2.0 hazard identification and risk assessment · 2.0 hazard identification and risk assessment...
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2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-1
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
2.0HAZARDIDENTIFICATIONANDRISKASSESSMENTRichlandCountyhasexperiencedmanynaturaldisastersinthepastcentury,rangingfromtornadoesandblizzardstofloodsanddroughts.ThepurposeoftheHazardIdentificationandRiskAssessment(HIRA)istoidentifythenumberandfrequencyofdisastersinRichlandCountyandtherisktopeople,property,andstructuresthatthosehazardscause.Thisprocessallowsofficialsandresidentstobetterprepareforincidentswhentheyoccur.ThefirstsectionoftheHIRA,theCountyProfile,providesinformationaboutRichlandCountyanditsjurisdictions.IntheHazardIdentificationsection,eachhazardthatposesathreattoRichlandCountywillbediscussedindetail.Thefinaltwosections,VulnerabilityAnalysisandRiskAssessment,willexplaintherisksandvulnerabilitiesRichlandCountymustaddresstoprepareforandmitigatetheidentifiedhazards.2.1COUNTYPROFILERichlandCountyislocatedinnorthcentralOhio.ThecountywasfoundedonMarch1,1813.ThenameRichlandisderivedfromthefertilesoilintheregion;thisiswhatoriginallyattractedsettlerstothearea.ThecountyisborderedbyHuronCounty(north),AshlandCounty(east),KnoxCounty(south),MorrowCounty(southwest),andCrawfordCounty(west)andisgovernedbyathree-personBoardofCommissioners.OhioCongressionalDistricts7and12,OhioHouseDistrict2,andOhioSenateDistrict22,representthecountyatthefederalandstatelevels.2.1.1DemographicsThecurrentpopulation,accordingto2014USCensusestimates,is121,942.Thisrepresentsaslightdecreasefromthe2010Censusfigures.Thepopulationhasdecreasedconsistentlysince2000,adownwardtrendthatisexpectedtocontinueoverthenextseveraldecades.
Table2-1:RichlandCountyPopulationStatisticsStatistic Figure
LandArea 495sq.milesPopulation(2014Estimate) 121,942PopulationDensity 251.3persons/sq.mileFemalePopulation 49.2%MalePopulation 50.8%Populationunder18 21.8%Populationover65 16.3%White 86.5%AfricanAmericanorBlack 9.4%Other 4.1%NumberofHouseholds 48,211AverageHouseholdSize 2.40MedianHouseholdIncome $42,042HouseholdsBelowPovertyLevel 15.9%
2-2 2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan
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WithinRichlandCounty,thereare54,275housingunits.Thehomeownershiprateis68.9%andthemedianvalueofowner-occupiedhousingunitsis$102,400.Multi-unithousingstructuressuchasapartmentbuildingsaccountfor19.5%ofallhousingunits.Thereareapproximately2,523mobilehomes.Themediangrossrentforalltypesofrentalpropertiesis$625permonthwhilethemediancosttoownahomeis$1,062permonth.TherearemanyspecialresidentialhousingfacilitiespresentinRichlandCounty.Asof2010,thetypesoffacilitiesandestimatednumberofresidentsineachtypeareasfollows:
Table2-2:SpecialHousingFacilitiesFacility ApproximatePopulation
StatePrisons 5,051Nursing/SkilledNursingFacilities 1,109College/UniversityStudentHouse 268OtherNon-InstitutionalFacilities 230Local/MunicipalJailsandConfinementFacilities 190AdultGroupHomes 99CorrectionalResidentialFacilities 95AdultResidentialTreatmentFacilities 67EmergencyandTransitionalShelters 66JuvenileResidentialTreatmentCenters 100JuvenileCorrectionalFacilities 26
2.1.2IncorporatedJurisdictionsRichlandCountyiscomprisedofthreecities,sixincorporatedvillages,eighteentownshipsandtwenty-oneunincorporatedneighborhoods.BellvilleThevillageofBellvilleislocatedinsouthernRichlandCounty,justnorthoftheKnoxCountyborder.Bypopulation,itisthesecondlargestvillageinthecounty.ClearForkCreekwindsthroughthequaintresidentialvillage,whichisthegatewaytothenearbyMohicanrecreationalarea.
Table2-3:BellvilleStatisticsStatistic Figure
Population,2010 1,918White 97.7%BlackorAfricanAmerican 0.5%Other 1.8%NumberofHouseholds 826PersonsperHousehold 2.32Elevation 1,138feet
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-3
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ButlerButler,oneofthesmallervillagesinRichlandCounty,islocatedinthesoutheastquadrant.StateRoutes95and97provideeasyaccesstothevillage.ClearForkSkiResortislocatedjustoutsidethevillagelimits.TheBaltimoreandOhioRailroad,oneoftheoldestrailroadsinthecountry,ranthroughthecounty;thetrackshavebeenconvertedintoapopularbiketrail,providingarecreationalresourceforresidentsandvisitors.
Table2-4:ButlerStatisticsStatistic Figure
Population,2010 933White 98.3%BlackorAfricanAmerican 0.4%Other 1.3%NumberofHouseholds 362PersonsperHousehold 2.57Elevation 1,070feet
LexingtonLexingtonisthemostpopulatedofRichlandCounty’ssixvillages.Locatedinthewesternportionofthecounty,itissouthwestofMansfield,southoftheClearForkReservoir,andadjacenttoOntario.TheMid-OhioSportsCarCourse,whichhostsseveralhighprofileracingeventsthroughouttheyear,islocatedjustoutsidethevillageinTroyTownship.LexingtonisaccessibleviaStateRoutes42,97,288,and314;Interstate71islocatedjusttotheeastandalsoprovideseasyaccesstoLexington.
Table2-5:LexingtonStatisticsStatistic Figure
Population,2010 4,822White 96.3%BlackorAfricanAmerican 1.2%Other 2.5%NumberofHouseholds 1,970PersonsperHousehold 2.41Elevation 1,217feet
LucasLucas,thesmallestvillageinthecountybypopulation,islocatedineasternRichlandCounty,southofCharlesMillLakeandeastoftheSnowTrailsSkiResort.MalabarFarm,whereseveralscenesfromthe1994movieTheShawshankRedemptionwerefilmed,isnearby.Interstate71andStateRoutes39and603providehighwayaccesstothevillage.
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Table2-6:LucasStatisticsStatistic Figure
Population,2010 615White 98.0%BlackorAfricanAmerican 0.3%Other 1.7%NumberofHouseholds 237PersonsperHousehold 2.59Elevation 1,093feet
MansfieldMansfieldisthelargestjurisdictioninRichlandCountyandservesasthecountyseat.ItislocatedmidwaybetweenColumbusandClevelandandranksasOhio’s19thlargestcity.Firstsettledin1808,Mansfieldbecameavillagein1828beforereachingcitystatusin1857.WhileallofRichlandCountyenjoysfertilefarmlandandrobustagriculturalproduction,Mansfieldbecameastrongmanufacturingandsteelproductioncenterbecauseofitsreliableaccesstorailroadandtrucktransportationroutes.Asthemanufacturingindustrydeclinedinthe1990’sandagainintheearly2000’s,thecitydiversifieditseconomytoincludemoreretail,education,serviceindustry,andhealthcareservices,includingtwohospitals.
Table2-7:MansfieldStatisticsStatistic Figure
LandArea 30.92sq.milesPopulation,2010USCensus 47,711White 72.2%BlackorAfricanAmerican 22.1%Other 5.7%NumberofHouseholds 18,179PersonsperHousehold 2.24MedianIncome $34,335PersonsbelowPovertyLevel 25.5%Elevation 1,240ft.
OntarioThecityofOntarioislocatedincentralRichlandCounty,justwestofMansfield.TheareawasfirstsettledbecauseofitslocationonthetrailthatconnectedMansfieldtoBucyrus.Originallyincorporatedasavillagein1958,Ontariotransitionedtocitystatusin2001.Ontarioisarapidlygrowingcommunity.MuchofRichlandCounty’sretailgrowthoverthelastdecadeislocatedinOntario.PeoplefromacrosstheareatraveltoOntariotopatronizestoresandrestaurants.
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-5
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Table2-8:OntarioStatisticsStatistic Figure
LandArea 11.08sq.milesPopulation,2010 6,127White 90.8%BlackorAfricanAmerican 4.0%Other 5.2%NumberofHouseholds 2,588PersonsperHousehold 2.37MedianIncome $49,733PersonsbelowPovertyLevel 6.4%Elevation 1,358feet
PlymouthPlymouth,thethirdlargestvillagebypopulation,islocatedinnorthernRichlandCounty.ThevillageissituatedontheRichland-HuronCountyborder;asmallportionofthevillageisactuallylocatedinHuronCounty.StateRoutes61,98,and603providehighwayaccesstothevillage.PlymouthisnamedforPlymouthLocomotiveWorks,thecompanythatdesignedtheoriginalPlymouthautomobile.Althoughthecompanyclosedin1999,itslegacyliveson.
Table2-9:PlymouthStatisticsStatistic Figure
Population,2010 1,857White 97.6%BlackorAfricanAmerican 0.3%Other 2.1%NumberofHouseholds 696PersonsperHousehold 2.67Elevation 1,017feet
ShelbyShelbyisthesecondlargestcityinRichlandCounty.Itwasfirstincorporatedasavillagein1853andachievedcitystatusin1921.Locatedinthenorthwestquadrantofthecounty,ShelbyissituatedalongtheBlackForkoftheMohicanRiver.Theriverflowsthroughthecenterofthecity,includingdowntownandseveralresidentialareas,makingShelbyhighlysusceptibletoflooding.BesidesMansfield,ShelbyistheonlyothercommunityinRichlandCountywithahospital.OhioHealthShelbyHospitalhasbeenservingtheareasince1921.ShelbyhasitsownpublichealthdepartmentthatoperatesindependentlyandinconjunctionwithRichlandPublicHealth.
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Table2-10:ShelbyStatisticsStatistic Figure
LandArea 6.35sq.milesPopulation,2010 9,088White 97.3%BlackorAfricanAmerican 0.2%Other 2.5%NumberofHouseholds 3,904PersonsperHousehold 2.30MedianIncome $40,967PersonsbelowPovertyLevel 15.2%Elevation 1,102feet
ShilohThevillageofShilohislocatedinthenorthernsectionofRichlandCountyalongStateRoute603.Whenthevillagewasformedin1852,itwaslocatedattheintersectionoftwomajorrailroadsandaprimaryroadconnectingthecitiesofTiffinandWooster.Today,CSXRailroadrunsthroughthecenterofthevillage.
Table2-11:ShilohStatisticsStatistic Figure
Population,2010 649White 97.8%BlackorAfricanAmerican 0.6%Other 1.6%NumberofHouseholds 235PersonsperHousehold 2.76Elevation 1,079feet
2.1.3TownshipsandUnincorporatedCommunitiesRichlandCountyisdividedintoeighteentownships.Eachtownshipanditspopulationaccordingto2010U.S.CensusfiguresislistedinTable2-12.
Table2-12:TownshipPopulationStatisticsTownship Population
BloomingGrove 1,204Butler 1,205Cass 1,647Franklin 1,721Jackson 3,552Jefferson 4,851Madison 11,168Mifflin 6,219Monroe 2,723Perry 1,456Plymouth 2,083Sandusky 993
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Sharon 9,125Springfield 10,685Troy 7,000Washington 6,428Weller 1,780Worthington 2,868
NorthTownshipsThenorthtownshipsincludeBloomingGrove,Butler,Cass,Franklin,Jackson,Madison,Mifflin,Plymouth,Sharon,andWeller.Mostofthesetownshipsareprimarilyagricultural,withsignificantAmishpopulationandAmishbusinesses.Thelandisfertile,relativelyflat,andproductive.Amishbusinessesincludenurseries,mercantilestores,trades,andhomefurnishingproduction.Manypeoplehavebuiltnewerhomesinthetownshipsalongsidethefarmsteadsandolderhomes.SomeareasareseeingtheinfluxofMennonitefarmerswhoseproductionisonalargerscalethantheAmishandoftenspecializesinlargepoultryorswineproduction.MadisonandMifflinTownshipsaremoreresidentialandcommercialthantheothernorthtownships.LocatedadjacenttoMansfield,theseareashaveexperiencedcommercialdevelopmentasapartofurbangrowth.Onthenortheastsideofthecity,therearerestaurantsandstoresinadditiontomanufacturingandserviceindustries.Manysmallbusinessesexisthereandtherearesprawlingresidentialareasthatincludeeverypossiblekindofhousing,fromsingle-familyhomestomobilehomes,apartmentcomplexes,andcongregatelivingcenters.Thesetownshipsprovideservicesthatcloselyresemblethoseofalargevillageorsmallcity,includingfull-timepublicsafetyservicesandjurisdictionadministrators.SouthTownshipsThesouthtownshipsincludeJefferson,Monroe,Perry,Sandusky,Springfield,Troy,Washington,andWorthington.TheClearForkRiverrunsthroughthisarea,cuttingdeepintohillsandrockstocreateascenicandbeautifullandscape.Thesetownshipsfeaturemorerollingandhillyterrainthantheirnortherncounterpartsandtheyenjoybusinessesofamorecommercialnaturebecauseoftourismandcommercialdevelopment.Whilethereisalargeamountoffertileandproductivefarmland,thereisalsoenoughhillyareatomakesomefieldsdifficulttotill,encouraginglivestockproduction.MalabarFarm,SnowTrailsSkiResort,andothertouristattractionsoccupythisareaandbringthousandsofvisitorstotheareaeveryyear.GorgeoushomesgracethelandscapeintherollingterrainofthisveryruralsectionofRichlandCounty.Therearemanysmallbusinesses,privatefarms,andlarge-scalebusinessesthatemploysignificantnumbersofpeople.SanduskyandSpringfieldtownshipslaytothewestofMansfieldandholdagreatportionofthecommercialbusinessesinRichlandCounty.SpringfieldTownshipishometotheMansfieldshoppingmallaswellasahostofrestaurants,stripmalls,andindividualshops.Servicebusinesses,cardealerships,andothercommercialendeavorsfillthesoutherntownshipareawithjobs,productsandservices,andapopulationthatresidesineverykindofhousing
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imaginable.Frompalatialsubdivisionstooldmanufacturedmodularhomes,thisisabusyareawithlotstoofferitsresidentsandvisitors.UnincorporatedCommunitiesRichlandCountyhas32unincorporatedcommunitiesandneighborhoodsthatarepepperedaroundthevarioustownships.Someexistbecausetheysitonanimportantcrossroadsbetweenotherpointsandsomearesimplyahighareawhereacollectionofhomeswentupinthecounty’sfoundingyears.Theyinclude:
• Adario• Alta• Amoy• Bangorville• Bethlehem• Coulter• Crimson• CullerMill• Darlington• EastMansfield• Epworth
• FlemingFalls• Ganges• HanleyVillage• Hastings• LincolnHeights• LittleWashington• Lockhart• London• Millsboro• Olivesburg• Pavonia
• Planktown• Rome• Shenandoah• SpringMill• Taylortown• VernonJunction• Washington• Windsor• WoosterHeights
2.1.4InstitutionsandSpecialFacilitiesRichlandCountyhasabundanteducationalandhealthcareresourcesavailableforresidents.TheavailabilityoftheseservicesimprovesthequalityoflifeforresidentsandcontributestotheeconomyofRichlandCounty.EducationRichlandCountyresidentshaveaccesstomanyeducationalinstitutionsacrossthecounty.Fromprimaryandsecondaryschooldistrictstopost-secondaryeducation,therearemultipleoptionstomeetthevariedneedsofresidents.Forprimaryandsecondaryeducation,thecountyisservedbytenpublicschooldistrictsandelevenprivate,parochial,orcharterschools.
Table2-13:RichlandCountySchoolsPublicSchoolDistricts Private/Parochial/CharterSchools
ClearForkValleyLocalSchoolDistrictCrestlineExemptedVillageSchoolDistrictCrestviewLocalSchoolDistrictLexingtonLocalSchoolDistrictLucasLocalSchoolDistrictMadisonLocalSchoolDistrictMansfieldCitySchoolDistrictOntarioLocalSchoolDistrict
DiscoverySchoolFoundationAcademyGOALDigitalAcademyMansfieldChoiceAcademiesMansfieldChristianSchoolMansfieldSeventh-DayAdventistSchoolSacredHeartSchoolSt.MarySchool(Mansfield)
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-9
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PioneerCareerandTechnologyCenterPlymouth-ShilohLocalSchoolDistrictShelbyCitySchoolDistrict
St.Mary’sSchool(Shelby)St.Peter’sCatholicSchoolTempleChristianSchool
Post-secondaryeducationisavailablethroughNorthCentralStateCollegeandTheOhioStateUniversityatMansfield.PioneerCareerandTechnologyCenteralsoprovidescareerandtechnicaleducationtoadultstudentsinanon-residentialsetting.HealthcareTherearethreehospitalslocatedinRichlandCounty:OhioHealthMansfieldHospital,OhioHealthShelbyHospital,andKindredHospitalCentralOhio.OhioHealthMansfieldHospitalisafull-service326-bedmedicalfacilitythathasservedtheRichlandCountycommunitysince1915.Thehospitalprovidesacompleterangeofinpatientandoutpatientservices,treatingmorethan46,000patientsintheemergencydepartment,admitting13,000,andperforming8,000surgerieseveryyear.Becauseofitssizeandscopeofavailableservices,MansfieldHospitalistheprimarysourceofhospitalcareinRichlandCounty.OhioHealthShelbyHospitalisasmallerfacilitythatprovidesemergencycareandarangeofinpatientandoutpatientservices.KindredHospitalisa33-bedtransitionalcarehospital.Thisfacilityprovidescareforpatientsrequiringlongertermacutehospitalcare.Thecountyalsohas10licensednursinghomeswith934bedsand8licensedresidentialcarefacilitieswith644beds.Thesefacilitiesprovidehealthcareandhousingforelderlyindividuals,dementiapatients,andothersrecoveringfromshort-andlong-termillnessesandinjuries.2.1.5InfrastructureRichlandCounty’sinfrastructureprovidesresidents,workers,andvisitorswithcriticalaccessandservices.ThissectiondescribesRichlandCounty’stransportationandutilitysystems.TransportationRichlandCountyistraversedbymorethan1,500milesofroads.Ofthese,262milesareInterstate,U.Sroutes,orstatehighways;theremaining1,300milesarecounty,township,andmunicipalroadways.Thehighwaysystemisconsidered56.5%ruraland43.5%urban.Thecountyhas639bridgestructures.RichlandCountymaintains359bridgesandtheOhioDepartmentofTransportationmaintains211.Theremainingstructuresaremaintainedbylocaljurisdictionsorotheragencies.TherearethreeairportsinRichlandCounty.MansfieldLahmRegionalAirportprovidescargoandcharterservicebutnocommercialpassengerservice.Theairportisalsohometothe179thAirliftWingoftheOhioAirNationalGuard.TheShelbyCommunityAirportinShelbyandGalionMunicipalAirportarealsoavailableforpublicuse.
2-10 2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan
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UtilitiesThevastmajorityofhomesinRichlandCounty,morethan83%,areheatedwithnaturalgasorelectricity.Theseservicesareprovidedbyavarietyofcompanies.ThePublicUtilitiesCommissionofOhio(PUCO)regulatesprivatecompaniesthatprovidepublicutilityservices.ThesecompaniesthatprovideserviceinRichlandCounty,alongwithmunicipalelectricutilities,areidentifiedinTable2-14.
Table2-14:RichlandCountyUtilityServiceProvidersElectricService NaturalGasService
ConsolidatedElectricFirelandsElectricNorthCentralElectricLickingRuralElectrificationOhioEdisonOhioPowerLucasVillage*PlymouthVillage*ShelbyCity*ShilohVillage**MunicipalElectricUtilities
ColumbiaGasofOhioNortheastOhioNaturalGasCorporationOhioCumberlandGasCompany
Theremainingpropertiesinthecountyareheatedbyothersources,including:
• Bottled,tank,orLPgas 7%• Coal,cokeorwood 4.6%• Fueloil,kerosene 4%• Solarenergyorotherfuel 0.7%• Nofuelused 0.2%
MunicipalsystemsprovidethemajorityofwaterandwastewaterserviceacrossRichlandCounty,eitherthroughdirectserviceorbycontractingwithaneighboringmunicipality.Intheunincorporatedareasofthecounty,individualwellsaretheprimarywatersource.RichlandPublicHealthprovidespermitsfortheseinstallations.RichlandCountyWastewaterprovidesservicetoapproximately4,700homesandbusinessinthecounty.TheseareprimarilylocatedalongtheI-71andStateRoute97corridorandinMadison,Mifflin,Jackson,andSpringfieldTownships.2.1.6TopographyRichlandCounty’slandscapefeaturesgentlyrollinghills.MuchofthecountyislocatedinthewesternfoothillsoftheAlleghenyPlateau.ThehighestelevationinRichlandCountyis1,510feet.ThispointislocatedinSpringfieldTownshipnearLexington-SpringmillRoadatAppleHillOrchards.InadditiontobeingthehighestpointinRichlandCounty,thislocationisthesecondhighestelevationinallofOhio.
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-11
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Thecountyhasmorethan125differentsoiltypes.TheserichsoilsmakeagricultureasignificanteconomicfactorinthecountyandgiveRichlandCountyitsname.ThesoilsaregroupedintoelevenSoilAssociationsacrossthecounty.TheclimateofRichlandCountyisconsistentwithmostofOhio.Thehumidcontinentalclimatezonefeaturescoldwintersandhotsummers.Theaverageannualtemperatureis49.4°F.JulyisthewarmestmonthandJanuaryisthecoldest.Thecounty’saverageannualrainfallis44.21inchesandaveragesnowfallis51inches.LandUseAgricultureisthepredominantlanduseinRichlandCounty.Croplandandpasturesaccountfor46.83%ofalllanduse.Thecountyalsofeaturessignificantamountsofforestedland.Thisincludes1,154acresofstateparks,forests,naturepreserves,andwildlifeareas.
Table2-15:RichlandCountyLandUseLandUse Percentage
Cropland 40.44%Forest 38.96%Urban(Residential,Commercial,Industrial,Transportation,UrbanGrasses)
11.53%
Pasture 6.39%Wetlands(Wooded,Herbaceous) 2.32%OpenWater 0.36%Bare/Mines 0%
2.1.7WaterwaysandWatershedRichlandCountyispartofeightwatershedareas.Threeofthese,theHuron,Sandusky,andUpperVermilion,flownorthtoLakeErie.TheremainingfiveflowsouthtotheOhioRiver.TheseincludetheRockyFork,BlackFork,ClearFork,UpperKokosing,andUpperOlentangy.Table2-16providesacompletelistofthewatershedsinRichlandCounty.
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Table2-16:RichlandCountyWatershedsWatershed OriginPoint EndPoint
Huron NorthernRichlandCountynearPlymouth
LakeErieatHuron
Sandusky WesternsideofRichlandCounty LakeErieatSanduskyUpperVermilion NortheasterncornerofRichland
CountyLakeErieatVermilion
RockyFork NearMansfield/Ontario JoinsBlackForkRivereastofLucasBlackFork NearMansfield/Ontario JoinsRockyForkRivereastofLucas
belowCharlesMillLakeClearFork RichlandandMorrowCounties JoinsBlackForknearLoudonville
andbecomesMohicanRiverUpperKokosing SouthernRichlandCountywestof
ButlerKokosingLake
UpperOlentangy SanduskyTownship OlentangyRiverSource:RichlandCountySoilandWaterConservationDistrict2.1.8RegulationTheRichlandCountyBoardofCommissionersestablishedtheRichlandCountyRegionalPlanningCommissionin1959forthepurposeofaddressingcountywideissuesrelatedtoinfrastructure,zoning,landuse,anddevelopment.Specificfunctionsoftheofficeincludecommunitydevelopment,landuseplanning,andtransportationplanning.FloodplainregulationsintheunincorporatedareasofthecountyareadministeredthroughRichlandCountySoilandWaterConservation.TheDirectorofthatdepartmentisthecounty’sdesignatedFloodplainAdministrator.Section3.0ofthecounty’sfloodplainregulations
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designatesaFloodplainAdministratorandspecifiesthedutiesofthatoffice,whichincludeupdatingregulationsandenforcingsuchregulationsunderSection6.0.Additionally,theFloodplainAdministratorroutinelymonitorsfloodhazardareastoenforceregulationsandprovidecommunityassistance,suchasencouragingownerstomaintainfloodinsurancepolicies.EachincorporatedjurisdictionhasadesignatedFloodplainAdministratorwhomaintainsandenforcesfloodplainregulationswithineachjurisdiction.ThirteenofRichlandCounty’seighteentownshipshavezoningregulationsinplace.Thesetownshipsemploypart-timezoninginspectorstoadministertheirlocalzoningrequirements.AcompletelistofthezoningregulationstatusforeachtownshipisprovidedinTable2-17.
Table2-17:TownshipZoningStatusTownship ZoningStatus
BloomingGrove ZonedButler UnzonedCass UnzonedFranklin ZonedJackson ZonedJefferson UnzonedMadison ZonedMifflin ZonedMonroe ZonedPerry ZonedPlymouth UnzonedSandusky ZonedSharon ZonedSpringfield ZonedTroy ZonedWashington ZonedWeller ZonedWorthington Unzoned
2.1.9EconomyandDevelopmentRichlandCountyhasadiverseeconomybasedinthemanufacturing,agriculture,healthcare,andserviceindustries.Manufacturingdevelopmentoccurredintheindustrialrevolutionduetotheavailabilityofrailandtrucktransportation.Steelmills,secondaryautomanufacturing,andotherindustrialendeavorsenjoyedprosperitythroughaccessibilitytoColumbus,Cleveland,Dayton,andToledo.Asthepopulationgrew,servicesandgovernmentgrewaswellandprovidedevenmorejobsandopportunity.Theindustrialdownfallofthe1990shitRichlandCountyhard.Steelmillsclosedandsecondaryautopartsproductionshrank.JobsdisappearedanddevelopershadtofindotheropportunitiesforthepeoplewholivedandworkedinRichlandCounty.Theydiscoveredenhancedserviceindustries,healthcareandassociatedproductionofmedicaldevices,andenhancedgovernmenttoservetheexpandedpopulation.Asthecountymanagedthreatstoitsprosperity,new
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successwasidentifiedandenjoyed.Becauseofthis,developmentofalltypeshasbeenstrongacrossthecountyinrecentyears.BusinessandIndustryRichlandCountyhasastronghistoryinindustrialproductionandinnovation.Thecountyisaworldwidecenterforpumpproductionandprovidessignificantresourcesforplasticsandsensorsmanufacturing.Thisstrongmanufacturingsectorformsthebasisofthecounty’seconomy.Alongwithagriculture,serviceindustries,education,andhealthcare,theRichlandCountyeconomyisgenerallystableanddiverse.Theeconomicdownturnexperiencedbymuchofthecountryinthelate2000shassincestabilized,leadingtoeconomicrecoveryformuchofthecounty.LocaleconomicdevelopmentorganizationssuchastheRichlandCommunityDevelopmentGroup,MansfieldEconomicDevelopmentDepartment,RichlandAreaChamberofCommerceandvariousjurisdictionChambersofCommercehaveworkeddiligentlytosupportthisrecoveryandfosterinnovationandnewbusinessgrowthinthecounty.In2014,RichlandCountyreported2,126activebusinessesand167businessstarts.EmploymentinRichlandCountyisattributedtomanyindustrialsectors.AverageemploymentforeachsectorislistedinTable2-18.
Table2-18:MajorEmploymentSectorsEmploymentSector AverageEmployment
Manufacturing 5,667Trade,Transportation,andUtilities 2,703LocalGovernment 2,509EducationandHealthServices 1,978LeisureandHospitality 1,549ProfessionalandBusinessServices 746Construction 569FinancialServices 400OtherServices 316NaturalResourcesandMining 238StateGovernment 131Information 102FederalGovernment 94
AccordingtotheRichlandCommunityDevelopmentGroup,themajoremployersinthecountyinclude:
Table2-19:MajorEmployersCompany Employment Product/Service City
OhioHealthMansfieldandShelbyHospitals
2,500 Healthcare Mansfield,Shelby
RichlandCountyGovernment 1,474 Government CountywideNewmanTechnology 1,100 Automotive MansfieldJayIndustries 943 Manufacturing MansfieldGorman-Rupp 809 Pumps Mansfield,Bellville
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CenturyLink 800 Telecommunications MansfieldTherm-O-Disc 721 Thermostats MansfieldMansfieldCityBoardofEducation 700 Education MansfieldArcelorMittal 666 SeamlessSteelTube ShelbyMansfieldCorrectional(MANCI) 621 Corrections MansfieldCityofMansfield 575 Government MansfieldStoneridgeInc.(Hi-Stat) 500 Automotive LexingtonModernTool&DieCo.(MTD) 459 Distribution ShelbyRichlandCorrectional(RICI) 443 Corrections MansfieldMadisonLocalBoardofEducation 410 Education Mansfield
EmploymentstatisticshavesteadilyimprovedinRichlandCountysincetheeconomicdownturnof2008-2009.By2014,thecounty’sunemploymentratehaddroppedto6.4%.TheratehasremainedsteadyoverthelasttwoyearswithaFebruary2016unemploymentrateof6.5%
Table2-20:UnemploymentTrends 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Employed 51,900 52,000 51,000 50,300 51,200Unemployed 7,200 6,200 4,900 4,700 3,500UnemploymentRate 12.1% 10.6% 8.7% 8.6% 6.4%
AgricultureAgricultureisamajorcontributortoRichlandCounty’seconomy.Thecounty’s160,000acresoffarmlandaccountfor40%ofalllanduseinthecounty.Corn,soybeans,andwheatarethemostprevalentcrops.Thecountyalsohasseveralhundredacresoffruitandvegetablecrops.Livestockisanotherimportantsegmentoftheagricultureindustry.Cattle,dairycows,hogs,andpoultryarethelargestindividuallivestockenterprisesinthecounty.
Table2-21:AgricultureStatisticsStatistic Figure
TotalFarmAcreage 160,623NumberofFarms 1,010AverageFarmSize(acres) 159TotalCashReceipts $128,682,000ReceiptsperFarm $127,408CropReceipts $66,163,000Livestock/ProductReceipts $62,163,000
DevelopmentTrendsRichlandCountyisgrowinganddevelopinginavarietyofways.Whenquestionedaboutwhichkindsofbusinessestheyaretryingtoattract,mostdevelopersandofficialswilltellyou“allofthem”.WitheasyaccesstoColumbusandCleveland,RichlandCountyisanattractiveplacetolive.Schoolsareexcellent,theterrainisbeautiful,thepeoplearefriendlyandaccepting,andthecountyprovidesagreatplacetoraiseafamily.DevelopmentofficialshaveusedtheseadvantagestoattractskilledworkersofalltypesaswellasprofessionalsandentrepreneurswhocanbringnewbusinesstoRichlandCounty.Whilethepopulationhasdecreasedoverthe
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pasttwodecades,thisisasmuchassociatedwiththedeathoftraditionalistandbabyboomergenerationsduetoagingasitiswitheconomicdownturn.Countyofficialsareproudoftheirretailopportunities.Ontario,Mansfield,andLexingtontoutmanyretailfacilitiesinanareawheremostfranchisedbusinesseshaveatleastoneoutlet,andmanysmall-townmom-and-popbusinessesco-existandsharetheprosperity.Residentsnolongerhavetotraveltothebiggercityforshopping,healthcare,orotherservices.Thethingstheyneedareavailablerightathome.Officialsintendtocontinuedevelopingretailtoserveaneven-largerarea,spillingintoadjacentcountiestofindcustomersandpatrons.Agriculturaldevelopmentisstrong.Corporateandindividualfarmersarebuildinglargeproductionfacilities,primarilyproducingpoultryandporkproducts.Livestockproductionisontheriseandagribusinessisgrowing.Farmserviceslikefertilizerproviders,implementdealers,andfuelsuppliersarepartofthetargetdevelopmentarea.AmishandMennoniteretailandservicebusinessesinthenorthernsectionofthecountyaregrowingaggressivelyaspeoplefromthelargecitiesandotherpartsofOhioflocktoRichlandandnearbycountiestopurchasetheirwell-made,high-qualityproductsandservices.Thistrendtopurchasehomemadepureproductsisconsumer-drivenanddevelopersupported.Extensiveeffortisbeingmadetoattractnewproductionandmanufacturingbusiness.Theoldsteelmillsandotherfactoriesaredifficultandcostlytoobliterate,withacresofthickconcretefoundationsandpartialfacilitiesstillstanding.Thesehalf-torndownpropertiespreventanewuserfromcomingtoRichlandCountyinsomecasesbecauseremovalofthefoundationswouldcostmillionsofdollarstosimplypreparethesite.However,developersareconcentratingonotherareasfornewdevelopment,existingavailablespacesforre-useandre-purpose,andadjacentundevelopedpropertyfordevelopment.WhiledeveloperswouldliketocreatethousandsofjobstomakeMansfieldprosperous,theyrealizethatbusinessesthatemploylessthan250workersmightbetherealanswer.Althoughneverturningawayaverylargebusinessrecruit,theyareputtingmosteffortsintomediumandsmallbusinessandindustrialdevelopmentandworkingtocreatenewjobsandopportunitiesforlocalresidentsthroughmultiplesuccessstories.RichlandCountydevelopersareworkingtoprovidesupportservices,healthcare,education,andgovernmentservicestothewholecommunity,andhopefullythatwholecommunitywillbecomelargereachyear.Theyhopetoenforce,improve,andenhancebuildingcodes,resources,andassistanceasawaytofacilitategrowth.Keepingeducationstrong,healthcareavailable,andsocialservicesadequateislistedaspartoftheirkeyinitiativesin2016andbeyond.
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2.2HAZARDIDENTIFICATIONThissectionofHIRAdefineseachhazardthatcanimpactRichlandCounty,identifiesthelikelyrisks,andexamineshistoricalhazardeventsthathaveoccurredinthecounty.Thenaturalandtechnologicalhazardsassessedinclude:
• Algalbloom/waterquality• Climatechange• Damfailure• Drought/extremeheat• Earthquake• Erosion• Hazardousmaterialsspillorleak• Flood• Severethunderstorm• Tornado• Utilityorinfrastructuresystemfailure• Windstorm• Severewinterstormorblizzard
SomenaturalhazardswereexcludedfromthisplanbecausetheyposenorisktoRichlandCounty.Table2-22identifiesthesehazardsandexplainswhythehazardisnotrelevanttoRichlandCounty.
Table2-22:ExcludedHazardsExcludedHazard Justification
CoastalErosion NotacoastalcommunityCoastalFlooding NotacoastalcommunityInvasiveSpecies NotidentifiedasaconcernLandsubsidence NotidentifiedasaconcernMud/landslide ElevationnotconducivetothishazardTsunami GeographicallyimpossibleVolcano GeographicallyimpossibleWildfire Insufficientforestedarea
TounderstandtheriskposedbynaturalhazardsinRichlandCounty,itisimportanttodefinethecharacteristicsofeachhazard.Localhistoryisonefactorindeterminingthecounty’sriskforthesehazards.Thissectiondefineseachhazard,identifiesthemostsignificanteventsofeachtypetoimpactRichlandCounty,andprovidesasummaryofRichlandCounty’shistorywitheachincident.AcompletelistofhistoricaloccurrencesforeachnaturalhazardisprovidedinAppendixA:HazardandVulnerabilityData.HistoricalinformationwasobtainedfromtheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration’sNationalClimaticDataCenter(NCDC)andsupplementedwithinformationfromlocalofficials.
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2.2.1AlgalBloomorWaterQualityThreatInlandlakesthatprovideawatersourceformanycountiesinOhiohavebecomecontaminatedbyalgaeoverthepastfewyears.LakeErie,thewatersourceformuchofnorthernOhiohasenduredperiodsofunacceptablemicrocystinandothercontaminantlevels,renderingthewatersuppliesunsafeforconsumptionforperiodsoftime.ThecurrenttheoryaboutthewatercrisisinOhioincludeshighphosphoruslevelsinagriculturalrunoffleechingintotheaquifers,inlandlakes,andnaturallakesascontaminantsthatcannotsimplybeboiledorfilteredoutofthesourcewater.WhileRichlandCountydoesnotobtainitswaterfrominlandlakesorLakeErie,itdoesobtainwaterfromwellsandriversthataresusceptibletothesamerunoffandenvironmentalcontaminantsasothersources.ItisnotknownifRichlandCountyissusceptibletoalgalbloomthreats.Studyisnecessarytodeterminethisandtherefore,atthistime,RichlandCountyhasincludedalgalbloom/waterqualitythreatsasapotentialhazard.Thecomingyearswillbeaperiodtostudytheissue,determinethecounty’svulnerabilitytowaterqualityconcerns,andidentifytheactualandcompletesourceofthecontamination.2.2.2ClimateChangeTheoryhasitthatclimatechange,specificallythewarmingoftheearthingeneral,iscausingmoreseverestormsandexaggeratednaturalhazards.Aswithalgalbloom,thefinalanswerforthispotentialthreatisstillinunderidentificationanddevelopment.Asarural,agriculturalarea,RichlandCountyofficialsseethecountyaslesscontributingtoglobalwarmingthanlargemetropolitanareas,butarenotwillingtosimplyshiftthecausetootheruncontrollablesources.Climatechangeeffectsimpactthelocalcommunitylevel;preventionofthoseoutcomesandchangestobusinessandresidentialpracticeswillcomeafteraperiodofexamination,study,andanalysis.RichlandCountywillagainlooktothefuturethroughalensofcommunityresponsibilityand,indoingso,willexaminethepresence,cause,andmitigationofclimatechangeonthelocalcommunityinthecomingyears.
2.2.3DamFailureAdamisanartificialbarrierbuiltacrossflowingwater.Thisbarrierdirectsorslowstheflowofwaterandoftencreatesalakeorreservoir.Adamisconsideredhydrologicallysignificantifithasaheightofatleast25feetfromthenaturalstreambedandastoragecapacityofatleastfifteenacre-feetoranimpoundingcapacityofatleast50acre-feetandissixfeetormoreabovethenaturalstreambed.Damsareconstructedforfloodcontrolpurposesortostorewaterforirrigation,watersupply,orenergygeneration.Theycanbecomposedofearth,rock,concrete,masonry,timber,oracombinationofmaterials.Leveesareembankmentsconstructedtopreventtheoverflowofariverandsubsequentfloodingofthesurroundingland.Theycanbebuiltusingearth,rock,orothermaterials.Leveesconstructedfromconcreteormasonrymaterialsarereferredtoasfloodwalls.Damfailureistheuncontrolledreleaseofthewaterheldbackbythedaminalakeorreservoir.Themajorityofdamshaveasmallenoughstoragevolumethatabreachorfailurewillhave
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limitedimpactonthesurroundingcommunity.Butthefailureofalargedamcancausesubstantialfloodingdownstreamandleadtosignificantlossoflifeandproperty.Therearemanycausesofdamfailure,including:
• Sub-standardconstruction• Geologicalinstability• Spillwaydesignerror• Poormaintenance• Internalerosion• Extremeinflow• Earthquake
TheOhioDepartmentofNaturalResourcesisresponsiblefordeterminingthehazardpotentialfordamsthroughtheirDamSafetyProgram.ODNRclassifiesdamsbasedonthisscale:
Classification DescriptionClassI Probablelossoflife,serioushazardtohealth,structuraldamageto
highvalueproperty(i.e.homes,industries,majorpublicutilities)ClassII Floodwaterdamagetohomes,businesses,industrialstructures(no
lossoflifeenvisioned),damagetostateandinterstatehighways,railroads,onlyaccesstoresidentialareas
ClassIII Damagetolowvaluenon-residentialstructures,localroads,agriculturalcrops,andlivestock
ClassIV LossesrestrictedmainlytothedamThereare15lowheaddamsinRichlandCounty.Table2-23listseachdamanditsclassification,accordingtotheOhioDepartmentofNaturalResources.RichlandCountyhasnolevees.
Table2-23:LowHeadDamsDam Jurisdiction Classification
ShelbyUpgroundReservoirNo.2 SharonTownship IClearForkReservoirDam TroyTownship IShelbyUpgroundReservoirNo.3 CassTownship ICookePondNo.2Dam PlymouthTownship IICookePondNo.1Dam PlymouthTownship IIAhrensLakeDam TroyTownship IIPleasantValleyRanchLakeDam MonroeTownship IILakeMariaDam WashingtonTownship IIBollesLakeDam SpringfieldTownship IIIHutchinsLakeDam MonroeTownship IIIGoettlLakeDam MonroeTownship IIILakeTimberlin PerryTownship IIIGroggLakeDam MonroeTownship IIIPrestonLakeDam TroyTownship IIWaltonLakeDam SpringfieldTownship III
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WhiletherearethreeClassIdamsinRichlandCounty,theriskoffailureisnegligible.AccordingtotheAssociationofStateDamSafetyOfficials,theyshownofailureofdamsinOhio.Inadamfailureincidentidentificationmapontheirwebsite,JamesS.HalgrenoftheOfficeofHydrologicDevelopmentoftheNationalWeatherServiceofNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationindicatesOhioisatlowriskfordamfailurebaseduponhistoricdata.StanfordUniversity’sNationalPerformanceofDamsProgramidentifiesnowrittenreportsofdamincidents,breaches,orfailuresinRichlandCounty.Thereisalessthan1%probabilityofadamincident.TheClearForkReservoirDamislocatedatthebaseoftheClearForkReservoirandupstreamfromtheVillageofLexington.WhileitliesinTroyTownship,itisownedbytheCityofMansfieldandthewatercontainedinitsuppliesthelocalwatersystem.Thedamis3,420feetwide,44feethigh,andhasastoragevolumeof26,532acre-feet.WaterflowssouththroughtheClearForkanditstributariesasitheadstotheMuskingumRiverWatershedandtheOhioRiver.Thisvulnerabledownstreamareaincludesabout25%ofthepopulationofLexingtonand10%ofthebusinessesinsidethevillagelimits.Overtherecentpastyears,thevillagehaspurposelydevelopednaturalhabitatandparkareasintheinundationzonetopreventlossesshouldanunlikelydamfailureoccur.Theyhavebuiltparkstructuressuchasshelterhousesandplaygroundequipmentspecificallytowithstandtheonslaughtoffloodwaterifheavyrainandriverinefloodingweretooccur,orifadamfailureweretohappen.Theyhaveinstalledpumpingstationstoassistinthemovementoffloodwaterfromthisareainthemostextremesituations.Thishassignificantlyreducedthevulnerabilityofthisareatofloodingforanyreason.ThelandareaimmediatelyadjacenttothedamisinTroyTownship;mostofthislandisnotsignificantlyvulnerablebecauseitisnaturalhabitatanddoesnothaveresidentialorcommercialdevelopment.Villageofficialshaveintentionallydevelopedsomeofthislandasnaturalhabitattoavoiddamageduetofloodwatersintheeventofdamfailureorifreleaseofdammedwaterbecamenecessary.Therefore,themajorityofstructuralfailuredamageswouldbeenduredbytheresidentialandcommerciallandownersinLexingtonandbytheVillageofLexingtonforinfrastructureandcriticalstructures.Map2-1identifiesthepotentialinundationzoneforthevillageofLexington.
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Map2-1:ClearForkReservoirDamInundationZone-Lexington
TheShelbyUpgroundReservoir#2islocatedonthesouthsideoftheCityofShelby.UnliketheClearForkthatrunstothesouth,theBlackForkRivertakesanortherlypathwaythroughthecityanditsresidentialandcommercialzones.Becauseofthispathway,residentialandcommercialstructuresinsidethecitycouldbevulnerabletofloodingshouldtherebeasignificantbreechofthereservoir.Thisreservoiris4,840feetwide,48feethigh,andhasapondareaof28.2acres.Shouldthisreservoiroverfillandflood,theresidentialareabetweenthereservoirandtowncouldbeflooded.Moderatetoseverefloodingcouldaffectapproximately20%oftheresidentialpropertyand10%ofbusinesses.TheCityofShelbyhasremovedmanyresidentialandcommercialpropertiesthroughpreviousmitigationprojectsandcreatednaturalhabitatandparkareastopreventfloodlossesastheBlackForkRiverhashistoricallydamagedthesamearea.Therefore,flooddamageswouldbesomewhatmitigatedbecauseareservoirfailureandriverinefloodingcouldhaveverysimilarcharacteristics.TheareastillishometotheShelbyFireDepartmentbecausefundinghasnotbeenidentifiedtobuildastationoutsidethefloodzone.Thepolicedepartmentwasrelocatedtoanothersuitablestructureoutsidethefloodzone;however,noalternatelocationsuitableto
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housefireapparatusandequipmenthasbeenidentified.Thecityadministrationcontinuesworktoidentifyandsecureanalternatesiteforthefiredepartment.Inthemeantime,thedepartmenthousespersonnelworking24-hourshiftsonthesecondfloorofthestationandcomputerandtechnicalequipmentiselevatedabovethefour-to-fivefootmarkwherefloodwatersgenerallyrise.Whilethebrickstructureissufferingsomewaterdamagefromtheflooding,thedepartmenthasmodifieditsstandardoperatingprocedurestoremoveapparatusandpersonnelearlyinasignificantraineventtoinsureavailabilitytothecommunityandprotectionofassets.TheBlackRiversplitsthecityinhalf,andwhenitfloods,safetyservicesmuststationassetsonbothsidesoftheriver.Thishasbeenwrittenintostandardoperatingproceduresforbothdepartments.Mostotherstructuresthataresusceptibletofloodinginthiszonehavebeenremoved;onlythosewherelandownerswereunwillingorineligibletouseacquisitionandrelocationfundingremain.Shelby’sReservoir#3isonthenorthsideofthecityandlocatedinareasoffarmlandandnaturalhabitatareas.ShouldthisClassIstructurefail,cropdamagescouldbesevere,dependingonthetimeofyear.IfthedamfailureduringtheagriculturalproductionseasonbetweenMayandOctober,theproductioncouldbeseverelyhampered.Anincidentatothertimesofyearwouldresultinlimitedloss.Giventhelimitedresidentialorcommercialdevelopmentinthisarea,losseswouldlikelybelessthanextensive.
Map2-2:ShelbyReservoir#3InundationZone
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2.2.4DroughtandExtremeHeatAdroughtisadeficiencyofmoisturethatadverselyimpactspeople,animals,andvegetationoveranareaofsignificantsize.Becausedroughtisacreepingphenomenoncharacterizedbytheabsenceofwater,thereisnodefinedbeginningorend,noristhereastandardamountoftimerequiredforanextendeddryperiodtobeconsideredadrought.Itisconsideredadroughtwhenthedryperiodlastslongenoughtoimpacttheenvironmentandeconomyofaregion,typicallyaperiodofmonthsoryears.Therearefourcommontypesofdrought:
Type DescriptionMeteorological Basedonthedegreeofdryness(rainfalldeficit)andlengthofdry
periodHydrological Basedonimpactofrainfalldeficitsonwatersupplysuchasstream
flow,reservoirandlakelevelsandwatertabledeclineAgricultural Basedonimpactstoagriculturebyrainfalldeficits,soilwater
deficits,reducedgroundwater,andreservoirlevelsneededforirrigation
Socioeconomic Basedontheimpactofdroughtconditionsonsupplyanddemandofsomeeconomicgoods
DroughtseverityismeasuredusingthePalmerDroughtSeverityIndex(PDSI).ThePDSImeasuresdrynessbasedonrecentprecipitationandtemperaturestatistics.Droughtclassificationsareidentifiedinthechartbelow:
Measurement Description-4orless ExtremeDrought-4to-3 SevereDrought-3to-2 ModerateDrought-2to-1 MildDrought-1to-0.5 IncipientDrySpell-0.5to0.5 NearNormal0.5to1 IncipientWetSpell1to2 SlightlyWet2to3 ModeratelyWet3to4 VeryWet4ormore ExtremelyWet
Aheatwaveisaperiodofabnormallyhotandunusuallyhumidweather,typicallylastingfortwoormoredays.Thiscanbeanextendedperiodoftimewithhigherthannormaltemperaturesorashorterperiodoftimewithabnormallyhightemperatures.Regardlessofthelengthoftimeorexacttemperatures,heatwavesareasafetyhazardtoanyoneexposedtothehighheat.Peopleareatriskforheatexhaustionandheatstroke,whichcanbefatalinthemostseriouscases.Whenheatwavesareaccompaniedbydroughtconditions,thepotentialforaseriousnaturaldisasterincreases.Betweeninjuries,fatalities,andcrop/propertydamage,thesedisasterscansignificantlyimpacttheeconomyofaregion.
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AveragetemperaturesandrainfallforMansfield,Ohio:
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecAvg.High 33° 36° 46° 59° 69° 78° 82° 80° 73° 62° 49° 37°Avg.Low 18° 20° 28° 38° 48° 57° 61° 60° 53° 42° 33° 23°Avg.Precip. 2.87” 2.4” 3.39” 4.13” 4.53” 4.76” 4.37” 4.37” 3.31” 2.95” 3.82” 3.31”
Droughtandextremeheatarecountywidehazardsthatcanaffectallareasandjurisdictions.HeatwavescanoccurinRichlandCountyandallofOhiobuttheyarerareandtypicallyshortinduration.Extremetemperaturesareconsideredanythingabove90degreesFahrenheit.InthehumidclimateofnorthcentralOhio,thesetemperaturesareoftenaccompaniedbyhighhumidity.Temperaturesrarelyexceedthemid-90s,althoughtheregiondoesoccasionallyexperiencetemperaturesof100degreesorslightlyhigher.Thesebriefheatwavesrarelylastmorethanafewdays.Aheatwavelastinglongerthanaweekisextremelyrare.TherearenodocumentedincidentsofextremeheatinRichlandCounty,perNCDCrecords.DroughtisnotcommoninRichlandCounty.Dryspellscanlastforseveralweeksbutmostmonthshavesufficientrainfalltosupportcropgrowthandhumansustenance.Droughtconditions,whentheydooccur,canhaveasignificantimpactontheagricultureindustrythatprevailsinthecounty.Whiledroughtisnotcommon,RichlandCountyhasbeenimpactedbyseveraldroughtsinrecentdecades.The1988-1989NorthAmericanDroughtfollowedamilderdroughtintheSoutheasternUnitedStatesandCaliforniatheyearbefore.ThisdroughtspreadfromtheMid-Atlantic,Southeast,Midwest,NorthernGreatPlains,andWesternUnitedStates.Itwaswidespread,unusuallyintense,andaccompaniedbyheatwavesthatkilledthousandsofpeopleandsubstantialnumbersoflivestocknationwide.Oneparticularreasonfortheseverityofthedroughtwasthefarmingoflandthatwasonlymarginallyarable.Anotherfactorwasthepumpingofgroundwaternearthedepletionmark.TheDroughtof1989destroyedcropsalmostnationwide.Lawnswentbrownandmanycitiesandjurisdictionsenactedwaterrestrictions.ThiscatastrophicdroughtcontinuedtoimpacttheMidwestandNorthernPlainsstatesduring1989.Thedroughtwasnotdeclaredoveruntil1990.Accordingtotheplanningteam,thisdroughtwasoneofthemostseveredroughtincidentsthattheycouldrecallimpactingRichlandCounty.Mostrecently,the2012NorthAmericanDroughtimpactedRichlandCountyandallofOhio.Thisincidentwasanexpansionofthe2010-2012UnitedStatesdroughtthatbeganinthespringof2012.LackofsnowfallintheUnitedStatescausedverylittlemeltwatertoabsorbintothesoil.ThedroughtincludedmostoftheUnitedStatesandallofOhio.ModeratedroughtconditionswereidentifiedinRichlandCountyandallofOhioinmid-Juneof2012.Thisdroughthasbeencomparedtosimilardroughtsinthe1930sand1950sbutdidnotlastaslong.Thedroughtcausedcatastrophiceconomicramifications.Accordingtomostmeasures,thisdroughtexceededthe1988-1989NorthAmericanDroughtinseverity,whichisthemostrecentcomparabledrought.WhilethisincidentsignificantlyimpactedmanyareasoftheMidwestand
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WesternUnitedStates,planningteammembersdonotrecalltheeventbeingthatsevereinRichlandCounty.Accordingtothecommittee,theincidentwasmoreofaprolongeddryspellthanasignificantdrought.OnJuly30,2012,theGovernorofOhiosentamemorandumtotheUSDAOhioStateExecutiveDirectorrequestingprimarycountynaturaldisasterdeclarationsforeligiblecountiesduetoagriculturallossescausedbythedroughtandothernaturaldisastersduringthe2012cropyear.TheUSDAreviewedtheLossAssessmentReportsanddeterminedthatthereweresignificantenoughproductionlossesin85countiestowarrantaSecretarialdisasterdesignation.OnSeptember5,2012,RichlandCountywasincludedasoneofthedesignatedcounties.
Table2-24:Drought/ExtremeHeatHistory
HazardTotal
IncidentsTotal
PropertyLossTotal
CropLossTotalDeaths
TotalInjuries
AverageLoss/Incident
Drought 5 0 $7M 0 0 $1.4M(Crop)ExcessiveHeat 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.2.5EarthquakeAnearthquakeoccurswhentwoblocksofearth,calledplates,movepastoneanotherbeneathearth’ssurface.Thelocationwheretheplatesmeetiscalledafault.Theshiftingoftheplatescausesmovementalongthefaultline.Thismovementcanoftenbefeltinareassurroundingtheearthquake’sepicenterandcancausedamagerangingfrominsignificanttodevastating.Damagecausedbyanearthquakecanincluderattlingfoundations,fallingdebris,and,inthemostseverecases,topplingbuildings,bridges,andculverts.TheseverityofearthquakemovementismeasuredusingtheModifiedMercalliIndexscaleasdefinedbelow:
Intensity Shaking Description/DamageI NotFelt Notfeltexceptbyaveryfewunderespeciallyfavorableconditions.II Weak Feltonlybyafewpersonsatrest,especiallyonbuildingupperfloors.III Weak Feltquitenoticeablybypersonsindoors,especiallyonupperfloorsof
buildings.Manypeopledonotrecognizeitasanearthquake.Standingmotorcarsmayrockslightly.Vibrationssimilartothepassingofatruck.Durationestimated.
IV Light Feltindoorsbymany,outdoorsbyfewduringtheday.Atnight,someawakened.Dishes,windows,doorsdisturbed;wallsmakecrackingsound.Sensationlikeheavytruckstrikingbuilding.Standingmotorcarsrockednoticeably.
V Moderate Feltbynearlyeveryone;manyawakened.Somedishes,windowsbroken.Unstableobjectsoverturned.Pendulumclocksmaystop.
VI Strong Feltbyall,manyfrightened.Someheavyfurnituremoved;afewinstancesoffallenplaster.Damageslight.
VII VeryStrong Damagenegligibleinbuildingsofgooddesignandconstruction;slighttomoderateinwell-builtordinarystructures;considerabledamageinpoorlybuiltorbadlydesignedstructures;somechimneysbroken.
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VIII Severe Damageslightinspeciallydesignedstructures;considerabledamageinordinarysubstantialbuildingswithpartialcollapse.Damagegreatinpoorlybuiltstructures.Fallofchimneys,factorystacks,columns,monuments,andwalls.Heavyfurnitureoverturned.
IX Violent Damageconsiderableinspeciallydesignedstructures;well-designedframestructuresthrownoutofplumb.Damagegreatinsubstantialbuildings,withpartialcollapse.Buildingsshiftedofffoundations.
X Extreme Somewell-builtwoodenstructuresdestroyed;mostmasonryandframestructuresdestroyedwithfoundations.Railsbent.
AccordingtotheOhioSeismicNetwork,seismicriskinOhioisdifficulttoevaluatebecauseearthquakesareinfrequent.Therecurrenceintervalisgenerallyverylong,sometimesspanninghundredsorthousandsofyears.Anotherfactorinearthquakeriskisthenatureofthegeologicmaterialsuponwhichastructureisbuilt.AccordingtotheOhioDepartmentofNaturalResources,“groundmotionfromseismicwavestendstobemagnifiedbyunconsolidatedsedimentssuchasthickdepositsofclayorsandandgravel.”Ohiohasexperiencedmorethan120earthquakessince1776.Whileonlyfourteenoftheseeventshavecauseddamage,thereisagreaterriskforearthquakesinOhiothanmostpeoplerealize.WestcentralandnortheastOhioaretheareasofOhiowiththehighestearthquakerisk.ThestrongestearthquakerecordedinOhiooccurredinShelbyCountyin1937andwasestimatedtohaveamagnitudeof5.5ontheRichterScale.ThisincidentcausedsomedamageinAnnaandsurroundingwestcentralOhiocommunities.ThesameareainOhiopreviouslyreportedearthquakeactivityin1875and1884.ThePomeroyarea,southeastofColumbus,experiencedanearthquakein1926,andresidentsinAnnafeltminorquakesin1930and1931,justafewyearspriortothe1937incident.Noneoftheseearthquakescausedwidespreaddamageordevastation.Theminorquakescausedshakingbuildings,crumblingmortar,andlimitedpropertydamage.Impactswereonlyfeltlocally;nostatewidedamageswerereported.ThreeminorearthquakeshavebeenrecordedinRichlandCounty.ThestrongestoftheseincidentswasclassifiedasIVontheModifiedMercalliIndex,indicatingonlylightshaking.Nootherincidentshavebeendocumented.Earthquakeisacountywidehazardandcanaffectallareasandjurisdictions.
Date Time Latitude Longitude Richter ModifiedMercalli Source02/17/1927 05:00 40.7 82.5 3.1 IV NCE02/17/1927 06:30 40.7 82.5 2.5 II NCE01/12/1995 21:25 40.8 82.68 3.3 I USGS
2.2.6ErosionRichlandCountyroadwaysarevulnerabletobermerosion,erosionofthesupportforbridgesandculverts,andwashoutoflow-lyingsectionsofroadwaysandproperties.Thisiscausedbyrapidlyflowingwaterheavedoutofitsbanksasitrushesdownthewatershed.Thisriskismost
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prevalentinthesouth-easternpartofthecounty,inLucas,Butler,andBellevillespecifically,andmostlyalongtheClearForkRiverbecauseitisonrockandwashesoutofitsbankswhenchallengedwithexcessiverunoff.Therivercannotcutdeeper,soitbreechesitsbanksandtakesalongwithitthebermsandbridgesupportbywayoferosion.Bellevilleencountersthistypeoferosiononaregularbasis.OnthenortheastsideofthevillagewhereSR97headstoButler,thepropertyoccupiedbyafuneralhomehaserodedawayafterpreviousstorms.Theslopingtotheriverallowedrunofftobarrelthroughthepropertyandittookwithittheberms,roads,andsoil.Asaresult,thepropertyownerandtheOhioDepartmentofTransportationmodifiedthesurfaceoftheroadtohavefarlessslope,reinforcedthebermsandsupportedthesoils,andtherebyprovidedasolutiontothatonesmallsectionofvulnerableroadway.ThesamesituationispresentalongSR97,SR36,andotherlocalroadsthatfollowtheClearForkRiver.Someprivatelyownedtrailsandroadwaysarevulnerabletowashingawayintimesofheavyrunoff.ThisisespeciallyprevalentinButler,Belleville,andLucas,andthesurroundingtownships.Specificpropertiesaresometimesset-asidefarmlandorrecreationalareassothereisnomitigationactionthatisnecessary.RichlandCountymustworktoidentifythespecificpropertiesatriskthroughstormwaterstudyandmustconductariskassessmenttodeterminethepotentiallossesfromthissituation.Theymustidentifytheareassothatnewhomesandbusinessesarenotbuiltinthewakeofthisvulnerabilitywithoutfirsttakingpreventiveactionintheprocessofdevelopment.2.2.7HazardousMaterialsIncidentAhazardousmaterialsspillorreleaseoccurswhenahazardoussubstancebreachesitscontainer.Thesesubstancesarestoredinnumeroustypesofcontainers,includingdrums,cans,jars,pipes,andothervessels.Somereleasesareincidentalandcanbesafelycleanedupbyon-sitefacilitypersonnel.Anincidentalreleasedoesnotthreatenthehealthorsafetyhazardtotheimmediateareaorgreatercommunitybecauseofthesmallquantitythatisreleased.Areleasethatrequiresactionbyfirstrespondersoragenciesoutsideofthespiller’sfacilityisconsideredanemergencyresponse.Everyhazardousmaterialisuniqueandcanhaveoneormoreoftheseproperties:toxic,flammable,explosive,corrosive.Whenahazardoussubstanceisreleasedintotheenvironment,itcannegativelyimpactthesafetyandhealthofthecommunitybycontaminatingtheair,water,and/orground.Toprotectthecommunity,evacuationfromthefacilityorareasurroundingthespillmaybenecessary.
Table2-25:HazardousMaterialClassificationsClass Description1 Explosives2 Gases3 Flammableliquidsandcombustibleliquid
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4 Flammablesolid,spontaneouslycombustible,anddangerouswhenwet5 Oxidizerandorganicperoxide6 Poison(toxic)andpoisoninhalationhazard7 Radioactive8 Corrosive9 Miscellaneous
RichlandCountyhassignificantriskforhazardousmaterialsincidents.Thecountyishometomultiplemanufacturingandindustrialsitesthatmanufactureorutilizehazardoussubstances.Thesesubstancesarealsotransportedacrossthecountyonthemanyinterstate,state,andlocalroadwaysandraillines.AccordingtorecordsmaintainedbytheRichlandCountyLocalEmergencyPlanningCommittee,RichlandCountyhasexperiencedapproximately95hazardousmaterialsspillssince1999.Theseincidentsinvolvevehicleaccidentsonthemanyroadsorhighwaysinthecounty,equipmentfailureinoperationorduringdistributionofachemical(suchasagriculturalapplicationofchemicals),industrialspillsduringmanufacturing,failureofcontainerstoeffectivelyholdthesubstance,oraccidentalmishandlingofahazardoussubstance.Hazardousmaterialsincidentsareacountywidehazardandcanaffectallareasandjurisdictions.Heavilypopulatedjurisdictionsalonginterstatehighwaysareparticularlyvulnerabletothishazardbecauseoftheirproximitytothemajorhighwaysonwhichthesesubstancesaretransported.Accidentsonhighwaysandroadwayscancausethevehiclescarryingsubstancestooverturn,collidewithothervehicles,ortoigniteandburn.Therunoffasachemicalspills,thevaporsasachemicaldissipates,ortheflashpointandburningofasubstancecanexposethosenearbytoextremedangerfrombothtraumaandchemicalabsorption.Thesevehicleaccidentscompoundthevulnerabilitiesofpeopleandtheenvironmenttoincludebothtraumaticinjuryduetothecrashorkineticsoftheincident,andthenegativeeffectsofabsorbingthechemicalthatisthrownintotheatmosphereorsoils.Industrialandresidentialexposuretohazardoussubstancescanalsoinvolvebothtraumaandexposure.Mostincidentsinvolvethebreechofacontainerortheundesirablecombinationofchemicalsthatresultsinalethalsubstance.Thesespillsandleakscanoccurinbusinesses,homes,andindustriesoranywhereelsethathazardoussubstancesexist.Noinfalliblereportingsystemforhazardousmaterialsincidentsexistsanywhere.Manytimesincidentsofnon-lethalexposureareunrecognizedasanemergency.Oldthermometersaredroppedandmercuryisspilled,sweptup,andthrowningarbageunlessindividualsknowoftherisks.Theydonotalwaysknow,andthusthosekindsofincidentsgototallyunreported.Industrialreportingisgaugedbyregulation.Spillsinvolvingreportablequantitiesaredocumentedaccordingtoregulation.Smallerlesssignificantspillsoftengoundocumented
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unlesssomeoneishurtandrequiresmedicalattention.Largeindustrialspillsandleaksareinvestigatedbylocalhazardousmaterialsteams,regulators,andgovernmentresponders.RichlandCountyhasapproximately15hazardousmaterialsresponsesperyear.Ofthese,approximately25%percentaresignificantspillsthatinvolveinjuriesandpropertydamage.2.2.8FloodAfloodisdefinedasanyhighflow,overflow,orinundationofwaterovertypicallydrylandthatcausesorthreatensdamage.Floodsoccursubsequenttometeorologicaleventssuchassubstantialprecipitation,thunderstormswithheavyrainfall,rapidsnowmelt,orextremewindeventsalongcoastalwaterways.Riverinefloodingoccurswhenariverorstreamrisestoanelevationthatcausestherivertooverflowitsbanks.Therisingwaterdamagesroadways,homes,buildings,andoccupiedspacesneartheoverflowingwaterway.Lowerlevelsofawatershedaremoresusceptibletothistypeoffloodingbecausethesewaterwaysreceiveallthewaterfromtheupperlevelsandareresponsibleforcarryingamuchhighervolumeofwaterthanthetributaries.Flashfloodsaretherapidandextremeflowofhighwaterintoanormallydryarea.Aflashfloodcanalsooccurwhenthereisarapidriseinthewaterlevelofastreamorcreekandthewaterrisesaboveapre-determinedfloodlevelwithinsixhoursofaprecipitationevent.Thistypeoffloodingoccurswhenthegroundistoosaturated,impervious,orflattodrainrainfallintowaterwaysthroughstormsewers,ditches,creeks,andstreamsatthesamerateastheprecipitationfalls.Worldwide,floodingisthemostcommonandcostlydisaster,resultinginsignificantlossoflifeandpropertyeveryyear.Floodshaveasubstantialimpactontheinfrastructureofaregion.Commoneffectsincluderoadwaybreeches,bridgewashouts,roadwaywashaway,andwater-coveredroadways.Asfloodwatermovesrapidlyandforcefully,itwashesawaythesurfaceandsub-surfaceofroads,causingholes,ruts,andotherproblemsforvehicles.Floodwaterthatisonefootdeep,sometimeslessdependingontheforceofthewater,isstrongenoughtocarryvehiclesawaywithoccupantsinside.Rescuersarepowerlessagainstrapid,risingwaterbecausetheyareunabletoexertenoughstrengthtocounteractthephysicsofmovingwater.Floodwatersseekthepathofleastresistanceastheytraveltolowerground,seepingintoandoccupyinganystructureinitspath.Basementsandlowerlevelsofbuildingscanbecomeinundatedwithfloodwater.Placingsandbagsalongtheexteriorofabuildingisonlyatemporarystopgap;iffloodwatersdonotrecedequickly,theforceofthewaterwillmovethroughthesandbagsandinfiltratethestructure.Theaftermathoffloodingcanbejustasdamaginganddangerousasthefloodingitself.Cleanupisoftenalong,protractedactivitywithitsownsetofhazards.Prolongedpoweroutagescauseissueswithrefrigerationandsanitation.Sewersystemscanbecomeinundatedwithfloodwaterandceasetofunctionproperly.Standingwaterbecomescontaminatedwith
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householdandindustrialchemicals,fuel,andothermaterialsthathaveleakedintothewater.Allfloodwaterisconsideredcontaminated,eitherfromgermsanddiseaseorhazardousmaterials.Thiscreatesahazardforrespondersandresidentsthroughouttheinitialrecoveryphaseofthedisaster.Historically,floodinghasbeenamoderatetosevereriskforRichlandCounty.DatafromNCDCindicatesthecountyhasbeenimpactedby43floodeventssince1950,themajorityofthemflashfloods.Collectively,theseeventshavecaused$82,705,000inpropertydamageand$6,205,000incropdamage.RichlandCounty’sfloodriskishighbecausesomanywaterwaysflowthroughthecounty.TheBlackFork,RockyFork,andClearForkRiversallflowthroughthecentralportionofRichlandCounty.Sincethecountyisatthehighestpartofthewatershed,mostfloodingisduetoextremelyheavyprecipitationandrunoffwaterflowingtothewaterwaysquickly.Whenawaterwayisblockedbydebrisorsediment,theflowishampered.Someofthewaterwaysareonrockbedsandthequantityofwaterexceedsthecapacityoftherock-bottomstream.Asdevelopmenthasoccurred,theamountofabsorbingsoilhasdiminished;thereforerunoffbecomesexcessivebecausethereisinsufficientsurfacewherethewatercanbenaturallyabsorbedinthenecessaryquantity.TheworstfloodinRichlandCounty’shistoryoccurredonAugust21,2007.TheremnantsofTropicalStormErinmergedwithastationaryfront,producingheavyrainfallandcatastrophicfloodingovermuchofnorthwestandnorthcentralOhio.ThecitiesofMansfieldandShelbyandthevillageofBellvillesufferedthegreatestimpactfromthisstorm,whichproducedasmuchas7.5inchesofraininlessthantwelvehoursoveralreadysaturatedground.Acrossthecounty,100homesweredestroyed,250sustainedsignificantdamage,andmorethan1,500hadminordamage.Dozensofbusinessessufferedsignificantfloodlosses.ThemajorityofthisdamageoccurredinShelbyastheBlackForkbranchoftheMohicanRiverrapidlyoverfloweditsbanksandfloodedtheentiredowntownareaofthecity.DamagetomunicipalandschoolbuildingsinShelbytotaledmorethan$2,500,000.Thecourthousewasatotallossandthefiredepartmentandtwoschoolbuildingssustainedmajordamage.DozensofbusinessesalongMainandNorthGambleStreetswereseverelyaffected.Attheworstpointintheflood,rescuerswereforcedtouseboatsfromneighboringdepartmentstorescuepeoplewhobecametrappedintheirhomesasthewaterrose.ACoastGuardhelicopterrescuedseveralpeoplefromrooftops.InMansfield,thePostOfficefacilitywasseverelydamagedandmorethanadozenpeoplehadtoberescuedfromrapidlyrisingwaterattheintersectionofStateRoute13andUSHighway30.Onefatalitywasreportedwhenahomecaughtfireasaresultofflooddebrisignitingawaterheater.Intotal,thisincidentcaused$70,000,000inpropertydamageandanadditional$5,000,000incropdamage.Asaresultofthisincident,officialsinthecityofShelbyinitiatedacommunity-widemitigationefforttoacquireanddemolishhomesandbusinesseslocatedalongtheBlackForkRiverthatsustainedrepeatedflooddamage.Throughthecity’seffortsandfundingfromtheHazardMitigationGrantProgram,thecityhassuccessfullydemolished57repetitivelosspropertiesandtheownershaverelocatedtolessflood-proneareasofthecity.
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Fouryearsafterthedevastating2007flood,RichlandCountywasonceagainimpactedbyasignificantfloodevent.ThevillageofBellvillewastheepicenterofthisincident.OnFebruary27,2011,heavyrainbegantofallovernortheastOhio.Thisstormdroppeduptothreeinchesofrainontopoftheteninchesofsnowfallalreadyontheground.Thefollowingday,temperaturesclimbedtonear50degrees,leadingtorapidsnowmeltontopoftheaccumulatedrainfallandcausingwidespreadflooding.Bellville,inthesouthernportionofRichlandCounty,wassurroundedbywater.AstheClearForkRiverflowedoutofitsbanks,thevillagebecameinaccessible.Dozensofroadswereclosedandmanyhomessustainedsignificantdamage.Theelementaryschoolandtownshipgaragewerealsoimpacted.InMansfield,floodwatersdamagedcommercialstructures,includingthePostOffice,andfirstrespondershadtorescueresidentswhobecametrappedinvehiclesandhomes.AcrossOhio,thisincidentcausedmorethan$30,000,000indamage;$2,000,000ofthatdamageoccurredinRichlandCounty.InJuly2013,RichlandCountywasonceagainimpactedbyaseriousfloodingevent.Fortwoweekspriortotheincident,theregionhadreceivedheavyamountsofrainfall.OnJuly8,athree-dayperiodofadditionalheavyrainfallbegan,droppingasmuchaseightadditionalinchesofraintofallonalreadysaturatedground.Asaresult,theBlackForkandClearForkBranchesoftheMohicanRiver,andtheirtributaries,roserapidlyandoverflowedtheirbanks.WidespreadfloodingoccurredinShelby,Mansfield,Lexington,Ontario,Butler,andBellville.Residentshadtobeevacuatedfromtheirhomesduetotherapidlyrisingwaterandbusinessesandresidentialpropertiessustainedminortomoderatedamage.InShelby,whichhadsufferedsignificantlyfromthe2007flood,thefiredepartmentwasforcedtorelocatewhentheirstationbecameinundatedwithfloodwater.Dozensofroadswereclosedandmanysustaineddamagefromtheforceofthefloodwater.Intotal,propertydamagesfromthismulti-dayraineventexceeded$3,000,000.Theagriculturecommunityincurredanadditional$100,000incroplosses.
Table2-26:FloodHistory
HazardTotal
IncidentsTotal
PropertyLossTotal
CropLossTotalDeaths
TotalInjuries
AverageLoss/Incident
Flood 43 82.705M 6.25M 1 1 1.923M2.2.9SevereThunderstormAthunderstormisalocalstormproducedbyacumulonimbuscloudaccompaniedbythunder,lightning,and/orhail.Lightningisabrief,naturallyoccurringelectricaldischargethatoccursbetweenacloudandtheground.Hailisfrozenrainpelletsthatforminthehighercloudsandaccumulatesizeastheyreachthegroundasprecipitation.InthispartofOhio,thestateoftherainisdependentuponthehigherelevationtemperatures,thetemperatureoftheatmospherethroughwhichtheprecipitationfalls,andthetemperatureoftheground,allofwhichcanbesignificantlydifferentatanygiventime.Iftemperaturesclosetothegroundarewarm,thehailcanpartiallymeltandbecomesleet.Ifthesurfaceiscoldandtheairiscold,itfallsashail.
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Frequentlytheupperatmosphereiscold,theairtheprecipitationfallsthroughiswarm,andthegroundiscold.Thisresultsinsmallsizedhail.RarelydoesOhiohavelargehailinRichlandCountybecausetemperaturesoftheairdonotsupporttheformationoflargehail.Hailcandamagebuildings,vehicles,andotherstructuresasitfalls,andthelargerthehail,thegreaterthedamage.Mostthunderstormsincludeheavyprecipitationbutnotmanyincludehailandlightning.Severethunderstormscanproduce,flashfloods,tornadoes,anddamagingwindsthatposesignificantrisktopeopleandpropertyinthearea.Athunderstormthatproducesatornado,windsof58mphorgreater,and/orhailwithadiameterofatleast1”,isconsideredaseverethunderstorm.Thesestormstypicallydevelopaspartofalargerstormfrontandareprecededandfollowedbyregularthunderstorms.RichlandCountyexperiencesmanythunderstormeventseveryyear.Mostofthesearenotsevereandincludeonlyheavyprecipitation,wind,andthunder.Thunderstormswithhailandlightningaremuchlessfrequentthanwindandheavyprecipitation.Thesestormsarerelativelyfrequentbutgenerallyresultinlittlepropertydamage.Althoughtheycanrangefromminortoseverebutrarelyexceedtheminorormoderatelevel.Thunderstormsareacountywidehazardandcanaffectallareasandjurisdictions.AccordingtoNCDCrecordsdatingbackto1950,RichlandCountyhasexperienced239dayswiththunderstormevents.Ofthese,129incidentsresultedinsomepropertydamageand3causedcropdamage.Thunderstormswithhailaccountedfor97oftheseincidentsbutresultedinverylimitedpropertydamage.Lightningwasidentifiedasahazardonlyonce,causingmoderatedamage.OneofthemostdamagingthunderstormsofallincidentsrecordedinRichlandCountyoccurredonJune29,2012.Earlierintheday,alargederechosystemhaddevelopedoverIndiana.Thismassivestormmovedeastoverthecourseoftheday,strikingthesoutheastportionofthecounty.Windsashighas65mphdownedtreesandutilitylinesacrossthesouthernthirdofRichlandCounty.Dozensofhomesustainedsignificantroofandsidingdamagewhilefallingtreesandotherdebrisstruckothers.Thousandsofpeoplewerewithoutpower,manyforseveraldays.Recoveryeffortswerehinderedbyanongoingheatwave,whichsenttemperaturessoaringintotheupper90s.Intotal,RichlandCounty’spropertydamagetotaled$1,000,000.Cropdamageswerealsoextensive,althoughexactfigureswerenotavailable.Althoughnotassevereasthe2012incident,thecountyalsohadexperiencedadamagingseverethunderstormonMay21,2004.Hundredsoftreesweretoppledacrossthecountyasalineofseverethunderstormswith60mphwindgustscrossedthecounty.Lexington,inthesoutheast,wasthehardesthitarea.Accordingtoreports,acampgroundlost500treesandsuffereddamagetofourbuildings.AttheClearForkReservoir,another250treeswereuprooted.Damagetovehicles,homes,andbuildingswerereportedacrossthecounty.Propertylosstotalsforthisincidentexceed$700,000.OnAugust6,2000,thecityofMansfieldwastheepicenterforaseverethunderstormthatcaused$500,000inpropertydamageacrossthecounty.Thisstorm,characterizedbyadownburstwith80mphestimatedwinds,downedtreesacrossthecounty.Dozensofhomesweredamagedbyfallingtrees.Severalmanufacturingfacilitiessufferedsignificantroof
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damage.InMadisonTownship,alargebarncollapsedfromthestorm’simpact,spreadingdebrisoveratwelve-acrearea.
Table2-27:SummaryofThunderstormHistory
HazardTotal
IncidentsTotal
PropertyLossTotal
CropLossTotalDeaths
TotalInjuries
AverageLoss/Incident
SevereThunderstorm 361 $5.531M $170K 0 2 $15KHail 97 $227K $160K 0 0 $2KLightning 1 $25K 0 0 1 $25K
*Includesallincidentswiththunderstormwind,hail,and/orlightning.2.2.10TornadoAtornadoisanintense,rotatingcolumnofairthatprotrudesfromacumulonimbuscloudintheshapeofafunnelorropewhosecirculationispresentontheground.Ifthecolumnofairdoesnottouchtheground,itisreferredtoasafunnelcloud.Thiscolumnofaircirculatesaroundanareaofintenselowpressure,almostalwaysinacounterclockwisedirection.Tornadoesusuallyrangefrom300to2,000feetwideandformaheadofadvancingcoldfronts.Theytendtomovefromsouthwesttonortheastbecausetheyaremostoftendrivenbysouthwestwinds.Atornado’slifeprogressesthroughseveralstages:dust-whirl,organizing,mature,shrinking,anddecay.Onceinthematurestage,thetornadogenerallystaysincontactwiththegroundforthedurationofitslifecycle.Whenasinglestormsystemproducesmorethanonedistinctfunnelclouds,itisreferredtoasatornadofamilyoroutbreak.TornadomagnitudeismeasuredusingtheEnhancedFujitascale,abbreviatedasEF.TherankingsrangefromEF-0toEF-5andarebasedondamagescausedbythetornado.Priorto2012,theFujitascalewasusedtomeasuretornadodamageandwasabbreviatedF-1toF-2,dependingonthelevelofimpact.EF-Scale WindSpeed TypicalDamage
0 65–85mph Lightdamage.Peelssurfaceoffsomeroofs;somedamagetoguttersorsiding;branchesbrokenofftrees;shallow-rootedtreespushedover,
1 86–110mph Moderatedamage.Roofsseverelystripped;mobilehomesoverturnedorbadlydamaged;lossofexteriordoors;windowsandotherglassbroken.
2 111–135mph Considerabledamage.Roofstornoffwell-constructedhouses;foundationsofframehomesshifted;mobilehomescompletelydestroyed;largetreessnappedoruprooted;light-objectmissilesgenerated;carsliftedoffground
3 136–165mph Severedamage.Entirestoriesofwell-constructedhousesdestroyed;severedamagetolargebuildingssuchasshoppingmalls;trainsoverturned;treesdebarked;heavycarsliftedoffthegroundandthrown;structureswithweakfoundationsblownawaysomedistance.
4 166–200mph Devastatingdamage.Wholeframeandwell-constructedhouses
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completelyleveled;carsthrownandsmallmissilesgenerated.5 >200mph Incredibledamage.Strongframehousesleveledofffoundationsand
sweptaway;automobile-sizedmissilesflythroughtheairinexcessof100meters;high-risebuildingshavesignificantstructuraldamage;incrediblephenomenawilloccur
Norating Inconceivabledamage.ShouldatornadowiththemaximumwindspeedinexcessofEF-5occur,theextentandtypesofdamagemaynotbeconceived.Anumberofmissilessuchasiceboxes,waterheaters,storagetanks,automobiles,etc.Willcreateserioussecondarydamageonstructures.
Tornadoesarethemostdamagingofallatmosphericphenomena.Whiletheirfrequencyislow,theprobabilityofsignificantdamageishigh.Becausetornadoesoccuraspartofastormsystem,theydonotstrikeasindependentincidents.Emergingoutofastormfrontorsupercell,thetornado,especiallywhenaccompaniedbyheavyrain,straight-linewind,lightning,andhail,canbeextremelydamaging.Effectsofatornadoincludeuprootedtrees,damagedordestroyedbuildings,andsmashedvehicles.Twistingandflyingdebristurnsintoprojectileweapons,whichcancauseinjuriesandfatalities.Ohioranksamongthetoptwentystatesininjuries,fatalities,andpropertydamagefromtornadoevents.WhiletornadoesdonotoccurfrequentlyinRichlandCounty,theseverityandimpactwhentheydohappencanbesubstantial.Thecountyhasexperienced26tornadoeventssince1950,accordingtoNDPCrecords,andhassufferedmorethan$9,800,000intotaldamages.ThemagnitudeofthetornadoeshasrangedfromF/EF0toF/EF2.EightincidentshavebeenmeasuredasF/EF0,elevenasF/EF1,andsevenasF/EF2.InRichlandCounty,tornadoesareacountywidehazardandcanaffectallareasandjurisdictions.Themapbelowidentifiesthelocationandmagnitudeoftornadoincidentsinthecountysince1950.Theaccuracyoftheinformationonthismapwasconfirmedbytwosources:NCDCandTornadoHistoryProject.com.Thisisthebestimageavailablefromthatwebsite.
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Map2-3:TornadoHistory
ThemostdamagingtornadoinRichlandCounty’shistoryoccurredonJune22,1990.AnF2tornadoinitiallytoucheddowninMorrowCounty.ThestormthenmovedeastintoRichlandCounty,stayingonthegroundfornearly19milesuntilitreachedthesoutheastsideofLucas.ThetwisterthencrossedInterstate71nearBellville.Initswake,thetornadoleftdozensofdamagedhomes,barns,andoutbuildings.Propertydamagetotal$2,500,000.Onefatalitywasreported,althoughitisunclearofthefatalityoccurredinRichlandorMorrowCounty.Lessthenoneyearpriortothe1990incident,RichlandCountyhadbeenstruckbyanotherF2tornado.OnNovember15,1989,thisstorm,whichalsoimpactedthesoutheastareaofthecounty,originatedinsoutheastMorrowCountyandmovednortheastforapproximately23miles.ThetornadodissipatednearLexingtonbutnotbeforedowningtreesanddamaginghomes.InLexington,twohomesweredestroyed.Totalpropertydamagefortheincidentwas$2,500,000.
Table2-28:SummaryofTornadoHistory
HazardTotal
IncidentsTotal
PropertyLossTotal
CropLossTotalDeaths
TotalInjuries
AverageLoss/Incident
Tornado 28 9.822M 0 0 14 350K2.2.11UtilityFailureWhileutilitysystemfailurescanoccurasaconsequenceofanaturaldisaster,breakdownofautilitysystemisalsoanindependenthazard.Whenthisoccurs,outagesaretypicallycausedbysystemoverloadorlackofimprovements,updates,andmaintenancetothesystem’sinfrastructure.Peopleandbusinessesrelyonelectrical,water,wastewater,heating/cooling,naturalgas,andotherfueldistributionsystemstoprovideessentialresourcesnecessaryto
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supportbasic,dailyfunctions.Infrastructurelikewatertreatmentsystems,wastewatertreatmentfacilities,androads,bridges,andculvertsfailaswell.Sometimesthesupportstructuresfadeaway,themainworkingsystemsquit,orthestorageandtestingofcontentsfails.Sometimes,especiallyinthecaseofpotablewatersystems,testingmethodsdonotkeeppacewithdiagnosticandprocessneeds.Theeffectsofsysteminterruptionsandfailuresarefeltimmediately.Populationswithspecialneeds,includingchildren,theelderly,andthosewithseriousmedicalconditions,sufferthemostduringutilitysystemfailures.WhileRichlandCountyhasnotexperiencedthesefailuresonalargescale,therealizationispresenttorecognizethenegativeimpactofeconomicdownturnsoninfrastructureandutilityupkeepandimprovement.Thevariousjurisdictions,likemanyintheUnitedStatestoday,havenotbeenabletoimplementinfrastructureimprovementandreplacementprogramsthatareasaggressiveastheywouldlikethemtobe.Witheconomicchallengesandunemploymentwoes,therevenuegenerationthroughtaxesandotherincentiveshasnotexisted.Therefore,allinfrastructureisinworseconditionthanofficialswouldlike,andtheyrecognizethisasapotentialvulnerability.Throughearlyrecognitionandplanning,officialshopethattheycanavertanycostlyincidentsinthefuture.Includinginfrastructureandutilityfailureasapossibilityisconsideredthefirststeptowardprotectionandimprovement.Utilityfailuresdonotgenerallycausesignificantstructuraldamage.Thegreatestriskforphysicaldamagewouldresultfrombrokendistributionlineswithinfacilities.Brokenwaterlinesandwastewaterbackupscancausesignificantphysicaldamagetobuildings;gaslinebreaksthatcausefireswouldalsocontributetophysicaldamagefromutilityfailures.Thegreatestconcernwithutilityfailuresisthesignificanthardshipanddiscomforttheycauseforpeopleandpotentialimpactonthelocaleconomy.Ifbusinesseswereunabletooperateforseveraldaysorlongerbecauseofsystemfailures,thenegativeeffectwouldquicklyrippleacrossthecommunity.Utilitysystemfailuresareacountywidehazardandcanaffectallareasandjurisdictions.ThemostsignificantutilityfailuretoimpactRichlandCountythatwasnotthedirectresultofanaturaldisasteristhe2003NortheastBlackout.OnAugust14,2003,aseriesofelectricalgenerationfacilityfailuresinMichiganandOhioandthroughoutthenortheastregionoftheUnitedStatescausedmassivepoweroutagesthroughouttheentireregionandstretchingintoCanada.AcrossOhio,morethan500,000peoplelostpower.InRichlandCounty,poweroutagesaffectedresidentsacrosstheentirecounty.Outageswereclusteredaswellassporadic,affectingwholecommunitiesaswellasindividualresidenceshereandthere.Theweatherwasextremelyhotandelderlyandtheextremelyyoungsufferedfromlackofairconditioningandmedicalequipmentoperation.Businesseswereclosed,gaspumpsdidnotoperate,financialprocessingwasnotoperationalsoonlycashtransactionswerefeasible,andfoodcouldnotbepreparedorstoredsafely.TheincidentwassowidespreadthatRichlandCountyresidentscouldn’tescapeitswrathbydrivingtoColumbusorClevelandbecausethoseareaswereoutofpowertoo.Theoutagecouldnothavecomeatalessconvenienttime.Whiletherewerenodeathsorinjuriesdirectlyattributedtotheincident,manybusinessesclosed,losingrevenuesandfailingtoservecustomers.Manyindividualswhereinconveniencedand
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suffereddiscomfortanddisruption.PowerwasrestoredtothecountybyearlyonAugust15,limitingtheamountofdamagetopeopleandpropertyandallowingarapidrecoverytobegin.Theharsh,exceptionallycoldwinterof2014causedashortageofpropanefuelacrossOhio.Becausedemandforpropaneandheatingoilwassignificantlyhigherthannormal,pricesskyrocketed,causinghardshipformanywithlimitedmeanstopaymoreforthiscriticalservice.InRichlandCounty,11%ofhomesutilizepropaneorheatingfuelastheirprimaryheatsource.Manyresidencesandbusinesseswereabletomaintainenoughfueltokeepfurnacesgoingwithconservativeconsumption.However,others’fueltanksrandryandtheywerewithoutheat,cookingfuel,hotwater,andotherfunctionsdependentuponpropaneorheatingoil.Forsomeelderlyanddisabled,thesimplefearofrunningoutwasdetrimentaltotheiremotionalwellbeing.Someresidentsandbusinessesdevelopedsecondaryfuelcontractswithalternatesuppliers;somesuppliersthatwerewell-stockedexpandedtheirservicetoincludeRichlandCounty,eventuallytakingrevenuesthatotherwisewouldhavegonetolocalbusinesses,andothersinstalledback-upstoragetanksandincreasedstockingcapacity.Othersworried.Ineithercase,therewerenodeathsdirectlyattributedtothisshortage,butmanyresidentsfeltfearandanguishasaresult.Inearly2005,raincombinedwithfallingtemperaturesandwindtocreateawinterymixoficeandblowingsnow.Therainfirstclungtotrees,buildings,androadwaysandthenbegantofreeze.Astheprecipitationcontinued,itformedamysticalgardenofice-ladenvegetation,utilitydistributionlines,androadways.Treesweredowned,utilitieswereinterrupted,andtheroadsweretoodangerousforrestorationcrewstoworkquicklyorefficiently.Hundredfootmaplesandoaksweredevastatedbytheiceandwind,fallingacrossroadsandontohomes.Businesseswereshutdownfortwotothreedays,powerwasoutinsomeareasforseveraldays,andlifewasinterruptedbythemagicalandmysticalbeautyoficecoveredRichlandCounty.Foodwasspoiled,businesseswerehalted,workerswerestranded,andactivitiesweretemporarilyabandoned.Theicestormof2005effectivelyshutRichlandCountydown.2.2.12WindstormAwindstormisaweathereventwithexceptionallystrongwindsbutlittletonoprecipitation.Windspeedinthistypeofeventtypicallyreachesatleast34mphbutcanbeanyspeedthatcauseslightorgreaterdamagetotreesandbuildings.Damagecanbecausedbygusts,whichareshortburstsofhigh-speedwind,orlongerperiodsofsustainedwind.Aderechoisaspecifictypeofwindstormthatiswidespreadandfastmoving.Thesestormscanproducedamagingstraight-linewindsoverextremelylargeareas,sometimesspanninghundredsofmileslongandmorethan100mileswide.Tobedefinedasaderecho,thestormmustproducedamageoveratleast240miles,havewindgustsofatleast58mphacrossmostofthestorm’slength,andmultiplegustsof75mphorgreater.Thedestructionproducedbyaderechocanbeverysimilartothatfromatornado.However,thedamagefromthistypeofstormgenerallyoccursinonedirectionalongastraightpath.
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ThetopographyofnorthcentralOhiocanbevulnerabletodamagesfromhighwindsunaccompaniedbyanykindofprecipitation,makingwindstormsacountywidehazard.Allareasandjurisdictionscanbeaffectedbyseverewind.Therelativelylimitedchangeinelevationandlackofextensivewoodedcoverareaarenotadequatetoreducetheeffectsofstrongwindstorms.Althoughwindsinexcessof50milesperhourcanoccurasasolehazard,thisisuncommon.Mostofthetime,severewindsarepartofalargerstormsystem.Thewindoccurswhenprecipitationandunstableairmovesintothearea.Highwindsarefrequentlyaccompaniedbyheavyrain,hail,ice,snow,orthunderstorms.InRichlandCounty,wind-onlyincidentsdonotoccurfrequentlybuttheyareoftensevere.AccordingtoNCDCrecords,43windeventshavebeenrecordedsince1950,resultinginnearly$11,500,000inpropertydamageand$850,000incropdamage.AlthoughwindstormshavenottypicallycausedmassivedamageinRichlandCounty,therearetwonotableexceptions.Thecounty’smostsignificantwindeventoccurredonSeptember14,2008.AstheremnantsofHurricaneIkemovedfromtheGulfofMexicotowardsthenortheast,damagingwindswerereportedacrossmuchofOhio.InRichlandCounty,apeakwindgustof66mphwasmeasuredatMansfieldLahmAirport.Thestormcausedextensivedamagetotreesandutilitypoles.Massivepoweroutageswerealsoasignificantproblem.Atonepoint,15,000customerswerewithoutpower.Inpartsofthecounty,thepowerwouldstayoutformorethantendays.Propertydamagerangedfrommissingshinglesandshutterstoblownoutwindows.Travelacrossthecountywasdifficultinthestorm’saftermathbecausefallentreesanddebrisblockedsomanyroads.Becausethisincidenthappenedbeforemostcropswereharvested,cropdamagewasextensive;reportsindicatecropdamageofatleast$750,000.Propertydamageexceeded$8,000,000,makingthisincidenttheworstwindstorminRichlandCounty’shistory.LessthansixmonthsaftertheHurricaneIkestorm,anothersignificantwindstormoccurredasastrongcoldfrontmovedacrossthecountyonFebruary11,2009.Peakwindgustsrangingfrom60to66mphweremeasuredatmultiplelocationsinRichlandCounty.Highwindscontributedtoaten-cartrainderailmentbetweenShelbyandShiloh,anoverturnedtractor-traileronStateRoute13inShenandoah,andanotherinOntario.Poweroutageswerewidespreadandhundredsoftreesandutilitypolesweredowned.BetweenRichlandandneighboringAshlandCounty,25,000customerslostpower.Hundredsofhomessustaineddamage,rangingfrommissingshinglestodamagedsidingandgutters.PropertydamageinRichlandCountytotaled$1,500,000,asmallamountcomparedtothecollectivedamageincurredacrossallofnortheastOhio.
Table2-29:SummaryofWindstormHistory
HazardTotal
IncidentsTotal
PropertyLossTotal
CropLossTotalDeaths
TotalInjuries
AverageLoss/Incident
Windstorm 43 11.448M 855K 0 0 266K
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-39
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
2.2.13WinterStormAwinterstormisaweathereventthatincludesseveralwinterweatherhazardsandcandevelopanytimebetweenlatefallandearlyspring.Thesestormscanincludeanycombinationofextremelycoldtemperatures,wind,snowfall,sleet,ice,orrainwithtemperatureslowenoughtoformice.Ablizzardisaspecifictypeofwinterstormcharacterizedbysustainedwindsorfrequentgustsof35mphorgreaterandfallingorblowingsnowthatreducesvisibilitytolessthan¼mile;bothoftheseconditionsmustbepresentforatleastthreehourstobeconsideredablizzard.Periodsofextremelycoldweather,oftenincludingwindchillswellbelowzero,arealsoasignificanthazard.Thegreatestriskassociatedwithwinterstormsisthelossofutilities.Youngchildren,theelderlyandpeoplewithmedicalconditionsarethemostatriskforinjuryduetocoldorlimitedingressandegressduetosnow-blockedroadsanddrifting.Whenhazardouswinterstormspreventmedicalsupplies,food,andotheressentialsuppliesfromreachingtheirdestinationorpeopleareunabletotraveltopurchasethesenecessities,specialpopulationsendurethegreatestamountofhardship.Motorvehicleaccidentsalsoincreasewhenhazardousconditionsmaketraveltreacherous.Whilewinterstormsmaymakeresidentsuncomfortable,itisextremelyrareforcasualtiesorsignificantpropertydamagetooccurasaresult.Mostoutcomesareoftheinconvenienceordiscomforttype.Injuriesandfatalitiesthatresultfromtrafficaccidentsanddangerousroadconditionsaretheexception.SeverewinterweatherisariskinRichlandCountyandacrosscentralOhio.Mostareasofthestatearesusceptibletowinterstormsthatbringheavysnow,highwinds,ice,and/orextremecold.Thesestormsrangefromshort,mildburstsofsnowandicetoextremecoldsnapswithsignificantsnowfallthatlastseveraldays.InRichlandCounty,winterstormsareacountywidehazardandcanaffectallareasandjurisdictions.Themostfrequentwinterstormsincludemultiplewinterweatherhazards,suchasiceandsnowfall.Theicebeginstoaccumulateastemperaturesfallbeforeturningtosnow,creatingalayeroficeunderthesnowfall.Theseicyconditionsmakeroadwaysslickanddangerous,increasingthepotentialforvehicularaccidents.Roadcrewsarechallengedtoclearsnowandicefromroadwaysandmaintainsafetransportationroutesforresidents.Iftemperatureshovernearthefreezingpoint,precipitationcanfreezeandaccumulateontreesandpowerlines.Ifwindskickup,thevulnerabilityofpowerlinesanddriftingofroadwaysisincreased.Thiscanleadtopoweroutagesifbranchesandlinesbreak.Theseconditionsaregenerallyshort-term,lastinglessthan24hours.Extremelycoldtemperaturescanoccurindependentofotherwinterweatherhazards,butthisisinfrequent.Whenextremelycold,sub-zerotemperaturesdooccur,theyaretypicallybrief,lastingonetotwodays.Theseincidentsareinconvenienttoresidentsandbusinessesbutrarelycausephysicaldamagetobuildingsorinfrastructure.RichlandCountyexperiencesmultiplewinterweathereventseveryyear.Theseincidentsarerarelysevereenoughtocausepropertydamage.Whilepeoplemightbeinconveniencedbymostwinterstormevents,rarelydotheseincidentscausesignificant,widespreadpropertydamage.Icestormsarerarebut,whentheydooccur,cancausemajordamage.AccordingtoNCDCrecords,RichlandCountyhasexperienced46winterstormeventssince1950.
2-40 2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
Collectively,theseincidentshavecaused$36,000,000inpropertydamage.Threeincidentsincludedicestormeventsandaccountforapproximatelyhalfofthetotalpropertydamages.Extremecoldincidentsaremuchlessfrequentanddamaging,occurringonlyseventimesandaccountingforlessthan$150,000intotaldamage.Again,theseincidentsaregenerallymoreinconvenientanddisruptivethantheyaredamaging.Whilebusinessesmaycloseandappointmentsmaybemissed,theeffectsareshort-termandlastlessthanadayortwoinmostincidents.LikemanycountiesinnorthernOhio,oneofthemostsignificantwinterstormstoimpactRichlandCountyistheBlizzardof‘78.OnJanuary26,1978,thishistoricstormproducedseventeeninchesofsnowacrossthecounty,ontopofthetwelveinchesalreadyontheground.Extremelylowtemperaturesandsustainedwindsof50to70mphcombinedtocreateblizzardconditionsthatcausedsignificantdamageandhardshipacrossthecounty.Localsnowremovalequipmentwasnotadequatebecauseoftheextremevolumeofsnow;onlywhentheNationalGuardbroughtinheavy-dutyequipmentwereroadwaysabletobecleared.Becauseofthis,schoolsandbusinesseswereclosedfornearlyaweek.Manypeoplesufferedfromfood,medication,andsupplyshortages,astheywerenotpreparedtobeintheirhomesforsolong.Scatteredutilityoutagesacrosstheareaalsocausedhardship,althoughthesewerenotwidespread.Inareaswherepowerwasout,familieswithfireplaces,wood-burningstoves,andalternateheatsourcesopenedtheirhomestoneighborsandwelcomedtravelerswhobecamestrandedonroadways.Whilethecountyhasexperiencedmanywinterstormeventssince1978,thisincidentcontinuestobethestormagainstwhichallothersaremeasured.RichlandCountywasdevastatedbytwowinterstormincidentsthatoccurredwithinatwo-weekspanoftimeinDecemberof2004andJanuary2005.OnDecember22,2014,asnowstormcomparabletotheBlizzardof1978impactedallofnorthernOhio.Thefirstwaveofthestormbroughtheavysnowfall,nearlytwofeetinsomeareas,andhighwinds.IntheearlyhoursofDecember23,snowfalltransitionedtofreezingrain.RichlandCountyreceivedahalf-inchoficeontopoftwentyplusinchesofsnow.Travelwastreacherousasroadcrewsstruggledtokeepupwiththerapid,heavysnowfallandiceaccumulation.Isolatedpoweroutageswerealsoreported.Lessthantwoweekslater,beforethecommunityhadrecoveredfromthefirstincident,RichlandCountywashitwithamassiveicestorm.AprolongedperiodoffreezingrainonJanuary5,2005slowlymadeitswayacrossOhio.TheInterstate71andU.S.Route30corridorswerethehardesthitwithsomeareasreportingonetothreeinchesoficeaccumulation.Acrosstheninecountyregionimpactedbythisstorm,nearly80%ofcustomers,almost1,000,000people,werewithoutpower.InRichlandCounty,localgovernmentagenciesincluded$6,000,000incleanupcosts.PropertydamagefromtheDecember22incidentwas$8,400,000;theJanuary5icestormcausedanadditional$18,300,000inpropertydamage.Collectively,RichlandCountysuffered$27,000,000indamageinthisbrieftwo-weektimespan.Althoughnotnearlyasdamagingasthe2004-2005incidents,RichlandCountywasaffectedbyanothersignificantwinterstormonMarch7,2008.Intensesnowfallonthe7thandintoMarch8ledtoaccumulationneartwentyinches.MansfieldLahmAirportreported19.7inches.High
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-41
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
windsandblowinganddriftingsnowmadetraveltreacherousandmanyhighwayaccidentswerereported.RichlandCountyreported$2,400,000inpropertydamagefromthisincident.
Table2-30:SummaryofWinterStormHistory
HazardTotal
IncidentsTotal
PropertyLossTotal
CropLossTotalDeaths
TotalInjuries
AverageLoss/Incident
WinterStorm* 46 $35.719M 0 0 3 $776KIceStorm 3 $18.4M 0 0 0 $6.1MExtremeCold 7 $150K 0 0 0 $21K
*Includesallincidentswithblizzardconditions,extremecold,icestorm,andwinterstorm.2.3VULNERABILITYANALYSISRichlandCountyisvulnerabletotheeffectsofwind,water,andextremetemperaturefluctuations.Localcommunitiesandstructuresexperiencesomelevelofdamagefromthisincidentseveryyear.Whilestormsdonottypicallycausewidespreaddevastation,theydocausesignificantshort-termdisruptionsofdailylifeandcauseenoughdamagetopropertiestobemeasurable.ThissectionwilldescribethetypeandextentofdamageRichlandCountytypicallyexperiences.2.3.1JurisdictionalVulnerabilityDuringtheprocessofupdatingthecounty’shazardmitigationplan,theHazardMitigationplanningteamassessedalldisastertypesforpossibility,probability,magnitude,andseverity.Whiletheydevelopedacountywideprioritizationforplanningpurposes,eachjurisdictionissomewhatuniqueinitsvulnerabilitytodisasters.Thecountywidemitigationstrategieswerebaseduponthevulnerabilitiesoftheentirecountyaswellasthoseassociatedwiththeunincorporatedareasliketownshipsandruralneighborhoods.RichlandCountyRichlandCounty’sprimaryconcernisflooding.Themostcommontypeisflashfloodingcausedbyrapidandheavyprecipitationoricemelt,poorabilityofwaterwaystocarrythewaterawayduetodebrisorrockbottomsthatmakedrainagecapacityexpansiondifficult,orinabilityofstormsewerstokeepupwiththedownpoursandrunoff.Withseveralwatershedsacrossthecounty,stormwaterheadsvariousdirectionsthroughavarietyofriversandtributaries.Atthetopofthewatersheds,elevationworkstotheadvantageofRichlandCountyasgravityhelpsdraintheareasolongasthewaterwaysareopenandflowing.Thecountyispronetorainfallthatlastsforseveraldaystoaweek,stormsthatcarryalotofwaterthatfallsrapidlyandharshly,andheavyicemeltfromtrees,vegetation,andaggressivelytiledfarmfields.BecauseRichlandCountyistheretailandservicecenterforthegreaterMansfieldarea,wideexpansesofconcreteandpavementexistthroughoutthecounty.Manyoftheseparkinglotsandcommercialpropertiesdonotutilizepermeablepavement,sotheconcreteandasphaltpreventabsorptionofprecipitationintothesoils.Inmostcasesdetentionpondshavebeendeveloped
2-42 2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
tocompensateforthis,butinsomeinstances,thepondsarenotadequatereservoirsofthewater.Thecountyisalsopronetoutilityoutagesandinfrastructurefailure.Withavarietyofdistributionsystemsandsuppliers,therearehundredsofmilesofabovegroundutilitylinesthatcrossthetownships,villages,andcities.Althoughnewconstructionisrequiredtoburyutilitylines,manydevelopedareasstillhaveabovegroundlinesinstalledmanyyearsago;thisputsallofthoseareasatriskforoutages.Whenpoweroutagesoccur,financialtransactionscannotbecompleted,fuelandotheritemscannotbepurchased,andthecountyshutsdownfortheduration.Medicalequipmentlackstheelectricityneededtofunctionandfurnacesorairconditionersareoutofservicefortheduration.Inconvenience,interruption,andinabilitiesprevail.Mostcriticalfacilitieshavegeneratorpowerbutalternatepowersuppliesarenotcommonlyavailabletomanybusinesses,services,andhomes.Properinstallationofgeneratorsisrequiredtopreventdamagesandback-flowofenergyintothepowerdistributionsystem,resultingindangerouscircumstanceswhenpowerisrestored.RichlandCountyiscrossedbyamazeofstatehighwaysandcountyroads.PlacedstrategicallybetweenColumbusandCleveland,ColumbusandSandusky(LakeErie),ColumbusandToledofromnorthtosouthandbetweenLima,Akron,YoungstownandDaytonandCincinnatifromeasttowest,RichlandCountyseesatremendousamountofcommercialhighwaytrafficonanygivendayoftheyear.Semi-trucks,trailers,specialtankers,hoppers,andboxtruckstraversethecountycarryinghazardoussubstancesfromonepointtoanother.Atanytime,avehicleaccidentcancausealeakorspillofthesechemicals.Additionally,awidevarietyofindustriesinRichlandCountyutilizehazardouschemicalsaspartoftheirindustrialprocess.Trucksandtrainshaulthosechemicalstoandfrombusinessesinconjunctionwithhighwayhaulers.Spillsandreleases,andtheassociatedinjuriesanddamages,arethethirdbiggestconcernforRichlandCounty.Winterstormsrankasthefourthhighestriskinthecounty.Intheruralareasandsmallcommunities,thistranslatestoblowinganddriftingsnowthatmakesroadwaysdifficulttokeepopenandpowerlinesvulnerabletodamage.Whenroadsareclosed,deliveryoffuelstofarmsandruralhomesisinterrupted.WinterstormsinOhiooftenincludeiceasahazardwhenprecipitationbeginstofallwithtemperaturesabovefreezingandcontinuesastemperaturesplummet.Icedamagespowerlinesandfurtherimpedeshighwaytravel.WinterstormsdonotlastmorethanafewdaysinOhio,butfortheshortduration,systemsandservicescanbeinterruptedandineffective.SeverethunderstormsrankedasthefifthmostconcerningincidentforRichlandCounty.Hail,lightning,winds,andheavyraincropupquicklyandsometimeswithoutnotice.Windcandestroycrops,homes,businesses,andvegetation.Roadscanbeblockedbyfallentreesanddownedpowerlines,andhomesarestrickenbythesamethreats.Haildamagesanythinginitspathway,harmingroofs,vehicles,andbuildings.WindwithoutheavyprecipitationorrotationiscommoninOhio,andranksasthesixthriskinRichlandCounty.Straight-linewindsflattenwheatandcornfields,destroytrees,anddamage
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-43
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
residences.Livestockcanbecaughtupinthestormsbecausetheylackshelterinthepastureareas.Homesaredamagedwhensiding,roofs,andwindowsaredestroyedbywind.Tornadofollowswindstormsinthecounty’sriskassessment.Manyhomesarewithoutbasements,builtonslabsorcrawlspaces,andresidentshavenowheretogoduringtornadothreats.Multiplefamilyhomes,apartments,high-riseresidences,andmobilehomesareparticularlyatriskwhentornadoeshit.ErosionistheoutcomeoffloodinginRichlandCountyasitwashesawaybermsofroadsandmodifiestheriverandstreambanksthroughgradualdeterioration.Homesbuiltalongwaterwayscanfindthefoundationslowlyerodingaway,eventuallyplacingtheentirestructureatriskofcollapse.Roads,bridges,andculvertsarecompromisedasthesub-structuralsoilsarewashedawayandtheinfrastructurebecomesunstableandwashesaway.Roadscrumbleandculvertsdisappear.Erosionrankedeighthonthecounty’slistofhazards.Thecountyisnotespeciallyvulnerabletoearthquake,droughtandextremeheat,ordamfailure.Whilethesehazardshavesomelimitedpotentialtooccur,theywouldbeassessedasrareincidents.RichlandCountydoesnothavehistoryof,noristheremuchexpressedconcern,overanyofthesehazards.Whilethedigitalprojectionsofearthquakedamagearehorrendousassumingaworst-casescenario,thelikelihoodofasevereearthquakeislowenoughthatminimalconcernwasexpressed.Droughtandheatextremesarerareincidentsthatarelowontheseveritylist.Watersuppliesareample,andfarmlandiswithinreachofpondsandotherwatersourceswithalltherivers,streams,andditchesthatcrossthecounty.Damfailureispossible,andsomedamsareinobviousneedofrepair,butnoneofthemareinproximitytoheavilypopulatedareasatthesametimetheyareinpoorcondition.Thesethreerisksarecountedasnumbersnine,ten,andelevenonthelistofhazards.Roundingoutthebottomofthelistarealgalbloomandclimatechange.Whileneitheroftheseareanactualhazard,perse,theybothcontributetoariskofunsafepotablewatersuppliesandincreasedseverityofstormscombinedwithaless-safeenvironment.RichlandCountyneedstostudytheserisksanddeterminetheactualthreatstothecounty.Recognitionisthefirststeptowardmitigatingarisk,andRichlandCountyhasrecognizedtheissues.Insummaryandreview,RichlandCountyranksitshazardsfrommost-threateningtoleastthreateninginthisorder:flood,utility/infrastructurefailure,hazardousmaterialsspillorrelease;winterstorm,severethunderstorm,windstorm,tornado,erosion,earthquake,droughtandextremeheat,damfailure,algalbloom,andclimatechange.BellvilleTheClearForkRiverwindsitswaythroughBellevilleonthesouthsideofMansfield.LocatedjusteastofI-71,thevillageisfrequentlythevictimofflashflooding,riverineflooding,andwashedawayroadsandculverts.ThewideningofInterstate71afewyearsagohasdumpedadditionalrunoffwaterontothevillagebecausegravitationaldrainageintheareanaturallymoveswaterfromthehighwaytowardthevillage.TheClearForksitsonastonebase,and
2-44 2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan
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thereforedoesnotdigitswaydeepertoincreasecapacity,butinsteadmoveslaterallytowidenitself.Indoingso,propertiesthatincludehomes,businesses,andcriticalfacilitiesaresubjectedtoextensiveflooding.ThereisonehomethatfloodsandiscompletelycutofffromaccesstostreetsbytherisingClearFork,andthereareafewotherhomesthatexperiencefloodinginthelivingarea.Noneareconsideredrepeatedlossstructures.AsstatehighwayswindintoBellevillealongtheriveranditstributaries,theengorgedrivercoversthemwithwaterandisolatestheresidentsandworkersofthisquaintOhiovillageforseveraldays,oruntiltherainstops.Bellevillemustinstantlybecomeveryself-sufficientuntiltheseroadsdrainandre-open,aprocessthatcantakedays.UtilityoutagesarecommoninBelleville.Sixtoeighttimesayearthepowerisoutfortwelvetotwenty-fourhours.Mostproblemsareinsubstationsandotherdistributionlinesoutsidethevillageandresidentsarelefttofendwithoutelectricityonaregularbasis.Somefacilitieshavegeneratorsbutothersdonot.Mostcriticalfacilitiesareprotectedbyalternatepowersourcesbutchurchesandotherbuildingsputintoemergencyusestilllackgenerators.Bellevilleexperiencesseverestorms,boththunderstormsandblizzards.Heavyhail,strongwinds,andlightningcanbeapartofthosestorms.Tornadoesarenotcommon,butthevillagehasbeenhitbytheminthepast.Winterstormscanbeginwithrain,sleet,andiceandendwithdeepanddriftingsnow.Again,accesstotheworldoutsidebecomesproblematicasroadsareblockedandresidentsareisolated.Sheltercanbeaproblemforhomeswithoutbasementswhentheseverewindssetinandpeoplehavenowheretogoforsafety.Bellevilleismostdamagedbywind,water,anderosion.Evacuation,utilityoutages,andisolationarecommondifficultiestheyendureandresolve.ButlerThevillageofButlersitstuckedinavalleyneartheClearForkRiverasitwindstothesoutheastandcontinuesdownthewatershed.Butlerisaverysmallcommunity,buttoutsbig-scaleresiliencyandself-sufficiencyinthewakeofdifficulty.Becauseitsitsslightlylowerthanothercommunities,itisprotectedfromwindmorethanothervillages.Theystillgethailandheavyrainandhave,onoccasion,beenexposedtoatornadoortwo.TheClearForkswellsbeyonditsbanksandthevillageisvulnerabletoseriousfloods.Somehomesfloodandothersbecomeisolatedbyfloodwaters;manyhomeshavenobasementssoshelteringisproblematicwhenwindsdostrike.TherearehazardousmaterialsthreatsinButlerduetoseveralundergroundstoragefacilitiesfornaturalgasandpetroleumproducts,ownedbymajorpipelineoperatorsanddistributors.Afireorexplosioncouldbedevastatingundertheperfectconditions.Thereissufficientwaterintheaquifersservingthevillage,andwaterisstoredinelevatedtanksandissourcedfromwells.
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-45
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
Butlerhasplannedforthesethreats,andhasagreementswiththeirschoolsandotherfacilitiesforshelteringandservingdisplacedpeople.Thesmallvillageisafriendlyplacewhereneighborstakeinneighborsasneeded.LexingtonLexingtoncombinesthehistoricalRichlandCountywiththenewRichlandCountyinacommunitythathustlesandbustleswithinitiativeandself-sufficiency.Lexingtonisvulnerabletoseverefloodingfromheavyrainandrunoffaswellaserosionandhazardousmaterialsrisk.ThecommunitywouldbeinundatedwithwaterifthenearbyClearForkdamweretofail.Aworst-casescenarioinvolvesheavyrainanddamfailureforthiscommunity.Manyflooddamageriskshavebeeneliminatedashomesandotherstructureswereremovedfromrepeatedfloodpropertiesandreplacedwithparksandnaturalhabitat.HousingdevelopmentsaregrowinginLexington,buthavebeenkeptfromconstructioninsidehigh-riskareaspronetoflooding.Someareasareequippedwithpumpstoaidthedrainageeffortsandtokeepthewatermovingasnecessary,evenuphillthroughtherollingterraininthevillage.Anotherworst-casescenariowouldinvolveutilityfailure.Planningteammembersfeltthataslongasthepowerstaysintact,thevillagecanrespondtoanykindofdisaster.Powerismoredependabletodaythanafewyearsago,andcreditisgiventotheelectricityprovidersforupgradingtheirdistributionlines.Shelteringandsafeareasareproblematicbecausemanyresidencesarebuiltwithoutbasements.LucasThevillageofLucasliesinrollingterrainalongtheRockyFork.Aswatersrageafterfloods,erosionofriverandditchbanksisproblematic,andbermsandculvertsarecompromisedastheyareslappedwithfloodwaterfromtheriver.Roadsareatriskofwash-awayandthevillagecanbecomeisolatedduetothisthreat.Mosthomesandcriticalfacilitiesareelevatedtoavoidflooding.Thereisatleastonehomethatissubjecttorepeatedloss.Structuresthatarenotelevatedmaybesubjecttomoderatefloodingandlossofuse.Replacementandimprovementstostormsewershashelpedthevillagelimitdamagesandkeepupwithheavyprecipitationanddrainageoverthepastseveralyears.FallendebrisandtreelimbsareaproblemforLucasbecausetheyblockroadwaysandbecomedebristhatclogstheriversandditches.Windstormsaregenerallycostlyanddamaging.Constantupkeepandclearingtakesplace,butthepresenceofmanyoldtreesandwoodedterrainmakesitnearlyimpossibletokeepupwithallofit.Steepinclinesonsomestreetsandpropertiesinthevillagemakeitdifficulttomaintainvegetationanddrainagewhenrunoffrushesthroughthepathofleastresistanceseveraltimesayear.Thisleadstofrequentstreetandinfrastructurerepairandcostlymaintenance.Thegullieshavepreventedsomeresidentialbuildinginthevillagebecausethewashoutsweretoosevere.Retentionbasinshavebeeninstalledbutnotinsufficientquantitytomakeallareassuitablefordevelopment.
2-46 2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan
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Lucasisvulnerabletowinddamagesduetostormsandtornadoes,andduetothetreesandlandscapeinthearea.Constantclearingandtrimmingisneededtokeepthemfromfallingandfromcausingpoweroutagesandstructuraldamage.MansfieldThecityofMansfieldisthemostpopulatedjurisdictioninthecountyandservesasthecountyseat.Itishometotwohospitalsandseveralcongregatehomes,mostlyforelderlyanddisabledpersons.Thereareadozenormorenursinghomes,twodialysiscenters,aveteran’sfacility,otherhealthcarefacilities,andurgentcareandsurgicalcentersinthecity.Therearetwomobilehomeparksandafewindividualhomesusedtohousedisabledindividualsunder24-hourcareintheirresidence.ThecityexperiencessignificantfloodingoftheRockyForkRiveranditstributaries,someofitriverineaswaterwaysbreechtheirbanksandsomeofitflashfloodingaswatercannotbecarriedawayasfastasitfalls.Thereisconsiderablefloodplaindesignatedwithinthecitylimits.Toby’sRunfrequentlybreechesitsbanksduringheavyrain.Debriscollectionandsedimentbuild-upcausestheflowtobehamperedandthewatercannotgetawayfastenough.Additionallythearea’sstormsewershaveinsufficientcapacityandthefloodingoccursasstormsewersbackup.Insomecases,thestormsewershavebeenvideo-recorded,anditisdocumentedthatthefloodingisduetoinadequatestormsewercapacity.Asaresult,asectiononthenorthsideofthecityfloodsfrequentlyforabriefperiodoftime.ThisincludestheUSPostOfficewhichhasbeenunderseveralfeetofwaterinpaststorms,losingallvehiclestofloodingin2007,andseveralotherbusinessesandresidences.Thereareseveralhomesthatarebuiltintheareathatfloodanytimethereisheavyrainfall.Thehomesareowner-occupied,donotsitinafloodplain,arenotNFIPeligiblebecausethefloodingisstormsewercaused,andtheproblemiscurrentlysolution-challenged.Thesepropertyvaluesarelowasaresult,andaredecreasingeveryyearbecausethefloodingcontinues.Thefloodinghasmadethepropertiesunmarketableandunabletobesold,yetsubjecttorepeateduninsurableloss.Thiscatch-22dilemmaremainsunsolved.SeveralsmallbusinessesonthenorthsideofMansfieldsufferrepeatedflooding.Afewofthebusinessescontinuetooperate,butsomehavebeenabandonedduetothefloodingissues.Oneofthebusinesseshasfueltanksontheproperty,whichareatextremeriskforbeingwashedawayasToby’sRunragesthroughtheareaandwashesawaywhateverisinitspath.Othermobilehomesandsingle-familyresidenceshavebeenabandonedandarenowconsideredblightedstructures.Somesectionsofkeyhighwaysandroadsfloodwithevenmoderateprecipitationandwithheavyprecipitationbecometotallyimpassableforextendedperiodsoftime.ManyofthesesectionsofroadareonthenorthsideofthecitybyToby’sRun.In1998,amotoristdiedtrappedintheirvehicleinoneoftheunderpassesinthecitybecauserescuerscouldnotgettotheminatimelyfashionduetofloodedstreets.
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-47
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Thepredominantpresenceofpavementnegativelyimpactsthedrainageofprecipitationinthecity.Existingbusinesses,abandonedfactories,foundries,steelmills,andextensiveacresofparkinglotsalldiminishtheamountofpermeablesoilstoabsorbprecipitation.Retentionanddetentionpondshelpcontainexcesswaterbutwerenotrequiredatthetimemanybusinessesandotherfacilitieswerebuilt.Theabandonedpropertiesaretooexpensivetocleanupandremovetheconcrete,sothelackofabsorptivesurfacesisasignificantproblem.Thecityaddressesthisthroughbuildinganddevelopmentregulations.Mansfieldhasadifficulttimeclearingstreetsofsnowandiceduringblizzards.Theyhaveinadequatestaffandinsufficientequipmenttogainaccesstothewholecityinashorttime,sowhenseverewinterstormsoccur,thestreetclosuresexistforseveraldays.Withseveraloverpassesandunderpasses,road-clearingfailuresleavemotoristsstranded,cloggingupthedeliveryofgoodsandservicestothepeopleofMansfield.Thelossincommerceaffectsthefinancialwellbeingofcitymerchantsandbusinessowners,interruptsbusinessandservices,andclosesschoolsandothercriticalfacilitiesforaperiodoftime.Mansfieldisvulnerabletowinddamageandhail,ice,andsleet.Manypowerlinesareaboveground,andaresusceptibletodamagesduringwindstorms,iceandsleet,andhail.Linesareburiedinnewsubdivisions,butolderneighborhoodsstillhaveexposeddistributionlines.OntarioThecityofOntarioiswherethemosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace,andistheretailandbusinesscenterofthecounty.OntarioisjustwestofMansfieldandmostofthecityisconsumedbyvariousbusinesses.Ontarioexperiencesflashflooding.BecausethecityisrelativelynewascomparedtoMansfield,thestormsewersarelargerandmoreadequatetohandlethetypicalrunoff.Businesseshavealsobeenbuiltrecentlyenoughthatbuildingcodesandsiterequirementsforcedthoseretentionanddetentionponds,permeablepavement,andpumpingofstormwateraspartofthedevelopment.Thereisonewetlandareathatispartofacommercialpropertythatexperiencesfloodingasastandardconsequenceofrain.Thepropertyisconsideredawetland,sothereisnoactualuseimpairmentwhenitfloods.Stormsewershavebeenexpandedtodecreasetheflooding.Ontariohasaggressivelyclearedstreamsandwaterwaysofdebris.AttheverytopofboththeClearForkRiverandBlackForkRiverwatersheds,Ontariohaslimitedvulnerabilitytoresidentialflooding.Thereisonehomethatexperiencesregularfloodingandhasbeensoldandre-soldnumeroustimes.Thecityinstalledapumpstationtohelpremovestormwater,butthefloodingstilloccursinheavyprecipitation.Ontariohasawidearrayofresidentialhousing,includingsingle-andmulti-familyhousing,grouphousing,andhousingfordisabledandelderly.ThereisagreatdealofrentalpropertyinOntario.Mostofitisrecentlyconstructedaccordingtoreasonablebuildingcodesand
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constructionpracticesbutmanystructuresarebuiltonslabsandlackbasementsorsaferooms.ThereisstudenthousingbeingbuiltinOntariothatismulti-storyandlacksastormcenter.Businesseswithflatroofsareatriskforheavysnowfallasmid-Ohiosnowisgenerallyheavyandwet.Thesestructurestendtobethe“super-store”typefacilitiesandroofsarevulnerabletocollapse.Buildingcodesandregulationsarestrictlyenforced,helpinglessenthisvulnerability.PlymouthThevillageofPlymouthrisksisolationfromsuppliersandnecessitiesinthefaceoffloods,blizzards,tornadoes,windstorms,andotherweatherincidentsthatblockroadwaysandlimitaccess.AhazardousmaterialsincidentononeoftheseveralhighwaysthatconvergeinPlymouth’stownsquareisariskthatcouldcausemajorevacuationanddisruption.Plymouthwouldhavetoshelteritsresidentsifhomeswereevacuated,powerwasoutforanextendedperiodoftime,orifroadswereclosedleadingtoandfromthevillage.Inrecentyearstheyhavegoneuptosixdayswithoutelectricity.Whenthishappensduetosnowandwind,thevillageiswithoutadequategeneratorstokeepresidentswarmandsafe.Theyhavechurchesandschoolswherepeoplecanstay,buttheyhavenoalternatepowersource.Whiletheyhaveavillagepowerdistributionsystem,thepowerissuppliedbyAEPandthevillageisonthefarendoftherepairgrid.Plymouthishistoricallyrestoredtopowerlast.AfewhomesrestinafloodplaininPlymouthanddofloodregularly.Theyhavebeensubjecttohighwindsandtornadoasapartofseverestorms,resultingindownedtreesanddamagedhomes.Treesareplentifulanddebrismanagementbecomesproblematicafteraseverestorm.ShelbyThecityofShelbyissplitdownthecenterbytheBlackForkRiverandexperiencesseverefloodingseveraltimeseachdecade.Thefloodingisduetoexcessiveprecipitation,icemeltandjamsalongtheriverthatimpedetheflowofthewater,orheavyrainandrunoffthatcausesflashflooding.Theriverbreechesitsbanksandfloodstheentiredowntownarea,inundatingthehistoricalfirestationwithapproximatelyfivetosixfeetofwater.ThisfirestationisthethirdoldestfunctioningstationintheUnitedStates,andwatermarksareobviousatfourtosixfeetupthewalls.Thebrickwallsthatarerepeatedlyexposedtoragingfloodwaterarecrumblingontheinsideandoutsideofthestructure.Whenthewaterrises,thedepartmentmustbereadytorelocateimmediately,splittingresourcestoplacehalfoneachsideoftherivertoguaranteearesponsetoalllocationswithincitylimits.Otherbuildingsintheareafloodaswell,gettingfourtofivefeetofwaterattimesinthefunctionalspaceofthestructure.Thesebuildingsincludebusinesses,churches,governmentbuildings,criticalfacilities,andhomes.Inadditiontothisbusinessandinstitutionaldisplacement,floodinghasdestroyedmanyresidencesinShelby.Atthistime,thecityhasacquiredanddemolishedalmostsixtyhomesandbusinesses,takingthemoutofharm’swayandontosaferground.Somepropertiesarestillatriskbutareownedbyindividualswhoareemployedbythecity,andthereforearenot
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eligibleforacquisitionanddemolitionfunding.Thesehomescontinuetofloodandtheresidentsareforcedtoabsorbtherepaircostsforpropertieswithnoresalevalue.Shelbymusthavefunctionalevacuationplansaswellasshelteringcapacitytohousedisplacedresidentsandworkers.Theymusthavedependablealarmgaugesandwarningsystemstoadviseresidentsofimmediatethreats.Theymusthaveinplaceaneffectiveandefficientinitialresponsetoflooding.Shelbyisvulnerabletowinddamagefromstraightlineandrotationalwind.Foliageandtreesmakeiceanunwelcomeconsequenceduringcoldermonths,andhighwindswithrainduringwarmermonths.Downedtrees,debristhatgetsintotheriverandcausesblockages,andtreesthatfallonstreetsarecommon.Severethunderstorms,severewinterstorms,andtornadoesareallpossibleandcancauseutilityoutagesandroadclosures.Ragingwatercanwashoutbermsandculverts,anddiminishthesafetyofroadsandstreetsinShelby.ShilohThevillageofShilohisaverysmallcollectionofhomesinnorthcentralRichlandCounty.Atraintrackgoesrightthroughthemiddleoftown,andtheyarevulnerabletohazardousmaterialsreleasesifaderailmentoraccidentweretooccur.Ontheotherhand,thetrainhasahistoryofbringingmuchneededsuppliestothetown,asoccurredduringtheBlizzardof’78.Shilohispronetoicedamageandpoweroutages.Theyareasmallcommunityandsitrelativelyfaroutinthecountryside.OutagesareconsideredtobelowerimpactinShilohduetothelowpopulationandlackofmanymajorcriticalfacilities.Theyhavesomegenerators,butconsiderlackofpoweroneoftheirrisks.Shilohhaslostseveralhomestotornadodamageinthepastanddoesregularlyexperiencetornadowarnings.Floodingoccursprimarilyinbasementsinhomes,buttheydoexperienceheavyprecipitationandhighwinds.Somehomeswithoutbasementslackshelterandtherearefewplacesinthevillagetouseasashelter.Becausethewatershedsplitsabout150feetoutsidethevillageborder,theysitattheverytopofthewatershedandarenotparticularlysusceptibletofloods.Erosionduetohighwindsandrapidlydrainingfloodwaterisavulnerabilitythevillagewouldliketoaddress.2.3.2FloodplainMappingandtheNationalFloodInsuranceProgramRichlandCountybegantheirfloodplainmodernizationwithODNRinFiscalYear2007.ThisprocessbeganwithascopingmeetingheldonJune26,2007andculminatedwiththerevisedmapsbeingformallyadoptedbythecountyonApril4,2011.Table2-31providesNationalFloodInsuranceProgramstatusforcommunitiesinRichlandCountyfromtheFEMACommunityStatusBookReportforOhio.Map2-5identifiesthefloodhazardareasinRichlandCounty.
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Table2-31:NationalFloodInsuranceProgramParticipation
CommunityInitFHBMIdentified
InitFIRMIdentified
CurrEFFMapDate
Reg-EmerDate
DoesNotParticipate
RichlandCounty 02/24/1978 04/02/1991 04/04/2011 04/02/1991 Bellville 08/01/1975 03/16/1989 04/04/2011 03/16/1989 Butler 07/25/1975 11/15/1989 04/04/2011 11/15/1989 Lexington 10/18/1974 09/28/1975 04/04/2011 09/28/1979 Lucas 04/05/1974 09/01/1993 04/04/2011(M) 09/01/1993 Mansfield 05/17/1974 01/03/1986 04/04/2011 01/03/1986 Ontario 04/05/1974 04/04/2011 04/04/2011(M) 01/30/1984 Plymouth 05/03/1974 04/04/2011 04/04/2011(M) 04/04/2011 Shelby 11/09/1973 03/02/1989 04/04/2011 03/02/1989 Shiloh NoSFHA X
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Map2-4:RichlandCountyFloodHazardAreas
Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS,FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, EsriJapan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, ©OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
Flood Area1 PCT ANNUAL CHANCE FLOOD HAZARD
0.2 PCT ANNUAL CHANCE FLOOD HAZARD
FLOODWAY
Richland County
Richland County Flood Hazard Layer
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2.3.3FederalDisasterDeclarationsRichlandCountyhasbeenincludedinthirteenfederaldisasterandemergencydeclarations.Table2-32identifiestheseincidents.
Table2-32:FederalDisasterDeclarationHistoryDR/EMNumber DeclarationDate IncidentType
DR-90-OH January23,1959 FloodDR-167-OH March24,1964 Flood,SevereStormDR-266-OH July15,1969 Flood,SevereStorm,TornadoEM-3055-OH January26,1978 WinterStormDR-796-OH July17,1987 Flood,SevereStormDR-870-OH June6,1990 Flood,SevereStorm,TornadoDR-1227-OH June30,1998 Flood,SevereStorm,TornadoDR-1484-OH August1,2003 Flood,SevereStorm,Tornado,WindEM-3198-OH January11,2005 WinterStormDR-1580-OH February15,2005 Flood,Mudslide,WinterStormEM-3250-OH September13,2005 HurricaneKatrinaEvacuationDR-1720-OH August27,2007 Flood,SevereStorm,TornadoEM-3286-OH April24,2008 WinterStorm
RichlandCountydoesnothavealonghistoryoffederaldisasterdeclarationsorfinancialassistance.WhiletheStateofOhiohasalongercomprehensivelistofincidentsthandisplayed,RichlandCountyescapeddamagesinmanyoftheincidentsthathaveimpactedOhioovertheyears.Thecounty’smostrecentdeclarationwasreceivedinthespringof2008followingaseriesofwinterstorms.2.3.3RepetitiveandSevereRepetitiveLossStructuresAcrossRichlandCounty,dozensofstructuresexperiencerepetitivefloodloss.Table2-33liststherepetitivelossstructuresthathavebeenidentifiedthroughlossclaims.Table2-34listssevererepetitivelossinformationforRichlandCounty.
Table2-33:RepetitiveLossProperties
Community Number Type Losses BuildingPayments
ContentsPayments
TotalPayments
RichlandCounty 3 Residential 7 $70,719.81 - $70,719.81 1 Non-Residential 2 $9,637.10 $320.81 $9,957.90Bellville 7 Residential 20 $340,524.98 $45,911.87 $386,436.85 2 Non-Residential 6 $52,141.45 $131,310.66 $183,452.11Butler 1 Residential 2 $5,527.56 - $5,527.56 0 Non-Residential 0 - - -Mansfield 2 Residential 5 $29,247.67 - $29,247.67 10 Non-Residential 21 $873,150.94 $501,068.58 $1,374,219.52Ontario 0 Residential 0 - - - 1 Non-Residential 3 $6,670.97 $1,494.84 $8,165.81Shelby 16 Residential 48 $825,547.65 $244,688.93 $1,070,236.58 4 Non-Residential 8 $149,171.17 $750.33 $149,921.50
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CountyTotal 29 Residential 82 $1,271,567.67 $290,600.80 $1,562,168.47 18 Non-Residential 40 $1,090,771.63 $643,945.21 $1,725,716.84
Table2-34:SevereRepetitiveLossProperties
Community Number Type Losses BuildingPayments
ContentsPayments
TotalPayments
Bellville 1 Residential 4 $104,950.48 $25,048.13 $129,998.61 0 Non-Residential 0 - - -Additionalornewlyidentifiedrepetitiveand/orsevererepetitivelossstructuresmaystillexistinRichlandCounty,especiallyaschangesinfloodplainmappinghaveoccurred.Unidentifiedstructuresmaynowfallinsidethefloodplainduetochanges.Ifthesestructureshavenotbeenimpactedbyrecentfloodingevents,theymaybeunknowntolocalofficials.2.3.5LossEstimatesToestimatedisasterlosses,adamageprofilethatconsidersthepotentialimpactandlossfromeachhazardwasdeveloped.ThisinformationhelpsdetermineRichlandCounty’svulnerabilitytoeachspecifichazard.OnekeyfactorinestimatinglossisanassessmentofnumberofstructuresinRichlandCounty.Thisnumberisestimatedtobe56,000buildings.Approximately92%aretheseareresidential,whichaccountsfor68%ofthetotalbuildingvalue.Theaggregatereplacementvalueofthesepropertiesis$9,994M.Table2-35identifiesRichlandCounty’sbuildingexposurebyoccupancytype.
Table2-35:RichlandCountyBuildingExposurebyOccupancyOccupancy Exposure($1000) PercentofTotal
Residential 6,772,406 67.8%Commercial 1,897,319 19.0%Industrial 796,158 8.0%Agricultural 46,618 0.5%Religion 257,877 2.6%Government 85,351 0.9%Education 139,266 1.4%Total $9,994,955 100.0%
Withinthese56,000buildingsareessentialfacilitiesthatprovidecriticalhealth,safety,andcommunityservices.TheessentialfacilitiesinRichlandCountyinclude:
• Hospitals–2• HospitalBeds–383• FireStations–19• PoliceStations–9• Schools–60
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DroughtDamageProfileRichlandCountyrarelyexperiencesdroughtconditions.Theregionoccasionallysuffersfromslight,short-liveddryspellsandperiodsofdecreasedprecipitationduringthegrowingseason.Withamoderatehumidcontinentalclimate,theregiondoesnotturnaridatanytime.Thereisnohistoryofextendeddroughtsthatwouldimpacthumanlifeorcausephysicalpropertydamage.RichlandCounty’sgreatestvulnerabilitytodroughtisareductionincropyields.Thereisnohistoryofreducedyieldsformorethanasinglegrowingseasonnoristheredocumentationofextensivecroplossesinexcessofasinglecropyear.Precipitationpatternscontributetohigherorloweraverageyieldsduetoslightdrynessorlateplantingand/orharvestduetoexcessiverainfall.Forthepurposeoflossestimates,themajorcashgraincropsthatconstitutethemajorityofRichlandCounty’sagricultureproductionwereconsidered.Productionlivestockcouldberaisedandsoldinspiteofdroughtandothercashcrops,suchasfruitsandvegetables,areoftenheavilyinsured.Whilemostfarmerspurchasecropinsuranceforallcrops,includinggrain,itisnotpossibletodetermineifallcropsinRichlandCountyareinsured.Table2-36identifiesanticipatedlossfromadrought,assumingtotalcroplossconditionsforthemostprevalentcropsproducedinthecounty;datawascompiledbasedoninformationfromtheUSDANationalAgricultureStatisticsService.
Table2-36:DroughtVulnerabilityAssessmentCommodity Acres Productions(Bu) CurrentPrice Value
Soybeans 44,500 2,143,000 $9.90 $21,215,700Corn 33,000 5,130,000 $3.57 $18,314,100WinterWheat 5,000 335,000 $4.41 $1,477,350
EarthquakeDamageProfileEarthquakesaregeologicallypossiblybutnotcommoninRichlandCounty.Thecountyhasexperiencedseveralminorearthquakesinthatpast,althoughthesehaveallbeenveryminorandnoincidentshavebeendocumentedinmorethantwentyyears.Assuch,thereislittledatatosupportcommittingextensiveresourcestoearthquake-proofingbuildingsandotherstructures.Becauseofthelowriskandhighcostofimplementingmitigationstrategiesrelatedtoearthquakerisk,theplanningteamdidnotidentifyanysuchactions.Astheyarrivedatthisdecision,theplanningteamdidreviewprojectedlossestimatesfora5.4magnitudeearthquakewithanepicenterinMansfield.Theseestimates,generatedbytheHAZUSlossestimationtool,helpedthecommitteemakeaninformeddecisionofRichlandCounty’searthquakerisk.Table2-37includesthevulnerabilityanalysismadeavailabletothecommittee;adetailedexplanationofpotentialearthquakedamageinRichlandCountyisincludedinAppendixA.
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Table2-37:EarthquakeScenarioVulnerabilityAnalysisBuildingType NumberofBuildings Exposure
Residential 6,033 $1,021,004,023Non-Residential 3,057 $604,904,133CriticalFacilities 137 $27,108,886Totals 9,227 $1,653,017,043
FloodDamageProfileFlooddamageinRichlandCountycouldpotentiallyincludedamageanddestructiontoresidentialandnon-residentialstructures,publicinfrastructure,andcrops.Damagetoresidentialstructureswouldincludesingle-familyhomes,multi-unitresidentialbuildings,manufacturedhomes,andcongregatelivingfacilities.Non-residentialdamageswouldpotentiallyaffectbuildingsusedformanufacturing,producthandling,transportation,warehousing,retail,business,andindustryalongwiththecapitalequipmentandinventoryassociatedwiththoseuses.Agriculturalstructuresimpactedwouldincludebarnsusedforlivestock,equipment,workspace,andcommoditystorage,aswellasthecontentsofthosebuildings.Thecontentsofagriculturalbuildingswouldtypicallyconstitutebusinessassetssuchasproductionanimals,equipment,andmachinery.At-riskcriticalfacilitieswouldincludegovernment,nonprofit,andeducationalinstitutionssuchasfirestations,policestations,hospitals,offices,schools,maintenancebuildings,andthecapitalcontentsofthosestructures.Damagewithintheaffectedstructurescouldincludestandingwaterinbasementsand/orfirstfloorsanddamagetoallcontentsonthesefloors,includingflooringmaterials,walls,furniture,andothercontents.Hazardouschemicalsarealsoariskforresidentsandfirstrespondersassubstancesspillorleakintofloodwater.Inadditiontothesedamages,floodwatersalsocauseroadsandstreetstoflood,requiringjurisdictionofficialstocloseroadsforsafetyreasons.Thisrestrictstravelacrossthecounty,whichinturnimpactsbusinessesandcommerceasgoodsareunabletobedelivered,customerscannotreachstores,andemployeesareunabletotraveltowork.Thisperiodofbusinessshutdownisgenerallyconfinedtofloodplainareasandlastsforonetotwodaysaftertherainfalleventends.ToanalyzeRichlandCounty’svulnerabilitytoflooddamage,a100-yearfloodeventwassimulatedusingtheHAZUSlossestimationtool.Table2-38includestheprojectedexposuretothishazardforresidential,non-residential,andcriticalbuildings.Additionaldataontheimpactofa100-yearfloodonRichlandCountycanbefoundinAppendixA.
Table2-38:100-YearFloodScenarioVulnerabilityAnalysisBuildingType NumberofBuildings Exposure
Residential 2,767 $491,007,000Non-Residential 3,711 $657,008,000CriticalFacilities 193 $33,681,000Totals 6,671 $1,181,696,000
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TornadoDamageProfileTornadoescanoccuranywhereinRichlandCountyandtheareasarealluniversallyvulnerabletotornadodamage.Becauseoftheflatopenterraininthenorthwestandsouthwestquadrants,thereislittlechangeinelevationorlandscapethatwouldcauseatornadotoslowdownorbreakapart.However,tornadoesinOhiodonotreachamagnitudethatcomparesto“TornadoAlley”inthemid-west;theytendtobreakapartbeforetheywidenandstrengthen.RarelyanEF3orEF4willdevelop,butthatisnotcommonandmostfrequentlyhappensintheextremewestandnorthwestcounties,notRichlandCounty.Evenso,mostOhiotornadoesareanEF2orless.WhenRichlandCountydoesexperienceatornadoevent,themagnitudeistypicallyanEF1incidentwithmoderatedamagelimitedtoarelativelysmallgeographicalarea.InRichlandCounty,thereareapproximately2,523mobilehomes.Thisaccountsfor4.7%oftheresidentialstructuresinthecounty.Mobilehomesaremorevulnerabletowinddamagebecausetheyarelesssecuredtothegroundthanbuildingswithfoundations,havenobasementorsub-terrainlevel,andarelighterweightandmadeoflesswindresistantmaterialthanconstructedhomes.Mobilehomesarescatteredthroughoutthecounty,eitherindividuallylocatedorwithinamobilehomepark.Thevulnerabilitydoesnotchangedependentonthelocation.Otherresidentialpropertiesaregenerallyconstructedusingwood,concrete,brick,andstone.Manyhomesareolderandwereconstructedusinglimestoneandothermasonrymaterials.Thesehomesarebuiltontraditionalfoundationswithbasementsorcrawlspaces.Somenewerhomesareconcreteslabconstructionwithoutbasementsorcrawlspaces.Thesehomesaremostpronetosuperficialdamage,roofdamage,andtreesfallingonthemduringtornadoesandseverewindstorms.Onoccasionaruralhomewithpropanegasorheatingoilforfuelwillbefound,andthatpropaneorfueloiltankmaybeatriskfordamageduringtornadoorhighwind.Thisisnotcommonbecausemostofthecountyisservedbynaturalgasproviders.Commercialbuildingsareconstructedofconcrete,brick,concreteblock,stone,andwood.Theyaregenerallybuiltonconcreteslabswithstructuralsupporttrussesandpitchedroofconstructiontofacilitatesnowandicemeltandrunoff.Flatroofbuildingssuchasshoppingcentersandbig-boxtyperetailstoresaresusceptibletoheavysnowinblizzardconditions;thereisnoidentifiablehistoryofroofcollapseincidentsduetosnoworicewiththeexceptionofacoupleincidentsduringasevereblizzardinOntarioabouttenyearsago.TheincidenceoftornadoesinRichlandCountyisinfrequent.Tornadowarningsareissuedseveraltimeseachyear,mostofteninthespringandearlysummer,ascoldandwarmfrontsclash,creatingturbulentweather.ThereisnodocumentationofatornadostrikingRichlandCountyanyearlierintheyearthanAprilorlaterthanJuly,althoughitispossiblefortornadoestooccuratothertimesoftheyear.TothenorthofRichlandCounty,tornadoeshavestruckNWOhioduringthemonthofNovemberin2004duringanabnormallywarmweatherpattern.PropertydamagefromtornadoesinRichlandCountygenerallyincludesdamagedroofs,guttersanddownspouts,sidingandwindowdamage,downedtrees,andtheoccasionalcomplete
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destructionofawholebuilding.Mobilehomesaredamagedordestroyedinthemostseriousoutbreaks,andvehiclescanbetossedfromonespottoanother.Outbuildings,barns,andstoragebuildingscanbedamagedbecausethesestructuresarelessresistanttowinddamageandarefrequentlybuiltonconcreteslabsordirtfoundations.Manyoutbuildingsareofapolebuildingconstruction,andaresusceptibletowinddamage.Atanygiventime,therearemanyvehiclesontheroadinRichlandCounty,andthosevehiclesaresubjectnotonlytodamagestothevehicle,butalsoinjuryanddeathoftheoccupants.TodemonstrateRichlandCounty’svulnerabilitytotornadoes,anEF2tornadowitha½milewidthwassimulatedfromthevillageofLexingtontotheI-71/StateRoute13interchange.Byanalyzingthestructureslocatedinthisareaandtheirvalue,thevulnerabilityanalysiswasinTable2-39developed.Map2-6identifiestheimpactareaforthisscenario.
Table2-39:TornadoScenarioVulnerabilityAnalysis
BuildingType NumberofBuildings ExposureResidential 614 $108,962,360Non-Residential 366 $64,536,570CriticalFacilities 147 $25,887,970Total 1,127 $199,386,900
WindStormDamageProfileInrecentyears,RichlandCountyhasexperiencedseveralhighwindevents.InSeptember2008,HurricaneIkeimpactedOhioasapost-tropicalwindstormandRichlandCountysufferedpoweroutagesandpropertydamage.ThesouthwestandcentralregionsofOhioweremostseriouslyaffectedbythiswindstorm,butnorthcentralOhiowasalsointheimpactzone.Powerlinesweredownedandutilityoutagesoccurred,althoughinfarlowernumbersthanthehardesthitareasofsouthernOhio.Ingeneral,windincidentsarelikelytooccurandRichlandCountycouldeasilybeintheimpactzone.Damageswouldbesimilartothatofatornadoincident,aspreviouslydescribedbutmaybeslightlymorewidespreadandinvolvemoreacreageoffarmcrops.
Table2-40:WindStormScenarioVulnerabilityAnalysisBuildingType NumberofBuildings Exposure
Residential 491 $87,170,000Non-Residential 293 $51,676,000CriticalFacilities 118 $20,711,000Totals 902 $159,557,000
SevereThunderstormDamageProfileThunderstormsareafrequenthazardinRichlandCounty;thecombinationofhail,lightning,precipitation,andwindcausedbythunderstormscaninflictdamageacrossanyareaofthecounty.Whilethunderstormsarefrequent,theyaretypicallymoreofaninconveniencethanaseverelydamagingincident.Ararelightningboltmaydestroyanelectricaltransformer,strikeabuilding,causeafire,orhitatreeanddamagesomethingthetreefallson.Rarelyarepeople
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strandedoutsideduringseverelightningandatriskforelectrocutionalthoughitispossible.Itdoesnothappenfrequentlybecauseshelterisrelativelyavailableatamoment’snotice.MostlightningcausedelectrocutionsthatoccurinOhiotakeplaceonagolfcoursewherepeoplecannotseekshelterrapidly,oronaworkorrecreationsiteinaremotearea.Hailisafrequentcomponentofthesestorms,damagingvehicles,roofs,andbuildingsiding.Hailusuallycomesinburstsandhasalocalizedareaofimpact,sotheoveralldamagesarenotextensiveinspiteofspecificpropertydamagebeingserious.Moreseveredamage,includinglossofproperty,andlifeiscertainlypossible,butstatisticsindicatethefrequencywithwhichthathappensisextremelylow.Trafficaccidentscanoccurduetoseverethunderstormswhensuddenonsetstormcellswithheavyprecipitationpopupsuddenlyandmotoristsaresurprisedbyaunanticipatedflashfloodonroadwaysorproperties.Theycandriveintothewater,notrealizingtheroaddeteriorationunderthewaterorthedepthandstrengthofthewater,andgetsweptaway.Someoccupantsmaydrown,othersarerescued,butthevehiclesandpropertyinthemaretotallydestroyed.Damagingstraight-linewindsfrommicroburstsanddownburstscanbeapartofseverethunderstorms.Thesehighwindscandoasmuchdamageasatornado,comparativelymeasuredinafashionsimilartotheEFtornadoscale.Theonlydifferenceisthatthewindisnotrotational.Thewinddoes,however,flattencrops,houses,andotherstructures;totallyobliteratetreesandothervegetation;andcausedestructiontohomesandotherbuildings.Straight-linewindscandevastateacommunity.Whenthunderstormsareaccompaniedbytornadoes,damagefromthetornadoesislikelytobemoresignificantthanthatcausedbythethunderstorm,i.e.therain,hail,andlightning.Whetherstraightlineorrotational,windisasignificantandfrequentthreatinRichlandCountyanditsvillages,cities,andtownships.Thevulnerabilityassessmentthatcorrespondstothisthreatfollows.
Table2-41:SevereThunderstormScenarioVulnerabilityAnalysisBuildingType NumberofBuildings Exposure
Residential 92 $16,344,000Non-Residential 56 $9,689,000CriticalFacilities 21 $3,883,000Totals 169 $29,916,000
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DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
Map2-5:AreaofImpactforTornado,SevereThunderstorm,andWindStormDamageProfile
WinterStormDamageProfileWinterstormscandamageeverypropertyinRichlandCounty.Heavysnowfall,ice,blowinganddriftingsnow,andhazardousroadconditionscanoccuranywhere.Inwinterstormeventswithsignificantamountsofice,heavysnowfall,orhighwinds,thepotentialforpoweroutagesmakestheentirepopulationvulnerable.Inmostneighborhoods,electriclinesareabovegroundandsusceptibletodamage.Inafewnewlydevelopedneighborhoods,utilitylinesareburiedbutthisaffectsaverysmallpercentageofthepopulation.MajorsupplylinesareabovegroundastheyenterRichlandCountyfromthegenerationplants;therefore,powertothesubstationsisvulnerabletowindandheavysnowandiceeveniftheresidentiallinesarenot.Apoweroutagefromawinterstormorblizzardishighlylikely.ToanalyzeRichlandCounty’svulnerabilityduringablizzard,theimpactofastrongblizzardonthecityofOntariowassimulated.ThisjurisdictionishighlypopulatedandisalsotheeconomiccenterofRichlandCounty.Theareaisheavilypopulatedwithretailstores,restaurants,medicaloffices,andotherservicebasedbusiness.Thesetypesof“bigboxstore”structuresaremoresusceptibletodamagefromheavysnowfallbecauseoftheirflatroofconstruction.Damageanddestructiontothesetypesoffacilitieswouldalsoimpacttheeconomyofthecounty.Thesebusinessessupportmuchofthecommercethattakesplaceandemploythousandsofpeople.
¯0 2,000
Feet
LegendMissing Auditor Data
Tornado Path
Roads
Municipal Corporations
Selected Parcels
Parcels
2-60 2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
Shouldthesebusinessesbeforcedtocloseastheyrecoveredfromasignificantblizzard,theimpactonthecountywouldbesignificant.TheestimatedlossesdetailedinTable2-42representaworst-casescenarioforablizzardinRichlandCounty.Thevastmajorityofwinterweatherincidentswillcauseconsiderablylessdamage.Forthepurposeofmitigationplanning,however,theplanningteamfeltitwasimportanttoexaminethemaximumimpactthishazardcouldcause.
Table2-42:WinterStormScenarioVulnerabilityAnalysisBuildingType NumberofBuildings Exposure
Residential 293 $51,903,820Non-Residential 1,013 $19,922,851CriticalFacilities 75 $12,998,830Totals 1,381 $84,825,501
Map2-6:AreaofImpactforWinterStormVulnerabilityAnalysis
¯
0 1,000
Feet
LegendBlizzard Area
Roads
Missing Auditor Data
Municipal Corporations
Blizzard_Parcels
Parcels
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-61
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
2.4RISKASSESSMENTBasedonthishazardandvulnerabilityinformation,RichlandCountyhasriskfordamagefromavarietyofdisasters.Todeterminethecounty’slevelofrisk,eachhazardwasevaluatedandscoredbasedoncommoncriteria.Thecriteriaincludedfrequency,responseduration,speedofonset,magnitude,andimpactonbusinesses,people,andproperty.Table2-43describestheoverallscaleusedtoscoreeachhazard.Table2-44providesdetailsonscaleusedtomeasuremagnitude.Thecompositescoresforeachhazardandtheirrespectiverankareidentifiedintable2-45.
Table2-43AssessmentScale
Score Frequency ResponseDuration
SpeedofOnset Magnitude Business
ImpactHumanImpact
PropertyImpact
1 None <½Day >24Hours Localized <24Hours Minimum <10%2 Low <1Day 12-24
HoursLimited 1Week Low 10-25%
3 Medium <1Week 6-12Hours
Critical 2Weeks Medium 25-50%
4 High <1Month <6Hours Catastrophic >30Days High >50%5 Excessive >1Month
FrequencyHazardeventsthatoccurregularlyareahigherriskthanthosethatoccurinfrequently.
• 1=None/Oncein100years• 2=Low/Oncein50years• 3=Medium/Oncein25years• 4=High/Oncein1-3years• 5=Excessive/Morethanannual
ResponseDurationResponsedurationisdefinedastheamounttimetheresponsetoaparticularhazardisanticipatedtolast.
• 1=Lessthan½day• 2=Lessthan1day• 3=Lessthan1week• 4=Lessthan1month• 5=Morethan1month
SpeedofOnsetSpeedofonsetaddressestheamountofadvancewarningacommunityhasbeforeeachhazardoccurs.
• 1=Morethan24hours• 2=12-24hours• 3=6-12hours• 4=Lessthan6hours
2-62 2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
MagnitudeMagnitudeisratedusingstandarddamagescalessuchastheEnhancedFujitaScale,orthroughdevelopmentofalocalcomparativescalethatiscomparableindamagesatlikelevelsusingtheestablisheddamagescales.Somescalesfromothergeographicregions,suchastheNorthEastSnowIndexScale,wereusedasmodelstodevelopacomparativetoolinRichlandCounty.
Table2-44:MagnitudeScale
Score Tornado Windstorm Flood Earthquake Drought WinterStorm
1 EF-0/1 <65mph Minor <5.9 D-0VeryDryD-1Moderate
<8”snow
2 EF-2 65-75mph Moderate 6.0-6.9 D-2Severe 8-12”snow3 EF-3 76-85mph Significant 7.0-7.9 D-3Extreme 12-16”snow4 EF-4/5 >86mph Major >8.0 D-4Exceptional >16”snow
BusinessImpactBusinessimpactreferstothepotentialeconomicimpactahazardeventislikelytohaveonacommunity.Thedefinitionofeachscorereferstotheamountoftimecriticalfacilitiesarelikelytobeshutdownintheimpactedcommunity.
• 1=Lessthan24hours• 2=1week• 3=Atleast2weeks• 4=Morethan30days
HumanImpactHumanimpactisdefinedasthenumberoflivespotentiallylostforaparticularhazard.
• 1=Minimum/Minorinjuries• 2=Low/Someinjuries• 3=Medium/Multiplesevereinjuries• 4=High/Multiplefatalities
PropertyImpactPropertyimpactisdefinedasthenumberamountofpropertypotentiallylostduringagivenhazardevent.
• 1=Lessthan10%damaged• 2=10-25%damaged• 3=25-50%damaged• 4=Morethan50%damaged
2016RichlandCountyHazardMitigationPlan 2-63
DevelopedbyResourceSolutionsAssociates,Norwalk,Ohio
Table2-45:RiskAssessment
Hazard Freq
uency
Respon
se
Duration
Spee
dof
Onset
Magnitude
Busine
ss
Impa
ct
Hum
an
Impa
ct
Prop
erty
Impa
ct
Score RankFlood 4 4 3 4 3 2 3 23 1Utility&InfrastructureFailure
4 3 4 4 2 1 2 20 2
HazardousMaterialSpill
5 3 4 3 2 1 1 19 3
WinterStorm 5 2 3 3 2 1 2 18 4SevereThunderstorm 5 2 3 2 2 1 2 17 5Windstorm 4 3 3 2 2 1 2 17 6Tornado 2 3 4 2 2 2 1 16 7Erosion 5 4 2 2 1 0 1 15 8Earthquake 1 3 4 0 2 2 2 13 9Drought/ExtremeHeat 4 4 1 0 1 1 1 12 10Dam/LeveeFailure 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 11 11AlgalBloom 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 12ClimateChange 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13