2001-onwuka-the effect of caffeine on lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney of wister albino...

8/10/2019 2001-Onwuka-The Effect of Caffeine on Lipid Peroxidation in the Liver and Kidney of Wister Albino Rats

1/13

The efect o cafeine on lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney o

Wister Albino rats

Onwuka F1

Erhabor O 2

epart!ent o "ioche!istry# $olle%e o "asic &edical 'ciences#

(niversity o )ort *arcourt 1# epart!ent o *e!atolo%y $olle%e o

*ealth 'ciences (niversity o )ort *arcourt 2+

All correspondence to

r Erhabor Osaro

1 "ra,ley Avenue "olton (-#

"./ 2.+

E0!ailnosaro3yahoo+co!

Abstract

1


2/13

Cafeine (1, 3, 7-trimethyl xanthine), a white crystalline xanthine alkaloid, is

a psychoactivestimulant drug !t is a common content o" several #everages

and has #een documented to have many efects on several #ody organs and

systems $ne o" the important conse%uences o" the consumption o" cafeine

is its efect on lipid peroxidation, a crucial step in the pathogenesis o" several

disease states in humans &he present paper reports the results o" an

investigation o" the efects o" cafeine, given as cofee or tea, on the

generation o" malondialdehyde ('), a measure o" lipid peroxidation, in the

liver and kidneys o" wistar al#ino rats &he rats were divided into three

groups * a control group o" + rats which received normal "eed and plain

water, and two other groups o" + rats each which received 1 gm o" either

cofee or tea dissolved in ml o" water in addition to their normal "eeds

&reatment lasted "or 1 days a"ter which the animals were sacri.ced and the

liver and kidneys harvested &he degree o" lipid peroxidation, expressed #y

the concentrations o" ' in extracts o" the liver and kidneys, was assessed

in all rats !t was "ound that #oth cofee and tea increased the mean

concentrations o" ' in liver and kidneys o" the rats /owever, while the

mean ' concentration in the liver was signi.cantly higher (p02) only in

the rats that received tea when compared with the control rats, it was

signi.cantly increased (p02) in the kidneys o" only those rats that

received cofee when compared with the control rats !t is concluded that

cafeine, given as either tea or cofee, has a pro-oxidant efect on the rat

liver and kidneys
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid


3/13

4ntroduction

&he role o" cafeine in lipid peroxidation is varied and possi#ly depends on

the dose o" cafeine ingested and the animal species studied Cafeine has

#een recognied as an e4cient #iological anti-oxidant /owever, several

studies suggest that this property is o#served when cafeine is present in

millimolar %uantities Cafeine was an efective inhi#itor o" lipid peroxidation,

at millimolar concentrations, in rat liver microsomes 1 lso, 5atiyar et al

"ound that extracts o" green tea had anti-carcinogenic and anti-in6ammatory

efects in a mouse model, properties that correlated directly with the

antioxidant properties o" the extracts o" the tea rucker-'amcar et al 3

also reported that cafeine, administered to rats in drinking water at a

dosage o" 31 mg89 e4ciently inhi#ited 6uoride-induced peroxidation o" lipids

in hepatocytes $n the other hand, ianani et al (1++1) "ound that cafeine

is capa#le o" inducing oxidative damage #y "ostering lipid peroxidation in rat

liver am and colleagues 2 studied the prooxidant activity o" cafeine,

theo#romine and xanthine #y measuring the a#ility o" each compound to

oxidatively degrade : in the presence o" copper ions &hey "ound that the

three agents led to increased oxidative : #reakage #y hydroxyl radicals

suggesting that cafeine and its meta#olic products have prooxidant

properties ;imilarly, +,

3


4/13

and 23?, respectively, at 12, 3 and 2 microg8m9 concentrations in rat

livers

dditionally, it appears that, under certain situations, cafeine shows no

positive or negative efect on lipid peroxidation @or instance, $lcina and co-

workers 7 evaluated the efect o" cafeine on exercise-induced oxidative

stress in twenty male human su#Aects in a dou#le #lind manner during

maximal cycling exercise &hey measured plasma vitamins , B, and C as

markers o" non-enymatic antioxidant status, as well as malonaldehyde

(') as an index o" lipid peroxidation and "ound that supplements o"

cafeine given one hour #e"ore the exercise at a dose o" 2mg8kg o" #ody

weight, while enhancing the ergospirometric response to cycling, had no

efect on lipid peroxidation or on the changes in the concentrations o" the

antioxidant vitamins , B and C, when compared to place#o

&hus, it appears that the o#served efect o" cafeine on peroxidation is

varia#le and pro#a#ly depends on the dose o" the agent given, the species

studied, and the possi#le presence o" other agents like 6avonoids or

polyphenols that may #e in the tea or cofee

&his study was there"ore designed to evaluate the efects o" cafeine, given

as tea or cofee, on the process o" lipid peroxidation in the rat liver and

kidney


5/13

2


6/13

&aterials and !ethods

Cofee and &ea sold as Classical :esca"e and &ope &ea were purchased "rom

Cho#a 'arket, ort /arcourt, Divers ;tate, :igeria &wenty-seven adult Eister

l#ino rats weighing #etween 172g and 32g were used "or the experiment

&he animals were o#tained "rom the animal house o" the epartment o"

Fiochemistry o" the Gniversity o" ort /arcourt &hey were housed and kept

under la#oratory conditions with "ree access to a standard diet and water

&he 7 rats were divided into three groups o" nine rats each as "ollowsH group

1 received normal "eed and plain waterH group rats were "ed normal "eed,

water and 1 gm o" cofee dissolved in ml o" water while group 3 rats were

"ed with normal "eed, water and 1 gm o" tea dissolved in ml o" water

'a!ple collection and preparationI ll animals were sacri.ced a"ter 1

days o" treatment &hey were anaesthetied in a chloro"orm saturated

cham#er, one at a time, in desiccatorsH they were then sacri.ced while still

under anesthesia Bach rat was dissected and the liver and kidneys o" each

animal were excised, separately homogenied and appropriately prepared "or

the determination o" tissue concentration o" malondialdehyde (') "or the

assessment o" the degree o" lipid peroxidation &issue malondialdehyde

concentrations were determined #y the method o" /unter et al 8as modi.ed

#y utteridge and Eilkins + 1g sample o" each liver or kidney was

homogenied in +ml saline solution 1ml o" the sample homogenate was

added to =ml o" glacial acetic acid and =ml o" 1? thio#ar#ituric acid

=


7/13

dissolved in ? :a$/ solution in a test tu#e &he mixture was placed in a

water #ath and allowed to #oil "or 12 minutes, allowed to cool and was then

centri"uged at ,2 "or 1 minutes n ali%uot o" the supernatant was

used to evaluate the concentration o" ' as an index o" lipid peroxidation

'tatistical Analysis

ata was analyed using a statistical package "or social sciences ;;;

version 1 (version 1H ;;; !nc, Chicago, !9) ata were expressed as the

mean value J standard deviation (;) "or each group &he results o" the

control group and each treatment group were compared using the paired

;tudent t-test values o" 02 were considered to #e statistically

signi.cant "or all statistical comparison

5esults

&he results are shown in &a#les 11 to 1 &a#le 11 compares the mean

concentration o" ' in the livers o" the three groups o" animals !t shows

that the mean concentration o" malondialdehyde in the liver o" the rats inroup (treated with :esca"e) and the mean concentration o" ' in the

liver o" the rats in roup 3 (treated with &op &ea) were highly signi.cantly

greater than the concentration o" ' in the Control group &a#le 1

compares the mean concentration o" ' in the kidneys o" the three groups

o" animals &he results show that the mean concentration o" ' in the

kidneys o" the test animals treated with :esca"e (roup ) and the mean

concentration o" ' in the kidneys o" the animals treated with &op &ea was

signi.cantly higher than the mean concentration o" ' in the kidneys o"

the Control animals !n &a#le 13, the efects o" :esca"e on the concentration

o" ' in the kidney and the liver were compared &he o#served diference

in the mean concentration o" ' in the livers and the kidneys o" the

animals treated with :esca"e was not statistically signi.cant ;imilarly, the7


8/13

diference in the mean concentration o" ' in the livers and the kidneys o"

the animals treated with &op &ea was not statistically signi.cant (&a#le 1)

Table 1+1 &ean &A levels in the .iver o experi!ental ani!als

D$G; : ' (unit8g tissue K1-2)

p-value

roup 1(Control)

+ 2 J

roup (:esca"e)

+ 31+ J 17 L 1 (1 M )

roup 3(&op &ea)

+ 332 J 1+ L 1 (1M 3)

Table 1+2 &ean level o &A in the -idney o experi!ental ani!als

roups : ' (unit8g tissue K1-2)

p-value

roup 1

(Control)

+ 2 J

roup (:esca"e)

+ 31 J L 1 (1 M )

roup 3(&op &ea)

+ 31= J 3> L 1 (1 M3)

Table 1+/ $o!parison o the efects o $ofee on the &A levels in

the liver and kidney o experi!ental ani!als+

roup $rgan n '

(unit8g tissue K 1

-2

)

p value

(&reated vs Control)roup (:esca"e)

9iver + 31+ J 17

roup (:esca"e)

5idney + 31 J N 1

>


9/13

Table 1+6 $o!parison o the efect o treat!ent with tea on the

concentration o &A in the liver and kidney o experi!ental

ani!als+

roup $rgan n '

(unit8g tissue K 1-2

)

p value

roup 3(&op &ea)

9iver + 332 J 1+

roup 3(&op &ea)

5idney + 31= J 3> N

iscussion

&he results o" the present study show that, the ingestion o" cafeine #y rats

in the "orm o" cofee or tea, given at a dose o" 1 g o" cofee or tea in ml o"

water, promoted lipid peroxidation as indicated #y an increase in the

"ormation o" malondialdehyde (') in the liver and kidneys o" the rats more

than place#o ianani et al have also reported increased peroxidation in

the livers o" cafeine-treated rats &hese results suggest that in this

experimental model and design, cafeine, provided as cofee or tea promoted

lipid peroxidation in the rat liver and kidneys since ' is an end product o"

the process

lthough it has #een suggested that tea leaves tend to contain more cafeine

than cofee #eans it is well-known that a typical serving (ie a cup) o" tea

contains much less cafeine than a cup o" cofee pro#a#ly #ecause tea is

usually #rewed weaker "or consumption s a result most pu#lished studies

suggest that cofee generally contains more cafeine than tea 1-13 !t is well-

known that the amount o" cafeine in cofee or tea depends on a num#er o"

+


10/13

"actors, including the variety o" cofee #ean or tea lea", where the plant is

grown, particle sie used, and the method and length o" #rewing or steeping

lso with tea, studies show that lea" location on the tea plant, afects content

o" cafeine in that lea" ll o" these "actors might account "or the wide

varia#ility o" cafeine in tea and cofee reported in the literature 1, 1, 13 !n a

survey o" cafeine and theo#romine levels in :igerian #everages, Bteng et al

1"ound that the cafeine content o" :esca"e cofee was +3== J >+1 mg8g

while it was 37 J 23 mg8g "or 9ipton tea Gn"ortunately they did not

study &op &ea espite these reported diferences in cafeine content o"

cofee and tea, it is o" interest that #oth agents produced similar degrees o"

pro-oxidation in the present study Gn"ortunately, the cafeine content o" the

:esca"e cofee and &op &ea that were used were not directly measured to

assure e%uivalent content in the 1 gm o" each su#stance used

!t is also possi#le that the pro-oxidant efect o#served could #e a result o" the

depletion or antagonism o" naturally occurring antioxidants like superoxide

dismutase, catalase, or vitamins and B among others, #y the contents o"

the agents given in the tea or cofee, there#y permitting peroxidation to

proceed with reduced antagonism !n a previous study in rats, ianani et al

"ound increased lipid peroxidation in the liver o" cafeine-treated animals and

suggested that a decrease o" the concentration o" vitamin B, which was also

o#served in the treated animals, might contri#ute to the lipid peroxidation

Gn"ortunately, we did not assess the content o" any o" the known enymatic

or non-enymatic antioxidants in our rats revious reports have suggested1


11/13

that cofee exerts a suppressive efect on hyperglycemia #y improving insulin

sensitivity, partly due to reducing in6ammatory cytokine expression and

improving "atty liver 12, 1=

/elp"ul modi.cations that should #e considered in "uture studies o" this type

should includeH an estimation o" the levels o" antioxidants in the serum and

tissues o" #oth control and test animals, an assessment o" the concentration

o" cafeine in the cofee and tea "ed to the animals, evaluation o" the cofee

or tea "or other chemicals that may have prooxidant properties and

increasing the num#er o" animals in each group might also #e o" #ene.cial

Ee o#served that there was no statistically signi.cant diference in the efect

o" :esca"e cofee on lipid peroxidation as measured #y the generation o"

' in either the liver or the kidneys o" the ratsO ;imilarly, the efect o" &op

&ea on the generation o" ' in the livers and kidneys o" the rats were

compara#le &hese suggest that the prooxidant efect o" cafeine in the orally

administered cofee or tea afected these organs similarly

5eerences1 evasagayam &, 5amat P, 'ohan /, 5esavan C Cafeine as an

antioxidantI inhi#ition o" lipid peroxidation induced #y reactive oxygen

species Fiochim Fiophys cta 1++=H 13I=3-7

5atiyar ;5, Blmets C reen &ea and ;kin rch erm H 13=I +>+-

++

3 rucka-'amcar B, QaleAska-@iolka P, Chlu#ek , 5aspercyk ;,

FRascyk G, 5aspercyk , SwiTtochowska B, Firkner B &he in6uence

11


12/13

o" sodium 6uoride and cafeine on the activity o" antioxidative enymes

and the concentration o" malondialdehyde in rat liver @luoride H

I1-1+ ianani ', 'uio , Fiocca ', Canuto D (1++1) 9ipid peroxidation in

"atty liver induced #y cafeine in rats !nt P &issue Deact 1++1H 13I 7+-

>22 am ;, /adi :, 5han :G, /adi ;' ntioxidant and prooxidant

properties o" cafeine, theo#romine and xanthine 'ed ;ci 'onit 3H

+I32-33= I >>->32+ utteridge P'C, Eilkins C Copper dependent hydroxyl radical damage

to ascor#ic acid "ormation o" thio#ar#ituric acid reactive products @BF;

9ett 1+>H 137I 37-3

1 5aplan B, /olmes P/, ;apeika : Cafeine content o" tea and

cofee ; "r 'ed P 1+7H >I21-211

11 Funker '9, 'cEilliams ' Cafeine content o" common

#everages P m iet ssoc 1+7+H 7I>-3

1 ;tavric F, 5lassen D, Eatkinson F, 5arpinski 5, ;tapley D, @ried

Waria#ility in cafeine consumption "rom cofee and teaI possi#lesigni.cance "or epidemiological studies @ood Chem &oxicol 1+>>H =I

111-11>

13 ena , 9ino C, ;ilveira '! ;urvey o" cafeine levels in retail

#everages in ortugal @ood ddit Contam 2H I+1-+=1


13/13

1 Bteng 'G, Byong BG, Bka $G, Gmoh !F, B#ong B, Bttarh DDCafeine and theo#romine levels in selected :igerian #everages lant@oods /um :utr 1+++H 2I 337-3

12 Xamauchi D, 5o#ayashi ', 'atsuda X, $Aika ', ;higeoka ;,

Xamamoto X, &ou X, !noue &, 5atagiri &, 'urai , /orio @ Cofee and

cafeine ameliorate hyperglycemia, "atty liver, and in6ammatory

adipocytokine expression in spontaneously dia#etic 55-y mice J Agric

Food Chem.2010; 12; 58(9):5597-60.

1= van am D' Cofee consumption and the decreased risk o"

dia#etes mellitus type !ed "i#d$chr %e&ee$'d.2006; 150():1821-

1825.

13
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Yamauchi%20R%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kobayashi%20M%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Matsuda%20Y%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ojika%20M%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Shigeoka%20S%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Yamamoto%20Y%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Tou%20Y%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Inoue%20T%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Katagiri%20T%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Murai%20A%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Horio%20F%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22van%20Dam%20RM%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Yamauchi%20R%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kobayashi%20M%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Matsuda%20Y%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ojika%20M%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Shigeoka%20S%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Yamamoto%20Y%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Tou%20Y%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Inoue%20T%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Katagiri%20T%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Murai%20A%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Horio%20F%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22van%20Dam%20RM%22%5BAuthor%5D

2001-onwuka-the effect of caffeine on lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney of wister albino...

Documents