2002 Atlantic hurricane season

The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season was an averageAtlantic hurricane season, officially starting on June 1,2002 and ending on November 30, dates which conven-tionally limit the period of each year when most tropicalcyclones develop in the Atlantic Ocean. The season pro-duced 14 tropical cyclones, of which 12 developed intonamed storms; four became hurricanes, and two attainedmajor hurricane status. The season officially began onJune 1, although the season’s first cyclone did not de-velop until July 14. Despite the late start, the 2002 sea-son tied with 2004, 2007, and 2010 in which a recordnumber of tropical storms, eight, developed in the monthof September. It ended early however, with no tropi-cal storms forming after October 6—a rare occurrencecaused partly by El Niño conditions. The most intensehurricane of the season was Hurricane Isidore with a min-imum central pressure of 934 mbar, although HurricaneLili attained higher winds and peaked at Category 4 statuson the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.The season was less destructive than average, causingan estimated $2.6 billion (2002 USD) in property dam-age and 23 fatalities, mostly due to Isidore and Lili. InSeptember, Hurricane Gustav moved ashore on NovaScotia as it was transitioning into an extratropical cy-clone, lashing the region with high winds for several days.Isidore struck the Yucatan Peninsula and later the UnitedStates, causing about $970 million (2002 USD, $1.28 bil-lion 2015 USD) in damage, and killing a total of seven.Several other storms directly affected land during Augustand September, including the longest lived of the season,Hurricane Kyle. In early October, Hurricane Lili madelandfall in Louisiana, where it caused $860 million (2002USD) in damage and 15 deaths.

1 Seasonal forecasts

Noted hurricane expert William M. Gray and his asso-ciates at Colorado State University issue forecasts of hur-ricane activity each year, separately from the NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).Gray’s team determined the average number of stormsper season between 1950 and 2000 to be 9.6 tropicalstorms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (stormsexceeding Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson HurricaneScale). A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 9to 12 named storms, of which 5 to 7 reach hurricanestrength and 1 to 3 become major hurricanes.[1][2]

1.1 Pre-season forecasts

On December 7, 2001, Gray’s team issued its firstextended-range forecast for the 2002 season, predictingabove-average activity (13 named storms, 8 hurricanes,and about 2 of Category 3 or higher). It listed an 86 per-cent chance of at least one major hurricane striking theU.S. mainland. This included a 58 percent chance of atleast one major hurricane strike on the East Coast, in-cluding the Florida peninsula, and a 43 percent chanceof at least one such strike on the Gulf Coast from theFlorida Panhandle westward. The potential for majorhurricane activity in the Caribbean was forecast to beabove average.[1]

On April 5 a new forecast was issued, calling for 12named storms, 7 hurricanes and 3 intense hurricanes. Thedecrease in the forecast was attributed to the further in-tensification of El Niño conditions. The estimated po-tential for at least one major hurricane to affect the U.S.was decreased to 75 percent; the East Coast potential de-creased slightly to 57 percent, and from the Florida Pan-handle westward to Brownsville, Texas, the probabilityremained the same.[3]

1.2 Mid-season forecasts

On August 7, 2002, Gray’s team lowered its season es-timate to 9 named storms, with 4 becoming hurricanesand 1 becoming a major hurricane, noting that conditionshad become less favorable for storms than they had beenearlier in the year. The sea-level pressure and trade windstrength in the tropical Atlantic were reported to be abovenormal, while sea surface temperature anomalies were ona decreasing trend.[5]

On August 8, 2002, NOAA revised its season estimate to7–10 named storms, with 4–6 becoming hurricanes and1–3 becoming major hurricanes. The reduction was at-tributed to less favorable environmental conditions andbuilding El Niño conditions.[6]

2 Season activity

The season’s activity, in which most were weak tropicalstorms, was reflected with a low cumulative accumulatedcyclone energy (ACE) rating of 67.[8] ACE is, broadlyspeaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multi-plied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a

1

2 3 STORMS

long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, havehigh ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisorieson tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph,63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Although officially,subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total,[9] theearly portions of the tracks of Gustav and Kyle are notomitted from the total ACE value above.

3 Storms

3.1 Tropical Storm Arthur

Main article: Tropical Storm Arthur (2002)

Arthur formed out of a tropical depression off the coast ofNorth Carolina on July 14 from a decaying frontal zone.It thenmoved out to sea, strengthening slightly into a trop-ical storm on July 15. Arthur gradually strengthened andpeaked as a 60 mph (97 km/h) tropical storm on the fol-lowing day. However, cooler waters and upper level shearcaused it to weaken. By July 17, Arthur had becomeextratropical, and moved north over Newfoundland. Itproceeded to weaken below gale strength.[10] The precur-sor system produced up to 4.49 in (114 mm) of rainfallin Weston, Florida.[11] Later, one person drowned in theConne River in Newfoundland due to Arthur.[12]

3.2 Tropical Storm Bertha

Main article: Tropical Storm Bertha (2002)

A surface trough of low pressure that would later spawnTropical Storm Cristobal developed a tropical depressionin the northern Gulf of Mexico on August 4. It quicklystrengthened into a minimal tropical storm early on Au-gust 5, and made landfall near Boothville, Louisiana justtwo hours later. Bertha weakened to a tropical depres-sion, but retained its circulation over Louisiana. A highpressure system built southward, unexpectedly forcingthe depression to the southwest. It emerged back over theGulf ofMexico on August 7, where proximity to land anddry air prevented further strengthening. Bertha movedwestward, and made a second landfall near Kingsville,Texas on August 9, having made no significant gain instrength.[13]

Across the Gulf Coast of the United States, Berthadropped light to moderate rainfall; most areas receivedless than 3 inches (76 mm). Precipitation from the stormpeaked at 10.25 inches (260mm) in Norwood, Louisiana.Minor flooding was reported, which caused light damageto a few businesses, 15 to 25 houses, and some roadways.Overall, damage was very minor, totaling to $200,000

(2002 USD, $263 thousand 2015 USD) in damage.[14] Inaddition, one death was reported due to Bertha, a drown-ing due to heavy surf in Florida.[13]

3.3 Tropical Storm Cristobal

Main article: Tropical Storm Cristobal (2002)

On August 5, Tropical Depression Three formed off thecoast of South Carolina from a surface trough of lowpressure – the same trough that spawned Tropical StormBertha in the Gulf of Mexico. Under a southerly flow,the depression drifted southward, where dry air and windshear inhibited significant development. On August 7, itbecame Tropical Storm Cristobal, and reached a peak of50 mph (80 km/h) on August 8. The storm meanderedeastward and was absorbed by a front on August 9.[15]

The interaction between the extratropical remnant and ahigh pressure system produced strong rip currents alongthe coastline of Long Island. The storm also causedwaves of three to four ft (1.2 m) in height. Three peopledrowned from the rip currents and waves in NewYork.[16]

3.4 Tropical Storm Dolly

A tropical wave exited the African coast on August 27,[17]and with low favorable conditions the system organizedinto Tropical Depression Four on August 29 about 630mi(1,020 km) southwest of Cape Verde.[18] Six hours later,the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dolly af-ter developing sufficient outflow and curved banding fea-tures.[19] The storm continued to intensify as more con-vection developed,[20] and Dolly reached peaked winds of60 mph (95 km/h) on August 30.[17] After peaking in in-tensity, the storm suddenly lost organization,[21] and thewinds decreased to minimal tropical storm force.[22] Af-ter a brief re-intensification trend, Dolly again weakeneddue to wind shear. On September 4 Dolly weakened toa tropical depression, and later that day was absorbed bythe trough; it never affected land.[17]

3.5 Tropical Storm Edouard

Main article: Tropical Storm Edouard (2002)

Edouard formed out of an area of disturbed weather northof the Bahamas on September 2. It drifted northward,then executed a clockwise loop off the coast of Florida.Despite dry air and moderate upper level shear, Edouardstrengthened to a peak of 65 mph (105 km/h) winds,but the unfavorable conditions caught up with it. Thestorm weakened as it turned west-southwestward, andmade landfall near Ormond Beach, Florida on September5 as a minimal tropical storm. Edouard crossed Florida,

3.8 Hurricane Gustav 3

and emerged over the Gulf of Mexico as a minimal de-pression. Outflow from the stronger Tropical Storm Faycaused Tropical Depression Edouard to weaken further,and Edouard was eventually absorbed by Fay.[23]

Tropical Storm Edouard dropped moderate rainfallacross Florida, peaking at 7.64 inches (194 mm) inDeSoto County.[24] Though it was a tropical storm atlandfall, winds were light across the path of the stormover land. Several roads were flooded frommoderate pre-cipitation. No casualties were reported, and damage wasminimal.[23]

3.6 Tropical Storm Fay

Main article: Tropical Storm Fay (2002)

In early September, a low pressure center developedalong a trough of low pressure, and on September 5, thesystem had gained sufficient organization to be a tropicaldepression, to the southeast of Galveston. The depressiondrifted south-southwest while strengthening into Trop-ical Storm Fay, reaching its peak strength of 60 mph(95 km/h) on the morning of September 6. The sys-tem then abruptly turned to the west-northwest, and re-mained steady in strength and course until landfall thenext day, near Matagorda. It quickly degenerated intoa remnant low, which itself moved slowly southwestwardover Texas. The low eventually dissipated on September11 over northeastern Mexico.[25]

The storm brought heavy rainfall in Mexico and Texas.The storm also caused six tornadoes, up to 20 in (510mm) of rain, and extended periods of tropical stormforce winds.[25] The storm caused moderate flooding insome areas due to high rainfall amounts, which left about400 homes with some form of damage. In total, 400houses sustained damage from flooding.[26] 1,575 houseswere damaged from the flooding or tornadic damage, 23severely, amounting to $4.5 million (2002 USD, $5.92million 2015 USD) in damage. No deaths are attributedto Fay.[27]

3.7 Tropical Depression Seven

A tropical wave existed Africa on September 1, and af-ter initial development became disorganized. It movedwest-northwestward for a week, reorganizing enough bySeptember 7 to be declared Tropical Depression Sevenabout 1155 mi (1855 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[28]At the time, the depression had persistent convectionaround a small circulation, and it moved steadily west-ward due to a ridge to its north.[29] Shortly after forming,strong wind shear diminished the convection and left thecenter partially exposed.[30] By September 8, there wasno remaining thunderstorm activity,[31] and the depres-sion degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area.[32]

The storm dissipated shortly after as strong wind shearcontinued to cause the storm to deteriorate while located980 mi (1580 mi) southeast of Bermuda. The depressionnever affected land.[28]

3.8 Hurricane Gustav

Main article: Hurricane Gustav (2002)

An area of unsettled weather developed between theBahamas and Bermuda on September 6, and over thenext few days convection increased in intensity and cov-erage. On September 8, the system gained sufficient or-ganization to be declared a subtropical depression off theSoutheast United States coast; later that day, the systemwas named Subtropical Storm Gustav. After attainingtropical characteristics on September 10, Gustav passedslightly to the east of the Outer Banks of North Car-olina as a tropical storm beforemoving northeastward andmaking two landfalls in Atlantic Canada as a Category 1hurricane on September 12.[33][34]

The storm was responsible for one death and $100,000(2002 USD) in damage, mostly in North Carolina.The interaction between Gustav and a non-tropical sys-tem produced strong winds that caused an additional$240,000 (2002 USD) in damage in New England, butthis damage was not directly attributed to the hurri-cane. In Atlantic Canada, the hurricane and its rem-nants brought heavy rain, tropical storm and hurricaneforce winds, as well as storm surges for several days.[33]Localized flooding was reported in areas of Prince Ed-ward Island, and 4,000 people in Halifax, Nova Scotiaand Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island were left with-out power.[35]

3.9 Tropical Storm Hanna

Main article: Tropical Storm Hanna (2002)

In early September, a tropical wave merged with a troughof low pressure in the Gulf of Mexico and spawned alow pressure system. Convection steadily deepened onSeptember 11 east of the upper level low and the sur-face low; it was classified as Tropical Depression Nine thenext day. The disorganized storm moved westward, thennorthward, where it strengthened into Tropical StormHanna later that day. After reaching a peak with windsof 55 mph (90 km/h), it made two landfalls on theGulf Coast, eventually dissipating on September 15 overGeorgia.[36]

Because most of the associated convective activity waseast of the center of circulation, minimal damage wasreported in Louisiana and Mississippi.[36] To the east onDauphin Island, Alabama, the storm caused coastal flood-ing which closed roads and forced the evacuation of res-

4 3 STORMS

idents. Florida received high wind gusts, heavy rain-fall, and strong surf that resulted in the deaths of threeswimmers.[37] Throughout the state, 20,000 homes lostelectricity.[38] The heavy rainfall progressed into Geor-gia, where significant flooding occurred. Crop damagewas extensive, and over 300 structures were damaged bythe flooding. The storm caused a total of about $20 mil-lion (2002 USD) in damage and three fatalities.[36]

3.10 Hurricane Isidore

Main article: Hurricane Isidore

On September 9, a tropical wave moved off the coast ofAfrica, and by September 14 it was classified as a tropi-cal depression. The next day the storm was located justsouth of Jamaica, and it developed into Tropical StormIsidore. On September 19, it intensified into a hurri-cane, and Isidore made landfall in western Cuba as a Cat-egory 1 storm. Just before landfall near Puerto Telchacon September 22, Isidore reached its peak intensity, withwind speeds of 125 miles per hour (201 km/h), makingit a strong Category 3 storm. After returning to the Gulfof Mexico as a tropical storm, Isidore’s final landfall wasnear Grand Isle, Louisiana on September 26, where thestorm weakened to a depression.[39]

Isidore made landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula of south-ern Mexico as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, leaving $640 million (2002USD, $842 million 2015 USD) in damage in thecountry.[40] Despite dropping over 30 inches (760mm) ofrainfall among other effects,[41] only two indirect deathswere reported there.[42] As a tropical storm, Isidore pro-duced amaximumof 15.97 inches (406mm) of rainfall inthe United States at Metairie, Louisiana.[41] The rainfallwas responsible for flooding that caused moderate cropdamage, with a total of $330 million in damage (2002USD, $434 million 2015 USD).[43]

3.11 Tropical Storm Josephine

A non-tropical low developed along a dissipating sta-tionary front on September 16 in the central Atlanticand drifted north-northeastward.[44] The National Hurri-cane Center classified it as Tropical Depression Eleven onSeptember 17 about 710 mi (1,150 km) east of Bermuda,and initially the depression did not have significant deepconvection.[45] A wind report early on September 18 in-dicated the depression intensified into Tropical StormJosephine. The storm continued generally northeastward,steered between a subtropical high to the northeast and afrontal system approaching from the west.[46] Josephinemaintained a well-defined circulation, but its deep con-vection remained intermittent.[47] Early on September 19the storm began being absorbed by the cold front, andas a tropical cyclone its winds never surpassed 40 mph

(75 km/h).[48] Later that day Josephine transitioned intoan extratropical cyclone and suddenly intensified to windsof 60 mph (95 km/h). The extratropical low was quicklyabsorbed by another larger extratropical system on theafternoon of September 19.[44][49]

3.12 Hurricane Kyle

Main article: Hurricane Kyle (2002)

A non-tropical low formed into Subtropical DepressionTwelve, well east-southeast of Bermuda on September20. It became Subtropical Storm Kyle the next day,and Tropical Storm Kyle on September 22. Kyle driftedslowly westward, slowly strengthening, and reached hur-ricane strength on September 25; it weakened backinto a tropical storm on September 28. The cyclone’sstrength continued to fluctuate between tropical depres-sion and tropical storm several times. Its movement wasalso extremely irregular, as it shifted sharply north andsouth along its generally westward path. On October11, Kyle reached land and made its first landfall nearMcClellanville, South Carolina. While skirting the coast-line of the Carolinas, it moved back over water, and madea second landfall near Long Beach, North Carolina laterthe same day. Kyle continued out to sea where it mergedwith a cold front on October 12, becoming the fourthlongest-lived Atlantic hurricane.[50]

Kyle brought light precipitation to Bermuda, but no sig-nificant damage was reported there.[51] Moderate rain-fall accompanied its two landfalls in the United States,[52]causing localized flash flooding and road closures. Flood-waters forced the evacuation of a nursing home and sev-eral mobile homes in South Carolina. Kyle spawnedat least four tornadoes,[50] the costliest of which struckGeorgetown, South Carolina; it damaged 106 buildingsand destroyed seven others, causing eight injuries.[53]Overall damage totaled about $5 million (2002 USD,$6.58 million 2015 USD), and no direct deaths werereported.[50] However, the remnants of Kyle contributedto one indirect death in the British Isles.[54]

3.13 Hurricane Lili

Main article: Hurricane Lili

On September 16, a tropical wave moved off the coast ofAfrica and across the Atlantic. It developed a low levelcloud circulation midway between Africa and the LesserAntilles on September 20. The next day, the system hadbecome sufficiently organized to classify the system as atropical depression about 900 nautical miles (1,700 km)east of the Windward Islands. On September 30 Lili be-came a hurricane while passing over the Cayman Islands.The storm attained Category 4 status in the Gulf of Mex-

5

ico before making landfall on the Louisiana coast on Oc-tober 2. The next day, it was absorbed by an extratropicallow near the Tennessee – Arkansas border.[55]

In Louisiana, wind gusts reaching 120 mph (190 km/h),coupled with over 6 inches (150 mm) of rainfall and astorm surge of 12 feet (3.7 m), caused over $860 million(2002 USD, $1.13 billion 2015 USD) in damage. A totalof 237,000 people lost power, and oil rigs offshore wereshut down for up to a week.[56]

3.14 Tropical Depression Fourteen

A weak tropical wave moved through the Lesser Antilleson October 9. As the system reached the southwest-ern Caribbean Sea on October 12, convection increased,and a broad low pressure area formed later that day.Over the next two days, the low significantly organized,and became Tropical Depression Fourteen at 1200 UTCon October 14. The depression initially tracked west-northwestward, but then curved to the north-northeast.Due to vertical wind shear, the depression was unable tointensify, and remained below tropical storm status dur-ing its duration. By 1600 UTC on October 16, the de-pression made landfall near Cienfuegos, Cuba with windsof 30 mph (45 km/h). While crossing the island, the de-pression was absorbed by a cold front early on October17. Minimal impact was reported, which was limited tolocally heavy rains over portions of Jamaica, Cuba, andthe Cayman Islands.[57]

4 Storm names

The following names were used on named storms thatformed in the North Atlantic during the 2002 season.The names not retired from this list were used again inthe 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. This is the same listused in the 1996 season with the exception of Cristo-bal, Fay, and Hanna, which replaced Cesar, Fran, andHortense, respectively. The names Cristobal, Fay, andHanna were used for Atlantic storms for the first time in2002.[58] Names that were not used are marked in gray.

4.1 Retirement

The World Meteorological Organization retired twonames in the spring of 2003; Isidore and Lili. They werereplaced in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season by Ike andLaura, respectively.[58]

5 Season effects

The following table lists all of the storms that formed inthe 2002Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their dura-

tion, names, landfall(s) –denoted by bold location names– damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses areadditional and indirect (an example of an indirect deathwould be a traffic accident), but were still related to thatstorm. Damage and deaths include totals while the stormwas extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damagefigures are in 2002 USD.

6 See also

• List of Atlantic hurricanes

• 2002 Pacific hurricane season

• 2002 Pacific typhoon season

• 2002 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

• South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2001–02, 2002–03

• Australian region cyclone seasons: 2001–02, 2002–03

• South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2001–02, 2002–03

7 References[1] William M. Gray; et al. (December 7, 2001). “Extended

range forecast of Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity andUS landfall strike probability for 2002”. Colorado StateUniversity. Retrieved 2008-08-04.

[2] Climate Prediction Center (August 8, 2006).“Background Information: The North Atlantic Hur-ricane Season”. National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration. Archived from the original on 7December 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-08.

[3] WilliamM. Gray; et al. (April 5, 2002). “Extended rangeforecast of Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity and USlandfall strike probability for 2002”. Colorado State Uni-versity. Retrieved 2008-08-04.

[4] “NOAA: 2002 Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook”. Na-tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 20,2002. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008.Retrieved 2008-09-06.

[5] Klotzbach, Philip J.; Gray, William M. (August 7, 2002).“Updated Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activ-ity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2002”. Col-orado State University. Retrieved 2008-09-07.

[6] “NOAA: 2002 Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook”. Na-tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August8, 2002. Archived from the original on 20 September2008. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

6 7 REFERENCES

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[8] Hurricane Research Division (March 2011). “Atlanticbasin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT”.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Re-trieved 2011-07-23.

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[11] Roth, David (December 3, 2002). “Tropical StormArthur – July 9–15, 2002”. Hydrometeorological Predic-tion Center. Archived from the original on 5 December2010. Retrieved 2010-11-28.

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[13] Beven, Jack (November 20, 2002). “Tropical StormBertha Tropical Cyclone Report”. National HurricaneCenter. Retrieved 2010-11-28.

[14] “Damage report on Bertha” (PDF). Louisiana State Uni-versity. 2002. Retrieved 2010-11-28.

[15] Franklin, James (August 22, 2002). “Tropical StormCristobal Tropical Cyclone Report”. National HurricaneCenter. Retrieved 2010-11-28.

[16] “Damage Report on Cristobal” (PDF). Louisiana StateUniversity. 2002. Retrieved 2010-11-28.

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[21] LixionA. Avila (August 30, 2002). “Tropical StormDollyDiscussion Six”. National Hurricane Center. Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-07.

[22] LixionA. Avila (August 31, 2002). “Tropical StormDollyDiscussion Nine”. National Hurricane Center. Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-07.

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[24] Roth, David M. (2015-04-30). “Tropical Cyclone PointMaxima”. Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. Weather Pre-diction Center. Retrieved 2015-09-06.

[25] Stacy Stewart (January 16, 2003). “Tropical Storm FayTropical Cyclone Report”. National Hurricane Center.Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved2008-08-03.

[26] Red Cross (September 9, 2002). “Tropical Storm Faystrikes south Texas”. Red Cross. Archived from the orig-inal on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-10.

[27] “Maestro damage report on Fay” (PDF). Louisiana StateUniversity. 2002. Retrieved 2010-11-28.

[28] Miles Lawrence (October 30, 2002). “Tropical Depres-sion Seven Tropical Cyclone Report”. National Hurri-cane Center. Archived from the original on 20 September2008. Retrieved 2008-10-25.

[29] Lixion Avila and Martin Nelson (September 7, 2002).“Tropical Depression Seven Discussion One”. NationalHurricane Center. Archived from the original on 21 Oc-tober 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-25.

[30] Miles Lawrence (September 7, 2002). “Tropical Depres-sion Seven Discussion Two”. National Hurricane Cen-ter. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Re-trieved 2008-10-25.

[31] Richard Pasch (September 8, 2002). “Tropical Depres-sion Seven Discussion Four”. National Hurricane Cen-ter. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Re-trieved 2008-10-25.

[32] Miles Lawrence (September 8, 2002). “Remnant LowSeven Discussion Five”. National Hurricane Center.Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Re-trieved 2008-10-25.

[33] Jack Beven (January 14, 2003). “Hurricane Gustav Trop-ical Cyclone Report”. National Hurricane Center. Re-trieved 2011-10-18.

[34] “Hurricane Gustav Storm Summary”. Canadian Hurri-cane Centre. October 7, 2002. Archived from the originalon October 2, 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-07.

[35] “Newfoundland hit with heavy rain, Gustav leaves land”.CTV. September 12, 2002. Archived from the original onOctober 18, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-18.

[36] James L. Franklin and Jamie R. Rhome (September 16,2002). “Tropical Storm Hanna Tropical Cyclone Report”.National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-10-18.

[37] “Tropical Storm Event Report for Alabama”. NationalClimatic Data Center. Retrieved 2011-10-18.

7

[38] “Hanna washes ashore, quickly weakens in Alabama”.USA Today. Associated Press. September 15, 2002. Re-trieved 2011-10-18.

[39] Lixion A. Avila (December 20, 2002). “Hurricane IsidoreTropical Cyclone Report”. National Hurricane Center.Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved2008-08-03.

[40] “EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International DisasterDatabase for the Caribbean”. Université Catholique deLouvain. 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August2008. Retrieved 2008-08-10.

[41] David M. Roth. Black Background, color-filled rainfallgraphic for Isidore. Hydrometeorological Prediction Cen-ter. Retrieved on 2008-08-10.

[42] “Isidore pummels Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula”. USA To-day. September 24, 2002. Retrieved 2008-08-11.

[43] John L. Beven II, Richard J. Pasch andMiles B. Lawrence.(December 23, 2003) Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2002.NOAA. Retrieved on 2008-08-10.

[44] Richard J. Pasch (January 13, 2003). “Tropical StormJosephine Tropical Cyclone Report”. National HurricaneCenter. Archived from the original on 10 September2008. Retrieved 2008-09-07.

[45] Richard J. Pasch (September 17, 2002). “Tropical De-pression Eleven Discussion One”. National HurricaneCenter. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008.Retrieved 2008-09-07.

[46] Stacy Stewart (September 18, 2002). “Tropical StormJosephine Discussion Three”. National Hurricane Cen-ter. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Re-trieved 2008-09-07.

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[48] Richard J. Pasch (September 18, 2002). “Tropical StormJosephine Discussion Six”. National Hurricane Center.Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Re-trieved 2008-09-07.

[49] Jack Beven (September 19, 2002). “Extratropical StormJosephine Discussion Eight”. National Hurricane Cen-ter. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Re-trieved 2008-09-07.

[50] Stacy R. Stewart (November 26, 2002). “Hurricane KyleTropical Cyclone Report”. National Hurricane Center.Retrieved 2011-10-18.

[51] “Weather Summary for October 2002”. Bemur-daWeather. November 4, 2002. Retrieved 2011-10-18.

[52] David Roth (December 24, 2006). “Tropical Storm Kyle– October 10–12, 2002”. Hydrometeorological Predic-tion Center. Retrieved 2011-10-18.

[53] “Tropical Storm Kyle”. South Carolina State ClimatologyOffice. Retrieved 2011-10-18.

[54] Kevin Boyle (2003). “Monthly Global Tropical CycloneSummary”. Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved 2011-10-18.

[55] Miles B. Lawrence (April 3, 2003). “Hurricane Lili Trop-ical Cyclone Report”. National Hurricane Center. Re-trieved 2008-08-03.

[56] National Weather Service Lake Charles (2002). “LiliPreliminary Storm Report”. National Weather Service.Archived from the original on April 17, 2003. Retrieved2008-04-08.

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[58] National Hurricane Center (2008). “Worldwide Tropi-cal Cyclone Names”. National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration. Archived from the original on 4 August2008. Retrieved 2008-08-04.

8 External links• Monthly Weather Review

• National Hurricane Center 2002 Atlantic hurricaneseason summary

• U.S. Rainfall from Tropical Cyclones in 2002

8 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text• 2002 Atlantic hurricane season Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Atlantic_hurricane_season?oldid=694105113 Contributors:Infrogmation, Dcljr, Tpbradbury, Cyrius, BigT27, ScudLee, Michael Devore, Golbez, Joseph Dwayne, Spiffy sperry, Moverton, RichFarmbrough, Andros 1337, Bender235, Tom, Triona, Bob rulz, Water Bottle, Bart133, Burwellian, Ceyockey, Jdorje, E. Brown, Rjwilmsi,Titoxd, RobertG, Mark J, Bgwhite, Quicksilvre, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, RattleMan, CrazyC83, Lomn, Holderca1, Hurricanehink,Red Jay, Thelb4, Camcallister, IrfanFaiz, SmackBot, Volcanictelephone, Weatherman90, PenguinCDF, ZS, Good kitty~enwiki, Mitc-hazenia, Lionheart Omega, Storm05, Juan andrés, Cyclone1, Ohconfucius, Icelandic Hurricane, Ev-Man, Coredesat, Weather Man, The-greatdr, SandyGeorgia, Caiaffa, Eliashc, Drinibot, Runningonbrains, Nilfanion, JonEastham, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Headbomb, RaNdOm26,Chacor, Seddon, GurchBot, VoABot II, Jason Rees, NatureA16, JamesyWamesy, AstroHurricane001, Plasticup, Juliancolton, Cainer91,Hugo999, Oshwah, GimmeBot, NilfaBot, SieBot, WereSpielChequers, Lightmouse, Dabomb87, Motamman, Mild Bill Hiccup, Nuclear-Warfare, Dana boomer, Ramisses, Potapych, Cyclonebiskit, Addbot, Lou-86, Morriswa, Download, Lightbot, Iune, Luckas-bot, 12george1,AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Yellow Evan, Knowledgekid87, Citation bot, Xqbot, Lemphilipps, FrescoBot, LittleWink, Hellknowz, Support-storm, Trappist the monk, Diannaa, Tbhotch, DASHBot, John of Reading, Primefac, Strange Passerby, H3llBot, TyA, Rosalina2427,Kajisawesome, TropicalAnalystwx13, Khaled98, ClueBot NG, Leeboy100, BG19bot, Sarahkat00, Hurricanefan25, Plmnji, Dustin V. S.,WxBot, BlueTropicalWave, Typhoon2013, HurricaneTracker2003, Mpalblo, LyrickStudios1983 and Anonymous: 62

9.2 Images• File:14-L_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/14-L_2002_track.png License: Public do-main Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Trackingdata from the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: Nilfanion

• File:2002_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary_map.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/2002_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary_map.png License: Public domain Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cy-clones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA [1]. The tracking data is from the National Hurricane Center's Atlantic hurricanedatabase Original artist: Supportstorm

• File:7-L_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/7-L_2002_track.png License: Public domainContributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Tracking data fromthe National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Arthur_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Arthur_2002_track.png License: Publicdomain Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Trackingdata from the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Arthur_Jul_15_2002_1545Z.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Arthur_Jul_15_2002_1545Z.jpgLicense: Public domain Contributors: http://lance-modis.eosdis.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/realtime.cgi?date=2002196 Original artist:NASA, MODIS/ LANCE, HDF File Data processed by Supportstorm

• File:Bertha_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Bertha_2002_track.png License: Publicdomain Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Trackingdata from the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Cristobal2002.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Cristobal2002.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/index.html Original artist: NASA

• File:Cristobal_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Cristobal_2002_track.png License:Public domain Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA.Tracking data from the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: NASA Original artist: Astronaut photo-graph ISS008-E-19646 was taken March 7, 2004, with a Kodak DCS760 digital camera equipped with an 50-mm lens, and is provided bythe Earth Observations Laboratory, Johnson Space Center.

• File:Dolly2002.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Dolly2002.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/index.html Original artist: NASA

• File:Dolly_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Dolly_2002_track.png License: Public do-main Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Tracking datafrom the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Edouard_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Edouard_2002_track.png License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Trackingdata from the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Fay_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Fay_2002_track.png License: Public domainContributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Tracking data fromthe National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Gustav_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gustav_2002_track.png License: Publicdomain Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Trackingdata from the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

9.3 Content license 9

• File:HR_Gustav_2002.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/HR_Gustav_2002.jpg License: Public do-main Contributors: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=3888 Original artist: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid ResponseTeam, NASA/GSFC

• File:Hanna_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Hanna_2002_track.png License: Public do-main Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Tracking datafrom the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Hurricane_Kyle_26_sept_2002_1710Z.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Hurricane_Kyle_26_sept_2002_1710Z.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/MYD02/GRANULE/2002_09_26/269.1710.rgb143.jpg Original artist: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image from NASA’s Aqua satellite

• File:Hurricane_Lili-_Peak.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Hurricane_Lili-_Peak.JPG License:Public domain Contributors: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=4003 Original artist: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land RapidResponse Team, NASA/GSFC

• File:Isidore_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Isidore_2002_track.png License: Publicdomain Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Trackingdata from the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Isidore_AMO2002265_lrg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Isidore_AMO2002265_lrg.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=3897 Original artist: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS LandRapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC

• File:Josephine2002.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Josephine2002.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/index.html Original artist: NASA

• File:Josephine_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Josephine_2002_track.png License:Public domain Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA.Tracking data from the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Kyle_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Kyle_2002_track.png License: Public do-main Contributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Trackingdata from the National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: User:Jdorje, updated by User:Nilfanion

• File:Lili_2002_track.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Lili_2002_track.png License: Public domainContributors: Created using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Tracking data fromthe National Hurricane Center.[1] Original artist: See file upload history for details.

• File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project

• File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open-Clipart Original artist: OpenClipart

• File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CCBY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil

• File:TD7_07_sept_2002_1640Z.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/TD7_07_sept_2002_1640Z.jpgLicense: Public domain Contributors: http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/MYD02/GRANULE/2002_09_07/250.1640.rgb143.jpg Original artist: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image from NASA’s Aqua satellite

• File:TD_14_15_oct_2002.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/TD_14_15_oct_2002.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=5183 Original artist: Image byJesse Allen, NASA Earth Observatory; data provided by the MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA GSFC

• File:TS_Fay_06_sept_2002_1915Z.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/TS_Fay_06_sept_2002_1915Z.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/MYD02/GRANULE/2002_09_06/249.1915.rgb143.jpg Original artist: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image from NASA’s Aqua satellite

• File:TS_Hanna_13_sept_2002_1920Z.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/TS_Hanna_13_sept_2002_1920Z.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/MYD02/GRANULE/2002_09_13/256.1920.rgb143.jpg Original artist: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image from NASA’s Aqua satellite

• File:Trop_Storm_Bertha_2002_Modis_image.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Trop_Storm_Bertha_2002_Modis_image.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Tropical_Storm_Edouard_2002.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Tropical_Storm_Edouard_2002.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=4735Original artist: Image courtesy Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC

9.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0