter combined with the Gibbs sampling method to deal with the general sensor registration problem. The...

6.0202 Target Tracking by Multiple Particle Filtering Monica F. Bugallo, Ting Lu, Petar M. Djuric (Stony Brook University) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:55 am, N Cheyenne In this paper we address the problem of tracking of multiple targets in a wireless sensor network using particle filtering. This methodology approximates the probability distributions of the objects of interest by using random measures composed of particles and associated weights. An important challenge of the resulting algorithms is the need for very large number of particles when the dimensions of the states are even moderately large. We propose to combat this problem by alternative particle filtering implementations where we partition the state space of the system into different subspaces and run a separate particle filter for each subspace. The...

6.0203 Bootstrapping Particle Filters Using Kernel Recursive Least Squares Boris Oreshkin, Mark Coates (McGill University) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:20 am, N Cheyenne This paper describes an algorithm that combines Kernel Recursive Least Squares and particle filtering to learn a functional approximation for the measurement mechanism whilst generating state estimates. The paper focuses on the specific scenario when a training period exists during which supplementary measurements are available from a source that can be accurately modelled. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm, which requires very little information about the true measurement mechanism, can approach the performance of a particle filter equipped with the correct observation model.

6.0204 Target Tracking Performance Evaluation --- A General Software Environment for Filtering Gustaf Hendeby, Rickard Karlsson (Linköping University, Sweden) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:45 am, N Cheyenne In this paper, several recursive Bayesian filtering methods for target tracking are discussed. Performance for target tracking problems is usually measured using the second-order moment. For nonlinear or non-Gaussian applications, this measure is not always sufficient. The Kullback divergence is proposed as an alternative to mean square error analysis, and it is extensively used to compare estimated posterior distributions for various applications. The important issue of efficient software development, for nonlinear and non-Gaussian estimation, is also addressed. A new framework in c++ is detailed. Utilizing modern design techniques an object oriented filtering and simulation framework is provided to allow for easy and efficient comparisons of different estimators. The software environment is extensively used in several...

6.0205 A Multi Target Bearing Tracking System Using Random Sampling Consensus Volkan Cevher (UMD), Faisal Shah, Rajbabu Velmurugan, James H. McClellan (Gatech)


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Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon In this paper, we present an acoustic direction-of-arrival (DOA) tracking system to track multiple maneuvering targets using a state space approach. We present popular computer vision algorithms (e.g. RANSAC) to determine region-of-interests (ROI) in the bearing data. Based on the track-before-detect approach, each ROI indicates the presence of a possible target. We present tracking results with field data.

6.0206 A Monte-Carlo Approach for Tracking Mobile Personnel Milind Borkar, James McClellan (Gatech), Volkan Cevher (UMD) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon We propose a Monte-Carlo method based on the particle filter framework to track footfall locations generated by mobile personnel using seismic arrays. The novelty in our algorithm comes from a unique weighting strategy that takes into account the sparse nature of the seismic footfall signal and is robust against missed detections and clutter. We also demonstrate the fusion of our system with range information available by means of radar. Fusion with radar improves tracking when range resolution is lost due to a large distance between the target and the seismic array leading to planar wavefronts.

6.0207 Online Multisensor-Multitarget Detection and Tracking Using Variable Rate Particle Filters William Ng, Jack Li, Simon Godsill (University of Cambridge) In this paper we present an online approach for joint detection and tracking for multiple targets using variable rate particle filters (VRPFs). Unlike conventional models and particle filters, the proposed method utilises the applied forces (tangential and radial components) to model target motions and does not assume the hidden state to change at the same rate as the observations. In effect not only does the proposed method enable us to model parsimoniously the manoeuvring behaviours of targets with a single dynamical model but it also provides a more efficient framework for recursive estimation of the targets’ positions since much fewer states will be estimated. In addition, a target detection/termination module will be...

6.0208 A Vertical Gyro Model based on Particle Filters Caterina Piro, Domenico Accardo (University of Naples "Federico II") This paper presents an innovative application of the Particle Filtering techniques to the Vertical Gyro problem, which is a highly nonlinear and non Gaussian recursive state estimation problem. The Vertical Gyro is an instrument adopted to measure the pitch and roll angles of an aircraft with respect to local vertical. It is composed by three orthogonal gyros that are used as process sensors and by three orthogonal accelerometers that are used as aiding sensors. The algorithm, was tested with real sensor data and test results were compared to EKF giving appealing performances.

6.0209 Gaussian Particle Implementations of Probability Hypothesis Density Filters Daniel Clark (Heriot-Watt University); Ba Tuong Vo (University of Western Australia); Ba-Ngu Vo (University of Melbourne) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:10 am, N Cheyenne Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter is a multiple-target filter for recursively estimating the number of targets and their state vectors from sets of observations in environments with false alarms and missed detections. A new particle implementation of the PHD filter which does not require clustering to determine target states is presented. The PHD is approximated by a mixture of Gaussians, as in the Gaussian Mixture PHD filter, but the transition density and likelihood function can be non-linear. Monte Carlo integration is applied for approximating the prediction and update distributions using a bank of Gaussian particle filters.


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6.03 Multisensor Fusion Session Organizer: William Blair, Georgia Tech Research Institute Session Organizer: Robert Lynch, Naval Undersea Warfare Center 6.0301 Performance Evaluation of Multi-platform Distributed Data Fusion Methods for Multi-target Tracking Daniel Danu, Abhijit Sinha, Thiagalingam Kirubarajan,; (McMaster University); M. F. Farooq (Royal Military College); Daniel Peters (Defence R&D Canada - Atlantic) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:30 pm, N Cheyenne While sensor accuracy cannot be increased beyond a limit, the performance of target tracking algorithms can be greatly enhanced by employing multiple sensors with overlapping coverage regions. An efficient data fusion algorithm is the key to this improvement. In the current work we discuss in detail three distributed data fusion algorithms, namely, track-to-track fusion, tracklet fusion, and associated measurement fusion. These algorithms fuse the information from the sensors at different stages of processing. Their performances are compared with that of centralized fusion, which fuses the unprocessed information (measurements) from the sensors.

6.0302 A Decentralized Approach to Pursuer-Evader Games with Multiple Superior Evaders in Noisy Environments Mo Wei, Genshe Chen, Leonard S. Haynes (Intelligent Automation, Inc.); Jose B. Cruz (The Ohio State University); Mou-Hsiung Chang (U.S. Army Research Office); Erik Blaschd (US Air Force Research Laboratory); WPAFB) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, N Cheyenne Few pursuer-evader (PE) game algorithms allow for real-time applications for (1) multi-pursuer-multi-evader situations, (2) noisy environments, and (3) evaders with superior control resources such as higher speeds. This paper introduces a real-time decentralized approach for such games. A sufficient condition for capturing a superior evader is proposed. A particle filter is applied to the complex non-Gaussian multi-model noise. Simulations confirm the efficiency of this approach...

6.0303 Use of Downlinked Aircraft Parameters in Enhanced Tracking Architecture Olivier Baud (Thales Air Traffic Management) Due to the recent advances in navigation and data communication technologies, data link between aircrafts and control centers are now available. The position given by the GPS (ADS-B service) and additional Downlinked Aircraft Parameters (DAPs transmitted by Mode S Secondary Radar) can be used in the tracking function. We investigate the use of these DAPs to assist present trackers and we propose an enhanced architecture based on an existing Multi Radar Tracking System. Several enhanced-tracking options are proposed and have been studied to evaluate the tracking performance of the newly implemented architecture.

6.0304 Bias Estimation for Distributed Radars in 3D Morten P. Topland, Oddvar Hallingstad (University Graduate Center, Kjeller, Norway); Abhijit Sinha, Thiagalingam Kirubarajan (McMaster University); Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, N Cheyenne We consider a network of 3D sensors observing common targets which are moving at constant speed, heading and altitude. The measurements are subject to biases due to uncertain sensor alignment and location, and biases from sensor imperfections. The observability of these biases are discussed and most importantly it is shown that absolute alignment biases can be estimated when taking into account the curvature of the Earth. Finding measurement biases is necessary in order to gain performance when fusing sensor data in a multisensor tracking system.


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6.0305 An Integrated Electro-Optical Payload System for Forest Fires Monitoring from Airborne Platform Francesco Esposito, Giancarlo Rufino, Antonio Moccia (University of Naples “Federico II”); Paolo Donnarumma, Marco Esposito, Vincenzo Magliulo (National Research Council Institute for Mediterranean Agriculture, Forest Systems) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon This paper, presents the preliminary results obtained within a research project aimed at the development of a remote sensing system for forest fires monitoring in missions of compact airborne platforms. The core of the system is an integrated, multi /hyper spectral suite of electro-optical sensors. They were selected to get enhanced ability in forest fire detection and monitoring. The system is completed by a dedicated on-board computer for sensor control. It is capable of autonomous operation and it is also in charge of data exchange with the on-board navigation and flight control system. Two different configurations are described, relevant to...

6.04 Detection and Classification Session Organizer: Tod Luginbuhl, Naval Undersea Warfare Center Session Organizer: Peter Willett, University of Connecticut 6.0401 Intelligent Surface Threat Identification System Dick Stottler, Ben Ball, Robert Richards (Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, N Cheyenne Stottler Henke in conjunction with the US Navy has developed and continues to enhance the Intelligent Surface Threat Identification System (ISTIS). ISTIS, based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, improves the surface threat ID process, quality, and efficiency in the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Surface Mission Module. This improved performance includes better use of scarce ID resources, better ID estimations from available information, sooner ID determinations, ID accomplished at a greater range, prevention of ID “surprises”, and improved operations in more complex environments. Other LCS applications and other ship types can also benefit from the techniques.

6.0402 Binary Integration of OS-CFAR Detection in a Non-homogeneous Background Meng Xiangwei, Zhao Qiang (Naval Aeronautical Engineering Institute) Binary integration which can greatly improve detection performance with a simpler and less expensive receiver implementation is commonly used in radar systems. In this paper, the detection performances of OS-CFAR with binary integration in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous backgrounds are evaluated. There is an optimum L for binary integration (L/M) in homogenous background, but it gives the worst false alarm rate at clutter edges. Therefore, there is a compromise between the optimum L and the ability to control the rise of the false alarm rate at clutter edges for actual applications.

6.05 Hyperspectral Science and Signal Processing Session Organizer: Alan Schaum, Naval Research Laboratory 6.0501 Stable Scene-based Non-uniformity Correction Coefficients for Hyperspectral SWIR Sensors Amber D. Fischer, Tyson J. Thomas (NovaSol); Robert A. Leathers, Trijntje Valerie Downes (Naval Research Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:30 am, N Cheyenne Scene-based non-uniformity correction (NUC) methods commonly produce artifacts as a result of NUC coefficient biasing by the specific scene content (e.g. streaking at high-contrast boundaries). We propose and evaluate a new scene-based method for computing stable non-uniformity correction coefficients for short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) scanning hyperspectral sensors relying on the spatial ratio of spectral ratios to eliminate bias from the image scene. The new technique produces NUC coefficients computed from scene data that converge more quickly and remain more stable than other methods, resulting in


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calibrated images without scene-induced artifacts. Advantages of our technique are discussed and demonstrated.

6.0502 Methods for Determining Best Multispectral Bands Using Hyperspectral Data Edwin M. Winter (Technical Research Associates, Inc.) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:55 am, N Cheyenne We have developed a method to examine hyperspectral data to find the best multispectral band set based on the background on the premise that the band set that best separates the background materials is the best. We start with a hyperspectral data set of an area representative of the potential area of operations for the candidate multispectral sensor. We then either select manually representative spectra at high spectral resolution or run a program for determining the spectral endmembers. The resulting hyperspectral endmembers are then input to an exhaustive search program. After examining often millions of combinations, the multispectral band set...

6.0503 Regional Mineral Mapping By Extending Hyperspectral Signatures Using Multispectral Data Fred A. Kruse (Horizon GeoImaging, LLC); Sandra L. Perry (Perry Remote Sensing) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:20 am, N Cheyenne Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data in the 0.4 – 2.5 micrometer (VNIR/SWIR) spectral range allow direct identification of minerals using their fully resolved spectral signatures, however, spatial coverage is limited. Multispectral Imaging data (MSI) (e.g. data from the Advanced Spaceborne Emission and Reflection Radiometer, ASTER)) are spectrally undersampled and may not allow unique identification, but they do provide synoptic spatial coverage. This research combines the two data types by modeling hyperspectral signatures to ASTER band passes, allowing extension of HSI mapping results to regional scales and leading to improved mineral mapping over larger areas.

6.0504 Hyperspectral Image Sharpening Using Multispectral Data Michael E. Winter (University of Hawaii); Edwin M. Winter (Technical Research Associates, Inc); Scott G. Beaven (Space Computer Corporation); Anthony J. Ratkowski (Air Force Research Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:45 am, N Cheyenne Multispectral sharpening of hyperspectral imagery fuses the spectral content of the hyperspectral image with the spatial and spectral content of the multispectral image. The approach we have been investigating compares the spectral information present in the multispectral image to the spectral content in the hyperspectral image and derives a set of equations to approximately transform the multispectral image into a synthetic hyperspectral image. This synthetic hyperspectral image is then recombined with the original low-spatial-resolution hyperspectral image to produce a sharpened product.

6.0505 Advanced Methods of Multivariate Anomaly Detection Alan Schaum (Naval Research Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:10 am, N Cheyenne The generic problem in anomaly detection is identifying unusual samples present in a large population. Each member of the population is described by a list of characteristics defining a feature vector. One statistical method that accounts for mutual correlations among the components has defined the standard for anomaly detection in communication, radar, and hyperspectral signal processing for several decades. This paper describes an advanced methodology that constructs nonlinear transformations to account for observed data distributions not amenable to a statistical description. The construction relies on a combination of stochastic methods and phenomenological constraints. Examples are taken from hyperspectral target detection.

6.0506 Finding Hyperspectral Anomalies Using Multivariate Outlier Detection Timothy E. Smetek, Kenneth W. Bauer (Air Force Institute of Technology) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:35 am, N Cheyenne


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Detecting anomalies in hyperspectral imagery requires accurate estimates of the image background statistics. These statistics are easily distorted by anomalies that presumably exist in the image. This research demonstrates the magnitude of these distortions and investigates the benefits of using multivariate outlier detection methods to robustly detect hyperspectral anomalies.

6.0507 Simultaneous Extraction of Temporal, Spatial, and Spectral Information from Multi-Wavelength Lidar Data Charles E Davidson (Science, Technology Corporation), Avishai Ben-David (US Army/ECBC) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 11:00 am, N Cheyenne We use techniques for the algebraic manipulation of multidimensional arrays to develop a general method designed to maximize the information extracted from 3D data arrays. The method is applied to multiwavelength lidar measurements of an aerosol cloud, and produces: cloud behavior profiles in range, time, and wavelength; and detection maps showing cloud behavior with respect to range vs. time, range vs. wavelength, and time vs. wavelength. These maps could be invaluable in cloud tracking/visualization, detection, and decontamination applications and should outperform matrix methods that ignore the multidimensional structure of the data. The method is applicable to arrays of arbitrary dimensions.

6.06 Radar/Sonar Signal Processing Session Organizer: Robert Lynch, Naval Undersea Warfare Center 6.0601 Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Non-Sidelooking Airborne Radar with HPRF Wenchong Xie, Yongliang Wang (Wuhan Radar Academy, China) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, N Cheyenne The primary differences in airborne radar clutter spectrum between non-sidelooking and sidelooking arrays are that its Doppler frequency of the clutter spectrum varies with the range and its clutter degrees of freedom (DOFs) are increased. In this paper, firstly a new clutter suppression approach for non-sidelooking airborne radar based on covariance matrix taper (CMT) is proposed at low pulse repetition frequency (LPRF) mode. Secondly a range ambiguous clutter suppression preprocessing method based on orthogonal projection technique is presented for non-sidelooking airborne radar with high pulse repetition frequency (HPRF). Finally the experimental simulation results indicate their correctness...

6.0602 Evaluation of Knowledge-Aided STAP Using Experimental Data Jameson Bergin, Pau Techau, David Kirk, Guy Chaney, Steven McNeil (Information Systems Laboratories, Inc.); Peter Zulch (US Air Force Research Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, N Cheyenne Recent advances in knowledge-aided space-time adaptive processing (KA-STAP) have resulted in significant performance improvements for ground moving target indication (GMTI) radar systems. In particular, the use of prior knowledge including terrain, clutter discretes, and previously detected targets has been shown to be effective for mitigating the poor performance often encountered when operating in heterogeneous clutter environments. This paper provides an evaluation of KA-STAP techniques based on extensive processing of experimental data.

6.0603 Information Theory Based Radar Signature Analysis John Malas (Air Force Research Laboratory), Krishna Pasala (University of Dayton) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, N Cheyenne Radar target scattering response signatures and sensor related effects can be modeled and analyzed as a random process to enable sensor optimization. Information theory based methods are proposed as a means to identify those components within the signal subspace that are highly linked to target separability. Mutual information is developed as a measure of similarity to compare measured field data to modeled synthetic data. The approach is


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demonstrated using synthetic signature sets comprised of both “similar targets” and “dissimilar targets”...

6.0604 Array Shape Self-Calibration for Large Flexible Antenna Agnes Santori (ONERA, University of Toulon); Jean Barrere, Gilles Chabriel, Claude Jauffret (University of Toulon) ;Dominique Medynski (ONERA).) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, N Cheyenne This paper presents a method dealing with the self-calibration problem in term of array shape for large flexible antenna. This implies to take into account the phenomena of distortion and vibration that this kind of antenna, like an array mounted under flexible wing, can suffer from. We propose a technique that eliminates, on the first part, the phase ambiguities due to the large static bending, and on the second part, that estimates an instantaneous array shape. This two-step method allows us to follow the antenna during its dynamic fluctuations due to vibrating modes. We present simulation results in case of two...

6.0605 Analysis and Emulation of FM Radio Signals for Passive Radar Alessandro Lauri, Fabiola Colone, Roberta Cardinali, Carlo Bongioani, Pierfrancesco Lombardo (University of Rome “La Sapienza”) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon Due to its high power levels provided, and its wide coverage, FM radio could be a good opportunity transmitter for passive coherent location (PCL) radar systems. In this paper we study the effectiveness of FM signals as radar waveforms by means of simulated and real data analysis. To this purpose, an emulation of FM radio transmitter is presented, whose outputs are compared with real FM data collected by an experimental digital receiver. In this way, we also achieve a reliable instrument to optimize target detection performance by a successive adaptive signal processing To complete the analysis of opportunity waveforms, the signals’ self-ambiguity functions and spectra are evaluated.

6.0606 A Modulus Compensation Algorithm for Shape Self-Calibration of Paired Sensors Based Antennas Agnes Santori (ONERA, University of Toulon); Gilles Chabriel, Jean Barrere Claude Jauffret (University of Toulon); Dominique Medynski (ONERA) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon This paper is concerned with the array shape self-calibration problem when the array gain pattern of each sensor is spatially dependent and unknown. We adapt a Constant Modulus Approach (CMA) to improve the precision in the sensor localization. We will see how this original method conducts to build articular antenna configurations appropriate for self-calibration. The performance improvement lies in a strong bias reduction.

6.0607 Clutter Suppression for Airborne Radar with Cylindrical Array Antennas Wenchong Xie, Yongliang Wang (Wuhan Radar Academy, China) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon Cylindrical array antennas have three merits such as all-orientation space scanning, flexible search and track mode and good beam bearing relative to common planar array antennas. In this paper, firstly the differences between cylindrical array and uniform planar array are discussed in terms of eigenvalue distribution of the clutter covariance matrix and clutter distribution at range, and the conclusion of space-time clutter spectrum nonhomogeneity at range for airborne radar with cylindrical array antennas is gained. Secondly three novel clutter suppression methods are proposed to address the problem of clutter spectrum nonhomogeneity at range. Finally, simulation results verify the correctness of...


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6.07 Space Based Radar Technology Session Organizer: Andy Register, Georgia Tech Research Institute Session Organizer: Peter Zulch, Air Force research Laboratory 6.0701 Clutter Impacts on Space Based Radar GMTI: A Global Perspective Ke Yong Li, Steven Mangiat, Unnikrishna Pillai (C&P Technologies), Peter Zulch (Air Force Research Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, N Cheyenne The performance limitations of a LEO GMTI Space Based Radar (SBR) are considered. Of particular interest is the impact of earth rotation, range foldover, terrain type, and internal clutter motion. Performance results in terms of Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio Loss (SINRL) are given. Furthermore, the case of earth rotation and range foldover is addressed in more detail. For this problem transmit waveform diversity is considered in order to mitigate the impact. All results are shown for a notional L-band LEO GMTI SBR.

6.0706 Robust Auto-Regressive Spectrum Using a Reiterative Median Cascaded Canceller Michael Picciolo (SAIC) Auto-regressive (AR) models are used to form temporal and/or spatial super-resolution spectra for source signal detection and estimation. This paper presents a novel method to form a robust AR spectrum by exploiting the Reiterative Median Cascaded Canceller (RMCC) algorithm. By utilizing the spectral estimates for each iteration of the RMCC, the non stationary spurious peaks typical of AR spectra are reduced significantly. We note that no additional training data is required to form the multiple spectral estimates in this technique.

6.08 Microwave Remote Sensing Technologies and Systems Session Organizer: Gregory Sadowy, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: James Carswell, Remote Sensing Solutions 6.0801 A Cross-Track Ku-Band Interferometer for Topographic and Volumetric Depth Measurements Paul Siqueira, Karthik Srinivasan, Edin Insanic, Razi Ahmed (University of Massachusetts) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:30 pm, N Cheyenne This paper presents initial results from the lab testing of a Ku-band cross-track interferometric downconverter designed for performing topographic and volumetric depth measurements. This interferometer will be used shortly in the field for measuring topography and to determine its capacity for estimating the volumetric depth of snow.

6.0802 Technology Demonstration of Ka-band Digitally-Beamformed Radar for Ice Topography Mapping Gregory Sadowy, Brandon Heavey, Delwyn Moller, Eric Rignot, Mark Zawadzki (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Sembiam Rengarajan (California State University, Northridge) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:55 pm, N Cheyenne (Glacier and Land Ice Surface Topography Interferometer) is a spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar for topographic mapping of ice sheets and glaciers. GLISTIN will collect ice topography measurements over a wide swath with sub-seasonal repeat intervals using a Ka-Band digitally-beamformed antenna. This paper will give an overview of the system design and key technology demonstrations including a 1m x 1m digitally-beamformed Ka-band waveguide slot antenna with integrated digital receivers. We will also detail the experimental scenario that we will use to demonstrate both the beamforming and interferometric performance of this system.


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6.0803 Applications of MIMO Technique for Aerospace Remote Sensing Wenqin Wang (University of Graduate, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Inspired by recent advances in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, this paper introduces the MIMO synthetic aperture radar (SAR) concept. This concept differs substantially from current SARs in which closely spaced antenna arrays are used. The fundamental difference between MIMO SAR and other SAR is that the latter seek to maximize the coherent processing gain, while MIMO SAR capitalizes on the diversity of target scattering to improve radar performance. The superiority of MIMO SAR in many aspects over the conventional SAR, e.g. high resolution, good sensitivity, and countermining target fluctuations is investigated. It is shown that, the use of MIMO SAR...

6.09 Interferometry and Large Optical Systems Session Organizer: Peter Kahn, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Gene Serabyn, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 6.0901 Starlight Nulling Technology at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Stefan Martin (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:30 pm, N Cheyenne The current interests in extra-solar planet detection and space-based and ground-based interferometry for astronomical observations have led to the development of a number of nulling instrument designs at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and elsewhere. This paper summarizes briefly JPL’s efforts in nulling interferometry to date and consists of illustrations of some key nulling activities. Basic layouts of nulling testbeds are described and applications discussed. Some notable nulling efforts made elsewhere will not be included, in an effort to narrow the area of discussion.

6.0902 Experimental Progress and Results of a Visible Nulling Coronagraph Rocco Samuele (Northrop Grumman Corp.); Kent J. Wallace, Edouard Schmidtlin, Michael Shao, Martin B. Levine, Santos Fregoso (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:55 pm, N Cheyenne The crux of visible exoplanet detection is overcoming significant star-planet contrast ratios on the order of 10-7 to 10-10—at very small angular separations. We are developing a nulling interferometer coronagraph designed to achieve a 10-6 contrast ratio at a working science bandpass of 20% visible light. Achieving large, broadband suppression requires a pseudo-achromatic phase flip, while maintaining a strict error budget. Recent results from our nulling interferometer testbed yield contrast ratios at the 10-6 level, with a 15% visible bandpass.

6.0903 An Interferometric Wave Front Sensor for Measuring Post-Coronagraph Errors on Large Optical Telescopes J. Kent Wallace, Michael Shao, Randall Bartos, Phil Dumont, B. Martin Levine, Shanti Rao, Chris Shelton (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Bruce Macintosh (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory); Rocco Samuele (Northrop Grumman) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 5:20 pm, N Cheyenne In a high-contrast AO system, semi-static wavefront errors not sensed by the active wavefront sensor will “leak” through a coronagraph resulting in focal plane speckles that mask exo-planets. This talk will describe a novel sensor and detail how it is used to measure the non-common path amplitude and phase errors that would otherwise limit achievable contrast. We will also discuss the status of our laboratory testbed that is designed to validate the fundamental principles of post-coronagraph wave front sensing. This system promises a rich combination of interferometry and large optical systems in support of cutting edge science research.

6.0904 High-Contrast, Narrow-Field Imaging with a Multi-Aperture Telescope Gene Serabyn (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)


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Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:50 pm, N Cheyenne The direct detection of faint planetary companions around bright nearby stars calls for the development of very high-contrast, narrow-field detection techniques. As discussed here, one approach to high-contrast narrow field imaging involves replacing the monolithic telescope assembly by an array of small “sub-aperture” telescopes, with the final pupil being assembled by means of a single-mode fiber array. Such an approach greatly relaxes the volume, mass, and presumably the cost constraints thought to apply to large and accurately-figured monolithic telescopes.

6.10 Applications and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks Session Organizer: Mitchell Lebold, Penn State University 6.1001 Design Considerations for a Heterogeneous Network of Bearings-only Sensors Using Sensor Management Lance M. Kaplan(U.S. (Army Research Laboratory); Volkan Cevher (University of Maryland) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:15 pm, N Cheyenne This paper presents a design characterization of heterogeneous sensor networks with the goal of geolocation accuracy. It is assumed that the network exploits sensor management to conserve node power usage. We focus on bearings-only sensor networks consisting of acoustic and imaging modalities. Each available node modality is a bearings-only sensor of varying capability. The optimal mixture of modalities is discussed under the constraint of the overall network cost. Finally, simulations verify the theory and demonstrate design choices.

6.1002 An Energy-Efficient Mechanism for Self-Monitoring Sensor Web Yangfan Zhou, Michael R. Lyu (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:40 pm, N Cheyenne A Sensor Web is a network of spatially distributed sensor platforms, which is especially well suited for environmental monitoring. Although sensor nodes of a Sensor Web are critical devices that perform the monitoring work, the low-cost implementation of sensor nodes poses that they are subject to failures and permanent damage. A life-condition monitoring mechanism for sensor nodes is therefore required to ensure the function of a Sensor Web. This paper studies this sensor-node monitoring problem in the domain where in-network sensor nodes are self-monitoring, i.e. the status of each sensor node is monitored by another node. To be energy-efficient...

6.11 Integrated Sensing, Modeling, and Analysis Using Sensor Webs Session Organizer: Rob Sherwood, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 6.1101 Soil Moisture Smart Sensor Web Concept Using Data Assimilation and Optimal Control Mahta Moghaddam, Mingyan Liu, Demosthenis Teneketzis (University of Michigan); Dara Entekhabi(MIT) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:30 am, Jefferson We present a new concept for a smart sensor web technology for measurements of soil moisture that include spaceborne and in-situ assets. The objective of the technology is to enable a guided/adaptive sampling strategy for the in-situ sensor network to meet the measurement validation objectives of the spaceborne sensors with respect to resolution and accuracy. The sensor nodes are guided to perform as a macro-instrument measuring processes at the scale of the satellite footprint, hence meeting the requirements for the difficult problem of validation of satellite measurements. The science measurement considered is the surface-to-depth profiles of soil moisture estimated from...


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6.1102 Harnessing the Sensor Web Through Model-based Observation Robert Morris, Jennifer Dungan (NASA Ames Research Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:55 am, Jefferson This paper introduces the notion of model-based observing. a process of coordinating resources in a sensor web based on goals generated from Earth science or other investigations.

6.1103 On Representative Spaceflight Instrument and Associated Instrument Sensor Web Framework Semion Kizhner, Umeshkumar D. Patel (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Meg Vootukuru (Syneren Technologies Corporation) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:20 am, Jefferson In this paper we present an approach in developing related and enabling spaceflight instrument-level technologies based on the new concept of a representative Instrument Sensor Web (ISW). This concept widens the scope of heritage sensor webs and facilitates the application of sensor web technologies to complex representative instruments on-board future spacecrafts.

6.1104 Secure, Autonomous, Intelligent Controller for Integrating Distributed Sensor Webs William Ivancic (NASA Glenn Research Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:45 am, Jefferson This paper describes the infrastructure and protocols necessary to enable near-real-time commanding, access to space-based assets, and the secure interoperation between sensor webs owned and controlled by various entities. Select terrestrial and aeronautics-base sensor webs will be used to demonstrate time-critical interoperability between integrated, intelligent sensor webs both terrestrial and between terrestrial and space-based assets. For this work, a Secure, Autonomous, Intelligent Controller and knowledge generation unit is implemented using Virtual Mission Operation Center technology.

6.1105 Realization of the Sensor Web Concept for Earth Science Using Mobile Robotic Platforms Ayanna M. Howard, Brian Smith, Magnus Egerstedt (Georgia Institute of Technology) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:10 am, Jefferson We discuss the realization of a robotic mobile sensor network that allows for controlled reconfiguration of sensor assets in a decentralized manner. The motivation is to allow the construction of a new system of in-situ science observations that requires higher spatial and temporal resolution models that are needed for expanding our understanding of Earth system change. These observations could enable recording of environmental parameters required for such activities as monitoring of seismic activity and detection of toxic agents throughout a region of interest. Details on the algorithms will be discussed and results of field deployment will be presented.

6.1106 QuakeSim: Enabling Model Interactions in Solid Earth Science Sensor Webs Andrea Donnellan, Jay Parker, Charles Norton, Gregory Lyzenga, Margaret Glasscoe (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Geoffrey Fox, Marlon Pierce (Indiana University); John Rundle (University of California, Davis); Dennis McLeod (University of Southern California); Lisa Grant (University of California, Irvine); Walter Brooks (NASA Ames Research Center); Terry Tullis (Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:35 am, Jefferson QuakeSim is problem-solving environment for understanding earthquake processes through the integration of multiscale models and data. The goal of QuakeSim is to substantially improve earthquake forecasts. We are expanding our QuakeSim Web Services environment to integrate, via Ontolody-based Federation, both real-time and archival sensor data with high-performance computing applications for data mining and assimilation. We are federating sensor data sources, with a focus on InSAR and GPS data, for an improved modeling environment for forecasting earthquakes. We are building upon our “Grid of Grids” approach with improved “Execution Grid” services that are suitable for interacting with high-end computing resources.


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6.1107 Space-Ground Sensor Web for Study of Urban Micro-Environment Guoqing Zhou (Old Dominion University) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 11:00 am, Jefferson The paper presents our initial research results on space-ground wireless sensor web with its application in the urban micro-temperature spatial distribution and its relation to population density and land coverage percentage. NASA MODIS onboard the Terra satellite is taken as one note in this web, and the ground segment consists of in situ networked sensor nodes, which in fact are an integration of Mica Weather Board. All in situ sensor nodes (motes) are networked and communicated through wireless network to collect the micro-temperature and meteorological data. When the MODIS satellite passes by the study area, the networked in situ sensor...

6.1108 An Objectively Optimized Earth Observing System David Lary (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) An autonomous Objectively Optimized Observation Direction System (OOODS) integrates a modeling and assimilation within the sensor web allowing the autonomous scheduling. The OOODS operates on generic principles. Metrics of what we do not know (state vector uncertainty) are used to define what we need to measure and the required mode, time and location of the observations. Metrics of how important it is to know this information (information content) are used to assign a priority to each observation. The metrics are passed in real time to the sensor web observation scheduler to implement the observation plan for the next observing cycle.

6.12 Advanced Data Exploitation Techniques Session Organizer: David Kolas, BBN Technologies Session Organizer: John Hebeler, BBN Technologies 6.1201 Trajectory Comparison for Civil Aircraft Olivier Taupin (Thales Air Traffic Management) This paper investigates the algorithms needed to compare two tracker outputs running on the same air situation trajectories. Tracker accuracy performance as well as tracker data output integrity and continuity is essential for controllers and safety nets applications, which guarantee a high safety level. Comparison procedure described in this paper provides tracking performance, automatic detection of tracking anomalies. This method is used for mutual validation between two different types of tracker, perform some regression testing between two releases of the same tracker or assess the tracking performances using a sensor simulator.

6.13 Instrument and Sensor Architecture and Design Session Organizer: Jordan Evans, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 6.1301 An FPGA/SoC Approach to On-Board Data Processing Enabling New Mars Science with Smart Payloads Paula J. Pingree, Jean-Francois L. Blavier, Geoffrey C. Toon (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Dmitriy L. Bekker (RIT) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:30 am, N Cheyenne FPGAs with embedded processing capabilities will soon demonstrate breakthrough performance over traditional processors. We present performance results from an implementation of the V4FX12 FPGA and the recently released auxiliary processor unit (APU) floating-point unit against the data processing requirements of the MATMOS instrument proposed for a 2011 Mars mission. The results suggest that a dual-core, dual-V4FX system can meet MATMOS’s data processing requirements with lower power, mass, volume, and cost than the baselined Rad750 processor. Furthermore, we have identified optimizations with tremendous potential to reach a single-FPGA and, perhaps, a single embedded processor core solution in the near future.


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6.1302 International Space Station Remote Sensing Pointing Analysis Craig Jacobson (NASA) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:55 am, N Cheyenne Preliminary analysis used to assess viability of remote sensing from the International Space Station from the U.S. Laboratory Module optical window. Analysis used to determine possibilities and characteristics of a specific optical multi-band spectrometer.

6.1310 Modeling and Analysis of a Mechatronic Actuator System by Using Bond Graph Methodology M.H. Toufighi, S.H. Sadati, F. Najafi, K.N. Toosi (University of Technology, Iran) Mechatronic design deals with the integrated design of a mechanical system and its embedded control system. This definition implies that it is important, as far as possible, that the system be designed as a whole. The bond graph methodology is a convenient and useful complimentary tool for obtaining both the behavioral and the diagnostic models. Moreover, the causal properties of the bond graph methodology can help to design fault detection and isolation (FDI) algorithms. In this paper, the bond graph modeling in the interest of actuator monitoring is given. Then the method to associate the bond graph description to the model...

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Track 7: Spacecraft Avionics Systems & Technologies Track Organizer: John Samson, Jr., Honeywell Inc. Track Organizer: Scott Tyson, SES Consultants, Inc.

7.01 Onboard Processing Hardware Architectures and Interconnect Technologies Session Organizer: Joseph Marshall, BAE SYSTEMS 7.0101 Analysis of a SAE AS5643 Mil-1394b Based High-Speed Avionics Network Architecture Haowei Bai (Honeywell) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon To satisfy the increasing needs of more information transmission among subsystems, and to minimize the latency of data transmission between high-speed processors, the avionics interconnection in future aerospace vehicles is required to provide high bandwidth data path. IEEE 1394 was designed as a high speed (up to 3.2 Gbps) data bus for consumer electronics. The Lockheed Martin`s Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program was the first significant implementation of IEEE 1394b for aerospace vehicles. Its approach has been standardized by SAE AS5643. This article is to explain the standard in details and provide insights into it, using failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) tools. The analysis results and recommendations could be used...

7.0102 Increasing Performance and Removing Bottlenecks in Reconfigurable Space Processing Joseph Marshall, Jeffrey Robertson (BAE Systems) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, Lake/Canyon We describe a new building block under development for reconfigurable systems that marries programmable support circuitry for reconfigurable devices and non-volatile configuration memory into an integrated and expandable building block based on BAE Systems technologies in non-volatile memories and reconfigurable support logic. We discuss the application of this building block, its programming and its insertion into various reconfigurable processing systems. We describe a test board that allows testing of the device elements, demonstration of reconfigurable applications, connections to various interfaces both heritage such as CompactPCI and SpaceWire and new interfaces such as Rocket IO, Rapid IO or PCI Express.

7.02 Onboard Processing Hardware Architectures and Interconnect Technologies Session Organizer: Edward Prado, Honeywell Inc. Session Organizer: Stephen Ruggles, NASA Langley Research Center Session Organizer: Michael Lovellette, Naval Research Laboratory 7.0201 SIFOpt -- Fixed-Point Implementations of Calculations from Floating-Point Descriptions David M. Buehler, Gregory W. Donohoe (University of Idaho) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, Lake/Canyon This paper presents a methodology and a software tool for generating fixed-point computations, enabling integer-only processors to achieve numerical accuracy comparable to floating point with the high speed, small size and low cost of integer hardware. Signal processing and control algorithms are typically designed and modeled in high-level software that uses floating point computations. The program must then be re-written for target hardware, which may be an integer-only microcontroller or DSP chip, or an FPGA or ASIC. This methodology and software provide a systematic synthesis of these integer-only implementations, with accuracy rivaling floating point...

Track 7: Spacecraft Avionics Systems & Technologies

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7.0202 SpaceWire Plug ‘n’ Play Glenn Rakow (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Patrick McGuirk (Micro-RDC); Clifford Kimmery (Honeywell, Inc.); Paul Jaffe (NRL) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Lake/Canyon Advancements in plug-and-play (PnP) technologies for terrestrial applications can serve as a baseline model for a PnP approach for satellite applications. Since SpaceWire (SpW) has become a de facto standard for satellite high-speed (>200Mbp) on-board communications, it has become important for SpW to adapt to this Plug and Play (PnP) environment. Because SpW is simply a bulk transport protocol and lacks built-in PnP features, several changes are required to facilitate PnP with SpW.

7.0203 Radiation Hardened FPGA Technology for Space Applications Leonard Rockett, Dinu Patel, Steven Danziger (BAE SYSTEMS); Brian Cronquist, J.J. Wang (Actel Corporation) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Lake/Canyon High performance, high density, radiation hardened Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are in great demand for military and space applications to reduce design cost and cycle time. BAE Systems has implemented radiation hardened 150nm bulk CMOS process technology in its foundry located in Manassas, VA to support such advanced product needs. BAE Systems and Actel Corporation are collaborating to bring the next-generation radiation hardened FPGA product for space applications to market. This paper will describe the test results and status of the rad hard RHAX250-S FPGA product installation and qualification effort.

7.0204 Design of Store and Forward Data Collection Low-cost Nanosatellite Anane Addaim, Abdelhaq Kherras, El Bachir Zantou (Centre for Space Research Studies, Morocco) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:40 pm, Lake/Canyon The satellite, as small as the Cubesat concept, requires employment of limited small boards. In the modular architecture, each single subsystem has a dedicated hardware and software. The approach, which has been taken in this paper, based on two design directives: the integration of the maximum subsystems within the same unit taking into account that single subsystems can be setup without modifying the operation of the remaining subsystems, and the elimination of nonessential elements. In this paper, we will describe in details the design of integrated store-and-forward APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) payload and OBDH (On Board Data Handling) subsystems.

7.03 Onboard Memory and Data Storage Technologies Session Organizer: Craig Hafer, Aeroflex Colorado Springs Session Organizer: Murty Polavarapu, BAE Systems 7.0301 A Radiation Hardened 16-Mb SRAM for Space Applications Tri Hoang (BAE Systems) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Lake/Canyon A new high density, high performance 16-Mb Static Random Access memory (SRAM) is being developed in a 0.15µm CMOS RH15 technology for use in space and other strategic radiation hardened applications. The SRAM design is implemented in a 1.5 Volt, 0.15 micron, and seven-layer metal CMOS technology. Using integrated process features and advanced design techniques, a small cell size of 9.3µm² was utilized while achieving a SEU radiation hardness of less than 1E-12 upsets/bit-day and a worst-case chip performance of less than 15ns access time.

7.0302 RadHard 16Mbit SRAM Packaged in a Cantilever Die Multi-Chip Module Craig Hafer, Jonathan Mabra, Duane Slocum, Sean Thorne (Aeroflex Colorado Springs) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:55 am, Lake/Canyon


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Aeroflex Colorado Springs has developed a 16Mbit multi-chip module (MCM) SRAM operating on a single 5V power supply. Using a cantilever die stacking approach, two die are stacked on the top side of the package and two die are stacked on the bottom side of the package for a minimum foot print configuration. Conventional aluminum wire bonding has been used to optimize the reliability of this packaging technique.

7.0303 RadHard 16Mbit Monolithic SRAM for Space Applications Craig Hafer, Jonathan Mabra, Duane Slocum (Aeroflex Colorado Springs) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:20 am, Lake/Canyon A review of Aeroflex Colorado Springs` 16Mbit monolithic SRAM includes the SRAM architecture, a product/process description, radiation hardening techniques, electrical performance, total ionizing dose data, single event effects data, and single event upset error-rate calculations. The proton single event upset testing results will be shown at the conference. Since the heavy ion onset LET of the device is around 1 MeV-cm2/mg, the device is expected to be sensitive to protons [2]. Proton data, therefore, is critical to a comprehensive understanding of the SEU performance of the device.

7.0305 Integrated Magnetic Memory for Embedded Computing Systems Kenneth J. Hass, Gregory Donohoe (University of Idaho); Yang-Ki Hong (University of Alabama); Byoung-Chul Choi (University of Victoria); Kelly DeGregorio, Richard Hayhurst (American Semiconductor, Inc.) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon This paper describes a new nonvolatile memory technology being developed for embedded computing. Based on a Magnetic Tunneling Junction cell, these devices will be integrated into a radiation-hard SOI CMOS process, to replace conventional flip flops and small on-chip memories. The embedded magnetic memory uses a pair of MTJs in a differential scheme.Each cell will be programmed by a single current pulse. The challenge is to design the cells and the programming structures to make efficient use of the magnetic field, and minimize programming current.

7.0306 Carbon Nanotube Based Memory Development and Testing R.F. Smith, T.Rueckes, S. Konsek, J.W. Ward, D.K. Brock, B.M. Segal (Nantero) Manufacturability of most electronic devices based on carbon nanotubes depends on the ability to place, manipulate, and control individual structures at the molecular level. This approach is problematic due to the precise placement and registration required thus making large scale manufacturing difficult if not impossible. A novel technique has been developed to overcome this hurdle, allowing CNT based nano-devices to be fabricated directly on existing production CMOS fabrication lines. This technique has been demonstrated in a Class 1 commercial fab.

7.04 Reconfigurable Computing System Technologies Session Organizer: Ian Troxel, SEAKR Engineering, Inc. Session Organizer: Jeremy Ramos, Honeywell DSES 7.0401 Field Programmable Processor Array: Reconfigurable Computing for Space Gregory W. Donohoe, David Buehler, K. Joseph Hass, William Walker (University of Idaho); Pen-Shu Yeh (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:45 am, Lake/Canyon The Field Programmable Processor Array (FPPA) is a reconfigurable processor chip developed for NASA for high-throughput, low-power on-board processing of streaming data. The FPPA implements a synchronous dataflow computational model, with 16 on-board processing elements. Each processing element can perform multiplication simultaneously with addition/subtraction or logic operations, data path formatting, and data path switching. An integral microsequencer executes an internally-stored program. The chips can be tiled to extend the dataflow pipeline across multiple chips. A suite of support software includes a simulator, assemblers, and design entry tools. A prototype has been fabricated in a radiation-hard by design (RHBD) process.


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7.0402 High Performance Dependable Multiprocessor II John R. Samson, Jr. Gary Gardner, David Lupia (Honeywell Aerospace, Defense, Space Systems), Minesh Patel, Paul Davis, Vikas Aggarwal (Tandel Systems), Alan George (University of Florida), Zbigniew Kalbarczyk (University of Illinois), Raphael Some (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:10 am, Lake/Canyon NASA’s New Millennium Program commissioned the development of Dependable Multiprocessor (DM) technology for use in science and autonomy missions. The goal of the Dependable Multiprocessor project is to provide spacecraft/payload processing capability 10x – 100x what is available today, enabling heretofore unrealizable levels of science and autonomy. Dependable Multiprocessor development is continuing as one of the four selected ST8 flight experiments planned to be flown in 2009. This paper describes the Dependable Multiprocessor Technology, the technology validation experiments and demonstrations achieved to date, the plans for the TRL6 technology validation effort, and the plans for the TRL7 flight validation.

7.0403 Communications for Integrated Modular Avionics Richard L. Alena (NASA), John P. Ossenfort IV (SAIC), Kenneth I. Laws (QSS), Andre Goforth (NASA) (NASA Ames Research Center); Fernando Figueroa (NASA Stennis Space Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:35 am, Lake/Canyon The aerospace industry has been adopting avionics architectures to take advantage of advances in computer engineering. Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA), as described in ARINC 653, distributes functional modules into a robust configuration interconnected with a “virtual backplane” data communications network. Each avionics module’s function is defined in software compliant with the APEX Application Program Interface. The Avionics Full-Duplex Ethernet (AFDX) network replaces the point-to-point connections used in previous distributed systems with “virtual links”. This network creates a command and data path between avionics modules with the software and network defining the active virtual links over an integrated physical network.

7.05 Mixed Signal and System-on-a-Chip Technologies Session Organizer: Nikolaos Paschalidis, The Johns Hopkins University - Applied Physics Laboratory Session Organizer: Mark Martin, The Johns Hopkins University - Applied Physics Laboratory 7.0501 System-on-a-Chip Design of Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Nodes for Hostile Environments David J. Barnhart, Tanya Vladimirova, Martin N. Sweeting (Surrey Space Centre) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:15 pm, Jefferson A new dimension of wireless sensor network architecture design is emerging where hundreds to thousands of ultra-light (<10 g) low-cost sensor nodes are required to collectively perform a spectrum of distributed remote sensing missions in hostile conditions, predominantly those encountered in space. Environmental extremes, such as mechanical, thermal, atmospheric, energetic, and dynamic must be considered. Research is underway to investigate the feasibility of fabricating survivable self-powered wireless sensor nodes monolithically with commercially available complementary metal-on-silicon technology. An example “SpaceChip” scenario is presented, where the conceptual design of a satellite-on-a-chip is explored.

7.0502 New Technologies and Concepts for Low Loss Radiation Hardened DC/DC Converters Geoffrey Marcus (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:40 pm, Jefferson The paper describes two new technology developments that simultaneously increase efficiency and radiation tolerance of radiation hardened DC/DC Converters. An extremely radiation hardened Pulse Width Modulator is described first which is shown to exhibit an order of magnitude smaller power consumption than existing state of the art components.


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Secondly, a radiation hardened Digital Isolator is reported which uses capacitive coupling to transfer digital data across a galvanically isolated interface. TID and SEE results are given for both. A method for combining the two technologies to simultaneously improve radiation tolerance and power efficiency over current DC/DC converter technology is described.

7.06 Miniaturization and Advanced Electronics Packaging for Spacecraft Session Organizer: Janet Lumpp, University of Kentucky Session Organizer: Andrew Shapiro, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 7.0601 Carbon Nanotube Filled Conductive Adhesives for Aerospace Applications Jing Li, Janet Lumpp (University of Kentucky) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon Electrically conductive adhesives provide lead-free alternatives to solder in microelectronic assemblies. Multiwall carbon nanotubes dispersed in epoxy produce high electrical conductivity, improved thermal conductivity and maintain the mechanical strength of the matrix at low loadings. Carbon nanotube filled adhesives are lightweight, non-metallic, and lead-free. We present measurements of DC contact resistance, volume resistivity, AC scattering parameters, thermal diffusivity, and shear strength for a range of compositions.

7.0602 High-Density PWB Microvia Reliability for Space Application Jamal Haque (Honeywell Aerospace) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Lake/Canyon Microvias are used extensively in multi-layered PWB designs to interconnect high-density components with multi-layer board traces. Microvias are the next step in PWB evolution to reduce pad size, thus reducing trace size and increasing the number of traces in a given area of PWB. The paper examines the implication of putting microvia through intense thermal cycle’s for their robustness in space.

7.0603 Multi-Functional Spacecraft Structures Integrating Electrical and Mechanical Functions Donald V. Schatzel (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, Lake/Canyon Future earth orbiting, solar system and celestial body autonomous missions can benefit from spacecraft systems and instruments that have significantly lower weight and volume over current state of the art designs. Incorporating electronic traces or signal paths directly into the spacecraft or instrument structure can provide a significant savings in weight and volume. In addition, local computer processing power, increased operational speed and larger memory storage are achievable by using embedded or direct chip attach design methods. The objective of this technology development is to demonstrate the feasibility of electronic circuit boards that function as structural members within a subsystem.

7.07 Fault Tolerance, Autonomy, and Evolvability in Spacecraft Avionics Session Organizer: Didier Keymeulen, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Tom Hoffman, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 7.0701 Automating the Pluto Experience: An Examination of the New Horizons Autonomous Operations Subsystem Brian A. Bauer, W. Mark Reid (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:30 am, Lake/Canyon The long duration New Horizons mission requires high reliability and imposes demanding fault management requirements upon the spacecraft. The spacecraft is highly redundant with onboard software that provides a rule based expert system for performing autonomous fault detection and recovery, referred to as Autonomy. The Autonomy design was largely driven by the concept of operations for the mission and the level of redundancy in the spacecraft hardware. This paper discusses how the Autonomy system supports the various


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phases of the mission. It examines the unique mission requirements that drove the Autonomy design and how these requirements were implemented.

7.0702 Autonomous Fault Protection Orbit Domain Modeling In Aerobraking John Kenworthy, Eric Seale, Jason Dates (Lockheed Martin) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:55 am, Lake/Canyon Aerobraking, the process of using atmospheric drag to dissipate orbital energy, for interplanetary spacecraft requires that the operations team adhere to many constraints in order to successfully achieve the desired orbit. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter team developed new capabilities to allow the spacecraft to configure itself autonomously in the presence of faults. The fault response architecture is designed to minimize required ground interaction by configuring the spacecraft for drag passes and, if necessary, performing a burn to get the spacecraft up and out of the atmosphere. This paper discusses the methodology and examples of the robustness of our approach.

7.0703 A Robust Fault Protection Strategy for a COTS-Based Spacecraft Bill Jackson, SpaceDev, Inc.) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:20 am, Lake/Canyon This paper presents a robust fault protection strategy for a low-cost single-string spacecraft that makes extensive use of COTS components. These components include commercial processors and microcontrollers that would traditionally be considered inappropriate for use in space. By crafting an avionics architecture that employs multiple distributed processors, and coupling this with an appropriate fault protection strategy, even a single-string COTS-based spacecraft can be made reasonably robust.

7.0704 Fault Injection Campaign for a Fault Tolerant Duplex Framework Gian Franco Sacco, Robert D. Ferraro, Paul von Allmen, Dave A. Rennels (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:45 am, Lake/Canyon In this work we present the results of a fault injection campaign we conducted on the Duplex Framework (DF). The DF is software that allows two copies of the same program to run on two different nodes of a commercial off-the-shelf computer cluster. A third process running on a different node constantly monitors the results computed by the two replicas, and instructs the DF to restart the two replica processes if an inconsistency is detected. In order to test the reliability of the DF we wrote a simple fault injector that injects faults in the virtual memory...

7.0705 Demonstration of Self-Training Autonomous Neural Networks in Space Vehicle Docking Simulations M. Clinton Patrick, Katherine Chavis (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center); Steven Thaler (Imagination Engines, Inc.) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:10 am, Lake/Canyon Neural Networks have been under examination for decades in many areas of research, with varying degrees of success and acceptance. Key goals of computer learning, rapid problem solution, and automatic adaptation have been elusive at best. This paper summarizes efforts at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center harnessing such technology to autonomous space vehicle docking for the purpose of evaluating applicability to future missions.

7.0706 Fault-Tolerant 2D Fourier Transform with Checksum Encoding Grzegorz Cieslewski, Adam Jacobs, Alan D. George (University of Florida) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:35 am, Lake/Canyon One of the more common kernels in space-based applications is the 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT). Many papers have investigated fault-tolerant FFT, but no algorithm has been devised that would allow for error correction without re-computation from original data. In this paper, we present a new method of applying algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) concepts to the 2D-FFT that will not only allow for error detection but also error


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correction within memory-constrained systems. The performance of the fault-tolerant 2D-FFT will be presented and featured as part of a dependable range Doppler processor, which is a subcomponent of synthetic-aperture radar algorithms.

7.0707 Temperature-Adaptive Circuits on Reconfigurable Analog Arrays Ricardo Zebulum, Adrian Stoica, Didier Keymeulen, Rajeshuni Ramesham (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Joseph Neff (SPAWAR); Srinivas Katkoori (University of S. Florida) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:00 am, Lake/Canyon This paper describes a new reconfigurable analog array (RAA) architecture and an integrated circuit (IC), and its use to map analog circuits that adapt to extreme temperatures. Evolution-driven adaptation takes place on the RAA IC, guided by algorithms implemented in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) collocated with the RAA in the extreme temperature environment. The experiments demonstrate circuit adaptation over a wide temperature range, from extremely low of -180°C to high of 120°C...

7.0708 Extreme Temperature Electronics Based on Self-Adaptive System Using Field Programmable Gate Array. Didier Keymeulen, Ricardo Zebulum, Ramesham Rajeshuni, Adrian Stoica (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Srinivas Katkoori (USF), Sharon Graves, Frank Novak, Charles Antill (NASA Langley Research Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:25 am, Lake/Canyon Space missions often require radiation and extreme-temperature hardened electronics to survive the harsh environments beyond earth’s atmosphere. Traditional approaches to preserve electronics incorporate radiation shielding, insulation and redundancy at the expense of power and weight. In this work, we report the implementation of a self-adaptive system using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and data converters. The self-adaptive system can autonomously recover the lost functionality of a reconfigurable analog array (RAA) integrated circuit (IC) [3]. Both the RAA IC and the self-adaptive system are operating in extreme temperatures (from 120ºC down to -180ºC). The RAA IC consists of reconfigurable analog...

7.08 Electronics for Extreme Environments Session Organizer: Mohammad Mojarradi, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Elizabeth Kolawa, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 7.0801 CMOS Compatible SOI MESFETs for Wide Temperature Range Electronics T. J. Thornton, J. Ervin (RF Micropower Inc); A. Balijepalli, A. Shanmugam, W. Lepkowski, K. Holbert, B. Bakkaloglu (Arizona State University) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon A standard silicon-on-insulator SOI CMOS process has been used to fabricate metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs). The devices have excellent DC and small-signal transfer characteristics with device breakdown voltages greatly exceeding those of the CMOS devices. The DC parameters of the device were measured over the temperature range –196C to +150C and used to develop a TOM3 Spice model that accurately describes MESFET operation over the entire temperature range. We have used the model to demonstrate a number of SOI MESFET based circuits including an operational amplifier and a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) voltage source.

7.0802 Development of a DC Motor Drive for Extreme Cold Environments John Garrett, Roberto Schupbach, Alexander B. Lostetter (Arkansas Power Electronics International, Inc.), H. Alan Mantooth (University of Arkansas) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:55 pm, Lake/Canyon This paper details the cryogenic testing of commercially available component technologies commonly used in DC motor drives to determine which could provide for feasible operation in an extreme cold environment. The components evaluated included: resistors, capacitors, gate drivers, transistors, diodes, and a DC motor controller. The performances of some


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silicon carbide (SiC) devices (diode and transistor) when exposed to cold temperatures were also evaluated. Based upon the results of the testing a cryogenic 20 W full bridge power stage was built and tested.

7.09 Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, and Control Technologies Session Organizer: Anhtuan Ngo, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Session Organizer: Michael Oppenheimer, U.S. Air Force research Laboratory Session Organizer: James Luecke, L-3 Communications - IEC 7.0901 Analysis of the Reconfigurable Control Capabilities of a Space Access Vehicle Michael W. Oppenheimer, Anhtuan D. Ngo, William B. Blake (Air Force Research Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:30 am, Lake/Canyon Future access to space vehicles will be required to achieve a high level of safety and operability. In order to achieve these goals, integrated adaptive guidance and control can be used to recover a vehicle from off-nominal conditions, such as control effector failures, engine out, loss of engine gimbal, and so on. In this work, a preliminary configuration for a space access vehicle is defined. A guidance and control (G&C) design tool to rapidly assess the necessary control effort of the vehicle to track its flight trajectory is developed. Given the conceptual configuration and a desired trajectory for re-entry flight, this G&C tool provides an inner-loop feedback control law and outer-loop...

7.0902 Input Saturation Treatments: A Performance Comparison of Direct Adaptive Control and Theta-D Control Quang M. Lam (Orbital Sciences Corporation); David T. Drake & D. Brett Ridgely (Raytheon); Missile Systems) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:55 am, Lake/Canyon Flight control saturation elements normally exist due to two main reasons: (1) physical limitations of actuator dynamics and (2) controller implementations to safeguard flight operations. Physical limitations or saturations are perceived as limited control authority of an actuator or the limited capacity of a torque producer device. However, saturation from the implementation standpoint commonly occurs due to safety reasons. In this paper, two adaptive control treatments, Direct Adaptive Control and µ-D control, are employed to ameliorate these nonlinear effects. The effectiveness of these adaptive treatments is then analyzed using Lyapunov function and Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman optimization based principles.

7.0903 Precision Attitude Determination Using a Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation Scheme Quang M. Lam (Orbital Sciences Corporation); John L. Crassidis (University at Buffalo) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:20 am, Lake/Canyon This paper is mainly motivated by three reasons: (1) future missions which will necessitate the employment of low cost and low grade Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors (e.g. MEMS gyros or compact star trackers) while still demanding a high precision attitude estimation, (2) development of a real-time noise statistics estimation capability in order to extend/enhance the performance of a traditional Kalman estimator whose performance is mainly dictated by the knowledge accuracy of its process noise and measurement noise covariance matrices, and (3) performance enhancement of a traditional 6 state Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) whose performance is drastically affected and compromised due...

7.0904 Terrestrial Attitude Estimation for the Formation Control Testbed Joel Shields, Hannah Goldberg, Jason Kiem, Mauricio Morales, Dan Scharf (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:45 am, Lake/Canyon In this paper the problem of terrestrial attitude estimation of a unique robotic vehicle using attitude and inertial rate measurements is considered. The vehicle is completely


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autonomous and uses air bearings to simulate the drag free dynamic environment of space. Stochastic models of the sensors and rigid body motion of the vehicle are developed for the purposes and estimator design and performance evaluation. We show a 3X reduction in the standard deviation of the attitude estimates by proper mixing of the two sensor measurements. The attitude estimation algorithm also provides bias free estimates of the angular rate.

7.0905 Decentralized Cooperative Navigation for Spacecraft Joseph Nicosia (L-3 Communications) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:10 am, Lake/Canyon This paper describes a navigation technique called Decentralized, Cooperative Navigation (DCN) that uses a communications network with inter-node ranging to make use of the information from several satellites or other platforms to cooperatively navigate. Further, the computations are performed at each node, without the use of a central computing node, so that the network is robust, allowing nodes to enter and leave as they become available. Simulation results are presented which compare individual satellite navigation performance at Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) with the navigational performance accuracy achieved at each node of a networked, small collection of nodes.

7.0911 Gyro Evaluation for the Mission to Jupiter Sergei A. Jerebets (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon Different gyro technologies and their critical performance characteristics are discussed, compared and evaluated to facilitate a choice of appropriate gyro-based inertial measurement unit to operate in a harsh Jovian environment to assure a successfull mission to Jupiter.

7.10 Large Space-Based Sensor Platforms Session Organizer: Gerard Genello, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory 7.1001 High Performance Space Computing John W. Rooks, Richard W. Linderman (Air Force Research Laboratory/Information Directorate) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 5:20 pm, Lake/Canyon This paper describes a fully programmable 6 processor die that was implemented in IBM’s 130 nanometer 8SF process. It is capable of operating as two triple voted processors each with 6 Mbytes of Embedded Dynamic Random Access Memory (EDRAM) or 6 independent processors each with 2 Mbytes of EDRAM. The processor core with on-chip memory performs approximately 2.5 Giga Floating Point Operations Per Second (GFLOPS) per Watt. An example is given that applies numerous processors to a radar moving target indicator applicaton.

7.1002 Multiresolution Subspace Beam Formation Using a Partially Coherent Model Robert J. Bonneau (US Air Force Research Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:50 pm, Lake/Canyon Traditional beam formation and waveform techniques rely on fixed apertures with single frequency assumptions that restrict the geometry of the aperture. This approach results in constraints on the functionality of radar systems such as having simultaneous imaging and tracking ability, elliminating complex interference, and working with platforms that have limted bandwidth and processing resources. We propose an adaptive multiresolution orthogonalized subspace beam formation method (AMOS) that allows optimization of apertures that may have non-uniform spacing with limited bandwidth. We combine this model with a partially coherent electromagnetic wavefront propagation model. We will show how this method compares to similar methods from a theoretical lower bound standpoint.


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7.11 Advanced Spacecraft and Mission Concepts Session Organizer: Scott Tyson, SES Consultants, Inc. Session Organizer: John Samson, Jr., Honeywell Inc. 7.1101 Modular, Reconfigurable, High-Energy Technology Development Connie Carrington, Joe Howell (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Lake/Canyon The Modular, Reconfigurable High-Energy Technology Demonstrator project would have been a series of ground-based demonstrations to mature critical technologies needed for in-space assembly of high-power modular cargo-transport vehicles. This paper presents an overview of Phase I activities at MSFC and its contractor partners. Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center developed a three robot-satellite ground demo of rendezvous & docking, self-assembly, reconfiguration, and boom deployment. ENTECH provided material recommendations for radiation-hardened concentrator lenses, and test results for a hi-voltage PV receiver. UAH performed tests on Supertube heat-pipes, and MSFC and Boeing performed systems trades and developed preliminary concept designs.

7.1102 Optimization of Inner Heliospheric Sentinels Spacecraft Conceptual Design Richard F. Conde, Kenneth A. Potocki, Karen W. Kirby, Paul B. Adamsen, Robert S. Bokulic, George Dakermanji, Wayne F. Dellinger, Carl J. Ercol, Karl B. Fielhauer, Jeff S. Kelley, Binh Q. Le, W. Jeffrey Lees, Barbara A. Leary, Sharon X. Ling, Perry M. Malouf, David H. Napollilo, David F. Persons, John R. Troll, Robert E. Wallis (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory); Adam Szabo, Haydee Maldonado, John P. Downing, David C. Folta, Greg Marr (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Robert P. Lin (University of California, Berkeley); William S. Lewis (Southwest Research Institute) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, Lake/Canyon The Sentinels mission is a key component of NASA’s “Living With a Star” program. The Sentinels Science and Technology Definition Team have completed a study to define the science objectives, measurement requirements and observational strategies, and mission design of the Inner Heliospheric Sentinels (IHS). The four spin-stabilized IHS spacecraft are in elliptical heliocentric orbit with perihelia at 0.25 AU and aphelia at 0.75 AU. This orbit presents unique spacecraft thermal control and power challenges. This study has demonstrated mission feasibility by developing a spacecraft design concept using conventional technologies. Numerous trade studies were performed to optimize the spacecraft design.

7.1103 Artificial Gravity for Space Travel Shun-Wen Cheng (Far East University, Taiwan) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon This study presents magnetic concepts for artificial gravity and artificial balance on space travel. The magnetic pseudo gravity system could be constructed on any size manned spacecraft, low-gravity planet and moon. Qualitative analysis of the magnetic methods via soft ferrite, Fe oxide nano-particles and ferrofluids is elucidated. The magnetic method could ensure that weight-bearing bones of space travelers are continually under stress and that the osteoblast cells will be formed. The coated Fe oxide nanoparticle and ferrofluids could enable the inner ear balance mechanism. The proposed magnetic methods could effectively construct artificial gravity and artificial balance for space travel.

7.12 Avionics to Support Contemporary Commercial and Space Tourism Ventures Session Organizer: Scott Tyson, SES Consultants, Inc. Session Organizer: David Czajkowski, Space Micro, Inc.

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Track 8: Spacecraft & Launch Vehicle Systems & Technologies Track Organizer: Erik Nilsen, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Track Organizer: Todd Mosher, Microsat Systems

8.01 Advanced Launch Vehicle Systems and Technologies Session Organizer: Ralph Ewig, AirLaunch LLC 8.0101 Coupling Simulation of Heat Transfer and Temperature of the Composite Walled Nozzle of Rocket Cai Guobiao, Zhu Dingqiang (Beijing University of Aeronautics, Astronautics); Zhang Xiaoying (South China University of Technology) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 2 The coupling simulation of the conjugate heat transfer and transient temperature on the rocket nozzle wall is studied. The equation of radiative heat flux on surfaces of an enclosure filled with inhomogeneous, participating media is established to compute the radiative heat flux, the Bazi equation is used to compute the convective heat transfer at the nozzle wall from the hot gases, the differential equation of 2-D transient conduction in cylindrical coordinate is established and discretized with reclusion form. The conjugate heat transfer coupling with the transiental temperature of two composite walled nozzles are computed, one is the nozzle of an...

8.02 Rendezvous and Docking Technologies Session Organizer: John Ringelberg, Lockheed Martin Space Systems 8.0201 Hydra Rendezvous and Docking Sensor System Fred Roe (Advanced Optical Systems, Inc.); Kevin Betts (bd Systems, Inc.); Connie Carrington (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 2 U.S. technology to support the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) rendezvous and docking operations was developed during the 1990’s at Marshall Space Flight Center and supporting contractors. The Video Guidance Sensor (VGS) was flown on STS 87 and STS 95, and the Advanced Video Guidance Sensor (AVGS) was flown on the DART flight experiment and will fly on Orbital Express. This paper presents approaches for upgrading AVGS to address parts obsolescence, and concepts for modularization. Integration options for complementary sensors in the multi-head Hydra system are discussed, including ULTOR®, a digital image correlator system, and range-finding sensors.

8.03 Responsive Space Systems and Technologies Session Organizer: Stanley Kennedy, Lockheed Martin Space Systems

8.04 Satellite Dynamic Systems and Controls Session Organizer: Daniel Scharf, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 8.0401 An Introduction to Evolving Systems of Flexible Aerospace Structures Mark J. Balas, Susan A. Frost (University of Wyoming) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 2 A new framework called Evolving Systems has been proposed to describe the autonomous assembly of actively controlled subsystems into an Evolved System with a higher purpose. Using a perturbation applied to mass-spring components which comprise an Evolving System, this paper looks at both the inheritance of stability and an approach using perturbation methods to determine the inheritance of stability in Evolved Systems.

Track 8: Spacecraft & Launch Vehicle Systems & Technologies

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8.0402 Decentralized Estimation and Control in High Precision Spacecraft Formations: Comparison Studies Roy S. Smith, Maksim V. Subbotin (University of California, Santa Barbara), Fred Y. Hadeagh (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 2 Two coordination and control architectures are described and evaluated on two prototypical high-precision formation flying missions. The first architecture is based on a decentralized, parallel estimation approach with every spacecraft in the formation maintaining an estimate of the entire formation state. Each spacecraft updates its estimator using local measurements and communicated information. The second architecture uses a central spacecraft to maintain the formation estimate and calculate the required control actions. In the presence of small communication delays and communication channel noise, the decentralized architecture outperforms the centralized one, even in the case where it has fewer communication links.

8.0403 Stability and Reconfiguration Analysis of a Circularly Spinning 2-Craft Coulomb Tether H. Schaub (Virginia Tech); I. Hussein (WPI) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 2 The concept of a spinning 2-craft Coulomb tether is introduced, where a physical tether is replaced with an electrostatic force field. The stability of a Coulomb tether is investigated. The analysis shows that if the plasma Debye length is smaller than the spacecraft separation distance the radial motion is guaranteed to be unstable. For larger Debye lengths the nonlinear radial motion is locally stable. The perturbed out-of-plane motion is shown to be stable regardless of Debye length. Further, open-loop charge solutions are obtained to perform reconfiguration where the circular orbit radius is changed to a new value.

8.0404 Dynamics of a 3D Rotating Tethered Formation Flying Facing the Earth Marco Sabatini, Giovanni Palmerini (Universita` di Roma La Sapienza - Roma, Italy) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 2 A dynamic analysis of two- and three- dimensional tether systems is performed to assess the feasibility of orbiting space webs. Centrifugal forces are exploited to maintain the desired configuration. Two-dimensional tether platforms facing the Earth surface are interesting but unstable configurations, because they tumble out of the designed plane: a strategy leading to three dimensional (double-pyramidal) systems is proposed to solve the problem. The results of the simulations show that a minimum spin rate is needed to maintain central platform rate, and that this minimum value increases as the vertex masses increase.

8.0405 A Decentralized Adaptive Control of Flexible Satellite Thawar T. Arif (Al-Isra Private University) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 2 The Minimal Controller Synthesis (MCS), is an extension of hyperstable Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) algorithm. The aim of MCS is to achieve excellent closed-loop control despite the presence of system parameter variations, external disturbances, dynamic coupling within the system and system nonlinearities. The MCS was successfully applied to the problem of decentralized adaptive schemes. A modification on the decentralized MCS algorithm is proposed in this paper, to highly enhance the stability and robustness of the decentralized adaptive control systems. The proposed algorithm is applied successfully for controlling the attitude of a flexible satellite.

8.0406 Multi-Purpose Satellites Constellations Propagator Toolkit V. Nicolai, G. Piantieri, P. Salvini (University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering); M. Lucente, T. Rossi, M. De Sanctis, M. Ruggieri (University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Dept. of Electronic Engineering) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:40 pm, Elbow 2


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Orbital mechanics is based on the same laws applied to artificial satellites and is pervasively employed in space missions to design orbits according to specific requirements and to predict the movement of satellites over long periods. This has a significant importance in satellite constellations design where the presence of many satellites results in a growing complexity in terms of deployment, dynamics, reconfigurability and control, up to the disposal at the end of life. In this paper, an overview of a new kind of orbit propagator is presented, together with an analysis of perturbation corrections using both impulsive and low-thrust manoeuvres.

8.05 Rapid Prototyping and Demonstration of Operational Earth Observation Capabilities

Session Organizer: David Tralli, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 8.0501 A Prototype Airborne Visible Imaging Spectrometer (PAVIS) Michele Kuester, Brian Johnson, Tom Kampe, Paul Kaptchen, Bill Good, Koby Smith, James Lasnik (Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.); Joel McCorkel (University of Arizona) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 2 A small, low mass and low power imaging spectrometer for airborne remote sensing of atmospheric and surface properties called the Prototype Airborne Visible Imaging Spectrometer (PAVIS) has been designed, constructed, and field-tested by the Airborne Sensors Initiative team at Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. The airborne sensor is being developed to demonstrate that useful scientific data approaching the quality of AVIRIS and the MODIS Airborne Simulator whiskbroom scanning spectrometers can be obtained with a compact pushbroom imaging spectrometer. In this paper we describe calibration and field testing and present preliminary data analysis results for PAVIS.

8.0502 Concept for a High MEO InSAR Seismic Monitoring System David M. Tralli (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); William Foxall, Craig Schultz (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 2 Demonstration of a spaceborne system to image seismic surface waves dynamically (i.e. coseismically) would be the early steps of a future operational capability for monitoring earthquakes and discriminating clandestine underground nuclear tests. Complementing the global network of seismic instruments, such system would enable unprecedented global mapping of the velocity structure of the Earth’s crust, thereby improving hypocentral location, understanding of rupture dynamics and wave propagation effects, and source characterization. Seismic wave measurement requirements include lower bounds on detectability of events and wave amplitude accuracy for different levels of analysis, such as source characterization and crustal tomography, with 10-100 µm wave...

8.0503 Prototyping a New Earth Observing Sensor – GeoSTAR Bjorn Lambrigtsen, Alan Tanner, Todd Gaier, Pekka Kangaslahti, Shannon Brown (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 2 GeoSTAR is a new concept for an atmospheric microwave sounder intended for geostationary applications using aperture synthesis to achieve high spatial resolution. A proof-of-concept prototype has been developed and tested at JPL. The results are outstanding. This represents a breakthrough in remote sensing technology and capability.


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8.0504 Broadband Imager-Sounder for Terrestrial Remote Observations (BISTRO) Richard L. Baron, Andrew J. Gerber, Dave Tralli, Tom Pagano, George Aumann, Francois Rogez, Hal Sobel, Cesar Sepulveda, Rob Carnright (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Gerald Dittberner, Shyam Bajpai (NOAA/NESDIS) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:40 pm, Elbow 2 BISTRO a Broadband Imager-Sounder for Terrestrial Remote Observations is designed as an integral instrument for an envisioned future NOAA National Global Operational Environmental Satellite System (NGOESS) architecture. This ultra-spectral imager/sounder provides for greater than 4000 spectral channels covering a band from 0.4 to 16.5 microns. The instantaneous footprint on the ground has 4000 spatial elements ranging from 0.25 to 1 km depending on the channel wavelength. Each S/C in the NGOESS constellation is proposed to carry an identical copy of the instrument supporting complete global coverage. The overall system, using BISTRO as a core observing instrument, is designed to meet...

8.06 Technologies for Planetary Exploration Session Organizer: Craig Peterson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 8.0601 Terrain Classification and Classifier Fusion for Planetary Exploration Rovers Ibrahim Halatci, Christopher A. Brooks, Karl Iagnemma (MIT) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 2 Knowledge of the physical properties of terrain surrounding a planetary exploration rover can be used to allow a rover system to fully exploit its mobility capabilities. Here a study of multi-sensor terrain classification for planetary rovers in Mars and Mars-like environments is presented. The performance of the algorithms is studied using images from NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover mission and through experiments on a four-wheeled test-bed rover operating in Mars-analog terrain. It is shown that accurate terrain classification can be achieved via classifier fusion from visual and tactile features.

8.0602 Self-Supervised Classification for Planetary Rover Terrain Sensing Christopher A. Brooks, Karl D. Iagnemma (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 2 Autonomous mobility in rough terrain is key to enabling increased science data return from planetary rover missions. Current terrain sensing and path planning approaches can be used to avoid geometric hazards, such as rocks and steep slopes, but are unable to remotely identify non-geometric hazards, such as loose sand in which a rover may become entrenched. This paper proposes a self-supervised classification approach to learning the visual appearance of terrain classes which relies on vibration-based sensing of wheel-terrain interaction to identify these terrain classes. Experimental results from a four-wheeled rover in Mars analog terrain demonstrate the potential for this approach.

8.0603 Remote Collaboration on Task Scheduling for Humans at Mars John Jaap, Patrick Meyer, Elizabeth Davis, Lea Richardson; (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 2 As humans venture farther from Earth for longer durations, these humans must have significant control over the scheduling of their own activities and those of their companion systems and robots. However, scheduling will be the result of collaboration of the crew with ground personnel. Emerging technologies such as delay-tolerant networks, and in-space internet will be the carriers on which the collaboration rides. Advances in scheduling technology will allow the crew to become virtual scheduling experts. New concepts of operations for producing the timeline will allow the crew and the ground support to collaborate on the timeline.

8.0604 Overview of High Priority Technologies for Solar System Exploration Craig Peterson, Tibor Balint, James Cutts (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Andrea Belz (Belz Consulting) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 2


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During the past two years, a new Solar System Exploration Roadmap has been developed, supplanting the previous 2003 version. This roadmap identifies a number of high priority technology developments that will be essential to the success of several of the roadmap missions. These key technologies and the missions that require them are described, along with the estimated timeline for their development as laid out in the exploration roadmap.

8.07 Nuclear Systems for Space Exploration Session Organizer: Jacklyn Green, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 8.0701 NASA’s Advanced Radioisotope Power Conversion Technology Development Status David J. Anderson, John Sankovic, David Wilt (NASA Glenn Research Center), Robert D. Abelson, Jean-Pierre Fleurial (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 2 NASA’s Advanced Radioisotope Power Systems project is developing the next generation of radioisotope power conversion technologies that will enable future missions that have requirements that cannot be met by either photovoltaic systems or by current radioisotope power systems. The paper summarizes the current Radioisotope Power Conversion Technology NASA Research Announcement efforts with a brief description of the effort, a status and/or summary of the contractor’s key accomplishments, a discussion of upcoming plans, and a discussion of relevant system-level benefits and implications.

8.0702 Design Reference Mission Set for RPS Enabled Missions in Support of NASA’s SSE Roadmap Tibor Balint (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Mickey Mouse (Disney) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:40 pm, Elbow 2 NASA’s 2006 Solar System Exploration (SSE) Roadmap identified a set of small, medium and large candidate missions. All of the candidate large Flagship missions would require Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS); medium New Frontiers (NF) missions could consider RPSs; while small Discovery missions are not allowed to use RPSs. SSE Roadmap mission concepts represent the highest priority subset of a broader collection of mission concepts, called NASA’s SSE Design Reference Mission (DRM) set. This paper discusses NASA’s SSE RPS DRM set in line with the SSE DRM set, which could aid NASA with RPS technology development planning...

8.08 Autonomous Science Systems Session Organizer: Rebecca Castano, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 8.0801 Simulation to Evaluate Autonomous Behaviors for Mobile Planetary Surface Science Missions Albert F. C. Haldemann, Michael McHenry, Richard Petras, Benjamin Bornstein, Rebecca Castano, Johnathan Cameron, Tara Estlin, Tom G. Farr, Daniel Gaines, Abhinandan Jain, Craig Leff, Christopher Lim, Issa Nesnas, Mark Pomerantz, Mark Powell, I-Hsiang Shu, Richard Volpe (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 2 A simulation environment—“Field Test in a Box”—has been developed with realistic terrains and scientifically pertinent information content. The terrain can be explored with a simulated spacecraft and instruments that are operated using an activity planning software interface which closely resembles that used for actual surface spacecraft missions. The simulation environment provides flexibility and control over experiments that help answer “what if” questions about the performance of proposed autonomous technologies. It is also conceivable that this FTB could be put to use with simulations of new payload elements to test and evaluate more advanced integrated operations.


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8.0802 Performance Comparison of Rock Detection Algorithms for Autonomous Planetary Geology David R. Thompson (Carnegie Mellon, Robotics Institute), Rebecca Castano (Caltech (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 2 Detecting rocks in images is a valuable capability for autonomous planetary science. Rock detection facilitates selective data collection and return. It also assists with image analysis on Earth. This work reviews seven rock detection algorithms from the autonomous science literature. We evaluate each algorithm with respect to several autonomous geology applications. Tests show the algorithms` performance on Mars Exploration Rover imagery, terrestrial images from analog environments, and synthetic images from a Mars terrain simulator. This provides insight into the detectors` performance under different imaging conditions.

8.0803 Onboard Autonomous Rover Science Rebecca Castano, Tara Estlin, Dan Gaines, Caroline Chouinard, Ben Bornstein, Robert C. Anderson, Michael Burl, Andres Castano, Michele Judd (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); David Thompson (CMU) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 2 The Onboard Autonomous Science Investigation System (OASIS) was used in the a formal demonstration of closed loop opportunistic detection and reaction during a rover traverse on the FIDO rover at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In addition to hardware demonstrations, the system has been demonstrated and exercised in simulation using the ROAMS planetary rover simulator. We discuss several system enhancements including new planning and scheduling capabilities and end-of-traverse science capability.

8.0804 Automated Classification of Visible and Near-Infrared Spectra Using Self-Organizing Maps Ted L. Roush (NASA Ames Research Center); Robert Hogan (Bay Area Environmental Research Institute) Understanding the scientific content of the large volume of planetary and satellite spectral data is a daunting task. We apply an automated classification scheme based on Kohonen Self-Organizing maps (SOM) to visible and near-infrared data from spectral libraries. The spectra are labeled in a hierarchical scheme and after training, test spectra are assigned membership to the appropriate cluster. Comparing to the labels, we find the results are robust based ten independent training/testing efforts, most scientifically meaningful for gross differences between materials, and classification of individual groups retain high accuracy even when the overall SOM accuracy is low.

8.09 Technology Development and Infusion Session Organizer: Steven Cornford, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 8.0901 A Fast Technology Infusion Model for Aerospace Organizations Andrew A. Shapiro,Harald Schone,David E. Brinza, Henry B. Garrett, Martin S. Feather (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 2 A Fast Technology Infusion initiative is presented as a potential model for aerospace organizations to improve the cost-effectiveness for maturation of new, technologies for space missions. The first task will provide a framework to demonstrate and document the process. The approach will be demonstrated on two technologies, firstly hardware and secondly software. The objective is to achieve cost and time savings in qualification of technologies for space. At the end of the effort, we will have demonstrated infusion for six or more technologies and a path to insertion using a process that permits adaptation to a broad range of technologies.


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8.10 Reconfigurable Space Systems and Space Assembly Session Organizer: Andrew Zimdars, Lockheed Martin Space Systems 8.1001 Uniform Current/Voltage-Sharing for Interconnected DC-DC Converters Kasemsan Siri, Michael Willhoff (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 2 This paper presents advanced interconnection and control approaches for three current-mode, shared-bus converter architectures: (1) parallel-input parallel-output (PIPO), (2) parallel-input series-output (PISO), and (3) series-input parallel-output (SIPO). Uniform current sharing among PIPO connected DC-DC converters is achieved by using the provided parallel control port serving as a common “shared bus” for commanding the converters to operate as voltage-controlled current sources. The paper discusses two control alternatives of current-sharing for the PIPO converter systems and two unique approaches of uniform voltage distribution for SIPO and PISO converter power systems.

8.11 Exploration Systems Technology Development Session Organizer: Robert Gershman, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Dana Gould, NASA 8.1101 Exploration Life Support Overview and Benefits Joe Chambliss (NASA Johnson Space Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:30 am, Elbow 2 —NASA’s Exploration Life Support (ELS) Project is providing technology to address air, water and waste product handling for exploration vehicles. Existing life support technology and processes need to improve to enable exploration vehicles to meet mission goals. The weight, volume, power and thermal control required, reliability, crew time and life cycle cost are the primary targets for ELS technology development improvements. An overview of the ELS technologies being developed leads into an evaluation of the benefits the ELS technology developments offer.

8.1102 Environmental Monitoring Instruments: Using ISS as a Testbed for Exploration Darrell L. Jan (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:55 am, Elbow 2 The Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control (AEMC) program is developing instruments that will be tested on the International Space Station (ISS): A miniature gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer called VCAM (Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor) for trace contaminant monitoring; an atmospheric event monitor (Electronic Nose or ENose) ; and a Colorimetric Solid Phase Extraction (CSPE) method for determination of biocides in water systems. The Lab-on-a-Chip Portable Test System (LOCAD PTS) has already been launched to ISS, and will demonstrate sensitive microbial detection. Flight experience gained from utilization of the devices on-board ISS will help validate the technologies for Exploration class missions.


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8.1103 Automated Rendezvous and Docking Sensor Testing at the Flight Robotics Laboratory Jennifer D. Mitchell, Scott P. Cryan (NASA Johnson Space Center); David Strack (Odyssey Space Research, LLC); Linda L. Brewster, Marlin J. Williamson, Richard T. Howard, A. S. (Nick) Johnston (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:20 am, Elbow 2 The Exploration Systems Architecture defines missions that require automated rendezvous and docking (AR&D) of two spacecraft. The relatively low technology readiness of relative navigation sensors for AR&D is a risk for the Crew Exploration Vehicle. The AR&D Sensor Technology Project seeks to reduce this risk through testing and simulation. The first year of this project was focused on a series of “pathfinder” testing tasks to develop the test plans, test facility requirements, trajectories, sensor math models, and simulation platform, by testing four highly applicable relative navigation sensor types at the Marshall Space Flight Center Flight Robotics Laboratory.

8.1104 Autonomous Precision Landing and Hazard Detection and Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) Chirold Epp, Thomas Smith (NASA Johnson Space Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:45 am, Elbow 2 An overview of the NASA project to develop the technology for precision landing and hazard detection and avoidance, when landing on the lunar surface. To be used for robotic, cargo and human missions. The project requirements include anytime, anywhere safe landing using terrain relative navigation with lunar maps and without navigation aids.

8.1105 ALHAT System Architecture and Operational Concept Tye Brady, Jana Schwartz (Draper Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:10 am, Elbow 2 An autonomous lunar landing system applicable to a wide variety of crewed and robotic lunar descent vehicles is under development as part of the ALHAT (Autonomous precision Landing and Hazard detection and Avoidance Technology) project. This system, referred to as the ALHAT System Module (ASM) is a highly advanced integrated sensor suite that enables landing a lunar descent vehicle within tens of meters of a certified landing location anywhere on the Moon, under any lighting condition. This paper describes the ASM architecture and its novel concept of operations, and matures this architecture through description of top level lunar landing requirements.

8.1106 ATHLETE: A Mobility and Manipulation System for the Moon Brian Wilcox (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:35 am, Elbow 2 A robotic vehicle called ATHLETE (the All-Terrain, Hex-Limbed, Extra-Terrestrial Explorer) is described, along with initial results of field tests of two prototype vehicles. This vehicle concept is capable of efficient rolling mobility on moderate terrain and walking mobility on extreme terrain. Each limb has a quick-disconnect tool adapter so that it can perform general-purpose handling, assembly, maintenance, and servicing tasks using any or all of the limbs.

8.1107 In-Flight Manual Electronics Repair for Deep-Space Missions Richard Pettegrew, John Easton (National Center for Space Exporation Research); Peter Struk (NASA Glenn Research Center); Eric Anderson (Zin Technologies) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:00 am, Elbow 2 NASA’s historical approach to electronic repairs in long-duration spaceflight has been to replace large sub-assemblies called ORU’s (Orbital Replacement Units). This approach, which depends heavily on a consistent re-supply effort, is likely to be impractical for deep-space missions. This paper summarizes the results and recommendations from a trade study and case studies (from industry, current NASA ground-based practices, and U.S. Navy repair practices) on current repair technologies that may be used to implement


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electronic repairs at the component-level, performed by a group from NASA tasked with examining component-level electronics repair as a repair strategy for such missions.

8.1108 Lithium Ion Batteries for Space Applications Ratnakumar Bugga, Marshall Smart, Jay Whitacre, William West (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:25 am, Elbow 2 Interplanetary missions require rechargeable batteries with unique performance characteristics: high specific energy, wide operating temperatures, demonstrated reliability, and safety. Li-ion batteries are fast becoming the most common energy storage solution for these missions, as they are able to meet the more demanding technical specifications without being excessively massive. At JPL, we have undertaken materials development studies on both cathodes and electrolytes with the goal of further enhancing battery specific energy, discharge and charge capability, and functional temperature range. Results of these studies are described below.

8.1109 Technology Infusion Planning Within the Exploration Technology Development Program David Beals (NASA Exploration Technology Development Program) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:50 am, Elbow 2 Assuring that technology development projects are used by future flight programs requires a systematic approach and the coordination of both the technology and flight program offices. By introducing the “flight-like” rigor into the technology project management and meeting the informational needs according the flight project’s schedule, there is a greater likelihood that the technology products will be incorporated and will be able to demonstrate contribution to the mission’s goals and objectives.

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Track 9: Air Vehicle Systems and Technologies Track Organizer: Christian Rice, Naval Air Systems Command

9.01 Aircraft Systems & Avionics Session Organizer: Eric Schutte, USAF Session Organizer: Andrew Lynch, NAVAIR 4.1 9.0101 Aircraft Collision Avoidance System Felix Yanovsky (National Aviation University, Ukraine); Vladimir Belkin (Research Institute “Buran”, Ukraine) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 3:30 pm, S Cheyenne This paper describes a new design concept of airborne equipment of secondary radar systems. The concept allows implementing two principal airborne systems, more exactly Mode S transponder and TCAS, as a multifunctional unit. This concept gives a possibility to make half the number of necessary aircraft antennas as well as to decrease the number of units and equipment cost. All functions of and requirements to both TCAS and Mode S transponder systems are achieved in accordance with the correspondent international documents. The prototype of the system is described and the results of flight tests are presented.

9.0102 PC Rapid Modification Tool for Aircraft Experimentation & Training for the MH-60S/MH-60R Helicopters Robert A. Richards, Jeremy Ludwig (Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:30 pm, S Cheyenne The US Navy`s PMA-205 in conjunction with Stottler Henke has developed and deployed a tool that can be used for training and AOP experimentation for the US Navy’s new MH-60S and MH 60R helicopters. The tool, called the Operator Machine Interface Assistant (OMIA), is primarily an expandable, easily modifiable low-cost PC-hosted desktop crew trainer. OMIA is currently in use for training at HSC-2, HSC-3 and HSM-41. However, since both helicopters have been constantly evolving through the development process of OMIA and continue to evolve now and in the future, OMIA has utilized flexible, rapid-development methods that also benefit AOP experimentation.

9.0103 In-flight Evaluation of an Amplified 802.11b Network Chris Spinelli (USAF Test Pilot School) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:55 pm, S Cheyenne This test program demonstrated the 802.11b wireless datalink reception range when transmitting at 4 Watts effective isotropic radiated power between a C-12C and a ground station. The system under test consisted of S-band antennas on the aircraft and at the ground station, radio frequency signal amplifiers for the antennas, an electronic display unit for the pilots, a laptop PC connected to the aircraft station, a tablet PC connected to the ground station, and two Cisco® Aironet 1200 Wireless access points connected to the ground and aircraft amplifiers.

9.0104 MH-60S Armed Helo: Upgraded Capability to a U.S. Navy Workhorse Helicopter LCDR Wade McConvey (U.S. Navy, PMA-299) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 5:20 pm, S Cheyenne The MH-60S Armed Helo capability is an upgrade to a successful workhorse Navy helicopter that has served the Fleet since 2002. Measured against the overarching goals of cost, performance, and schedule, the MH-60S Armed Helo brings a tremendous increased capability at the expected cost. Nevertheless, the program did not meet the original schedule objectives for integration, test, procurement, and deployment for a variety of reasons. This paper will examine and explore these reasons, and provide lessons learned that could be used the next time a program attempts to integrate “proven, fielded mission systems” using a compressed schedule.

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9.02 Air Vehicle Flight Testing Session Organizer: Robin Locksley, Naval Air Warfare Center 9.0201 Low-Power Wireless Local Area Networks for Flight Test Adam MacDonald, Lt Col, USAF (USAF Test Pilot School) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:50 pm, S Cheyenne Significant cost and schedule risk are incurred when novel flight-test hardware is integrated into airborne test platforms. Project cost and schedule may be reduced by the substitution of wireless communication paths in lieu of hardwired connections. Recent advances in commercially available local-area-networking (LAN) hardware have enabled the deletion of hardwire data paths aboard aircraft, and have enabled new flight-test methodologies involving multi-aircraft formations as well as novel telemetry implementations. This paper represents a survey of work completed by the USAF Test Pilot School and Air Force Institute of Technology, and introduces several exciting LAN-based flight-test programs scheduled for the near-term.

9.0202 Flight Trials and Drag Analysis of a Scale Model Floatplane Matthew Tetlow, Bassam Dally (The University of Adelaide); Alan Smith, Saxon Rudduck (Tigerfish Aviation) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:15 pm, S Cheyenne This paper reports on the flight trials performed to support the development of the Tigerfish retractable float system. A 1/6th scale model of a Cessna 208 has been built, instrumented and flight tested using conventional fixed floats, to estimate the zero-lift drag coefficient of a scale model aircraft with a conventional fixed float system. This drag coefficient is then compared to the Reynolds Number scaled zero-lift drag coefficient of the full scale aircraft, obtained from the manufacturers published performance data. Good agreement is shown between the scaled published data and the flight data.

9.0203 Using Parallel Processing Tools to Predict Rotorcraft Performance, Stability, and Control Dean Carico (Naval Air Warfare Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:40 pm, S Cheyenne This paper discusses the development of the High Performance Computing (HPC) Collaborative Simulation and Test (CST) portfolio CST-03 program, one of the projects in the Common HPC Software Support Initiative (CHSSI) portfolio. The objective of this development was to provide computationally scalable tools to predict rotorcraft performance, stability, and control. The ability to efficiently predict and optimize vehicle performance, stability, and control from high fidelity computer models would greatly enhance the design and testing process and improve the quality of systems acquisition. Tests on the MAUI Linux cluster indicated that there was over 25 times speedup using 32 CPUs. The...

9.03 UAV Systems & Autonomy Session Organizer: Christian Rice, Naval Air Systems Command Session Organizer: Kendra Cook, United States Air Force 9.0301 The Silent Force Multiplier: The History and Role of UAVs in Warfare Lt Kendra Cook United States Air Force) Many don’t realize that the history of UAVs started nearly a century ago, and that UAV development and employment is being pursued by more than 50 countries world-wide. This paper examines the history of unmanned aerial vehicles including the initial concepts and employment and the role of UAVs in warfare, providing examples from several conflicts throughout the world. An analysis of the reasons for the underutilization of UAV capabilities, the reasons why UAV missions have been successful, and basis for continuing to fund UAV development and employment is given. Finally, current UAV trends are discussed.


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9.0302 Evolution of a UAV Autonomy Classification Taxonomy Eric Sholes (Aviation Missile Research Development, Engineering Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:55 am, S Cheyenne This paper examines how unmanned systems autonomy metrics have evolved and expanded, in theory and practice. The evolution in metrics development has culminated with the advent of an evaluation technique that blends emerging simulation technologies to create assessment methods which take full advantage of visual virtual environments and statistical constructive simulations to classify the maturity and effectiveness of autonomy algorithms. As autonomy algorithms proliferate, the ability to characterize the effectiveness of each autonomy algorithm will be critical to further for successful implementation of autonomous capability.

9.0303 Target Tracking and Adversarial Reasoning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ben Ludington, Johann Reimann, George Vachtsevanos (Georgia Tech) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:20 am, S Cheyenne Because of their ability to reach unique vantage points without endangering a human operator, camera-equipped unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are effective tools for military and civilian surveillance missions, such as target tracking. However, visually tracking targets can be challenging because of the inherent clutter and occlusions. To add to this challenge, adversarial targets will attempt to escape. To counter these challenges a two tiered approach is used. In the first tier an adaptive particle filter is used to visually estimate the position of the target. In the second tier a differential game approach is used to generate interception strategies.

9.0304 A Novel Leader-Follower Framework for Control of Helicopter Formation Mehdi Saffarian, Farbod Fahimi (University of Alberta) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:45 am, S Cheyenne A framework for formation control of a group of autonomous helicopters is presented. We introduced two control schemes, which are tailored to control the relative positions of a helicopter constrained by either one or two neighboring leaders, respectively. To stabilize the internal formation parameters of these schemes, a Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller is developed. The controller finds the future control commands by optimizing a cost function, which includes formation parameter errors among, control forces, etc. The controllers allow any user-defined three dimensional pattern for a group of autonomous helicopters.

9.0305 A Nonlinear Digital Robust Controller for UAV Roohallah Sobhani, Control engineer of IUST) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:10 am, S Cheyenne Flying vehicles in their trajectories are under various uncertainties. Due to some reasons such as variation of aerodynamic coefficients, limited information of system and unwanted noise in system, the flying vehicle has a complicated system including uncertainties. In this paper the research RPV under studying have a coupled dynamics. In existing PID controllers this coupling is not considered. By considering all model uncertainties, noises, model deviations, and unknown input signals in controller design, the UAV responses will be robust.

9.0306 An Optical Flow Based Electro-Optical See-and-Avoid System for UAVs Giuseppe Recchia, Giancarmine Fasano, Domenico Accardo, Antonio Moccia (University of Naples "Federico II"); Luigi Paparone (Italian Aerospace Research Center CIRA) This paper, presents a study on a fully Electro-Optical (EO) autonomous target detection system for UAVs. This study was led in the framework of a partnership between the Italian Aerospace Research Center (CIRA) and the University of Naples, within a CIRA project named TECVOL, aimed at developing the technologies needed to support flight autonomy. The selected detection algorithm is based on the Optical Flow technique.


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9.0307 Intelligent Operation Using Terrain Following Flight in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Mohammad Rahim, Seyed Malaek (Sharif University of Technology) A novel approach in Terrain Following/Terrain Avoidance (TF/TA) flight is proposed. Due to existing unknown terrain during flight, an intelligent approach is used. Intelligency is implemented using fuzzy approach. This method can be used in off-line design in trajectory planning which has wide applications in TF/TA maneuver in unmanned aerial vehicle.A relationship between slope of terrain and aircraft height with speed of aircraft is constructed by fuzzy approach. This work is performed for a two dimensional Terrain Following Flight. This method is state of the art in literature.

9.0308 A Receding Horizon Control Approach for Roll Control of Delta Wing Vortex-Coupled Dynamics Hojjat Izadi, Mehrdad Pakmehr, Brondon W. Gordon (Concordia University); Camille A. Rabbath (Defense R&D Canada) In this paper, Receding Horizon Control (RHC) method has been proposed to control the roll dynamics of a delta wing aircraft augmenting vortex breakdown location. This dynamics is relatively difficult to control due to the highly nonlinear dynamics involved with a variety of nonlinear behaviors such as bearing friction, saturations, zero dynamics, time delay and uncertainty in both model and parameters. On the other hand, RHC controllers have prominent capabilities such as ability to handle the saturations, flexibility for trajectory generation and designing feedback control for nonlinear systems. In this research, the authors applied RHC to such complex dynamics. Simulation...

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Track 10: Software and Computing Track Organizer: Robert Popp, Aptima, Inc. Track Organizer: Sanda Mandutianu, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech

10.01 Advanced Software Verification Tools Session Organizer: Lawrence Markosian, QSS Group, Inc. 10.0101 Model-Based Validation & Verification Integrated with SW Architecture Analysis: A Feasibility Study Iris Morschhäuser, Mikael Lindvall (Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 8:30 am, Lake/Canyon This feasibility study investigates how non-embedded software components can be modeled in a model-driven environment typically used by embedded system designers, and then validated, verified and integrated into the architecture of a software system. As test objects two software components of a prototype of the Tactical Separation Assisted Flight Environment (TSAFE) were modeled in Simulink and tested using Reactis. The integration of Simulink models and its generated source code with legacy software architectures was also studied. This process is analyzed with the goal to determine its applicability in practice and how it can be integrated into the software development process.

10.0102 Technology Infusion of SAVE into the Ground Software Development Process for NASA Missions at JHU/APL William C. Stratton, Deane Sibol (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory); Mikael Lindvall, Patricia Costa (Fraunhofer USA CESE) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 8:55 am, Lake/Canyon JHU/APL develops Missions Operations Center system software for all supported NASA missions using a shared architecture called Common Ground. The architecture is 10 years old and is becoming difficult to maintain and evolve. The Software Architecture Visualization and Evaluation (SAVE) tool and process developed by Fraunhofer Center has been applied to preserve the Common Ground architectural goals. This report summarizes JHU/APL’s experiences using the SAVE tool and process to capture the originally planned architecture, compare the actual software to the plan, to create a new target architecture, and guide ongoing development to bring the planned and actual architectures into alignment.

10.0103 Applying a Formal Requirements Method to Three NASA Systems: Lessons Learned Constance Heitmeyer, Ralph Jeffords (Naval Research Laboratory) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 9:20 am, Lake/Canyon During the past three years, a formal requirements method called SCR (Software Cost Reduction) was used to specify software requirements of safety-critical components of three NASA systems. The components include a fault protection engine, which determines how a spacecraft should respond to a detected fault; a fault detection, isolation and recovery component, which, in response to a set of undesirable events, outputs a failure notification and raises one or more alarms; and a display system, which allows a space crew to monitor and control on-orbit scientific experiments. This paper demonstrates how significant and complex requirements of one of the components...

10.0104 Verification of Flight Software with Karnough Map-based Checking Link Jaw (Scientific Monitoring, Inc.), Tsai (Arizona State University), Homan (US Air Force Research Laboratory); Keller (Boeing) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 9:45 am, Lake/Canyon Traditional V&V processes rely heavily on testing or other informal methods. These processes are time consuming and increasingly expensive as the complexity of the software increases. Alternative processes that can increase affordability while applying more formal methods have been attractive recently. This paper describes a formal software

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checking method by using the Karnaugh Map technique. This method checks the consistency and completeness of the software during the verification process.

10.0105 Tools and Methods for the Verification and Validation of Adaptive Aircraft Control Systems Johann Schumann (R(Intelligent Automation Corporation);S, NASA Ames); Yan Liu (Motorola Labs) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 10:10 am, Lake/Canyon The appeal of adaptive control to the aerospace domain should be attributed to the neural network models adopted in online adaptive systems for their ability to cope with the demands of a changing environment. However, changes induce uncertainty that limits the applicability of conventional validation techniques to assure the reliable performance of such systems. We present several verification and analysis methods of adaptive control systems, including Lyapunov analysis, statistical inference, and comparison to Kalman filters. We also discuss two monitoring tools for the NASA IFCS flight control system on an F-15: the Confidence Tool and the Validity Index.

10.0106 Program Model Checking Using Design-for-Verification: NASA Flight Software Case Study Lawrence Z. Markosian, Masoud Mansouri-Samani, Peter C. Mehlitz (QSS Group, Inc.); Tom Pressburger (NASA Ames Research Center) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 10:35 am, Lake/Canyon Program model checking is a technique for model checking software. It has shown potential for detecting otherwise hard-to-find defects, and has been the subject of research and relatively small-scale applications but faces several barriers to wider deployment. This paper is a report on continuing work applying Java PathFinder, a program model checker developed at NASA Ames Research Center, to the Shuttle Abort Flight Management system, a C++ application. The case study helps validate applicability of program model checking technology to real NASA flight software. The paper is oriented toward software engineering technology transfer personnel and software practitioners.

10.0107 Robust Derivation of Risk Reduction Strategies Julian Richardson (Intelligent Automation Corporation); Daniel Port (University of Hawaii); Martin Feather (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 11:00 am, Lake/Canyon Effective risk reduction strategies can be derived mechanically given sufficient characterization of the risks present in the system and the effectiveness of available risk reduction techniques. Quantitative assessments of risks and risk reduction techniques are likely to be inaccurate. In this paper we describe sensitivity analysis experiments which we carried out to evaluate how inaccurate quantification of risk and risk reduction techniques affect the performance of mechanically derived risk reduction strategies. Our experiments show that mechanically derived risk reduction strategies are likely to produce significant improvements in risk reduction compared to a alternative risk reduction strategies.

10.02 Agent-Based Systems for Aerospace Session Organizer: Sanda Mandutianu, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 10.0201 An AI Modeling Tool for Designers and Developers Dan Fu, Ryan Houlette, Jeremy Ludwig (Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 1 We describe an AI modeling tool meant to be used by both designers and developers. The method for authoring is visual and meant to convey decision logic in a more intuitive manner while retaining expressiveness. This data-driven approach features an AI runtime engine which incorporates several augmentations which make it suitable for use across a wide array of deployed systems.


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10.0202 A Multi-Agent Architecture Provides Smart Sensing for the NASA Sensor Web Dipa Suri, Adam Howell (Lockheed Martin); Doug Schmidt, Gautam Biswas, John Kinnebrew, Nishanth Shankaran, Will Otte (Vanderbilt University) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 1 Remote sensing missions for Earth Science greatly help in understanding the dynamics of our planet. Conventional approaches impede the ability to (1) generate and refine models of complex phenomena, e.g. extended weather forecasting, (2) detect and rapidly respond to critical transient events e.g. disasters, such as hurricanes and floods. This paper describes an approach based that will provide interoperability and autonomy to achieve the needs for smart sensing in NASA’s proposed sensor web. The system capability will be demonstrated via a simulated but salient disaster management scenario on an existing hardware testbed at the Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center...

10.03 Computational Modeling Session Organizer: Darrell Terry, Northrop Grumman, ES 10.0301 Game-Theoretic Modeling and Control of Military Air Operations with Retaliatory Civilians Mo Wei, Jose B. Cruz, Jr. (The Ohio State University); Genshe Chen, Leonard S. Haynes (Intelligent Automation, Inc.); Martin Kruger (Office of Naval Research); Erik Blasch (US Air Force Research Laboratory); Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 1 Non-neutral civilians often play an active role in wars. That is, they are not just passively static but might dynamically take non-neutral actions to retaliate against the Forces who create collateral damage for them. Unfortunately, existing game theoretic models usually do not consider this situation. In this paper, an attrition-type discrete time dynamic game model is formulated, in which two opposing forces fight under reactive civilian environments that might be either neutral or slightly biased. We model the objective functions, control strategies of different players, and identify the associated constraints on the control and state variables.

10.0302 Calculating the Infrared Characteristics of the Rocket Nozzle with the Narrow-Band Zone Model Cai Guobiao, Zhu Dingqiang (Beijing University of Aeronautics, Astronautics); Zhang Xiaoying (South China University of Technology) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 1 The Narrow-Band Zone model is developed for that purpose, the spectral transmission and absorption factors are introduced, and the equations between rediative heat flux and the temperature of wall surfaces and gas are developed. The radiative heat transfer in one axisymmetric cylindrical enclosure filled up with homogeneous radiative participating medium is computed with the Narrow-Band Zone model and compared with that in reference document, the comparison shows good agreement. The radiative heat transfer of the nozzle of one rocket engine is also calculated with the Narrow-Band Zone model, and the outgoing radiative energy flux and energy rate integrated in mid-wave...

10.04 Enterprise Mission Management Session Organizer: Michael Keeley, Northrop Grumman Info Tech - TASC 10.0401 Searching Across the International Space Station Databases David A. Maluf, William J. McDermott, Chris Knight (NASA Ames Research Center); Ernest E. Smith (NASA Johnson Space Center); Mohana Gurram (Intelligent Automation Corporation) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 1 Data access in the enterprise requires us to combine data from different sources and different formats. It is advantageous to focus on the intersection of the knowledge across sources and domains; identifying appropriately-related knowledge and ignoring irrelevant knowledge which distracts and serves to make the integration unwieldy and more complicated than necessary. A contextualized search over multiple domains is proposed in


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this paper useing context-sensitive queries to support disciplined manipulation of domain knowledge resources. The objective of a context search is to provide the capability to interrogate many largely semantically disjoint domain knowledge resources in an automated and intelligent fashion. The...

10.05 Human-Computer Interaction Session Organizer: Howard Neely, HRL Laboratories, LLC 10.0501 WebOnWorld: Geo-coded Video and Spatial Audio in Vehicles Mike Daily, Kevin Martin, Youngkwan Cho (HRL Laboratories) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:40 pm, Elbow 1 Existing driver-vehicle interfaces do not support communication of geo-spatial relationships within the environment for navigation or information interaction. Instead, they rely on distracting maps, overabundant text, and often confusing audio. Acquiring and maintaining situation awareness in a moving vehicle in a 3D environment requires more natural spatial cues. A rich source of directional information can be provided via three-dimensional geo-coded visual and auditory cues. This paper describes an in-vehicle system called WebOnWorld for the use of geo-coded visual and auditory information, with special emphasis on the system implementation of the first in-vehicle geo-coded multi-channel, spatial audio.

10.06 Information Management and Collaborative Engineering Session Organizer: Carl Puckett, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech

10.07 Information Technologies for Counter Terrorism Session Organizer: Robert Popp, Aptima, Inc. 10.0701 Streaming Hierarchical Clustering for Concept Mining Moshe Looks, Andrew Levine, G. Adam Covington, Ronald P. Loui, John W. Lockwood, Young H. Cho (Washington University in St. Louis) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 1 We describe hardware-oriented system designed to satisfy three primary goals: (1) real-time concept mining of high-volume data streams; (2) dynamic organization of concepts into a relational hierarchy; (3) adaptive reorganization of the concept hierarchy in response to evolving circumstances and user feedback. To support our claims of eventual hardware implementation and real-time performance with a high ingestion rate, we provide a detailed hardware-ready design, with asymptotic analysis and performance predictions. The system has been prototyped and tested on a Xeon processor as well as on a PowerPC embedded within a Xilinx Virtex2 FPGA.

10.0702 Hardware-Accelerated Parser for Extraction of Metadata in Semantic Network Content James Moscola, Young H. Cho, John W. Lockwood (Washington University in St. Louis) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 1 In a previous project, we implemented an N-gram based language identifier that can process data at 1 Gbps. However, a large percentage of network traffic, such as email and web data, consists of markup information. This additional data interferes with the language identification process. Thus, we have developed a custom processor called ALPS which is mapped onto a reconfigurable device to extract only the relevant data for the language identifier. To illustrate the effectiveness of ALPS, we have implemented a system that can process email and improve the accuracy of the language identifier by up to a factor of 200.


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10.0703 Ontology Building: A Terrorism Specialist's Perspective Aaron Mannes, Jennifer Golbeck (University of Maryland) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, Elbow 1 For the Semantic Web to fulfill its potential, it needs to be usable by the average user. Until this occurs, the Semantic Web will remain the province of programmers and computer scientists. Ontologies, which define concepts for the computer, give the Semantic Web its potential power. However, until non-computer science specialists are able to construct useful ontologies, the Semantic Web will not fulfill its potential. This paper discusses a non-computer scientist`s efforts to construct an ontology for a terrorism analysis Semantic Web portal (profilesinterror.mindswap.org). The paper will address both general challenges in conceptualizing an ontology and specific techniques useful for...

10.0704 Building a Semantic Web Portal for Counter Terror Analysis Aaron Mannes, Jennifer Golbeck (University of Maryland) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 1 With the rise of the netwar paradigm new tools are needed to support intelligence collection and analysis. The Semantic Web uses information online in which data is defined in machine-readable terms, allows for the creation of flexible, adaptable knowledge bases that can be used collaboratively. This paper discusses how the Semantic Web facilitates research on terrorist organizations, particularly how a variety of useful features – such as network visualization and data attribution – can be used.

10.0705 RAPSODI Adversarial Reasoner Mike Howard, Eric Huang, Ken Leung, Pete Tinker (HRL Laboratories, LLC) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 1 RAPSODI (Rapid Adversarial Planning with Strategic Opponent-Driven Intelligence) consists of a multi-agent reasoner built on top of a single-agent planner. The reasoner refines and expands plans for two or more adversaries by making calls to a fast single agent local search planner. RAPSODI employs an iterative plan critic process that results in a contingency plan for each agent. With each iteration the agents get "smarter", in the sense that their plans are expanded to handle more possible conflicts with other agents. The approach is fast, practical and tractable, and has advantages for decision support.

10.0706 Anomaly Detection via Feature-Aided Tracking and Hidden Markov Models Satnam Singh, William Donat, Krishna Pattipati, Peter Willett (University of Connecticut); Haiying Tu (Qualtech Systems) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:40 pm, Elbow 1 The problem of detecting an anomaly (or abnormal event) is such that the distribution of observations is different before and after an unknown onset time, and the objective is to detect the change by statistically matching the observed pattern with that predicted by a model. In the context of asymmetric threats, the detection of an abnormal situation refers to the discovery of suspicious activities of a hostile nation or group out of noisy, scattered, and partial intelligence data. In this paper, we illustrate the capabilities of hidden Markov models(HMMs), combined with feature-aided tracking, for the detection of asymmetric threats.

10.08 Novel Information Technologies for Asymmetric Threats Session Organizer: David Cousins, BBN Technologies 10.0801 Sensitivity Analysis of Gigabit Concept Mining System Andrew Levine, Ron Loui, John W. Lockwood, Young H. Cho (Washington University) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Elbow 1 We consider how to optimize a system that performs real-time analysis and classification of network traffic. We systematically determine the best parameters for the reconfigurable hardware such that we do not sacrifice the quality of the result. We applied the optimization


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to determine the best parameters for a system that identifies the topics of Internet newsgroup postings as the data streams over a Gigabit Ethernet link.

10.0802 GeoBoost™: An AJAX Web 2.0 Collaborative Geospatial Visualization Framework Stephen G. Eick, M. Andrew Eick, Jesse Fugitt, Russell A. Lankenau (SSS Research, Inc) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:55 am, Elbow 1 Recently a new class of applications called Web 2.0 has emerged that uses AJAX and other web programming techniques to provide a rich user experience in a web browser. To experiment with this approach, we have developed a Web 2.0 thin client collaborative visualization framework called GeoBoost™ that uses Scalable Vector Graphics and AJAX to provide a rich user experience built around collaboration. Our framework includes geospatial maps, standard business charts, node and link displays, and custom visual displays. All of our visualization components run in standard web browsers and provide rich interaction and collaboration.

10.0803 An Adaptive Markov Game Model for Threat Intent Inference Dan Shen, Genshe Chen, Chiman Kwan (Intelligent Automation, Inc.); Martin Kruger (ONR) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:20 am, Elbow 1 In this paper, we propose a decentralized Markov game theoretic approach to estimate the belief of each possible enemy Course of Action, which is utilized to model the adversary intents. It has the following advantages: 1) It is decentralized. Each cluster or team makes decisions mostly based on the local information. 2) A Markov Decision Process can effectively model the uncertainties in the noisy military environment; 3) It is a game model with three players: red force, blue force, and white force; 4) Correlated-Q Reinforcement Learning is integrated. A simulation software package has been developed to demonstrate the performance.

10.09 Quantitative and Computational Social Sciences to Understand 21st Century Strategic Threats

Session Organizer: Robert Popp, Aptima, Inc. 10.0901 Models of Trust and Disinformation in the Open Press from Model-Driven Linguistic Pattern Analysis Gregory A. Mack (SAIC-Advanced Information Technology Center); Stephen G. Eick(SSS Research, Inc); Mark Clark (SAIC - Advanced Systems, Concepts) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:45 am, Elbow 1 The TRAQ-M (Tracking Analysis, Quantification-Mitigation) platform is a computational system that applies Social Science Models and nonparametric statistical methods to understand complex human behavior patterns. The system focuses on understanding patterns in language and is capable of ingesting millions of documents per day and identifying linguistic patterns. In this paper we focus on source modeling, especially determination of which sources pass false information or are otherwise biased We use nonparametric statistical models to compare document content histograms and linguistic pattern analysis to identity disinformation.

10.10 Software Development Methodologies Session Organizer: Joseph Urban, Arizona State University 10.1001 Uploadable Executable Specification Concept for Spacecraft Autonomy Systems George Cancro (APL), William Innanen (APL), Russell Turner(APL), Christopher Monaco (APL), Michael Trela (APL) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:10 am, Elbow 1 Current spacecraft autonomy systems suffer from two main problems. First, autonomy designs cannot be adequately reviewed by system engineers, resulting in a potential loss of desired system behavior. Second, current autonomy systems cannot fully assess the impact of modifications and then safely upload those modifications pre- and post-launch.


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These problems are addressed by the development of executable specification techniques to directly support system engineers with formalized models that translate into operational functionality. This paper describes a concept of combining an executable specification technique with a concept of software design using uploadable forms.

10.1002 NavP: Structuredand Multithreaded Distributed Parallel Programming Lei Pan (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:35 am, Elbow 1 We present Navigational Programming (NavP) - a distributed parallel programming methodology based on the principles of migrating computations and multithreading. The four major steps of NavP are: (1) Distribute the data using the data communication pattern in a given algorithm; (2) Insert navigational commands for the computation to migrate and follow large-sized distributed data; (3) Cut the sequential migrating thread and construct a mobile pipeline; and (4) Loop back for refinement. NavP is significantly different from the current prevailing Message Passing (MP) approach. The advantages of NavP include: (1) NavP is structured distributed programming and it does not change the code structure of an original algorithm. This is in sharp contrast to...

10.1003 Lessons Learned from Adapting Aerospace Engineering Tools to the Parallel and Grid Computing Environment Seungwon Lee, Hook Hua, Robert Carnright (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); John Coggi, David Stodden (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:00 am, Elbow 1 Many widely-used aerospace data generation and visualization tools are interactive in nature and are programmed to run on a single processor. In many cases, the software is too tuned to a single-processor infrastructure to be readily adapted for emerging parallel and grid computing environments. This paper presents several lessons learned from adapting an aerospace engineering tool to the parallel and grid computing architecture. The architecture provides the ability to perform high-power computing by distributing process execution across many computers connected by a dedicated network or the internet.

10.11 Use of XML in Space Systems Session Organizer: Ryan Detter, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 10.1101 Standardization of XML Database Exchanges and the James Webb Space Telescope Experience Jonathan Gal-Edd, Ryan Detter (Goddard Space Flight Center); Ron Jones (ARTS); Curtis C. Fatig (SAIC) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:25 am, Elbow 1 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has been working with the various standard communities such Object Management Group (OMG) and the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) to assist in the definition of a common eXtensible Markup Language (XML) for database exchange format. The CCSDS and OMG standards are meant for exchanging of core command and telemetry information, not for all database information needed to exercise a NASA space mission. The mission specific database, containing all the information needed for a space mission, is translated from/to the standard using a translator.

10.12 Web++: Semantics, Ontologies, and Agents Session Organizer: Sanda Mandutianu, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 10.1201 Basic Concepts and Distinctions for an Aerospace Ontology of Functions, Entities and Problems Jane T. Malin (NASA Johnson Space Center); David R. Throop (The Boeing Company) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 1 Aerospace taxonomies have been developed for interpreting descriptions of entities, functions, properties and problems. Each class concept has associated ‘mapping’ words


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and phrases (synonyms or names). The taxonomies and mapping words are designed to support text analysis. A text analysis tool has been used to semi-automatically generate system functional models from requirements and to find trends and recurrences in problem reports and change requests. The paper describes taxonomies for basic Upper top-level distinctions, Descriptions, Concepts, Entities, Functions/Actions, Problems, and Refining Properties. The taxonomies and text analysis tool have been applied to analyze reports in the Space Shuttle problem reporting database.

10.13 PANEL: XML Deployment Session Organizer: Ryan Detter, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

10.14 Software Architecture and Design Session Organizer: Charles Lee, SAIC / NASA Ames Research Center 10.1401 Reviewing Aerospace Proposals with Respect to Software Architecture Kathryn Anne Weiss (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:55 pm, Elbow 1 Aerospace proposal reviewers are given insight into the stage of development and maturity of a software architecture based on the specificity of the documentation as well as the level of abstraction of the design artifacts that comprise each supplier’s architecture. By organizing the information contained within the architecture documentation into a standard form, reviewers are enabled to compare seemingly disparate architectures. This paper outlines a method for organizing and then evaluating the information contained within competing software architecture descriptions that helps alleviate some of these difficulties. The information organization technique and subsequent analysis are demonstrated on the 4D/RCS reference architecture.

10.15 Intelligent networks for Space Applications Session Organizer: John Lockwood, Washington University 10.1501 Management and Service Discovery in Satellite and Avionic Networks Todd Sproull, John Lockwood (Washington University in Saint Louis); John Meier (Boeing Corporation) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 1 Command and control services manage network-attached assets deployed in distributed systems that can be separated by thousands of miles. Networks that rely on satellite communications to transit all data to a centralized control center are troubled by high latency due to long propagation delays to satellites and limited data transit over bandwidth constrained links. Low latency communications can be achieved by using a combination of distributed airborne and space-based systems. This research investigates how deployment of a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlay network in a region of conflict can reduce the latency for real time control and communication.

10.1502 Intelligent Sensor Fabric Computing on a Chip - A Technology Path for Intelligent Network Computing John Meier, Tirumale Ramesh (The Boeing Company) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:15 pm, Elbow 1 Cognitive intelligent computing technologies are a new generation of computing that can support real-time network applications in diverse markets. Low cost, high volume sensor nodes are realizable due to a high level of chip integration (i.e. System-on-a-chip). These sensor nodes can operate more efficiently in a distributed environment using cognitive reasoning for making collaborative decisions, improving the quality of information and real-time sensing control. Fabric computing (FC) provides the flexible connectivity of these sensor nodes that can adapt in real time to service dynamic application needs. One underlying technology for FC is the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) reconfigurable technology.

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Track 11: Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Health Management Track Organizer: Andrew Hess, Joint Strike Fighter Program Office Track Organizer: David Kleinman, Naval Postgraduate School

11.01 Fixed Wing and/or Rotary Wing PHM Program Applications Session Organizer: Keith Sellers, Boeing Session Organizer: Andrew Hess, Joint Strike Fighter Program Office 11.0101 Sandra – A New Concept for Management of Fault Isolation in Aircraft Systems Michael Petersson, Torbjorn Fransson (Saab AB) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 8:30 am, Gallatin When an airplane enters into service, the maintenance related functions are normally based on statistical calculations and experience from earlier systems. As operational use gives enhanced experience, updates in the aircraft system is essential to keep the users confidence. Changes in operational software have so far been very costly. The Sandra concept shows a method that Saab and the Swedish Airforce have developed to allow for low cost continous updates of Fault Isolation functions.

11.0102 Development of Regime Recognition Tools for Usage Monitoring David He, Shenliang Wu (University of Illinois); Eric Bechheofer (Goodrich FUS) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 8:55 am, Gallatin Usage monitoring entails determining the actual usage of a component on the aircraft and requires accurate recognition of regimes. In this paper, a regime recognition algorithm developed based on hidden Markov models is presented. The developed algorithm was validated and compared with other data mining methods using flight card data of an Army UH-60L helicopter. The validation and performance comparison results have showed that the hidden Markov model based regime recognition algorithm was able to accurately recognize the regimes recorded in the flight card data and outperformed other data mining methods.

11.0103 Reducing Military Helicopter Maintenance Through Prognostics Jonathan Cook (UK Ministry of Defence) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 9:20 am, Gallatin The risk of faults and failures within the mechanical assembly of a helicopter has always been a major concern, and conservative maintenance regimes have been set accordingly. This paper presents a mathematical model for the maintenance and lean supply-chain efficiencies that could be achieved through prognostic analysis of real-time mechanical health information from Chinook Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) in the UK MOD. Simulation results are introduced and discussed demonstrating the potential reduction in D states (aircraft grounded for lack of spares), maintenance queues and deployed component stockholding.

11.0104 Helicopter Structural Life Modeling: Flight Regime and Gross Weight Estimation Paul Grabill, Tom Brotherton (The Intelligent Automation Corp.); Jon Keller (US Army Aviation Engineering Directorate) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 9:45 am, Gallatin Accurate usage information collected by Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) coupled with improved structural fatigue life calculation methodologies promise to reduce helicopter operational and support costs while maintaining current flight safety levels. IAC has developed processing to include low cost regime recognition and aircraft gross weight estimation capability as an extension to the US Army’s Vibration Management Enhancement Program (VMEP). The regime recognition system has been implemented with the current release of IAC’s VMEP systems. Presented here is the methodology, development and visualization tools, and results for using the system on CH-47 aircraft.

Track 11: Diagnostics, Prognostics and Health Management

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11.0105 V-22 Data Visualization Toolset (VDVT) Implementation Dimitri A. Dousis (Bell Helicopter); Mark Strohmeyer (Naval Air Depot); Michael Lasiter, Marc Stonebraker (SPAWAR) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 10:10 am, Gallatin The V-22 aircraft Vibration, Structural Life, and Engine Diagnostics (VSLED) unit and the Aircraft Maintenance Event Ground Station(AMEGS) are tools for the maintainer. These tools support the detection of existing or developing faults of predefined mechanical assemblies. Enhancement of the present mechanical system diagnostic capabilities through integration of the ground station, Integrated Electronic Technical Manual (IETM), and V-22 Data Visualization Toolset (VDVT) is underway. These components are part of CAMEO (Collaborative Automated Maintenance Environment for Osprey). VDVT includes the capability to review data acquired during the flight. Plans for diagnostic improvements under CAMEO are presented including an example of degraded mechanical components detection.

11.0106 A Data-Driven PHM Approach to Supporting the F-35 Lightning II Edward R. Brown (BAE Systems); Neal N. McCollom, Erin-Elaine Moore (Lockheed Martin); Andrew Hess (PHM consultant) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 10:35 am, Gallatin The Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program has developed an aggressive vision for and has specified a very stringent set of requirements for a comprehensive Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) system. This vision and the associated specified requirements has resulted in the development of perhaps the most advanced and comprehensive set of diagnostic, prognostic, and health management capabilities yet to be applied to an aviation platform. These PHM capabilities are currently being developed and integrated into the JSF Air System design. This paper will provide a top level overview summary of the current PHM concept, design, and architecture; provide a general...

11.0107 ISHM & Design: A Review of the Benefits of the Ideal ISHM System James H. MacConnell (Consensus Technology, LLC) Presentation: Tuesday, March 6th, 11:00 am, Gallatin This paper summarizes the Integrated Systems Health Management Design Study, performed by Consensus Technology, LLC for the Wright Brothers Institute, Inc. under contract to The Air Force Research Laboratory. To define the overall scope and key research areas of a possible cross technical directorate effort in Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM), a team of health management experts from the Air Force, industry and academia was assembled to explore the design related benefits of ISHM. The collected benefits provide a compelling rationale for pursuing the development of fully integrated ISHM design capability and the technology development defined in the study.

11.02 PHM for Aviation and Space Propulsion Engines Session Organizer: Thomas Brotherton, The Intelligent Automation Corp. 11.0201 Modeling Propagation of Gas Path Damage Kai Goebel (Intelligent Automation Corporation); Hai Qiu, Neil Eklund, Weizhong Yan (GE Global Research) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:30 pm, Gallatin This paper describes how damage propagation can be tracked and modeled for a range of fault modes in gas path modules. First, response surfaces of all sensors are generated via a cycle deck as a function of variations of flow and efficiency of the modules of interest. Next, sensor readings are matched to those surfaces and the corresponding flow and efficiency pair is found. Then, the trajectory of these pairs over many cycles is projected into the time domain. An extrapolation of the curve to an operational limit yields the remaining life. The method is demonstrated on real engine faults.


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11.0202 Adaptive On-Wing Gas Turbine Engine Performance Estimation Rob Luppold, Tom Brotherton (Intelligent Automation Corporation); Al Volponi (Pratt & Whitney) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, Gallatin Here we consider development of a real-time hybrid model of a turbofan engine called eSTORM: enhanced Self Tuning On-board, Real-time engine Model. eSTORM fuses a physics based model with an empirical model to estimate engine component performance. A practical consideration for implementing eSTORM, involves sequential model building to construct and specify the empirical elements. A methodology for constructing this model in a sequential manner without the requirement for storing all of the original data has been developed. Model performance achieved with the automated update algorithm using real on-wing commercial aircraft engine data will be presented.

11.0203 Demonstration of a Reliability Centered Maintenance Tool to Extend Engine’s Time-On-Wing Wang, Link Jaw, Rendek (Scientific Monitoring, Inc.) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, Gallatin Module matching is an optimization technique that matches the remaining life of engine modules whenever an engine is in the shop to be built up. A module matching tool has been developed and tested on a fleet of active fighter engines of the Royal Air Force of United Kingdom. The results of this field test are presented in this paper. The results also show that the TOW extension and its benefit are significant even in a period as short as 12 months. By doubling (or tripling) the TOW, the RAF can realize a significant cost benefit and increase engine/aircraft availability.

11.0204 Simulation-based Design and Validation of Automated Contingency Management for Propulsion Systems Liang Tang, Gregory J. Kacprzynski (Impact Technologies, LLC); Abhinav Saxena, Marcos E. Orchard, George Vachtsevanos (Georgia Institute of Technology); Ann Patterson-Hine (NASA Ames Research Center) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, Gallatin Automated Contingency Management (ACM), or the ability to confidently and autonomously adapt to fault and/or contingency conditions with the goal of still achieving mission objectives, can be considered the ultimate technological goal of health management systems. To establish confidence on ACM system, objective performance evaluations should be executed. This paper presents a general process and related techniques for developing and validating ACM systems for advanced propulsion systems. A novel ACM modeling paradigm, optimization-based ACM strategies, verification/validation approaches and performance metrics are developed. A pressure-fed, monopropellant propulsion system is utilized as proof-of-concept implementation and preliminary simulation results are presented.

11.0205 Remote Detection of Bearing Fatigue Spalls via the Dynamic Response of Bearings on the Same Shaft David Tow, Sean Marble (Sentient Corporation) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, Gallatin A sensor capable of monitoring multiple rolling element bearings mounted on a common shaft for the presence of fatigue spalls is described. Experimental data is presented demonstrating the ability of the sensor to detect spalls, both in the instrumented bearing and in a remote bearing on the same shaft. The technology may be useful for monitoring main shaft bearings in gas turbine engines located in inaccessible or very hot engine regions.

11.0206 A Systems Engineering Approach to PHM for Military Aircraft Propulsion Systems Richard Millar (NAVAIR) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:40 pm, Gallatin Applying total life cycle systems management principles to the definition of health management and prognostics provisions for military propulsion systems requires a holistic


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approach to their life cycle: development, utilization, maintenance, modification, replacement and disposal of the propulsion system. This approach must be founded on the processes used to support and manage safe and cost effective operation of the air vehicle, as they relate to the propulsion system.

11.03 Diagnostics and PHM for Aerospace Subsystems and Components Session Organizer: Carl Byington, Impact Technologies, LLC 11.0301 Failure Modes and Prognostic Techniques for H-60 Tail Rotor Drive System Bearings Clint Baker, Sean Marble, Brogan P. Morton (Sentient Corporation); Bert J. Smith (AMSRD-AMR-AA-P AATD-RDECOM) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Gallatin The failure modes and diagnostic/prognostic signatures for the oil cooler and hanger bearings used in the tail rotor drive system of the H-60 series of helicopters are being researched. The overall goal is to develop a prognosis system to track and predict bearing degradation and to integrate those technologies with the open architecture IMD-HUMS. This paper summarizes the challenges and advancements that have been experienced while improving the diagnostic capabilities for the bearings. The causes and effects of bearing contamination and lubricant exhaustion are addressed, while the focus is placed on detection methods of these failure modes.

11.0302 Validating Prognostic Algorithms: A Case Study Using Comprehensive Bearing Fault Data Nancy Lybeck, Sean Marble, Brogan Morton (Sentient Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Gallatin The ultimate goal of prognostics is to accurately predict remaining useful life based on sensor data, system usage, and prior knowledge of fault-to-failure progression rates. One of the key components necessary for developing a prognostic algorithm is a diagnostic severity metric. This paper presents an evaluation of a number of standard vibration–based diagnostic metrics. The paper also includes an evaluation of prognostic algorithms based on vibration-based diagnostics that feed into a model-based prediction of future spall propagation. Methods for objectively measuring the quality of the predictions are proposed. The results demonstrate the current capabilities and limitations of predictive prognostics.

11.0303 Advances in Intelligent Health Reasoning and its Application to IBDM Alexander Feldman, André Bos (Universtiy of Technology, Delft); Marco Caporici, Oscar Gracia (ESTEC, The Netherlands) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, Gallatin We report on an experiment of using Model-Based Diagnosis (MBD) for advanced health monitoring of the hard-docking system of the International Berthing and Docking Mechanism (IBDM). The results of this experiment illustrate our approach in solving two major problems of MBD: modeling an artifact of non-trivial size and managing the representation complexity for finding a root cause of failure.

11.0304 Investigation of Current Methods to Identify Helicopter Gear Health Paula J. Dempsey (NASA Glenn Research Center);, David G. Lewicki/U.S. (Army Research Laboratory);, Dy D. Le/Federal Aviation Administration) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Gallatin This paper provides an overview of current vibration methods used to identify the health of helicopter transmission gears. The gears are critical to the helicopter transmission system. This paper reviews techniques used to process vibration data to calculate conditions indicators (CI’s), guidelines used by the government aviation authorities in developing and certifying the Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS), condition and health indicators used in commercial HUMS, and different methods used to set thresholds to detect damage. Initial assessment of a method to set thresholds for vibration based condition indicators applied to flight and test rig data are also discussed.


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11.0305 The Last Few Minutes Prior to a Fatigue Blade Failure in an Axial Compressor Peter Tappert, Mathieu Mercadal, Andreas von Flotow (Hood Technology Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, Gallatin This paper makes a small contribution to the knowledge base of failure modes and failure signatures in axial compressors. The paper describes observed signatures in data taken with a turbomachinery tip-timing system in the final 12 minutes of operation of an axial compressor before one of the blades of this axial compressor was liberated by growing crack. The crack growth was driven by a resonant vibration of that blade. The data file ends when the blade is liberated.

11.0306 Dynamic Decision Support and Automated Fault Accommodation for Jet Engines Liang Tang, Michael Roemer, Gregory J. Kacprzynski, Jianhua Ge (Impact Technologies, LLC) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:40 pm, Gallatin The development of a Dynamic Decision Support (D2S) system for real-time system health identification (RT-SHI) and automated contingency management (ACM) for jet engines is presented. The RT-SHI modules enhance on-board PHM functions with a dynamic system identification algorithm that is capable of detecting and isolating faults/failures with a continuously updated dynamic model. Based on health condition, mission requirements and flight regime information, the ACM modules automatically make decisions regarding control reconfiguration and change of control strategies. The D2S architecture and modules were applied to a generic turbofan engine model. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the approaches.

11.04 Algorithms and Advanced Analysis Concepts for Diagnostics and PHM Session Organizer: David Kleinman, Naval Postgraduate School 11.0401 Multi-Scale Rank-Permutation Change Localization Neil Eklund, Xiao Hu (General Electric Gobal Research) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:30 am, Gallatin This paper describes an approach for localizing the time of change in time series data. The performance of the system is assessed using synthetic data that closely matches the characteristics of real-world data. However, the synthetic data is deterministically labeled, so algorithm performance can accurately be assessed. The approach presented requires low computational power at runtime, an important feature for on-wing application that combines the rank transformation of data, randomization tests inspired by the work of Fisher and Pitman, and fusion of multi-scale estimates to result in a fast and accurate localization of change.

11.0402 Hybrid Change Detection for Aircraft Engine Fault Diagnostics Xiao Hu, Neil Eklund, William Cheetham (GE Global Research); Kai Goebel (NASA Ames Research Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:55 am, Gallatin Change detection is an important task for remote monitoring, fault diagnostics and system prognostics. When a fault occurs, it will often times cause changes in measurable quantities of the system. Early detection of changes in system measurements that indicate abnormal conditions helps the diagnostics of the fault so that appropriate maintenance action can be taken before the fault progresses, causes secondary damage to the system and the equipment experiences downtime. In this paper, we investigate the performance of a suite of change detection algorithms. A set of synthetic time series data with different change patterns are generated based on the...

11.0403 A Generalized Process for Optimal Threshold Setting in HUMS Eric Bechhoefer (Goodrich Fuels, Utility Systems); Andreas P.F. Bernhard (Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:20 am, Gallatin


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Monitoring the health of a helicopter drive train enhances flight safety and reduces operating costs. HUMS monitor the drive train by using accelerometers to measure component vibration. Algorithms process the time domain vibration data into various condition indicators, which are used to determine component health via thresholding. In general, some method is used to set thresholds for these CIs: when the threshold is exceeded, maintenance is recommended. This paper covers a generalized process of optimally setting threshold for CI and fusing the information into a Health...

11.0404 An Optimization-Based Method for Dynamic Multiple Fault Diagnosis Problem Satnam Singh, Sui Ruan, Kihoon Choi, Krishna Pattipati, Peter Willett (University of Connecticut); Setu Madhavi Namburu, Shunsuke Chigusa, Danil V. Prokhorov, Liu Qiao (Toyota Technical Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:45 am, Gallatin Imperfect test outcomes, due to factors such as unreliable sensors, electromagnetic interference, and environmental conditions, manifest themselves as missed detections and false alarms. The main objective of our research on on-board diagnostic inference is to develop near-optimal algorithms for dynamic multiple fault diagnosis (DMFD) problems in the presence of imperfect test outcomes. Our problem is to determine the most likely evolution of fault states, the one that best explains the observed test outcomes. Here, we develop a primal-dual algorithm for solving the DMFD problem by combining Lagrangian relaxation and the Viterbi decoding algorithm in an iterative way.

11.0405 Prior Training of Data Mining System for Fault Detection Charles Lee (NASA Ames Research Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:10 am, Gallatin Mission control center operates on the data feedback from the system and decisions are made based on threshold values by using fault trees. Since those decision-making tasks are safety critical and must be done promptly, the engineers who manually analyze the data are facing the challenge of time limit. To automate this process, this paper presents an approach that uses decision trees to discover faults from data in real-time and capture the contents of fault trees as prior knowledge and use them to set the initial state of the decision trees...

11.0406 Adaptive Maintenance Knowledge Bases for Field Service Jianhui Luo, Sudipto Ghoshal, Amit Mathur, Krishna R. Pattipati (Qualtech Systems, Inc.) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:35 am, Gallatin A maintenance knowledge base (MKB) offers solutions to diagnostic problems at a level comparable with that of experts in the field. The development of a MKB for a system is an iterative manual process. Thus the MKB (models and diagnostic decision trees or rules) is static and updated infrequently. In this paper, we will present an innovative approach that seamlessly combines model-based reasoning (MBR) and data-driven or case-based reasoning (CBR) for adaptive knowledge base creation, maintenance and update through multi-signal flow graph modeling. This adaptive MKB not only significantly reduces the upfront effort in creating the initial diagnostic model, but...

11.0407 Integrated System Bench for Design V&V Using Real-Time Simulation William Wang, Tran Van Hoang, Link Jaw, Wendy Chou, Vincent Crum, David Homan (Scientific Monitoring, Inc.) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:00 am, Gallatin An integrated system bench has been developed for validating system process using real-time simulation model. The validation process performs the feature characterization of a dynamical system of interest, and then uses the characterized features for system performance validation. The system bench is a computer platform consisting of multiple single-board computers, in which a suite of real-time embedded algorithms is designed and dedicated to system performance validation and fault feature analysis.


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11.0408 Reasoning Framework for Diagnosis and Prognosis Wojtek Przytula, Arthur Choi (HRL Laboratories) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:25 am, Gallatin This paper describes a general-purpose probabilistic framework for reasoning in diagnosis and prognosis. The framework provides a mathematically rigorous way of handling uncertainty, which is often present in diagnosis and is inherent to prognosis. It is based on an extension of Bayesian network models and Bayesian inference. It coherently integrates multiple sources of evidence in diagnosis and prognosis, such as: component usage, environmental conditions of operation as well as component health and health trends. The framework has been applied to diagnosis of very complex transportation and aviation systems and to prognosis of electromechanical and electronic subsystems in aviation.

11.05 Remote Monitoring, Diagnosis, and New Business Practices Session Organizer: Somnath Deb, Qualtech Systems, Inc. 11.0501 An Architecture for Distributed Search and Data-Mining in Condition Monitoring Applications Tom Jackson, Martyn Fletcher, Bojian Liang, Mark Jessop, Jim Austin (University of York) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 10:35 am, Gallatin There is an increasing growth in the volume of data generated by condition health monitoring applications as the technology becomes more pervasive and as the sensing technology becomes more complex. This can lead to significant problems in processing the volumes of data in an efficient way, particularly when the data is held remotely. This paper describes a distributed Grid architecture that supports real-time pattern matching analysis to address this requirement within complex CHM problems. The architecture is generic and scalable...

11.0502 Application of an Effective Data-Driven Approach to Real-time Fault Diagnosis in Automotive Engines Setu Madhavi Namburu, Shunsuke Chigusa, Danil Prokhorov, Liu Qiao (Toyota), Kihoon Choi, Krishna Pattipati (University of Connecticut) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 11:00 am, Gallatin A dominant thrust in modern automotive industry is the development of “smart service systems” for the comfort of customers. Here, we present a mode-invariant fault diagnosis procedure based on data–driven approach, and show its applicability to automotive engines. We simulate the Toyota Camry 544N Engine SIMULINK model in a real-time simulator and controlled by a prototype ECU. The engine model is simulated under several operating conditions and pre- and post-fault data is collected for eight engine faults with different severity levels. The results demonstrate that appealing diagnostic accuracy and fault severity estimation are possible with pattern recognition-based techniques.

11.0503 Opportunities for Prognostic Health Monitoring Martin Karchnak, Robert Shipman (Epoch Engineering Inc.) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 11:25 am, Gallatin In a previous series of IEEE AeroSpace Conference Papers, specific technical characteristics of a Robust Laser Interferometer (RLI) were presented, with emphasis on applicability for aviation PHM. Realizing that one concern associated with robust high volume data systems relates to the ìnformation extraction`, opportunities for RLI-based PHM are examined from four ìnformation sensitive` viewpoints. These are: i) àrtifact free` wideband spectrum data; ii) user friendliness; iii) use of a `system basis` for PHM design; and iv) application of the `logic of science`.

11.06 New Sensor Technologies for PHM Applications Session Organizer: Jonathan Cook, Materials Integrity Group, UK MOD 11.0601 Low-power Electronics for Distributed Impact Detection and Piezoelectric Sensor Applications Kevin Champaigne, Jonathan Sumners (Invocon, Inc.)


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Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:30 pm, Gallatin Invocon is currently developing self-contained, miniaturized, piezoelectric sensory nodes with extremely low-power trigger modes and RF communication capabilities under a NASA Phase 2 SBIR program. Each node will continuously monitor an accelerometer, AE sensor, or PZT element for an impact event, such as a micro-meteor, while dissipating only microwatts of power. A low-latency signal acquisition circuit will capture the event as digital waveforms for impact characterization. Additionally, the system will provide a general purpose hardware platform on which ISHM sensing techniques can be implemented. Triggering capabilities, data acquisition circuit design, overall system design, and potential applications are described.

11.0602 Gas Turbine Inlet Salt Monitoring for Filtration and Hot Section Prognostics Navy Marine Gas Turbines) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:55 pm, Gallatin Gas Turbine Salt Detection FCD Filtration Monitoring Hot Section Corrosion Prognostics...

11.0603 A Methodology for Optimum Sensor Localization/Selection in Fault Diagnosis Guangfan Zhang (Intelligent Automation, Inc.); George Vachtsevanos (Georgia Institute of Technology) This paper introduces a methodology for deciding the type, number, and location of sensors required to monitor accurately and robustly fault indications or signatures in a critical military or industrial system. In our approach, a detectability metric is defined quantitatively to express the capability of a sensor to detect a fault; a novel Quantified-Directed-Model is called upon to model fault propagation from one component or subsystem to the next of a complex large-scale system; and an appropriate figure-of-merit is defined to achieve optimum sensor placement. The performance of the strategy is tested and validated with a five-tank system.

11.07 Prognostics for Aero-Mechanical Systems Session Organizer: Andrew Hess, Joint Strike Fighter Program Office 11.0701 Propulsion System Prognostics R&D Through the Technical Cooperation Program Jeff Bird (National Research Council Canada-Institute for Aerospace Research-Gas Turbine Lab); Andrew Hess (Joint Strike Fighter Program Office) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:50 pm, Gallatin International cooperation and coordination are key features of cost effective management of propulsion system R&D. The Technical Cooperation Program fosters such efforts for military-directed work among agencies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The program’s general arrangements and opportunities are discussed, e.g. means to exchange data, equipment and staff, and specifically, the activity of the Technical Panel 3, “Propulsion and Power Systems”. Within the disclosure limits, examples of cooperation and successful development are provided: the Helicopter Integrated Diagnostics System, other collaborative projects, workshops and data exchanges. Strategic planning directions and opportunities are identified.

11.0702 Seeded Failure Testing and Analysis of an Electro-Mechanical Actuator David S. Bodden, N. Scott Clements (Lockheed Martin Aeronautics), Bill Schley (Parker Aerospace), Gavin Jenney (Dynamic Controls, Inc.) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:15 pm, Gallatin An accelerated wear test program for an electromechanical actuator (EMA) was funded and conducted by Parker Aerospace and Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. The objective of the program was to identify failure pre-cursors that exhibited repeatable trends, and could be used to construct a remaining useful life algorithm with an identifiable confidence level. Selected mechanical components of the actuator were seeded with an abrasive contaminant to achieve accelerated wear. The test facility and approach is described, along with failure criteria and test results.


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11.0703 Formulation of Prognostics Requirements Alexander Usynin, J. Wesley Hines (The University of Tennessee); Aleksey Urmanov (Sun Microsystems) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:40 pm, Gallatin This paper proposes a methodology for formulating prognostics requirements for designers of electronic prognostics (EP)-enabled systems. A usefulness criterion is introduced that enables the specification of admissible uncertainty bounds on measurements of systems` health/degradation parameters. Keeping the uncertainty of health estimation below the admissible levels assures more accurate individual remaining useful life (RUL) estimations than those based on traditional population average time-to-failure. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using the well-known cumulative damage model that was extended to incorporate individual degradation data.

11.08 Prognostics for Avionic Systems Session Organizer: Jarrod Line, VEXTEC 11.0801 Predictive & Prognostic Controller for Wide Band Gap (Silicon Carbide) Power Conversion Gregg Davis, Leo Casey, Mark Prestero (SatCon); Brett Jordan, Jim Scofield (US Air Force Research Laboratory); Kirby Keller, Jim Sheahan, Jeffrey Roach (Boeing), Michael Scherrer (Smart-Tek); Ranbir Singh (GeneSiC) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 8:30 am, Gallatin Degradation and failure of electronic systems often appears to be abrupt and unpredictable. In truth, imperfections in the system, under the influence of environmental and operating stress, grow over time and ultimately lead to failure. While many of these imperfections are mechanical they are usually microscopic in scale and difficult to detect. This paper presents work on detecting failure precursors in power electronic systems and, where that is not possible, prognostication of the state of health of the system (gas gauge of health) based on the operating and environmental history coupled to models of dominant failure.

11.0802 Application of Prognostic Health Management in Digital Electronic Systems Patrick Kalgren, Mark Baybutt, Chris Minnella, Antonio Ginart, Michael Roemer (Impact); Tom Dabney (Joint Strike Fighter Program Office) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 8:55 am, Gallatin Development of robust prognostics for digital electronic system health management will improve device reliability and maintainability for many industries with products ranging from enterprise network servers to military aircraft. Techniques from a variety of disciplines is required to develop an effective, robust, and technically sound health management system for digital electronics. The presented technical approach integrates collaborative diagnostic and prognostic techniques from engineering disciplines including statistical reliability, damage accumulation modeling, physics of failure modeling, signal processing and feature extraction, and automated reasoning algorithms.

11.0803 An Enhanced Prognostic Model for Intermittent Failures in Digital Electronics Guangfan Zhang, Chiman Kwan, Roger Xu (Intelligent Automation, Inc.); Nikhil Vichare, Michael Pecht (University of Maryland) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 9:20 am, Gallatin This paper presents an enhanced prognostic model to predict remaining useful life. The model utilizes environmental loads and in-situ performance measurements in conjunction with two baseline prediction algorithms: life consumption monitoring (LCM) and uncertainty adjusted prognostics (UAP). Fusion techniques are then utilized to integrate the two prognostic algorithms. A key and unique value of this combined prognostic model is its ability to assess intermittent as well as “hard” failures. In the paper we show how it has been validated for intermittent and “hard” solder joint interconnect failures under temperature cycling loads.


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11.0804 A Prognostic Sensor for Voltage Regulated Switch-Mode Power Supplies Justin B. Judkins, James Hofmeister, Sonia Vohnout (Ridgetop Group, Inc.) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 9:45 am, Gallatin We outline a non-invasive method for the detection of failure precursors for optical isolators used in switch-mode power supplies. The method relies on the transfer characteristics of the closed loop operation of the power supply circuit to evaluate gain, rather than direct measurement of current at the isolator terminals. We show that it is possible to detect the onset of degradation of the isolator before performance is adversely affected, and track the progression of a fault. The method presented is simple to implement on many commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) supplies, and offers the advantage of longer maintenance cycles at lower cost.

11.0805 Electronic Prognostics Through Advanced Modeling Techniques Kevin Line; (VEXTEC Corporation); Arun Iyer; (VEXTEC Corporation) Presentation: Friday, March 9th, 10:10 am, Gallatin Electronic prognostics is a growing field important to both military and commercial applications. When implemented, this capability will greatly enhance the maintenance management of platforms. Electronic prognostics requires extensive use of physics of failure models to predict the remaining useful life of complex electronic failure modes.

11.09 PHM for Aerospace Structures Session Organizer: David Hochmann, Goodrich Corp. FUS 11.0901 SIPS, A Structural Integrity Prognosis System John M. Papazian, Elias L. Anagnostou, Stephen Engel, Daniel Fridline, David Hoitsma, John Madsen, Jerrell Nardiello, Robert P. Silberstein, Greg Welsh, James B. Whiteside (Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:30 am, Gallatin The Structural Integrity Prognosis System (SIPS)is being designed to provide prompt, informed predictions of the structural viability of individual assets based on tracking of their actual use and modeling of anticipated usage. The prognosis system is founded on collaboration between sensor systems, advanced reasoning methods for data fusion and signal interpretation, and modeling and simulation systems. The modeling approach is based on the physical mechanisms of corrosion and fatigue damage.

11.0902 FUMS Technologies for Advanced Structural PHM Hesham Azzam, Andrew Smith, Frank Beaven (Smiths Aerospace), Iain Hebden (BAE SUSTEMS) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:55 am, Gallatin Over the past seven years, Smiths and BAE SYSTEMS have launched collaborative work to evolve a certifiable practical Structural Prognostic Health Management (SPHM) system. The collaborative work has built on BAE SYSTEMS’ vast advanced technology experience and on Smiths’ unique experience that has produced intelligent Fleet and Usage Management Software (FUMSTM) including fusion, prognostic and decision support algorithms combining model-based and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. This paper describes the recent advances and optimisation of the Smiths algorithms for damage detection and Operational Load Monitoring (OLM). A combination of FUMSTM signal processing and AI techniques have been applied to acoustic emission...


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11.0903 The UK MOD EUCAMS Strategy and the FUMS Developments Stuart Driver, Mark Robinson, Ed Moses, Jon Cook (UK MOD); Hesham Azzam, Peter Knight (Smiths Aerospace) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:20 am, Gallatin The UK MOD has a programme of technology development projects within the field of Engine Usage, Condition Monitoring and Management Systems (EUCAMS). The EUCAMS goal is to improve availability, sustainability, affordability and airworthiness by enabling intelligent propulsion system management. A significant proportion of the EUCAMS work has involved aircraft data management and specifically the joint development with Smiths Aerospace of the Fleet and Usage and Management System (FUMSTM). This paper describes the UK MOD EUCAMS strategy and presents an overview of FUMSTM and its recent applications that address joint MOD requirements covering engines, military aeroplanes and helicopters.

11.0904 Life Remaining Prognostics for Airframe Structural Components Curt Rideout, Scott Ritchie (Positron Systems, Inc.) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:45 am, Gallatin Many aircraft structural components, such as attachment fittings and landing gear parts, have very short critical crack lengths and do not lend themselves to state-of-the-art durability and damage tolerance assessments. Positron Systems has completed projects which demonstrated that Induced Positron Analysis (IPA) technologies can reliably detect and quantify tensile plastic strain damage induced by simulated and operational conditions in aerospace material specimens and components. The fatigue testing has demonstrated the IPA technologies have potential to detect fatigue damage induced in specimens and operational components.

11.0905 Effect of Improving Accuracy of Load Monitoring on Aircraft Probability of Failure Yevgeny Macheret, Phillip Koehn (Institute for Defense Analyses) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:10 am, Gallatin Evaluating risk of aircraft failure is necessary for scheduling appropriate maintenance, avoiding aircraft losses and mission failures, maintaining a high level of readiness, and estimating aircraft fleet aging. This paper presents the results of calculating aircraft failure risk by estimating the probability of structural failure of F-18 wing attachment bulkheads. The risk is calculated as a probability of failure (POF) during a single flight, and it is shown that the effect of uncertainty in the knowledge of applied flight loads on POF is significant. The reported results provide a framework for evaluating benefits of improving accuracy of load.

11.0906 Classification of Damage Signatures in Composite Plates Using One-Class SVMs Santanu Das, Aditi Chattopadhyay (Arizona State University); Ashok N. Srivastava (NASA Ames Research Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 10:35 am, Gallatin Damage characterization through wave propagation and scattering is of considerable interest to many non-destructive evaluation techniques. For fiber-reinforced composites, complex waves can be generated during the tests due to the non-homogeneous and anisotropic nature of the material when compared to isotropic materials. Additional complexities are introduced due to the presence of the damage and thus results in difficulty to characterize these defects. The inability to detect damage in composite structures limits their use in practice. A major task of structural health monitoring is to identify and characterize the existing defects or defect evolution through the interactions between structural features and...

11.0907 Rapid Assessment of Surface Treatment Effectiveness and Degradation by Direct Field Measurement Curt Rideout, Scott Ritchie (Positron Systems, Inc.)


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Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 11:00 am, Gallatin Induced Positron Analysis (IPA) has demonstrated the ability in a single measurement to nondestructively quantify shot peen and cold expansion induced residual stress and relaxation effects in single crystal superalloys, steels, titanium and aluminum. IPA has demonstrated the ability to quantitatively measure residual stress effects throughout the operational life-cycle of the structural material – from determining the effectiveness of the initial treatment to tracking the operationally-induced changes over the life of the component.

11.0908 Real-Time Detection of Solder-Joint Faults in Operational Field Programmable Gate Arrays James P. Hofmeister, Edgar Ortiz, Douglas Goodman, Justin B. Judkins (Ridgetop Group, Inc.); Pradeep Lall (Auburn University, Alabama) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 11:25 am, Gallatin The paper presents two sensors that detect solder-joint faults in real time in programmed, operational Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) that are mounted on printed wire assembly boards. The sensors are the first known for detecting high-resistance faults in operational solder-joint I/O networks. The first sensor, Sentinel SJ BIST™, uses read-write logic and a small capacitor connected to dedicated two-pin test groups. The second, Sentinel SJ Monitor™, is externally attached to an I/O pin that is pulled low. Both sensors detect resistance faults of 100 Ohms or less that last for 20 nanoseconds or less. There are no false alarms.

11.0909 New Techniques for Detecting Early Fatigue Damage Accumulation in Aircraft Structural Components Curt Rideout, Scott Ritchie (Positron Systems, Inc.) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon Induced Positron Analysis (IPA) was investigated and evaluated to determine IPA’s capability to measure operationally induced fatigue damage accumulation in thick and multilayer aircraft structural components. Aircraft wing attach fittings (WAFs) made of 7475-T3751 aluminum with varying operational histories were obtained and evaluated using IPA. The purpose was to determine IPA’s capabilities for detecting fatigue damage in the WAFs, correlate the damage with the operational usage history, and determine if IPA results were suitable for use in life remaining predictive models. In addition to WAFs, other structural components are being assessed for IPA evaluation.

11.10 PHM Integration Technologies Session Organizer: Kirby Keller, Boeing 11.1001 An Enterprise Strategy for Implementing Conditioned-Based Maintenance Plus Research in the USAF Kelly Navarra (Air Force Research Laboratory); Robert Lawton, Skip McCusker (General Dynamics Information Technology); Nancy Hearrell (Haverstick Government Solutions, Inc.) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Gallatin The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), along with its many research partners, is actively engaged in aiding the transformation of the Air Force’s sustainment practices. The most difficult challenge is the lack of a unified end-state vision for Conditioned-Based Maintenance Plus (CBM+) and health management accomplishments in the Air Force. The authors present an end-state vision for health management that aligns with that of the Air Force Logistics leadership and may eventually evolve into a unified Air Force logistics/health management vision. High-level conceptual architecture views and data models are provided.


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11.1002 Methodologies for Integration of PHM Systems with Maintenance Data F. Camci, S. Valentine (Impact Technologies, LLC); K. Navarra (Air Force Research Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:55 am, Gallatin A large number of technologies are becoming available within the Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) community leading to reduced cost and increased availability. The challenge is to develop advanced technology to integrate available PHM information from different sources into the maintenance/logistics infrastructure. This paper presents multi-agent technology that integrates maintenance and PHM data for more effective maintenance identification/scheduling. The proposed methodologies will enable the maintenance/logistics infrastructure to fully benefit from PHM systems and their update based on maintenance system’s feedback. The integration utilizes intelligent software agent technology within open, dynamic, uncertain and complex environments with data distributed over a network.

11.1003 PHM Integration with Maintenance and Inventory Management Systems Fang Tu, Sudipto Ghoshal,Jianhui Luo (Qualtech Systems, Inc.); Gautam Biswas, Sankaran Mahadevan (Vanderbilt Univ.); Link Jaw (Scientific Monitoring, Inc.); Kelly Navarra (Air Force Research Lab) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:20 am, Gallatin In this paper, we describe an integration process where the primary focus is on bridging the gap between the individual component prognosis and the system-level reasoning required to support maintenance and inventory management decisions. The research involves integration of component health assessment with an information fusion mechanism that operates in conjunction with a higher-level reasoning engine which utilizes system-level structural and functional dependencies. The higher-level reasoning engine generates a system availability analysis that leads directly to actionable tasks for the inventory and maintenance management decision support systems. The inventory management decision support system involves predicting the spares requirements.

11.1004 Health Management Engineering Environment and Open Integration Platform Kirby Keller (The Boeing Company, Phantom Works) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:45 am, Gallatin Phantom Works is developing a Health Management Engineering Environment (HMEE) to foster and transition health management technology from industry, academia and government technology base to Boeing Products. The HMEE consists of a Program Analysis and Modeling Environment to develop the IVHM business case, Development Environment to address tool integration and affordable development and an Operations Environment to provide hardware in the loop test and demonstration capability.

11.1005 Design, Implementation, and Utilization of a Common Data Model for Vehicle Health Management Matthew A. Shawver, Geoff J. Hanson, Aaron A. Kagawa (James) Jian Shi Wang(Referentia Systems Inc.), Greg J. Clark, Daniel D. Gilbertson (The Boeing Company); Phantom Works) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:10 am, Gallatin Aircraft have multiple disparate data sources associated with maintaining vehicle health. Storing and retrieving data for correlation, trending, and analysis from these data sources is inefficient and expensive. To enable efficient data retrieval and storage, we have implemented an innovative software system based on a common data model that is independent of the data type or vehicle platform. We show that it is possible to integrate data from multiple aircraft platforms using a single data model to facilitate data interoperability and enable cross-platform application development...

11.1006 An Open System Architecture for Condition Based Maintenance Overview Brian Bruggeman (Boeing), Jon Dunsdon (Smiths Aerospace), Dan Gilbertson (Boeing), Wayne Majkowski (Boeing), Kevin Swearingen (Boeing) (Presenting), Ben Sykes (Smiths Aerospace) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:35 am, Gallatin


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The design and implementation of a health management system is improved by selection of an open standard for processing data. Integration across suppliers, partners, and subcontractors is more effective and affordable; hardware and software integration is simplified as well. This paper provides details of the OSACBM (Open System Architecture for Condition Based Maintenance) standard as applied to Integrated Vehicle Health Management. Boeing and Smiths Aerospace implementations of this standard are described, with specific aircraft subsystem application examples.

11.1007 IVHM Solutions Using Commercially-available Aircraft Condition Monitoring Systems Mike Sudolsky (Boeing Company) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:00 am, Gallatin Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Aircraft Condition Monitoring System (ACMS) hardware supports critical health management functionality; real-time event forwarding or recording of any parametric/discrete data can be performed using the Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit (DFDAU). The ubiquitous DFDAU is the predominant fielded hardware supporting this important functionality – every 737, 757 and 767 airplane must have the unit installed and the same DFDAU can be used on any of the three aircraft (derivative implementations are on other airplane models). Other items discussed: FOQA, ECM, ACMS updates or continual maturation prior to a following vehicle mission, BOLDR™ IVHM data bus optimization methods, and...

11.1008 Real Time Data Management in Prognostic Systems Robert Valentine; (VEXTEC Corporation); Richard Holmes; (VEXTEC Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:25 am, Gallatin Prognostic and health management software modules utilize data from numerous sensor networks for measuring or estimating many system parameters. The fundamental building blocks of data compression techniques, along with data sequencing techniques, were developed to produce intelligent compression methods with average compression ratios from 27:1 to 200:1 while still matching the original signal within tolerances and accuracy necessary for PHM algorithms. Work clearly shows that it is possible to achieve high compression of onboard sensed or inferred data streams, compress these data and thereafter use these data to produce highly accurate prognostics results.

11.1009 A Hierarchical Model-based Approach to Systems Health Management Gautam Biswas, Sankaran Mahadevan (Vanderbilt University) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 11:50 am, Gallatin Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM) provides the ability to maintain system health and performance over the life of a system by combining fault diagnosis and prognosis. At the core of our approach are a set of component oriented physical system models that include physics of failure models to derive the dynamic behavior of a degrading system by simulation. Current state information predicts future behavior and performance of the system to guide decision making on system operation and maintenance. We demonstrate our approach on the fluid loop of a secondary sodium cooling loop of a nuclear reactor system.


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11.1010 Multi-platform Airplane Health Management Greg J. Clark, John L. Vian (The Boeing Company); Michael E. West, Vassilis L. Syrmos (University of Hawaii); William F. Randolph, William J. Hardman (NAVAIR) Matthew A. Shawver, Geoff J. Hanson (Referentia Systems, Inc.) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon The Integrated Airplane Health Management (IAHM) program is a Navy research activity led by The Boeing Company with support from the University of Hawaii, Referentia Systems Incorporated, and Impact Technologies, LLC. The program focuses on interoperable multi-platform aircraft health management data handling and analysis methods applicable to military aircraft and commercial air transportation. A primary goal of the program is to significantly increase aircraft system reliability, safety, maintainability, availability, and affordability, resulting in improved mission performance and operational capabilities. As such, improved aircraft data accessibility and interoperability is viewed as a key enabler.

11.11 IVHM for Space Applications Session Organizer: Serdar Uckun, NASA Ames Research Center 11.1101 On Quantifying Cost-Benefit of ISHM in Aerospace Systems Chris Hoyle, Wei Chen (Northwestern University); Alex Mehr (QSS Group (NASA Ames Research Center); Irem Tumer (Oregon State University) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:30 pm, Gallatin Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM) is a system capability to detect, assess, and isolate faults in complex aerospace systems to improve safety and reliability. At the conceptual design level, system-level engineers must make decisions regarding the extent of vehicle fault coverage using on-board sensors and the data collection, processing, display, and action capabilities for various subsystems. In this paper, we propose a Cost-Benefit Analysis approach for the ISHM design process. The key to this analysis is the formulation of an objective function that explicitly quantifies the cost and benefit of implementing ISHM.

11.1102 Software Fault Protection with ARINC 653 Allen Goldberg, Kestrel Technology, Greg Horvath (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:55 pm, Gallatin With flight software becoming ever more complex, the assumption that even certified software behaves perfectly is not realistic. We advocate software fault protection -- a proactive approach in which the behavior of the software is monitored against a model of its expected behavior. This raises many questions. Why can bugs missed during v&V be detected and isolated during deployment? What aspects of the software should be modeled and monitored? What are effective recovery strategies? We give our answer to these questions in the context of ARINC 653.

11.1103 Model-Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis System for NASA Mars Subsurface Drill Prototype Edward Balaban. Howard Cannon, Sriram Narasimhan, Lee S. Brownston (NASA Ames Research Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 5:20 pm, Gallatin The Drilling Automation for Mars Environment (DAME) project, led by NASA Ames Research Center, is aimed at developing a lightweight, low-power drill prototype that can be mounted on a Mars lander for conducting subsurface geology and astrobiology research. The drill incorporates a large degree of autonomy – from monitoring of the system state and fault conditions to taking the appropriate recovery actions. This paper outlines the overall DAME architecture, equipment, and autonomy package, but focuses primarily on the model-based fault detection and diagnosis system. The results of the latest field tests, conducted in Haughton Crater on Devon Island, are also...


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11.1104 A Theory of Vehicle Management Systems Michael D. Watson, Stephen B. Johnson (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:50 pm, Gallatin This paper describes a theory of vehicle management systems (VMS). VMS theory include the management of internal vehicle health and of the vehicle`s interaction with the external environment. System health management theory provides a basis for a functional theory. The functions must be deployed into an architecture, and information theory provides a basis for the architectural analysis of VMSs.

11.1105 Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Diagnosis for Liquid Rocket Engine Propulsion Rodney Martin (NASA Ames Research Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:15 pm, Gallatin The results of a comprehensive array of unsupervised anomaly detection algorithms applied to Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) data are presented. Two different modeling techniques are employed, one of which is the well-known unconditional Gaussian mixture model (GMM), in which various feature vectors and data reduction techniques are used. Also, a simple linear dynamic system is modeled, with control system error data acting as the training data source. By using both modeling paradigms we can corroborate planned operational commands or provide warnings for unexpected operational commands.

11.1106 Bayesian Framework for In-Flight SRM Data Management and Decision Support Vadim. N. Smelyanskiy, Slava V. Osipov, Dmitry G. Luchinsky, Cetin Kiris, Dogan A. Timucin (NASA Ames Research Center); Sun Hwan Lee (Stanford University) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 9:40 pm, Gallatin We report progress in the development of a novel Bayesian framework for an in-flight Failure Decision and Prognostic system for Solid Rocket Boosters based on a combination of low-dimensional performance models and a Bayesian framework for diagnostics and prognostics of the parameters of nonlinear flow of combustion products in the combustion chamber. To simulate faults we introduce high-fidelity models of these faults based on stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE). To infer parameters of the model, the SPDE is reduced to a low dimensional performance model. We use as an example the nozzle blocking fault. that using a novel Bayesian...

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Track 12: Mission Ops Concepts, Technologies, & Experiences Track Organizer: Jody Gunn, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech

12.01 New and Emerging Ground System Technologies and Operations Strategies Session Organizer: David Maluf, NASA 12.0101 Activity Planning for the Phoenix Mars Lander Mission Jason M. Fox (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Michael McCurdy (NASA Ames Research Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:30 pm, Jefferson The Ensemble framework – an open architecture for the development, integration, and deployment of mission operations software – has enabled the production of a low-cost, feature-rich tool called The Phoenix Science Interface (PSI) to support tactical mission activity planning. PSI is revolutionary due to its ownership and manner of development. The development process is truly a collaborative effort between multiple groups at different NASA centers. Another advancement is the novel use of servers for tasks like detailed resource modeling, flight rule violation checks, and constraint network management. This talk will describe the overall functionality that PSI brings to the GDS.

12.0102 An Interactive Visualization System for Analyzing Spacecraft Telemetry George Cancro, Russell Turner, Lilian Nguyen, Angela Li, Deane Sibol, John Gersh, Christine Piatko, Jaime Montemayor, Priscilla McKerracher (Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:55 pm, Jefferson Traditionally, the diagnosis of spacecraft anomalies during test is slow and not very thorough. The process is an off-line, linear analysis of guessing a root cause and then attempting to verify the guess through identifying and plotting individual telemetry channels. The desire of mission operators and testers is to have a capability to analyze all telemetry channels simultaneously and then be able to freely move through time to cover the entire problem space. This paper discusses the development of a visualization system that facilitates a thorough review by enabling an operator to analyze data by pattern.

12.0103 Update: Concept and Operation of the Performance Data Analysis and Reporting System (PDARS) Richard Nehl (FAA); John Schade (ATAC Corporation) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 5:20 pm, Jefferson Since 1999 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been operating a system for the collection, analysis, and reporting of performance-related data from the National Airspace System (NAS). This Performance Data Analysis and Reporting System (PDARS) has been installed at twenty Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), nineteen Terminal Radar Approach Control facilities (TRACONs), three Service Area Offices, the FAA`s Air Traffic Control System Command Center in Herndon, Virginia and FAA Headquarters offices in Washington, DC. The system generates and distributes close to 1000 reports daily for these facilities. This paper discusses the concept and operation of PDARS.

12.0104 NASA World Wind: Opensource GIS for Mission Operations David Bell, Frank Kuehnel, Chris Maxwell, Randy Kim, Kushyar Kasraie (USRA Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science); Tom Gaskins (Tom Gaskins Inc.); Patrick Hogan, Joe Coughlan (NASA) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:50 pm, Jefferson This paper describes NASA World Wind, its technical architecture and performance, its emerging use for mission operations, and the significant contributions of the international opensource community in making World Wind what it is today. World Wind is a geographic information system that provides graphical access to terabytes of imagery and elevation models for planets and other celestial objects including satellite and other data of the Earth, Moon, Mars, Venus, and Jupiter. World Wind is not only an application in which add-ons can be integrated, but is also being developed as a plugin that can be integrated with other applications.

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12.0105 MONACO – Multi-Objective National Airspace Collaborative Optimization Raj Subbu, John Lizzi, Naresh Iyer (GE Global Research), Pratik D. Jha, Alexander Suchkov (Lockheed Martin); Transportation, Security Solutions) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon We present a scalable enterprise framework for multi-stakeholder, multi-objective model-based planning and optimization of air traffic in the national airspace system (NAS). The approach is based on an intelligent evaluation and optimization at the strategic and flight route levels. At the strategic level, we focus on flight separations to improve airspace system performance. At the flight route level, we focus on identifying an optimal flight path portfolio that trades-off a reduction in miles flown and a reduction in congestion. This framework not only considers system-level objectives, but also regards the impact of decisions on the principal stakeholders within the NAS.

12.02 Architecting, Designing, Building, and Testing Successful Ground Systems Session Organizer: David LaVallee, Johns Hopkins University 12.0201 Development of a Ground Data Messaging Infrastructure for the Mars Science Laboratory and Beyond Daniel Allard (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:30 am, Jefferson The Mission Data Processing and Control Subsystem (MPCS) under development for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) incorporates a messaging-based architecture to support event-driven flight operations. MPCS applications communicate over a Java Messaging Service (JMS) compliant messaging bus using messages defined by common XML data schemas. This approach provides a system-wide “information bus” that functions as a “blackboard” of flight and ground activity information available to interested clients. This paper will discuss the issues and lessons learned by the Chill team from the development, integration and early stages of deployment of a ground data system architecture built on a messaging infrastructure.

12.0202 Cruisin’ and Chillin’: Testing the Java-Based Distributed Ground Data System “Chill” with CruiseControl Kathryn F. Sturdevant (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:55 am, Jefferson This paper describes the design of the development test environment for the Mission Data Processing and Control Subsystem (MPCS), code-named “Chill.” MPCS Chill is currently in development to support the Mars Science Laboratory, scheduled for launch in 2009. MPCS is a Linux-based ground data system which includes both telemetry and command functions. MPCS Chill’s continuous integration process is provided by its adaptation of CruiseControl, an open source framework for a continuous build process. CruiseControl is configured on the dedicated build machine, a Linux workstation. MPCS Chill presents a model for testing Java-based distributed ground systems in a semi-automated manner.

12.0203 Planning and Scheduling of Earth Observing Satellites David Kaslow (Lockheed Martin); IS&S) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:20 am, Jefferson The roles and interactions of activity planning and scheduling for Earth Observing Satellites are based on factors such as mission objective, system assets and resources, system and spacecraft constraints, planning criteria, scheduling strategies, timelines, and desired level of automation and operator interaction. Activities are generalized into four categories: accomplish the mission objective, support the mission objective, manage the system resources, and maintain the system assets. This paper discusses factors that influence the planning and scheduling design and design complexities. Included is how the design addresses modeling of the spacecraft subsystems and states when incorporating spacecraft capabilities, constraints and operating guidelines.


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12.03 Realizing the Future: Drivers, Challenges, & Concepts for 21st Century Missions

Session Organizer: Theodore Bujewski, The Aerospace Corporation 12.0301 Identification of Potentially Serious Global Trends with Relevance to Aerospace Systems Simulation Michael Baxter (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:45 am, Jefferson This paper presents and discusses a number of general global trends with potentially serious implications for the development and operation of aerospace systems. In this context, aerospace systems are those systems which include atmospheric or exo-atmospheric vehicles as a key component. The identified trends consist of widely discussed and anticipated changes in the areas of geologic resources, resource management and procurement, and climate change. The current dynamics of oil production and resource extraction are identified and discussed under the heading of resource management. Some of the implications of anticipated trends in climate change on industrial and operations are discussed.

12.0302 Human-Robotic Missions to the Moon and Mars: Operations Design Implications Andrew Mishkin, Young Lee (Jet Propulson Laboratory); David Korth, Troy LeBlanc (Johnson Space Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:10 am, Jefferson The challenges of human Mars missions, particularly roundtrip communications time delays and interplanetary transit times of many months, will require the evolution of new operations approaches far less dependent on rapid response by Earthbound operations teams. Robotics and automation will augment human capability, increase human safety, and enable the transfer of traditional mission control tasks from the ground to crews. The authors assess human lunar and Mars mission challenges and characteristics, and consider how human-robot operations may be integrated to enable efficient joint operations, with the eventual emergence of a unified exploration operations culture.

12.0303 Tactile Display Technologies as an Enabler for Space Exploration Operations John Olson (NASA HQ - Exploration Systems Mission Directorate) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 10:35 am, Jefferson The study of simulated Space Shuttle guided precision approaches and landings with a modified Tactile Situation Awareness System in a Shuttle simulator showed that tactile displays decreased overall workload, improved SA, counteracted fatigue, and provided superior warning and monitoring capacity for this dynamic, complex spaceflight related task. Performance improvement results were statistically inconclusive, although operator feedback revealed that sensory input was generally intuitive and improved task learning. The results suggest that tactile display technologies may be a key integrated systems solution for safety, mission success, reliability, and sustained performance of the critical human element of space exploration operations. Applications included.

12.04 Enhancing the Mission, Reducing Cost & Risk: Automation, Multimission and Other Solutions

Session Organizer: Kevin Benedict, SAIC 12.0401 The James Webb Space Telescope Experience: A Lifecycle Approach to Ground Support Equipment Paul Guy, Larry Barrett, Curtis Fatig (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 11:00 am, Jefferson A fundamental issue is to manage the risk associated with coordinating the development of the SIs and their associated engineering products with the eventual integration of these independently developed components into ISIM. To this end, the ISIM Team at GSFC has


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developed a strategy for providing the IDTs with a common set of Ground Support Equipment (GSE) to facilitate their development efforts. This commonality enables the various IDTs to effortlessly share engineering products within the limits imposed by non-technical (i.e. security) constraints.

12.05 Operations and Development Successes and Lessons Learned Session Organizer: Joseph Vellinga, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Co. 12.0501 Eight Days in Inner Space: My Experience at the Moon Desert Research Station Leslie Wickman (Azusa Pacific University) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:30 pm, Jefferson The author spent the week from February 28 through March 7, 2006, at the Mars Desert Research Station near Hanksville, Utah, as a crewmember for the first Moonbase mission simulation conducted at that site. This paper reports selected crew activities and experiences during Moonbase Sim 1, summarizes data from the author’s research projects on water reclamation, spacesuit biomechanics, and crew time allocation, and makes recommendations for future efforts in both simulation and actual mission preparation. The paper also offers observations and recommendations in the areas of overall simulation design, system and equipment design, crew selection, personnel policies, and facilities requirements.

12.0502 Autonomous Payload Operations Onboard the International Space Station Howard K. Stetson, David K. Deitsch (Teledyne Brown Engineering); Craig A. Cruzen, Angie T. Haddock (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 4:55 pm, Jefferson Operating the International Space Station involves many complex crew tended, ground operated and combined systems. NASA`s Marshall Space Flight Center, working with The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory have developed an autonomous system that uses the Timeliner User Interface Language to continuously monitor ISS payload systems, issue commands and signal ground operators as required. This paper describes the the development history of the system, its concept of operation and components. The paper discusses the testing process and the facilities used to develop the system. It concludes with a description of plans for future ISS and exploration systems.

12.0503 The Importance of Hardware-In-The-Loop Testing to the Cassini Mission to Saturn Kareem S. Badaruddin, Juan C. Hernandez, Jay M. Brown (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 5:20 pm, Jefferson This paper examines the value of using flight and engineering model hardware (H/W) in the Cassini Integrated Test Lab (ITL). It examines the unique advantages gained by using H/W in the ITL, as well as the tradeoffs of using H/W versus simulations of these devices. Of late, consideration has been given in developing test plans for future flight projects to using purely software simulation testbeds: this paper offers evidence of the value of hardware-in-the-loop testbeds, demonstrating that hardware-in-the-loop testbeds should continue to have an important role in assuring the success of flight projects.


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12.0504 Operations Challenges from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Constellation for Global Earth Weather Monitoring Chen-Joe Fong, Nick Yen, Vicky Chu, Shao-Shing Chen (National Space Organization); Sien Chi (National Chiao-Tung University) Presentation: Thursday, March 8th, 8:50 pm, Jefferson The joint Taiwan-U.S. FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC spacecraft constellation, consisting of six satellites, is the world’s first operational GPS radio occultation mission for global Earth weather monitoring. The FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites were launched successfully from Vandenberg on April 15, 2006 into the 516 km circular parking orbit. Two spacecraft have reached their final mission orbit of 800 km by the end December 2006. With the world’s first demonstration of the real-time constellation operations, the success of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC mission inaugurates a new age of operational GPS RO sounding on monitoring and forecasting of terrestrial weather, space weather, and a suite of related earth science pursuits.

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Track 13: Management, Systems Engineering and Cost Track Organizer: Charles Leising, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Track Organizer: Robert Kellog, The Aerospace Corporation

13.01 Conceptual Design Tools and Optimization Session Organizer: Eric Mahr, The Aerospace Corporation Session Organizer: Robert Oberto, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 13.0101 Earth Science Mission Concept Design System Meemong Lee, Charles Miller, Annmarie Eldering, Zheng Qu (Jet Propulsion laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, S Cheyenne Knowledge about the Earth is generated from global measurements of geophysical parameters taken at appropriate mission observation scenarios. To enable science-driven mission concept formulation and design validation, the atmospheric scientists at JPL developed a set of parameters for defining the measurement requirements that are verifiable and traceable and a set of metrics for evaluating the mission concepts that are quantifiable and tradable. This paper presents a global atmospheric science mission concept design system that allows scientists to explore a large range of mission concepts integrating the measurement requirement parameters and evaluation metrics.

13.0102 Visual Steering and Trade Space Exploration Mike Yukish, Gary M. Stump, Sara Lego (ARL/Penn State) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, S Cheyenne To conduct a trade study, a conceptual design model is tied to an Exploration Engine, which initially randomly exercises the model, creating different system concepts. A user simultaneously visually explores the trade space in real time as it emerges using multi-dimensional data visualization tools and then visually steers further model runs to desired trade space regions of interest by specifying attractors in the trade space, such as desired inputs, outputs, preference functions, and Pareto frontiers.

13.0103 Modular Concurrent Engineering Models: Enabling Alternative Models in Conceptual Satellite Design Brian Lewis, Jeff Lang, Richa Jolly (The Aerospace Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 5:20 pm, S Cheyenne Design groups have worked for many years to provide rapid development and modeling of conceptual space vehicles using Concurrent Engineering Models. A number of design tools have been crafted to meet different aims and goals within the systems engineering community. The effort to build upon these models to generate a flexible CEM capable of using interchangeable modules that model the subsystems of a space vehicle are described in this paper. Rather than redeveloping entire CEMs to fit specific purposes, developers can focus their attention on crafting only the new modules they need while making use of other pre-existing modules.

13.0104 A Storyboard Tool to Assist Concept of Operations Development Carroll Thronesbery, Arthur Molin (S&K Techonologies); Debra Schreckenghost (TRACLabs) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, S Cheyenne We describe progress in developing a software tool to help create, communicate, and refine concept of operations (ConOps) information. ConOps documents are written in end user’s language, describing how the proposed system should support the users’ tasks. We describe a tool to help stakeholders to author this information, integrate it with storyboard sketches, refine it through interaction with other stakeholders, and finally export the information in a form directly usable by developers. We present plans for expanding the tool functions, further identifying user requirements through experience with ongoing projects, thereby helping its users express an accurate, useful concept of operations.

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13.0105 Automated Design of Spacecraft Telecommunication Subsystems Using Evolutionary Computational Techniques Richard J. Terrile, Mark Kordon, Mona Postma, Jose Salcedo, David Hanks, Eric Wood (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:15 pm, S Cheyenne This paper discusses the application of evolutionary computing to a dynamic space vehicle telecommunication subsystem resource and performance simulation. Our objective is to demonstrate the feasibility, application and advantage of using evolutionary computation techniques for the early design search and optimization of space systems. With this approach, engineers specify subsystem performance criteria to trade off goals of mass, cost, performance and risk. Initial activity plans from an actual JPL mission, Deep Impact are used to test the software. Our results have shown human-competitive advantages by generating credible design concepts much faster than humans are able to and without the need...

13.02 Management Tools, Methods and Processes Session Organizer: Jeffery Webster, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 13.0201 Effective Systems Engineering Training Rick Hefner (California Institute of Technology) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:30 pm, S Cheyenne The need for systems engineering training is steadily increasing, as both the defense and commercial markets take on more complex “systems of systems” work. A variety of universities and commercial training vendors have assembled courses of various lengths, format, and content to meet this need. This presentation looks at the requirements for systems engineering training, and discusses techniques for increasing its effectiveness. Several format and content options for meeting these requirements are compared and contrasted, and an experience-based curriculum is shown.

13.0202 If You Want Good Systems Engineers, Sometimes You Have to Grow Your Own P. A. `Trisha` Jansma, Mary Ellen Derro (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 4:55 pm, S Cheyenne It is vital to have a cadre of highly trained and skilled systems engineers to ensure that systems are developed and operated successfully. But from where will they come? JPL has concluded that if you want them, sometimes you have to grow your own. They have developed an on-the-job training program based on a systems engineering competency model that includes technical domain knowledge, understanding of systems engineering standards, processes and practices, and highly valued behavioral attributes. This paper provides an overview of the JPL OJT program, including the candidate selection criteria, selection process, training approach and activities, and lessons learned.

13.0203 NPR 7120.5 and NASA's Program/Project On-line Library and Resource Information System Jeffery Webster, Patricia Corcoran, NASA (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 5:20 pm, S Cheyenne NASA recently revised its program and project management requirements in NPR 7120.5. NASA developed POLARIS to provide management teams with easy access to these requirements and other information and tools needed to implement programs and projects. This presentation discusses POLARIS how it is used to access NASA`s program/project management requirements, and other relevant NASA information and tools.

13.0204 Ten Years After: Enduring Lessons Learned from Mars Pathfinder Randall Taylor (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 8:50 pm, S Cheyenne Mars Pathfinder was a historic mission and the first NASA faster-better-cheaper project. Project lessons learned were collected after launch but subsequent events called some of


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them into question. This paper summarizes the major project management lessons learned as viewed in 1997, identifies those that did not hold up over time, and suggests enduring lessons learned as viewed from a present-day perspective.

13.0205 Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Lessons Learned Processes that Support Decisions with Significant Risks Edward W. Rogers (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Robin L. Dillon, Cathy H. Tinsley (Georgetown University) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 9:15 pm, S Cheyenne This paper identifies the most serious pitfalls in lessons learned processes that support decisions that must be made in situations with significant risks. We focus on three steps in the lessons learned process: collecting lessons learned, managing lessons learned systems, and applying lessons learned appropriately to future missions. By identifying the pitfalls in each of these three processes, we hope to improve lessons learned systems to support current and future missions. Also, we describe steps taken at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and for the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) to improve the lessons learned process.

13.0206 The Virtual Research Laboratory: Taxonomy and Analysis M. S. Vassiliou (Institute for Defense Analyses) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon Government and industrial laboratories often outsource R&D services to external entities, usually to reduce costs or access unique capabilities. A virtual laboratory is a tightly-knit form of R&D outsourcing with authoritative joint management processes. It lies midway between performing research internally and issuing typical external research contracts. The collaboration between Boeing and Rockwell Scientific was one example of a successful virtual laboratory. The Federated Laboratory structure of the Army Research Laboratory was another. Virtual laboratories work best when they have high-level executive priority at all participating organizations, dedicated local managers, stable multi-year funding, and centralized control of incentives.

13.0207 Decision Making on Certification of Flight Readiness. Process and Tools. Alexandre Popov (Canadian Space Agency) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon This paper proposes a proactive CoFR approach and describes a pilot project implementation on the International Space Station Program (ISSP) at the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) to deploy a formalized CoFR model and corresponding decision making process. This paper introduces a concept for formalizing a decision- making on certification of flight readiness. While decision making techniques were developed to make the best decisions possible with the information available, they are now well known and have theoretical foundations. As well, they are supported by proven tools that make them a valuable methodology for organizations to apply the methodology on space programs as...


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13.03 Risk Management Session Organizer: Mona Witkowski, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Session Organizer: Thomas Itchkawich, Orbital Sciences Corporation 13.0301 A Holistic Approach for Risk Management During Design Leila Meshkat; (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:30 am, S Cheyenne In this paper, an approach for the identification, assessment, mitigation and continuous management of risks during the process of designing a space mission is presented. This approach has been developed by observing the risk patterns that occur at the Project Design Center of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (TeamX) which develops conceptual, concurrent design of Space Missions. TeamX develops an end-to-end conceptual design of a Space Mission in a matter of one or two weeks. As the creator and operator of the risk chair in TeamX, the author has had the opportunity to observe the risk patterns that occur during design...

13.0302 GNSS Technology Improving Aviation Solicits New Boundaries in Risk Management Mariagrazia Spada (University of Rome, Italy) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 8:55 am, S Cheyenne Some of the commercial risks of spacecraft operations are contractually allocated between the parties involved. Obviously, there is a large potential liability for any organization involved in commercial space ventures. Parties should agree to arbitrate any disputes and the forum and law applicable should be designated. Predictable risks and uniformity of laws and policies specifically enacted to deal with the unique relationships and issues arising from the commercial use of space will promote innovation and growth. Extreme care must be exercised so that the intent of the parties is expressed in clear, plain and unambiguous language.

13.0303 A Virtual Warehouse Simulation Tool for Aerospace Rotables Management Kong-wei Lye, Lai-peng Chan (Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:20 am, S Cheyenne We developed a simulation tool that simulates rotable failures in commercial flights, a replace-and-repair cycle, and an inventory re-balancing policy (Virtual Warehouse concept). With this tool, we are able to determine the percentages of instances where flights arriving at their destination airports with failed components can get replacements. This tool was developed using a commercial simulation software ProModel [1]. The time taken to run a typical scenario is in the order of hours, which makes this tool unsuitable for use in a real-life decision support system. Using our proprietary parallel and distributed simulation (PADS) platform, the tool was re-engineered. The...

13.0304 A Real Options Approach to Valuing a Multi-Year Procurement Contract Scot A. Arnold, M.S. Vassiliou (Institute for Defense Analyses) Presentation: Wednesday, March 7th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon Using real options analysis we have developed a methodology to estimate the value of the revenue risk reduction that the government provides when it enters into a multi-year procurement (MYP) with a defense contractor. We apply methods used to price financial options to estimate the value of a notional MYP contract with a representative defense contractor. While the government often uses MYP contracts to buy weapon systems, it has not previously been compensated for reducing the revenue volatility of its contractors. We show that this reduction in volatility has substantial value to the contractor.


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13.04 Architecture, System Engineering, Modeling and Verification Session Organizer: Bruce Wilson, The Boeing Company Session Organizer: John Baker, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech 13.0401 Investigation of the Relative Merits Between DAS and ORSAT for Small Satellite Reentry Analysis Aaron Johnson (Orbital Sciences Corporation); Thomas Itchkawich (Orbital Sciences Corporation) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 9:45 am, S Cheyenne NASA’s Guidelines and Assessment Procedures for Limiting Orbital Debris require missions to complete a Reentry Survivability Analysis when the post-mission disposal method is an uncontrolled atmospheric reentry. The guideline’s intent is to limit the risk of human casualty by minimizing the surviving components of a spacecraft. Recently Glory, a NASA Earth Sciences mission, performed this analysis twice using two tools: the Debris Assessment Software and the Object Reentry Survival Analysis Tool. This paper will compare of the results of these different tools, examine the over-conservatism that may cause difficulties when using the Debris Assessment Software and discuss possible mitigation strategies.

13.0402 Model-Based Engineering Design Pilots at JPL Mark Kordon, Steve Wall, Henry Stone, William Blume, Joseph Skipper, Mitch Ingham, Joe Neelon, James Chase, Ron Baalke, David Hanks, Jose Salcedo, Benjamin Solish, Mona Postma, Richard Machuzak (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Presentation: Monday, March 5th, 10:10 am, S Cheyenne This paper discusses two recent formulation phase Model-Based Engineering Design pilot projects at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It describes how model-based functional and state analyses were synthesized and integrated with system performance simulation and mission planning then piloted in the formulation phase of two deep space missions.

13.0404 Providing the Optimum Solution: Managing Design During Concept Development Linda Cuplin (Lockheed Martin) The business climate of growing program challenges has led to an increase in the number of concept studies, often with multiple competitive phases. While the intent is to produce an effective system, the atmosphere allows inefficiencies and challenges often detrimental to program optimization. Developing a program philosophy that addresses changing customer needs while maintaining the design balance necessary to successfully maintain program advocacy and pass key milestones is critical. A concept development plan should include tools, such as Quality Function Deployment, that allow the details to change while retaining the needs of the customer and user community.

13.05 Cost and Schedule Tools, Methods and Processes Session Organizer: Robert Bitten, The Aerospace Corporation Session Organizer: Sheryl McGurk, NASA 13.0501 Turning Avoidable Guidelines Into Sensible Requirements – Credible Space Cost Estimating Policy Jill A-C Hardash (Booz Allen Hamilton); Sheryl McGurk (NASA Program Analysis & Evaluation) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 4:55 pm, S Cheyenne One of the most visible tools to increase estimating credibility at NASA is the Cost Estimating Handbook (CEH). This presentation focuses on the methods and tools that have taken the initial “avoidable guidelines” originally found at NASA and transformed them into sensible estimating requirements that the NASA cost estimating community can follow. We will discuss; how the NASA CEH was created, how during the process, communication between estimators and the Centers led to consistency in estimates and estimate presentations, resulting in increasingly credible cost estimates, and how these sensible requirements lead to credible cost estimating policy for space systems.


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13.0502 Parametric Project Monitoring and Control: Performance-Based Progress Assessment and Prediction Robert P. Hunt (Galorath Incorporated) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 5:20 pm, S Cheyenne Performance Measurement (an integral part of Earned Value Management (EVM)) has, over at least the last two decades, become a gold standard process (i.e. best practice) for monitoring and controlling the progress of software development projects. It employs the fundamental measurement-based feedback principals to increase the probability that a project’s actual performance matches its expected/planned performance; i.e. a project is delivered on time and within budget or, at least, that there is an early warning of looming disaster. This process is generally well-understood by project managers and reasonably well supported by commercially-available tools. Galorath Incorporated’s experience with this process suggests...

13.0503 Earned Value Management at NASA: An Integrated, Lightweight Solution Peter Putz, David G. Bell, Mohana M. Gurram (Universities Space Research Association); David A. Maluf, Keith J. Swanson (NASA Ames Research Center); Jennifer Hsu, Hemil N. Patel (QSS Group Inc.) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:50 pm, S Cheyenne This paper describes a fresh approach to Earned Value Management (EVM) at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The goal of this approach is to provide a lightweight tool that allows project managers to apply earned value performance measurements with minimal effort in terms of data entry, and without the need to learn the highly specialized jargon that mystifies many EVM solutions. The presented technical and managerial solution addresses the practical challenges of applying EVM in the messy realm of project management.

13.0504 Using Cost-Risk to Connect Cost Estimating and Earned Value Management David R. Graham (NASA/PA&E/Cost) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:15 pm, S Cheyenne Wouldn`t it be wonderful to take on technical challenges in major space flight projects and actually meet cost targets? Let`s face it, project management is risk management. If there is a way to identify and cost-quantify risks that will cause cost problems up-front and track feedback about their cost behavior once begun, there is a much better chance of finishing up on cost. Come and listen to an encouraging approach that NASA is beginning to implement to meet the immense cost challenges it faces in returning to the moon and going on to Mars and beyond...

13.0505 Using Historical NASA Cost and Schedule Growth to Set Future Program and Project Reserve Guidelines Debra L. Emmons, Robert E. Bitten (The Aerospace Corporation); Claude W. Freaner (NASA Headquarters) Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 9:40 pm, S Cheyenne This paper looks at recent NASA cost and schedule growth history, categorizes the reasons for growth, isolates growth due to external programmatic reasons versus internal technical reasons, assesses relationships for causality and provides guidance for the proper cost and schedule reserves to be carried at both the Program and Project levels. Mission cost and schedule growth history are investigated. The reserve guidelines developed are compared to industry standard guidelines and rules of thumb to determine if these standard practices continue to be valid.

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Track 14: Government Plans, Policies, and Education Track Organizer: Mel Montemerlo, NASA Headquarters Track Organizer: Steve Sloboda, Space Vectors

14.01 PANEL: Technology for NASA's Science Missions Chair: Irene Bibyk, NASA HQ SMD Panelists: Dan Blackwood, Astrophysics Division Technologist, SMD, NASA Bob Bauer, Earth Science Division Technologist, SMD, NASA William Stabinow, Heliophysics Division Technologist, SMD, NASA Dave Lavery, Planetary Science Division Technologist, SMD, NASA Irene Bibyk is currently working at NASA HQs on cross directorate technology development for NASA’s science missions. Experience at several NASA field centers for 17 years includes flight hardware and software development, testing and in-flight operations for in-space technology validation. Summary: Since August 2004, NASA has been involved in an agency-wide reorganization to support the new Vision for Space Exploration. As part of this new organization, a number of space and Earth science activities were combined into a single organization, known as the Science Mission Directorate (SMD). The purpose of the presentation is to give an overview of the 4 science areas with their mission needs and the key technologies that will enable the future science investigations. The 4 areas include Astrophysics, Earth Science, Heliophysics, and Planetary Sciences.

14.03 PANEL: Spacecraft Autonomy: Where We Are and Where We Are Going Chair: Jane T.Malin, , Automation, Robotics and Simulation Div., NASA Johnson Space Center Panelists: Paul Tompkins, QSS Group Inc., NASA Ames Research Center Lui Wang, Automation, Robotics and Simulation Div., NASA Johnson Space Center Ari K. Jonsson, Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science, NASA Ames Research Center Richard J. Doyle, Mission IT Program Office, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Debra Schreckenghost, TRACLabs/Metrica, NASA Johnson Space Center Jane Malin leads research and development in the Automation, Robotics and Simulation Division, Engineering, NASA Johnson Space Center. Expertise includes tools, testbeds and methodology for engineering complex systems and advanced software; modeling and simulation for failure analysis; monitoring, control and fault management software; and agent-assisted web-based collaboration tools. Summary: NASA is developing Spacecraft autonomy technologies for new Exploration spacecraft. Spacecraft autonomy can range from overseeing execution of human-specified operations to coordinating operations among multiple systems and multiple crew members. As technologies get closer to program use dates, maturing these technologies becomes more critical. Panelists will discuss progress and plans in making spacecraft autonomy technology ready for program use: 1) Capability: enhancements to support Exploration avionics functions; 2) Reliability: handling system failures and unplanned outcomes, delays, bad data and human interaction, including updates, interruptions, re-initialization and overrides; 3) Information capture and development: validation, verification, test and self-monitoring for software and data; and 4) Interoperation and Integration: with spacecraft avionics architectures, data throughput and vehicle systems management and safety functions. Paul Tompkins will discuss autonomy architecture and model-based execution

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technology; Lui Wang will discuss procedure execution and monitored commanding technology; Ari Jonsson will discuss planning technology; Rich Doyle will discuss navigation and tracking, decision making and command validation technology; Debra Schreckenghost will discuss collaborative autonomy technology.

14.04 PANEL: NASAs Forgotten Robots Chair: Mel Montemerlo, Science Mission Directorate, NASA HQ Panelists: Rud Moe, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Carl Ruoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Ken Fernandez, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Bill Doggett, NASA Langley research Center Lucien Junken, NASA Johnson Space Center Mel Montemerlo is the Program Executive for the Herschel, Planck and WISE spacecraft in the Science Missions Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC. Prior to that, he headed up the Cross Enterprise Technology Development Program for three years. Prior to that, he was the Program Executive for the Robotics and the Artificial Intelligence Programs. He has a BS and a MS in Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Educational Psychology. Summary: NASA has two robot rovers active on Mars at this time, but robots are not new to NASA. NASA has been developing concepts and engineering models for robots since the 1960s. Most of these historic robots are known to very few existing robotics engineers at NASA today. As Santyana said, "Those who are ignorant of history are doomed to repeat it." The purpose of this panel is to have representatives of each of the NASA Centers show photos and videos of this historic robots. In this way, maximal advantage can be taken of the developments that have been made, but are no longer widely known.

14.05 PANEL: Finding Extraterrestrial Life?: a Challenge for Living Explorers Chair: John D. Rummel, Senior Scientist for Astrobiology, NASA Headquarters Panelists: Karen McBride, Mars Scout Program Executive, NASA Headquarters Patricia M. Beauchamp, Life Detection Science and Technology Program, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Ying Lin, MTP Base Technology Planetary Protection Area Lead, Jet Propulsion Laboratory John Rummel is currently Planetary Protection Officer, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. John has a B.A. in Environmental Biology from the University of Colorado, Boulder and a Ph.D. in Evolutionary Ecology from Stanford University. He did postdoctoral research at NASA Ames Research Center. Formerly MBL, Woods Hole, and Naval Flight Officer (Air ASW). John has been with NASA HQ since 1986 (Exobiology, Life Support, Biospheric Research). Summary: Several daunting challenges face space explorers looking for signs of life or life-related molecules in the course of solar system exploration. The first (related to astronomical missions, too) is determining what the likely signs are, and how best to look for them. We are abundantly ignorant about the steps that led to the origin of life on Earth, and likewise which of them might have been important on other worlds. A coupled challenge is detecting, locating, and accessing locations in the solar system that might preserve those signs of organic chemistry and life—or even have the capability of sheltering life itself. Even the most capable spacecraft has to be in the correct spot to make the required measurements. A third challenge is linked to the fact that the Earth (and potentially our spacecraft) is bathed in living organisms. Without accounting for this living material—viewed here as contamination—it is simple to find evidence of life anywhere in the universe (by taking it with you!). Planetary protection measures are, in part, aimed at


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eliminating the export of living materials elsewhere, but science requirements often drive even more stringent requirements for an individual spacecraft. This panel offers a discussion of the search for life, its difficulties and prospects for success. John Rummel will discuss NASA’s overall efforts in astrobiology and the search for life, including other-agency efforts. Karen McBride will give a detailed overview of the Mars Exploration Program in this and the next decade and beyond. Pat Beauchamp will discuss efforts being made to ready instruments for future missions of astrobiological discovery. Ying Lin will address issues involved with preparing modern spacecraft for such missions, and the technical challenges faced by the Mars program in particular in investigating sites where liquid water may exist on Mars today.

14.06 PANEL: Developing the 21st Century Space Engineering Workforce Chair: Bruce Gardner, Aerospace Institute, The Aerospace Corporation Panelists: Dana Honeycutt, Senior Technical Advisor, National Security Space Institute P.A. “Trisha” Jansma, Project Element Manager, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Rick Hefner, California Institute of Technology Dr. Mark Maier, Distinguished Engineer, The Aerospace Corporation John Mignot, Consultant, CT Engineering Bruce Gardner is Principal Director of Learning Systems for The Aerospace Institute at The Aerospace Corporation. Bruce is responsible for employee and customer learning/career development programs and multimedia support resources. Bruce was formerly director of Control Systems Analysis Department, responsible for spacecraft attitude stability/control assessments for several major DOD programs. Ph.D. Stanford, Aero/Astro. Summary: The challenges facing all segments of the U.S. aerospace workforce as a result of the “baby-boom” retirement phenomenon and other sociological trends are enormous. This is particularly true in the space community, where emerging technological and policy developments are fast resulting in the “transformation of space” … one characterized by increasingly complex missions/systems/applications and the use of “breakthrough technologies” to make them happen. Keeping up with and dealing effectively with these changes requires an unprecedented degree of knowledge, skills, and adaptability on the part of individual 21st century space engineers. It also requires that new, more effective educational methods and developmental reinforcement/support systems be provided by government, industry, and academia in order to develop these capabilities. This panel offers several perspectives on needs, challenges, approaches, and “lessons-learned” associated with educating, training and developing/reinforcing the technical and behavioral skills needed by the 21st Century space engineering workforce. Dana Honeycutt will address the National Security Space Institute’s philosophy and approach to developing the DoD space professional “cadre”. P. A. “Trisha” Jansma will discuss JPL’s approach to developing an integrated education and training program for systems and software engineering. Rick Hefner will address university perspectives on systems engineering training. Dr. Mark Maier will talk on the development of critical skills for 21st century systems architects. John Mignot will speak on important “workforce pipeline” and personal career considerations impacting the future US space workforce.


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14.07 Panel Name: The “Next Big Thing” at DoD Labs Chair: Steve Sloboda Panelists: Stephen Welby, Director of the Tactical Technology Office, DARPA Eric Sholes, US Army’s Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center Peter Wegner, Senior Aerospace Engineer, Air Force Research Labs’ Space Vehicles Directorate Geoff Anderson, Air Force Academy Laser and Optics Lab H.Charles Merk, Head of Systems Analysis, Naval Center for Space Technology, Naval Research Labs Steve Sloboda is an Independent consultant on space policy, planning and education. He spent 27 years as a career space operations officer in the US Air Force with extensive assignments in space and missile warning operations at NORAD, Air Force Space Command, Air Force Communications Command, US Space Command, and the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1997 he retired as a Colonel from his last assignment as Director for Long Range Plans and Requirements at US Space Command. Afterwards, he was a consultant to RAND’s Project Air Force, defining the required evolution of the USAF to a “Space and Air Force”, followed by five years of residence and travel in Europe. He has written articles on US and foreign military space capabilities, tactical missile warning, military space education, international space law, and national space policy. Summary: The aerospace community is divided into two major sectors – the civilian/commercial and the military. Since much aerospace technology is inescapably dual-use, awareness of developments in military labs can be of great value to civilian programs. Unfortunately, while information flow on significant or breakthrough technology is desirable, it doesn’t often happen in the military-to-civilian direction. Some organizations address this by establishing technology transfer offices, but why not address military lab advancements at conferences like ours? This panel is intended to raise awareness of the projects considered the “next big things” in the military labs, and will serve as a springboard for more in-depth presentations of such projects at future conferences. Steve Welby will address both the Tactical and Strategic Offices within DARPA. Eric Sholes will speak on the application to autonomous exploration of two modeling and simulation projects of his, as well as giving an overview of other potentially hi-impact Army projects, and Eric Anderson will talk about a revolutionary way of deploying telescopes for Earth observation and astronomy. Peter Wegner will address the high priority needs of the Air Force in space and discuss new developments in several of the ten AF technology directorates that relate to situational awareness and responsive space, while Charlie Merk will provide an overview of the Navy’s participation in space technology development and describe the top space-related projects being pursued within the Navy’s lab system.

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