200406_siemens_enum_stastny.ppt

1June 2004 Richard Stastny

ENUMand related issues

Siemens30 June 2004

Richard Stastny, ÖFEG*Austrian ENUM Platform

* The opinions expressed here may or may not be that of my company

June 2004 Richard Stastny 2

What is ENUM?

• Electronic or E.164 NUMber mapping defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC3761

• mapping of „Telephone Numbers“ to Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) using the Domain Name System (DNS)

• URIs are used to identify resources on the Internet (e.g. http://enum.nic.at )


ENUM in a nutshell

• take an E.164 phone number +43 1 7972840 32

• turn it into a FQDN 2.3.0.4.8.2.7.9.7.1.3.4.e164.arpa.

• returns list of URI’s sip:[email protected]

• query the DNS

To understand ENUM you must understand the DNS


It is even worse

• To understand ENUM you must not only understand the DNS and URIs

• You also must understand: – E.164 numbers– VoIP (Voice over IP)

IP Telephony, Internet Telephony,VoB, VON, IP Communications, …

– IP terminals, clients, servers and applications– The global end-to-end philosophy of the

Internet – Broadband Access


Content

• Some facts on Broadband Access• Types of IP Communications• How does VoIP work? (e.g. SIP)• What is ENUM adding?• How does ENUM work?• ENUM in Austria

Note: IP Communications is not only IP Telephony it is IP based services and applications ONE of these applications is VoIP - and others like:

Directory, Mobility, Instant Messaging, Presence, Video, Chat, SMS, and, and, …

will become more and more important


Some facts on Broadband Access

• Broadband is an important enabler for real-time IP Communications

• to be able to use IP Communications including Video one needs to have Broadband Access

• the definition of Broadband varies from:>ISDN (Bonsai Broadband) – Europe, US>1MB Broadband - Asia >10 MB Big Broadband (FTTC, FTTH)


Leading broadband economies

Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database

21.9

14.6

11.1

9.4

8.4

8.2

8.2

8.0

6.9

6.6

6.5

6.3

6.2

6.2

5.5Austria

Japan

Sw itzerland

Bahamas

Singapore

Netherlands

United States

Sw eden

Iceland

Denmark

Belgium

Taiw an, China

Canada

Hong Kong, China

Korea (Rep.)

DSL

Cable

Other

Broadband penetration, subs per 100 inhabitants, by technology, 2002

Korea = 80% of households


Broadband’s fast growth

“Broadband access has quietly grown faster than mobile phones in their early stages”

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Broadband (1999-2002)

Mobile (1989-1992)

Broadband and mobile growth, millions, world



Broadband networks

• Phone lines (DSL)• Coaxial cables• Fibre optic cables

(FTTC, FTTH)• Wireless

(WiFi, WiMAX)

“While most current broadband networks are based on copper lines, fiber optic and wireless technologies are the broadband of the future”

59%

39%

2%

DSL

Cable

Other

Broadband breakdown, by technology,world, 2002



1.55%1.42%

1.36%1.14%

0.88%0.86%

0.80%0.62%0.61%0.60%

0.55%0.55%

0.48%0.43%

0.39%0.36%0.34%0.30%0.30%

0.24%0.23%0.21%0.17%0.17%0.13%0.12%

0.06%0.06%0.03%< 0.01%

DenmarkJordan

MaltaLithuania

IcelandCyprus

Sw itzerlandPortugal

IrelandFrance

AustraliaSw eden

LuxembourgUnited Kingdom

ItalySlovenia

New ZealandAustria

IsraelNorw ay

GermanyMacao, China

NetherlandsCanada

United StatesSingapore

Hong Kong, ChinaBelgium

Korea (Rep.)Japan

Cost of 100 kbit/s as % of monthly income

$91.77$79.54

$73.66$73.59

$61.69$58.27$58.03$57.84$57.36

$53.34$52.99$51.82$51.55$51.46$50.56$49.72$49.23$47.63$46.16$45.20$44.56

$40.61$39.64$38.21

$34.41$33.93$33.18$32.59$32.48

$24.19

AustraliaLuxembourg

PortugalItaly

IrelandNew Zealand

IcelandSloveniaLithuania

MaltaSingapore

Sw itzerlandCanada

Sw edenFranceJordan

Korea (Rep.)Denmark

Macao, ChinaIsrael

UKNorw ayCyprus

HK, ChinaBelgium

GermanyUnited States

AustriaNetherlands

Japan

Broadband subscription charges, July 2003, US$

Broadband prices

Overall subscription charges are important

Source: ITU research

But factoring in the speed of the connection and income is the more telling story


“Nothing less than the demolition of Japan’s telecom industry” – Wired Magazine, August 2003

Source: http://bbpromo.yahoo.co.jp

Introduction

Example Japan: YahooBB

Now:4 Mio VoIP subscribers

$37/mo40 MB/s


Huh?

• Are Telcos/service providers doomed?– and the incumbent manufacturers?

• What are the Business Models?• What is a service and what is a product?• Where is the beef?• Some proposed solutions


Types of IP Communications

• Self-provided ‘DIY’ – Skype, Peerio, …– but also Asterisks, home gateways, myphonebooth, …

• Voice service independent of ISP – Vonage, …• Voice service sold by ISP – Yahoo!BB, …• Corporate internal use – IP PBX, …• Carrier internal use – NGN, …

5 business models:

Source: Analysis


What is a PBX?

Trunk CardsStation Cards

Software

Media Network

TDM PBX

PSTNPSTNTrunks

TDM PBX 1010

A proprietory box

Source: Citel

To explain this – an example

So what is new with an IP PBX?


What is an IP PBX?

Trunk CardsStation Cards

Software

Media Network

TDM PBX

PSTNPSTNTrunks

TDM PBX 1010

Break it down! Specialize!Set the software free!

IPPBX

Trunk Gateway

Trunks

IP PBX Software(w/ Applications)

PSTNPSTN

LAN

1010

Handset Gateway(Terminal Adaptor)

Media Network

Source: Citel


Adding Features to TDM PBX

TDM PBX

What’s wrong withthis picture??

Do you think this will work?What will it cost to maintain?

WAN or

VPN

WAN or

VPN

IP

IP Trunk Adaptor

RAA

Branch PBX / KTS

AdminServer

PSTNPSTN

VoiceAdaptors

UM Server

CTIAdaptor

IP T. A.

Circuit Trunks

AdminLink

Remote Access

1010

Source: Citel


Adding Features in IP

Software can be spread across many devices. One company doesn’t have to make all the elements. Different elements can be placed anywhere.

PC Softphone from Microsoft, Handset Gateway from Citel, phones from new IP PBX vendor plus your old phones.

A Handset Gateway (TA) converts your existing PBX telephones into IP phones without doing a LAN upgrade or buying new phones.

The IP PBX may interwork easily with other applications on the server and the clients

Trunk Gateway

Trunks

IP PBXPlusApplications

PSTNPSTN

LAN

LANWAN or

VPN

WAN or

VPN1010

1010

1010

1010

Add. benefit:Global Access

Source: Citel

1010

1010


Mail folders

MailCalendarContacts

IM, voice, videoand data call

Phone call

E-mail

Integration of IP Communications with MS Office 2003Integration of IP Communications with MS Office 2003

Office Phone Conference


Siemens OpenscapeSiemens Openscape


SIP Phones 2004


IPPBX

Trunk Gateway

Trunks

PSTNPSTN

1010

Rent vs. Buy

LAN

IP PBX Software& Applications

Source: Citel

An IP PBX is a software application on a server. You can buy and operate the service yourself…


Rent vs. Buy

Customer

PSTNGateway

IP PBX Software& Applications

PSTN

PSTN

1010

IP WAN

IP WAN

Service Provider(RBOC / CLEC / ISP)

An IP PBX is a software application on a server. You can buy and operate the service yourself…or you can “rent” the service from a service provider.

LAN

IPPBX

Hosted

“IP Centrex”Source: Citel


The “Tokyo Gas Shock”!

• Tokyo Gas – incumbent utility provider for Tokyo prefecture• In December 2002 became Fusion’s largest IP Centrex

customer

– 30,000 subscribers over 100 sites

– Previously implemented PBX’s

– IP Centrex and VoIP reduces network cost by ¥500 million/year

• NTT Data resold Fusion service to Tokyo Gas

• Uniden SIP Phone used on the desktop

– First enterprise quality IP telephone with

retail price less than US$100


IP Centrex vs. Virtual Operators

• Virtual Operators are in principle offering a „hosted IP PBX“ for a user community

• So most business models of Analysis are implemented with the same SW:– Self-provided ‘DIY’ – Skype, Peerio, …– Voice service independent of ISP – Vonage, …– Voice service sold by ISP – Yahoo!BB, …– Corporate internal use – IP PBX, …– Carrier internal use – NGN, …

• What about DYI and Carrier internal use?• Also the distinction between public and private

networks is blurring on the Internet


In January 1994, Analysys asked ‘How long will it be before you can download a PBX from the Internet?’

Source: VoiSpeed, 2004

Introduction

Do it yourself?

Source: Analysys


From IP PBX to Gateways

• Opensource Products– IP PBX

• SIP Express Router

– Gateway• Asterisk (up to 4*E1)

• Gateways– e.g. Epygi Quadro– etc, etc.


or the Intertex IX66, AVM Fritz!Box Fon

Analogue Terminal Adapterwith xDSL Modem

FXO PortFXS PortsLAN Port

WLAN Access Point

Analogue Terminal Adapterwith xDSL Modem

FXO PortFXS PortsLAN Port

WLAN Access Point

PSTN

xDSL

FXO

WAN

FXS

(W)LAN

• May be used as product: DYI

• or as service by a provider:

– preconfigured (even „SIM-locked“)

– external access (Administration)

– external/automatic SW-update


or BYO Gateway

• e.g. the Sipura SPA-3000– One FXS/one FXO port; – Supports outbound call routing through multiple SIP

providers; – Supports PSTN-to-SIP and SIP-to-PSTN bridging; – Supports routing of incoming calls based on caller-ID

or pin entry; – Single and dual stage dialing; – Failover to PSTN on power outage; – Supports automatic routing of 911 calls over the

PSTN line; – Supports music-on-hold server; – Supports encrypted SIP calls.

~$130


Carrier internal use?

• What was said before about IP PBX is also valid for the CO• and it will also use internally the same SW

– and some additional (bottleneck) devices, e.g. Session Border Controller

• Walled garden (private networks?) approach by– Cable operators– Mobile operators (3GPP)– Fixed operators?

• Problem:– access by mobile and nomadic users

• Mobile operators have roaming agreements, – but also their users want access in WiFi hotspots– may use general purpose terminals with VoIP clients via UMTS

• Dual Mode devices coming out soon


Mobile – fixed convergence

Source: Longboard


Now the telcos are vertical

Access

Transport

Services T

E LCO

T E LCO

T E LCO

T E LCO

NGN NGN

Regulatory boundaries


Horizontal layering is implied on the Internet

Access

Transport

Services

Internet

PSTN

ISDN

GSMUMT

S

xDSL W-LAN

SIP MAIL IM WEB ...

...

Regulatory boundaries

?


FUTURETODAY

The Future of the Telcos?


Being a Wireline Telco

• How to survive the collapse of the PSTN?


So what can a Telco/ISP provide?

• The broadband access to the Internet• Part of the backbone• The gateway to the PSTN• Routing of the E.164 number to this gateway• ENUM Registrar and ENUM Tier 2 NS Provider• SIP Server hosting (residential and IP centrex)• Domain Name Hosting• Circle of Trust for Accounting and Billing• Intelligent Packaging for Joe Doe Users• Carrier Preselection through Prefixing• Carrier Preselect-Billing for IP-PSTN Gateways• Enterprise carrier interconnect


Where is the beef?

• VoIP and Video Users need Broadband – Boosts DSL Rollout - $$/month

• SIP Server hosting - $/month• ENUM hosting - $/month• Gateway operation

– Incoming calls - $/call on PSTN– Outgoing calls - $/call on Internet (via assertion)

• Participation in Trust Circle– % on each transaction– Certificates $/month

• Sell books, info, sex and flowers (transfer premium rate services to assertions)


So there is life after death!

• It is not as much $ as now– But not "yet" the Apocalypse Now

• The bad news is– Everbody can do this

• The good news is– Everbody can do this– also the Incumbent!

• So this is "only" The Perfect Storm


VoIP

• Why is this change in business models and structure?

• because VoIP (SIP) just works like e-mail

• VoIP is just another application on the Internet


Outbound Proxy Server

User Agent B

Inbound Proxy Server

User Agent A

SIP

SIP

SIP

Media (RTP)

DNS Server

DNS

Location Server

SIP [email protected]@sip.com

[email protected].

[email protected]

DNS QUERY SRV iptel.org details

next slide

SIP “Trapezoid”

How does VoIP work?


Basic SIP Call-Flow (Proxy Mode)

[email protected] sip:[email protected]

Location Database

Proxy

INVITE sip:[email protected]: sip:[email protected];tag=12To: sip: [email protected]: [email protected]

#4

DNS SRV Query ? iptel.org

#0

Reply: IP Address of iptel.org SIP Server

INVITE sip:[email protected] From: sip:[email protected];tag=12 To: sip: [email protected] Call-ID: [email protected]

#1

[email protected]

#3

jiri

#2

OK 200From: sip:[email protected];tag=12To: sip: [email protected];tag=34Call-ID: [email protected]

#5OK 200 From: sip:[email protected];tag=12To: sip: [email protected];tag=34Call-ID: [email protected]

#6

ACK sip:[email protected]#7

Media streams #8


So what is ENUM adding?

• Enabling the interworking between PSTN and IP-networks– Terminals on the PSTN may dial only

numbers and not URIs

• Linking to together VoIP islands on the Internet– IP PBX– Hosted IP PBX („IP Centrex“)– „Carrier“ islands


Benefits

• Separates Names and Addresses • Location Independence compared to E.164

Numbers

• Historical chance to sell multiple services for one communication line.– e.g. multiple number appearence for– different family members– or office and home representation.

• Trust and authentication services tied to different namespaces


ENUM - Two Deployment Lines

• Infrastructure ENUM• Only Operator Access

– Number Portability– Carrier Selection– Number- /Name- Plan Hosting etc.

• User ENUM• User opt in feature• ENUM users can advertise their (ENUM) services

e.g. Tel, Fax, H.323, SIP, SMS etc.– Calling users/Terminals can select – Telco provides selection services

least cost routing etc.

Currently the Swedish regulator tries to add Postal and Geographic address information


Global Enterprise VoIP Dial Plan

• ENUM could unite global private VoIP dialing plans across existing VPN and Intranet Links on diverse vendor Platforms

• ENUM unites them through common administration and access plan

ENUMPublic orInternal


MSO Market : Optimal Service Routing

• MSO’s could optimize VoIP call termination strategies by routing calls directly from one operator to another

• Essentially “Friends and Family” dialing plans among MSO’s

ENUMe164mso.net

MSO - Multiple System Operators


NGN Japanese DSL VOIP Operators

• The story of the year is Japan’s explosive VoIP-DSL market

• Greenfield SP’s could optimize VoIP call termination strategies by routing calls directly from one operator to another Operator

ENUMvoip.co.jp


• Addressing is the most important asset in ANY network service!• People know how to use Telephone Numbers

• Telephone numbering system (E.164 is stable global and reliable)

• Billions of devices only use numeric key pads, especially wireless• In the case of Local Number Portability (FCC First Order and Report), MCI

has stated that, based on a nationwide Gallup survey, 83 percent of business customers and 80 percent of residential customers would be unlikely to change service providers if they had to change their telephone numbers.

• ENUM is perhaps the ultimate in number portability • VoIP and new IP Services (Instant Messaging, Video) can use Real

Telephone Numbers!• URIs like sip:user@domain have advantages and disadvantages

• Biggest problem they cannot be dialed on the PSTN• In fact they cannot be dialed at all …

• URI’s and telephone numbers will co-exist for the indefinite future

Why E.164 Numbers ?


Structure of ITU-T E.164 Numbers

1-3 digits

CC NDC

N digits Max (15-N) digits

SN

National (significant) number

International public telecommunicationNumber for geographical areas

• Structure very suitable for delegation in DNS

CC – Country CodeNDC – National Destination CodeSN – Subscriber Number


How does ENUM work ?

Telephone Number (TN): +43 1 979 33 21 translates to:

1.2.3.3.9.7.9.1.3.4.e164.arpa

set up call

Tier 1 resolution to NS of authority ( pointer only)

Tier 2 resolution to NAPTR record and SIP URL controlled at the end office

1.2.3.3.9.7.9.1.3.4.e164.arpa. IN NS ns1.iphone.at

IN NAPTR 10 10 "u" “E2U+sip“ !^.*$!SIP:[email protected]“! .


Name Space + .arpa

root

com org infonet deint gov mil edu

at se uk

stastny microsoft co oefeg

oefeg atc

gTLDs ccTLDs

oefeg.co.at

xxx.stastny.com

[email protected]

arpa

in-addr e164

3.4

0.8.7.9.7.10.8.7.9.7.1.3.4.e164.arpa

Tier 0

Tier 1

Tier 2


The ENUM "Tiers"

Tier-0

Tier-1

Tier-2

Tier-1

Directs the DNS query to the customer’s Tier-2 providers. An NS* record is provided for each subscriber’s telephonenumber

*An NS record is an authoritative Name Server DNS record used to delegate to subordinates

Stores a list of service specific internet addresses in the form of URI’s in a DNS resource record called NAPTR for each subscriber. Returns the full list of Internet addresses associated with the E.164 number being queried.

Registry

Registry Registry

Provider

International-RIPE-NCC and ITU-TSB

NationalCC 43 CC 1


ENUM and VoIP

sip:[email protected]

nic.at43.at fwd.pulver.com

ENUM DNS

SIP server

SIP server

sip:[email protected] sip:[email protected] sip:[email protected]

+878103931119343

session

IN NAPTR 3.4.3.9.1.1.1.3.9.3.0.1.8.7.8.e164.arpa. ?

... NAPTR ... "!^.*!sip:[email protected]!"

DNS SRV lookupfwd.pulver.com

sip:[email protected]


• 1999 – IETF ENUM WG formed• 2000 – IETF ENUM WG – RFC2916• 2001 – Various Workshops (ITU-T, Europe, US, Asia, …)• 2002 – ITU-T Interim Procedures (IAB, RIPE-NCC)

– ITU-T generic TLD Investigation – ETSI TS 102 051 "ENUM Administration in Europe"

• 2003 – ETSI TS 102 172 "Minimum Requirements for Interoperability of European ENUM Trials" – Various ENUM Trials

• 2004 – ETSI ENUM Workshop (Feb 2004) and Plugtest (E2004) – IETF New RFC 3761 – Enumservices registration with IANA – ETSI TS 102 172 v2, TS 102 055 “Infrastructure ENUM” – 1st Commercialization in Austria

(Very short) ENUM History


ENUM Delegations

• 31 Netherlands• 33 France• 353 Ireland• 358 Finland• 36 Hungary• 374 Armenia• 40 Romania• 41 Switzerland• 420 Czech Republic• 421 Slovakia• 423 Liechtenstein• 43 Austria• 44 UK• 46 Sweden• 48 Poland• 49 Germany

• 246 Diego Garcia• 247 Ascension• 290 Saint Helena • 55 Brazil• 65 Singapore• 86 China• 88234 Global Networks• 87810 VISIONng UPT • 971 UAE

http://www.ripe.net/enum/request-archives/

Delegations in e164.arpa as of June 1st, 2004

• 1 North America gains momentum

• additional Asian countries (Korea, Japan, Australia, …) soon to come ?


ENUM in Austria

• Background and History• Legal Framework• Main Use Cases• ENUM-driven number range• The generic gateway• Identification and Validation• Planned activities 2004


ENUM Background in Austria

2000-09 Start of activities within Telekom Austria2001-08 First consultation by Austrian regulator (RTR)2002-02 ENUM Workshop RTR, group of interested partners formed2002-05 Delegation request by RTR to RIPE, ITU-TSB for 3.4.e164.arpa2002-06 Tier 1 Registry in operation by NIC.AT (the Austrian ccTLD)2002-09 Austrian ENUM Trial Platform established officially2002-09 ENUM Tier 2 Nameserver (Telekom Austria) in operation2002-11 Policy Framework available, official start of trial2002-11 First Live Demo in Atlanta, GA (Fall VON/TIPHON/VISIONng)2002-12 Ready to invite friendly ENUM subscribers and users2003-02 Conversion to ETSI TS 102 172 compliance2003-10 1st part of trial completed, 2nd phase (business customers)2003-12 Large Scale ENUM and VoIP Pilot started at the Uni Vienna (AT43)2003-10 Decision to start preparation for commercial deployment2004-05 New Numbering Ordinance defines ENUM-driven number range2004-10 Target date for commercial ENUM start


• New Austrian Telecommunication Law (TKG 2003)– based on the New European Framework (NRF)

• New Numbering Ordinance in Austria– in force since May 12th, 2004– taking VoIP and ENUM already into account– +43 720 for national portable numbers and

VoIP (semi-nomadic)– +43 780 for VoIP and ENUM (nomadic)

• Contract between NRA (RTR) and Tier 1 Registry (nic.at)– contains the policy framework for ENUM– the charter for the 3.4.e164.arpa domain– the validation guidelines for the Registry and Registrars– basic technical, operational and administrative requirements

• Consulting on VoIP and ENUM issues by the Austrian ENUM Platform and the AK-TK (Intercarrier Platform)

Legal Framework


Main Use Cases for ENUM

1. Business: „IP PBX“ and „IP Centrex“– with geographic and/or corporate numbers (ENUM opt-in)– linking VoIP islands together globally via the Internet– will be reached from the PSTN via private or public gateways

2. Residential and Business: ENUM-driven numbers– IP device can be reached from IP and PSTN (via generic gateways)– calls may be routed to IP directly from the originating PSTN network

3. Residential: mobile numbers (ENUM opt-in)– terminate IP originated calls on IP, plus evenually forwarding or forking to

the mobile phone– PSTN operators may provide forced ENUM access from the PSTN via GG

4. Residential: geographic numbers (ENUM opt-in)– secondary line (separate termination on PSTN and IP)– primary line attached via terminal adapter or SIP-server with FXO port– primary line (ported out), reached from PSTN via PoI


ENUM-driven Number Range

• Format: +43 780 abcdef (ghi)• the registration of the ENUM domain IS the number

assignment• a cancellation of the ENUM domain will relinquish the

number• easy, cheap, one-step process• decoupling of number range allocation and gateway

operator• any gateway may route the whole number range,

just needs to be able to query ENUM• any gateway may route similar number ranges

(e.g. +87810, +42360, +260510, …)• these gateways are called generic gateways (GG)


The Generic Gateway

PSTNENUM-driven

number range

e.g. +43 780

PSTNENUM-driven

number range

e.g. +43 780

IPCSPRegistra

r

Generic Gatewa

y Operato

r

ENUMTier 1

ENUMTier 2

Subscription

Calling Party A Called

Party B

Internet

ENUMRegistry

Registration


• Identification of E.164 number assignees within the ENUM system:– depends on identification required for E.164 number

• (Re-)Validation: (re-)checks the right to use the E.164 number– this does not necessarily require identification within ENUM

• Validation methods therefore depend on the number range used:– ENUM-driven numbers (+43780)

• only identification may be required (pre-paid?), validation is implicit• phone book entry required

– Mobile numbers (opt-in)• validation via SIM-Card (e.g. SMS)

– numbers directly assigned to end-user (e.g. private networks) (opt-in)

• validation via assignment document– geographic numbers (opt-in)

• validation via credentials under investigation, ev. call back,

• If Registrar=TSP: Identification and Validation internal matter

Identification and Validation


• Establish a national policy framework 2Q2004• Start commercial deployment of ENUM 3Q2004

– Residential customers• ENUM-driven number range +43780 (and also +87810 VISIONng)• Mobile numbers (opt-in)• geographic numbers (terminating on IP) (opt-in)• geographic numbers primary line on PSTN (opt-in)

– Corporate Customers (IP PBX and IP Centrex)• Geographic/network numbers (opt-in, IP PBX)• Geographic/network numbers (opt-in, ported out, IP Centrex)

• Deploy Generic Gateways (GG) and ENUM access codes from PSTN

• Planned:– Make numbers in ENUM SMS- and MMS-enabled– Provide trusted identification on SIP for CLI (emergency service)– Provide certificates for E.164 numbers

• to be used in signaling and validation– Usage of SIM-Cards and IMSI for mobile IP Communications– Provide location information and emergency service routing proxies

Austrian National Activities 2004


ENUM Myths

Internet Hosts (machine names)

Intranet Hosts

Windows 2000services

Phonenumbers(ENUM)

RFIDtags

1988 2003199819931983 2008

• DNS is not fast enough..• no appreciable effect on call setup times (400ms).

• DNS won’t scale?!?!• 10 billion data items already• More data in intranets than outside• Over 100,000,000 delegations already• Every E-Mail including spam has to query DNS


The End

Thank you

Richard StastnyÖFEG

+43 664 420 4100

[email protected]

200406_siemens_enum_stastny.ppt

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