2006 deer yang
DESCRIPTION
ieieTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Develop Thermoelectric TechnologyDevelop Thermoelectric Technology for Automotive Waste Heat Recoveryfor Automotive Waste Heat Recovery
Sponsored by
US Department of Energy
Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy (EERE) DE-FC26-04NT42278
Outline � Background
− Objective, partnering, … − Motivation: fuel economy
� Technology Development Jihui Yang − Subsystem modeling
GM Research & Development Center − Cost − Cost-effective materials
� Summary
1
![Page 2: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DOE Program ObjectiveDOE Program Objective
Demonstrate a 10% fuel economy improvement using thermoelectric waste heat recovery technology, without increased emissions and at a cost-effective way.
2
![Page 3: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PartneringPartnering• GM
– Materials Research – Subsystem design, integration, modeling, and validation
• GE – TE module design and construction – Subsystem design and construction
• Oak Ridge National Lab – High temperature materials properties measurement
• RTI – Superlattice-base materials and modules
• University of South Florida – bulk materials development: clathrates, nano-grain PbTe, …
• University of Michigan – Bulk materials development, skutterudites, nano-composites,…
3
![Page 4: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Accessories2.2 (1.5)%
Accessories2.2 (1.5)%
Energy Distribution –Energy Distribution –Typical Mid-Size Vehicle on Federal Test Procedure (FTypical Mid-Size Vehicle on Federal Test Procedure (F-- Urban (Highway) % energy usUrban (Highway) % energy use
4
Standby/Idle 17.2 (3.6)%
Engine Losses 62.4 (69.2)%
Driveline Losses 5.6 (5.4)%
Aero 2.6 (10.9)%
Rolling 4.2 (7.1)%
Kinetic
Braking 5.8 (2.2)%
Engine 100% 18.2%
(25.6%) D/L 12.6% (20.2%)
PNGV source
Standby/Idle 17.2 (3.6)%
Engine Losses62.4 (69.2)%
Driveline Losses5.6 (5.4)%
Aero2.6 (10.9)%
Rolling4.2 (7.1)%
Kinetic
Braking5.8 (2.2)%
Engine100% 18.2%
(25.6%) D/L 12.6%(20.2%)
PNGV source
![Page 5: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Example of an Energy RecoveryExample of an Energy RecoverySystemSystem
TransmissionEngine
Catalyst ERS
Radiator
Alternate: make the radiator into an energy recovery device.
(smaller ΔT)5
![Page 6: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Exhaust as Potential TE Heat SourceExhaust as Potential TE Heat Source
kW
Exhaust Heat
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Test Time (s)
6
![Page 7: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Thermoelectric Energy ConversionThermoelectric Energy Conversion
4.0 room temperature
3.5 PbSexTe1-x/PbTe quantum dots
3.0 Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 superlattices
2.5
2.0
CeyCoxFe4-xSb121.5 Yb0.19Co4Sb12 Ba0.3Co3.95Ni0.05Sb12Bi2Te3 La CoFe3Sb121.0
0.9 SiGe PbTe
Efficiency: ε = THT
− TC 1 + ZT − T 1 C
0.5
H 1 + ZT + 0.0 TH
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 T (K)
ZT
7
![Page 8: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
IC Engine
Electrical Storage Transmission
Electric Power
Controls
Powertrain Control
Electronics
Catalytic Converter Heat Collector
Thermoelectric Device
Cooling
Exhaust
Vehicle Electrical System
Alternator
Generic Concept for a Thermoelectric Energy Recovery Augmented Electrical System
Generic Concept for a Thermoelectric Energy Recovery Augmented Electrical System
![Page 9: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Subsystem ModelingSubsystem Modeling
![Page 10: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
TE Module ModelingTE Module Modeling
n p
metal
metalmetal
metal
conductor
Contact Resistances
conductor conductor
insulator
insulator
Hot side heat exchanger
Cold side heat exchanger
thermal
thermal
Electrical & thermal
thermal
thermal
volume resistivity
Electrical & thermal
Thermal shunt path
Joule & Peltier terms
Joule heating from all electrical contacts are accounted for.
![Page 11: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
0
1
2
3 4n4p
5p 5n
6n6p
7n7p 8
9
10
11
Preliminary Temperature ProfilePreliminary Temperature Profile
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Tem
pera
ture
(K)
20% 15% 5%
ΔTE ΔHX
Position in TE device (node)
60 kW exhaust flow
![Page 12: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Validation of GE’s subsystem ModelValidation of GE’s subsystem Model with GEN I TE Generatorwith GEN I TE Generator
Experiment Model Output Power 109W 121W Vload 16.5V 17.4V Current, I 6.6A 7.0A Hot side temperature 183C 189C Cold side temperature 35C 35C
12
![Page 13: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
On the Cost of Fuel EconomyOn the Cost of Fuel Economy
2000
1800 $2/gallon$3/gallon1600 � Cost of fuel economy - $/Δmpg$4/gallon
1400 •This kind of calculation can be used to balance technology options1200
1000
� $/Δmpg ≤ Savings/Δmpg is necessary800
to provide consumer value600
400
200
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
FE (mpg)
Consumer Fuel Savings/Δmpg ≈ $300-400/Δmpg (15000 mile/yr., 3yrs., 18-20 mpg)
3 Y
ear F
uel S
avin
g pe
r 1m
pg F
E im
prov
emen
t
13
![Page 14: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Skutterudites Nano-101Skutterudites Nano-101 � CoAs3 -based minerals found in region
of Skutterud, Norway � Compounds with the same crystal
structure are known as “skutterudites” � Filled skutterudites are electron-crystal-
phonon-glass materials
2 2
( )T L e
S SZ κ ρ κ κ ρ
= = +
Co Sb
�2Co4Sb12
Filler atoms
![Page 15: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Filled skutterudites as CandidateFilled skutterudites as Candidate Materials for Exhaust Heat RecoveryMaterials for Exhaust Heat Recovery
ZT
1.5 room temperature CeyCoxFe4-xSb12 (p-type)
� High ZT values near the exhaustYb0.19Co4Sb12(n-type) Ba0.3Co3.95Ni0.05Sb12
(n-type) temperature1.0
La CoFe3Sb12 (p-type)0.9
� Both high performance n- and p-typeBi2Te3 SiGe PbTe exist – suitable for TE module
0.5
0.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
T (K)
15
![Page 16: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
MischmetalMischmetal �Mischmetal: from German - “mixed metals”; a
naturally occurring alloy of rare earth elements � Composition (wt%):
Ce : 50-55 La : 30-35 Nd : 5-10 Pr : 5-10 � Cost Comparison*:
Mischmetal (99.0%): $0.19/g Cerium rod (99.9%): $8.37/g Lanthanum rod (99.9%): $6.40/g
* source: Alfa Aesar
16
![Page 17: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mischmetal Starting MaterialMischmetal Starting Material
Element Wt.%
Ce 52.4 La 23.5 Nd 17.1 Pr 5.9 Si 0.6 Fe 0.3 Al 0.1
Sum 99.9
electron probemicroanalysis
wet chemistry Element Ce La Nd Pr Sample
%
53 23 18 5
17
![Page 18: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Electron Probe Microanalysis of Mischmetal-filled Skutterudites Electron Probe Microanalysis of Mischmetal-filled Skutterudites
9.1433(2)Mm0.88Fe4Sb12.06MmFe4Sb12 *
9.1294(2)Mm0.82Fe3.51Co0.49Sb11.99Mm0.93Fe3.5Co0.5Sb12 *
9.146(1)Mm0.82Fe4Sb11.96MmFe4Sb12
9.126(1)Mm0.72Fe3.43Co0.57Sb11.97Mm0.93Fe3.5Co0.5Sb12
9.117(1)Mm0.65Fe2.92Co1.08Sb11.98Mm0.82Fe3CoSb12
9.109(1)Mm0.55Fe2.44Co1.56Sb11.96Mm0.71Fe2.5Co1.5Sb12
Room temperature lattice parameter (Å)Actual compositionNominal composition
� nominal comp. chosen according to the optimal filled skutterudites CeyFe4-xCoxSb12 ~ PRL 80, 3551 (1998)
� Mm actual concentration < nominal due to high Mm vapor pressure
� all samples are nearly phase pure � typical secondary phase:
MnSb2 or CoSb2 < 1 vol. %
![Page 19: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Isotropic Atomic Displacement Parameter – Evidence of Rattling Isotropic Atomic Displacement Parameter – Evidence of Rattling
U is
o (Å
2 ) 0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
T (K) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
U is
o (Å
2 )
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
Mm0.82Fe3.51Co0.49Sb11.99
Mm0.88Fe4Sb12.06
Mm
Fe/Co
Sb
Mm
Fe
Sb
� low T intercepts of Uiso represent a combination of zero-point vibration and static disorder at the corresponding crystallographic sites
� zero-point vibration ∝ 1/M, expected contribution ~ Mn < Sb < Fe Æstatic disorder at the Sb sites, more so at the Mn sites (Mn vs. �)
� θE ~ 71.5 K ( La: 80 K, Ce: 78 K, Eu: 83 K, and Yb: 65 K)
![Page 20: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Room Temperature PropertiesRoom Temperature Properties ComparisonComparison
100 1.2
Ce Fe4-xCo Sb12y x
MmyFe4-xCoxSb12
La0.9Fe3CoSb12
10 Ce0.9Fe3CoSb12
1
Latti
ce th
erm
al re
sist
ivity
(m K
/W)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
S2 /ρ
(μW
/cm
K2 )
0.1 0.01 10 100 1000 10000 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 p (1018 cm-3) y
20
![Page 21: 2006 Deer Yang](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052317/563db8ef550346aa9a986561/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Summary of Challenges for Automotive TE Waste Heat Recovery Summary of Challenges for Automotive TE Waste Heat Recovery
Outline � Background
− Objective, partnering, … − Motivation: fuel economy
� Technology Development − Subsystem modeling − Cost − Cost-effective materials
� Summary
Need better materials, heat exchanger, contact joining, thermal & mechanical stability, …
Consumer focus: consider $/Δmpg (also valuable for balancing tech. options)
Low cost materials is a must
Thank you ! Questions ?