[2004] wind turbine technology- istorie

8/6/2019 [2004] Wind Turbine Technology- IsTORIE

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Jules Campbell 24 Feb 2004

Wind Turbine Technology Presented to the Austin Chapter of the:IEEE Power Engineering Society

by

Jules CampbellFellow of the Technical Staff, Motorola SPS

Advocate, American Wind Energy AssociationSenior Member, IEEE

2/24/2004


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Agenda

Brief History of Wind Power Evaluating Wind Power

U.S. & Texas Resources Modern Wind Turbine Technology

Issues with Wind? Is Wind Economical?

Conclusions


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A Brief History of Windpower Photos from

Wind Turbine Technologyby David A. Speara


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First Wind Power Generator

Wind Generator

Dr. Charles Brush

Cleveland, OH

1888 1908

Rotor Diameter: 17m

Power Output: 12 kW


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Early Small Wind Turbine

Jacobs Wind Electric Battery Charger c. 1931


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Early Large Scale Wind Turbines

First Grid Tied turbine

Russia 1931: 30m 100kW

First > 1 MW Turbine

Putnam, VT 1941: 53m -- 1.25MW


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Darrieus VAWT*

Sandia Labs: 17m, experimental

FlowWind 170kW, Altamont Pass, CA

*Vertical Axis

Wind Turbine


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Evaluating Wind Power


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The Air We Breathe

Component Formula Quantity UnitsCumulative

composition(%)

o ecu ar Wt.

(g/22.4l)Mass per

g/m 3Cumulativemass (g/m 3)

Nitrogen N2 78.0840% percent 78.0840% 28.0134 976.52 976.52Oxygen O2 20.9470% percent 99.0310% 31.9988 299.23 1275.75Argon Ar 0.9340% percent 99.9650% 39.948 16.66 1292.41Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0314% percent 99.9964% 44.0003 0.62 1293.02Neon Ne 18.18 ppm 99.9982% 20.179 0.000367 1293.02Helium He 5.24 ppm 99.9987% 4.026 0.000021 1293.02Krypton Kr 1.14 ppm 99.9989% 83.8 0.000096 1293.02Sulfur dioxide SO 2 1 ppm 99.9990% 64.0628 0.000064 1293.02Methane CH4 2 ppm 99.9992% 16.04338 0.000032 1293.02

Hydrogen H2 0.5 ppm 99.9992% 2.01594 0.000001 1293.02Nitrous Oxide N2O 0.5 ppm 99.9993% 44.0128 0.000022 1293.02

Xenon Xe 0.087 ppm 99.9993% 131.3 0.000011 1293.02Ozone O3 0.07 ppm 99.9993% 47.9982 0.000003 1293.02Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 0.02 ppm 99.9993% 46.0055 0.000001 1293.02Iodine I2 0.01 ppm 99.9993% 253.8088 0.000003 1293.02Carbon Monoxide CO trace 99.9993% 28.0149 1293.02Ammonia NH3 trace 99.9993% 17.03061 1293.02

99.9993% 1293.02

Composition of Air (1m 3 = 1000 liters)


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Weather effects on Air DensityDensity of Air vs. Temperature

11001150120012501300

1350140014501500

-40 -20 0 20 40 60

Temperature (C)

D e n s i t y

g / m

3

010203040

50607080

-50 0 50 100 150

Temperature (F)

W a t e r

C o n

t e n

t g / m

3

Density of Dry Air Density of Saturated Air Max. Water Content

11Conditions used for

Turbine Rating.


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Computing Power in the Wind The mass passing through a 1 x 1 m

2

surfaceis proportional to the speed in m/s Mass = (kg/m 3)* v (m/s)

The Kinetic Energy in the mass is mv2

Therefore, the power/m 2 is proportional to v 3 Power/m 2 = v3 = kg/m 3 * m3/s 3

Power/m 2 = kg * m 2/s 2*1/s*1/m 2 = Joules/s*1/m 2 = W/m 2

1m 3

1m 2

m/s


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Power in the WindWind Power Density vs Wind Speed

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

1 10 100 1000Wind Speed (meters/second)

P o w e r

D e n s i

t y ( W / m

2 )

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

W i n d S p e e

d

( m

i l e s /

h o u r )

Energy Density Miles per Hour

Wind TurbineOp Region

F5

F4

F0

F1

F2

F3

Diesel Locomotive ~ 3MW

3 25

F5 @ 318MPH = 1.7MW/m 2

FujitaScale:

Tornados


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Wind Power Classes

Wind Power Density Speed

(b) Wind Power Density Speed

(b)

(W/m2) m/s (mph) (W/m2) m/s (mph)

1 8.8 (19.7)

Classes of Wind Power Density at 10 m and 50 m (a)

10 m (33 ft) 50 m (164 ft)

In general, sites with a Wind Power Class rating of 4 or higherare now preferred for large scale wind plants. Research

conducted by industry and the U.S. government is expandingthe applications of grid- connected wind technology to areas

with more moder

Wind Power Class

(a) Vertical extrapolation of wind speed based on the 1/7 power law(b) Mean wind speed is based on the Rayleigh speed distribution of equivalent windpower density. Wind speed is for standard sea-level conditions. To maintain thesame power density, speed increases 3%/1000 m (5%/5000 ft) of elevation.(from the Battelle Wind Energy Resource Atlas)


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U.S. & Texas Resources


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1987 U.S. Wind Atlas


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Cummulative Average Wind Energy by State

0200,000400,000600,000800,000

1,000,000

1,200,0001,400,000

N o

r t h

D a

k o

t a

T e x a s

K a n s a s

S o u

t h D

a k o

t a

M o n

t a n a

N e

b r a s

k a

W

y o m

i n g

O k l a h o m

a

M i n n e s o

t a

I o w a

C o

l o r a

d o

N

e w

M e x

i c o

I d a

h o

M i c h i g a n

N e w

Y o r

k

I l l i n o

i s

C a

l i f o r n

i a

W

i s c o n s

i n

M a

i n e

M i s s o u r

i

N e v a

d a

P e n n s y

l v a n

i a

O r e g o n

W

a s

h i n g

t o n

M a s s a c

h u s e

t t s

V i r g

i n i a

W

e s

t V i r g

i n i a

V e r m

o n

t

T e n n e s s e e

H a w a

i i

A l a s

k a

State

C u m

m

u l a t i v e

A v e r a g e

W

i n d

E n e r

M W

Cummulative Average Energy by State

> 90% of Windpower resides inCentral Plains & Rocky Mt

States

U.S. Wind Power Potential

Total U.S. Generation 1999 ~ 775 GW

Wind Energy Power Potential > 1200GW

Data from AWEA &U.S. DOETop 10 States!


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Texas Wind Power & ProjectsRank 2 http://www.awea.org/projects/texas.html

Average Power Output 136,000 MWAnnual Output 1,191,360,000 kWhr Updated: Jan 12, 2004Installed Output 1,293.24 MW% of resource developed 0.95%

Power Purchaser/

User

Nichols Station Southwest Public Service 1992 0.3 Southwest Public Service 1 0.30 Carter

Deleware Mt. Culberson County Oct-95 35 LCRA 112 0.30 Kenetech

Fort Davis Wind Farm Fort Davis American Electric Power Sep-99 6 West Texas Utilities Co. 12 0.50 Zond

Deleware Mt. Culberson CountyAmerican Nat. Wind Power

& Orion EnergyJun-99 30

Reliant Energy, HL&P,LCRA

40 0.75 Zond

Big Spring I Howard County York Research Apr-99 27.72 TXU 42 0.66 Vestas V-47Big Spring II Howard County York Research Jun-99 6.6 TXU / York 1.65 Vestas

Southwest Mesa Crockett County Cielo Wind Power May-99 74.9 American Electric Power 107 0.70 NEG Micon (107)

Hueco Mt. El Paso County Cielo Wind Power Mar-01 1.32 El Paso Electric 2 0.66 Vestas V-4776.7 Austin Energy 59

198.9 Reliant Energy 153

2.6Texas-New Mexico Power

Co2

Woodward Mt. I & II Pecos County FPL Energy Apr-01 159.7 TXU 242 0.66 Vestas V-47

Fort Stockton Pecos County Big Wind LP Jul-01 3.5 Texas - New Mexico Power

Trent Mesa Nolan & Taylor AEP Aug-01 150 TXU 100 1.50 GE Wind (Enron)TXU (31.5MW)

LCRA (48.5MW)

Desert SkyPecos Co near

IraanAEP Dec-01 160

City Public Services of SanAntonio

107 1.50 GE Wind (Enron)

Llano Estacado @ WhiteDeer

Carson Co Shell Wind Energy Nov-01 80 SW Public Service 80 1.00 Mitsubishi

Brazos Wind Ranch Borden& Scurry Cielo Wind Power 4Q 2003 160 TXU & Green Mt. Energy 160 1.00 MitsubishiSweetwater DKR/ Babcock-Brown 4Q 2003 37.5 TXU 25 1.50 GE Wind

1293.2 1369

MWLocation (County)Existing Project or Area Owner Date

Online

Vestas V-47National Wind Power Dec-01 82.5

Bonus, 60m

Manufacturer Number

of Turbines

TurbineRating(MW)

1.30

Indian Mesa Pecos County 125 0.66

King Mt. I, II, & III Upton Co FPL EnergyJul-01 toDec-01


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ModernWind Turbine Technology


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Range of Turbine SizesTurbine Output vs Swept Area for misc. Vendors

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 5000 10000

Swept Area (m^2)

O u t p u

t ( k W )

VestasNeg-MiconMitsubishiGamesa EolicaGE WindBonusFuhrlander SuzlonRePower

Data fromVendor Websites


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Common Turbine Characteristics Upwind Design: into the wind Tower height approximately equal to blade diameter:

Solid or Annular, with rock fill (patented) Concrete Footing,approx. 12-14 in diameter, 14-20 deep.

Tubular Steel, usually in sections.

Turbine Cut-in speed: approx. 3 m/s Rated speed (for max. power): from 11-15 m/s

depends on rotor diameter and siting in high or low wind speed location.

Cut-out > 25 m/s, except for short bursts Turbine feathers blades and applies breaks Approximately 30 seconds spin down time.


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Wind Farm Electrical Systems

Transformer at base of turbine towers connects to13.8-35kV distribution system within the wind farm.

Distribution feeds a multi-MW sub-station to grid


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Turbine Siting in Arrays

3d

d

5 to 10d

PredominantWind Direction

Turbine Array

Sub-station

XRMR XRMR XRMR

XRMR XRMR XRMR

Distribution Lines


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Rotor Attach Point Nacelle with Canopy Open

Main Shaft & 1 of 4 Yaw Motors Disk Brake & 1.3 MW Generator

Bonus 1.3 MW Nacelle


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Rotor Components

I cant believe I got the whole thing!!

Hub, Blade attach & Spinner Angled fins reduce noise, like airplanes

60 meter diameter


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Suzlon 0.95 MW Drivetrain

Main Drive Shaft & Bearing Disk Brake & Gearbox

0.95 MW Generator

Hydraulic Pump

Rotor Hub

TorqueConverter

CouplingRemoved


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Suzlon 0.95 MW Rotor Hub

Blade Pitch Controllers

Blade Pitch Drive Motor

Blade AttachBolt Holes


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Suzlon 0.95MW Controls

VibrationSensors

VibrationAnalyzers

Controller Cabinets


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Other Technologies Enercon (Germany)

Direct Drive, no RPM step up transmission High Pole Count Ring Generator (e.g. alternator)

The Wind Turbine Company (Washington) Down Wind (self yawed or powered yaw) Two Blade, blade tilting to reduce root stress

Guyed Tower, aim to lower cost. Clipper Wind Turbines (California)

Multiple (8) Generators on common drive

reduced production loss Generator swapping requires smaller crane Not in the field yet, concept or in development


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Other Technologies

Enercon 30 m & 112 m (4.5MW)

The Wind Turbine Company2 Blade, Downwind

Clipper Drive with8 generators

Photos from Vendor Websitesor convention booth


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Desert Sky Photo AlbumSite Plan

Site Control System readout of Turbine Cubic power curve

Turbine Control Panel


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Sommerset, PA

8 - Nordex N-60, 1.3MW Very Quiet Turbines! Built on top of old strip mine

(note dragline in lower right)

l ( )


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Stateline Project (WA-OR)459 x Vestas, V-47 / 660kWCovers 50 sq. mi.BPA Grid

T u r b in e C o n t ro lle r P a n e l

AWEA Tour Group

Field of Dreams


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S h i


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Energy Storage Techniques Pumped Hydro-electric

BPA announced plans for 500MW Wind storage Requires geologic formations & water source

Compressed Air Typically a cavern, or pressure tanks Some (heat of compression) energy lost in

storage. Eliminates compressor losses on Gas turbine

Flywheels? Present-day ~ 4MJ or 1-5 seconds vs need or

hours Batteries?

Large, Heavy, Toxic Materials

E S T h i


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Energy Storage Techniques PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells)

Reversible Electrolysis-Generation > 50% recovery Hydrogen Storage still an issue

Doesnt compress easily and only Liquefies at~3 K Metal-Hydride powders have promise, but

require heat input for hydrogen liberation Probable synergy between Wind Power needing

hydrogen storage & Fuel Cell Autos needing

hydrogen infrastructure. Or generate Hydrogen & burn in combined cycleGas Turbine/Steam Turbine plant.


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Is Wind Power Economical?

2002 P G i C


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2002 Power Generation Costs

83Geothermal54Coal

1510Solar (thermal)2515Photovoltaic

1510Nuclear

43Natural Gas54Wind

86Biomass104Hydro-electric

Data from The Environment by Raven & Berg

Construction + Generation: Range, Cents/KWhr

Reduced CO 2, toxics

Radioactive WasteAffects Stream Ecology

Polluting !

Earth Friendly!


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Conclusion

Some would sayIf it aint broke, dont fix it!?

I disagree!

P D U S G i S


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Present Day U.S. Generation Sources

70 % of U.S. Energy comes from fossil fuels: large discharges of CO 2, e.g. greenhouse gas. large discharges of air pollutants (e.g. causing unaccountedhealth problems)

Chart from:http://www.balancedenergy.org

(A Coal Industry Consortium)

I O f i l 500MW C l Pl


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Input-Output of a typical 500MW Coal Plant

Gozintas 1,430,000 Tons of Coal 146,000 Tons of Limestone 2.2 Billion Gallons of Water

Gozoutas 3.5 Billion kWhr!

3.7 Million Tons of CO 2 Plus all these

Nasties!!!

Gozoutas (contd) 10,000 Tons of SO 2 10,200 Tons on NO X

500 Tons Small Particulates 220 Tons Hydro-Carbons 720 Tons CO 125,000 Tons Ash 193,000 Tons Sludge As, Pb, Cd, Hg, U, etc. Approx. 65% Waste Heat

Data from:

Union of Concerned Scientists2002

D th Att ib t d t P Pl t !


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Deaths Attributed to Power Plants!

Region holds > 90% of U.S. Wind Resource

>1100 GW !!

D Wi d k ?


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Does Wind make sense? U.S. Electric Generation in 1999 was 775 GW. The Estimated U.S. Wind Resource is 1200 GW!

37.8E15 KWhr annually, or 37.8E19 Joule

1 Million Tons of Oil = 7.8 Million Barrels = 1E15 Joule= 1 peta-Joule

So, The Estimated U.S. Wind Resource isequivalent to: 37.8 Billion Tons of Oil, or

295 Billion Barrels of Oil !! E.U. & US DOE have targeted 20% electrical

generation from Wind by 2020

A k l dg t


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Acknowledgements

American Wind Energy Association Souvenir Calendars for yall! Excellent website information Wind Power Conferences & Project Tours

Texas Renewable Energy IndustryAssoc. Texas Wind pins for yall!

Walter Hornaday, Pres. Cielo Windpower Photos by Author, unless noted.

Li k t U f l I f ti


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Links to Useful Information http://www.awea.org American Wind Energy Association

http://www.ewea.org European Wind Energy Association http://www.nrel.gov National Renewable Energy Lab http://www.nrel.gov/wind National Wind Technology Center http://www.cielowind.com Cielo Windpower, Austin, Tx. Developer

http://www.treia.org Texas Renewable Energy Industry Assoc http://www.bonus.dk Bonus Sturdy & Quiet (< 70 dBA) http://www.gewind.com GE Wind, LVRT, Variable Spd., Quiet http://www.vestas.dk Low Cost, High Volume, noisier http://www.nordex.de Nordex Built like a Beamer, (< 70dBA) http://www.mhi.co.jp/power/e_power/product/idx_nature_wind.html

Mitsubishi Wind Turbines http://www.suzlon.com Suzlon Torque Converter coupling http://www.enercon.de Enercon Direct Drive, noise > 100dBA http://www.neg-micon.dk/cm90.asp?d=1 Neg-Micon http://www.gamesa.es/ingles/nucleos_negocio/gamesa_eolica/presentaci

on/presentacion.htm Gamesa Eolica


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[2004] wind turbine technology- istorie

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