2.0 body coordination (combine)

8/3/2019 2.0 Body Coordination (Combine)

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2.0 BODY COORDINATION

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WHAT IS BODYCOORDINATION?

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2.1 Body Coordination Coordinate work/act together

efficiently Coordination the ability to control

ones movement Body coordination life processes which

involves harmonious action by variousorgans in the body to produce a

coordinated respond

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Two body system that control andregulate coordinationa) nervous systemb) endocrine system

Both system of coordination arestarted/initiated by a stimulus and endswith a respond

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Stimulus change in the internal orexternal environment

Respond process that promotesaction

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Bodycoordination

(Coordinationcentre)

Effectorsorgan

Sensoryorgan

Stimulus

Respond

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The Importance of Body Coordination

Ensure the survival Avoid dangerous situation Coordinates all body activities Adapt ourselves to the changing

environment Maintain hormones at normal levels

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Activity

Aim:

- To recognize daily activities which

involve body coordination

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THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

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2.2 The Human Nervous System Is made up of

a) central nervous system brain andspinal cord

b) peripheral nervous system cranialnerves and spinal nerves

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2.2.1 The Central Nervous System (CNS)

Consist of:

a) Brain- control most of the body activities- the centre of control and coordinationin the nervous system- receives information/nervous impulsefrom all parts of the body

- able to produce intelligent actions- protected by the skull (cranium)

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b) Spinal cord- a long string of nervoustissue running down fromthe brain inside thevertebral column

- controls the reflex action- nervous impulse passthrough it

- protected by backbone

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2.2.2 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Includes:

a) cranial nerves- 12 pairs- originated from the brain

- connected to sense organ in thehead, neck and to the effectors(muscles or glands)

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b) Spinal nerves- 31 pairs- originated from the spinal cord- connected to the sense organs andeffectors in the whole body, hands

and legs

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Spinal and cranial nerves can be classifiedaccording to function

a) Somatic nerves- form the somatic nervous system- carry signals about moving yourhead, trunk and limbs

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b) Autonomic nerves- form the autonomic nervous system- associated with involuntary activities

(beating of heart, peristalsis andsweat secretion)

- comprised of the sympathetic and

the parasympathetic nervous system

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Human Nervous System

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

BrainSpinalcord

Somaticnervoussystem

Autonomicnervoussystem

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Spinalnerves

Cranialnerves

2.2.3 Neurones The basic functional unit of the nervous

system

Specialised to generate and transmit impulse

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Posesses:a) a cell body consist of a cytoplasm and

a nucleusb) branches that are known as dendrons,

dendrites and axon

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Dendrons the branches that point outwards fromthe cell body

Dendrites dendrons fine terminal branches Dendrons and dendrites receive messages/impulse

towards the cell body Axon another type of projection that send impulse

away from the cell body

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Dendrons and axon are covered with fattymyelin sheath formed by Schwann cells

Nodes of Ranvier - uncovered parts betweenthe Schwann cells

The myelin sheath act as an electrical insulatorand speed up the transmission of nerveimpulses along axon

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Types of neurones and their functions

3 basic type:a) sensory neurone

- has long dendron and short axon- the cell body is at the side of the nerve- receive and transmit impulse from the

sensory organ to the CNS

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b) Motor neurones- has a short dendron and a long axon- the cell body is at the end of the nerve- transmit impulses out from the CNS totissues and organs in the body

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c) Relay neurone/interneurone- multipolar, forms synaptic connectionswith other neurones

- the cell body is at the end of the nerve- located in the CNS- send impulse between sensoryneurones and motor neurones

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The difference between sensory, motor andrelay neurones

Subject Sensory neurones Motor neurones Relay neurones

Connection

Position of the cellbody

Direction of impulseto the centralnervous system

Function

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The difference between sensory, motor and

relay neuronesSubject Sensory neurones Motor neurones Relay neurones

Connection

From the sensory organto the central nervoussystem

From the Centralnervous system to thetissue and organs in thebody

Connect sensoryneurones with motorneurones

Position of the cellbody

At the side of the nerve At the end of the nerve At the end of the nerve

Direction of impulseto the centralnervous system

Into the central nervoussystem

Transmit out from thecentral nervous system

Inside the centralnervous system

Function

Receive and transmitimpulse from thesensory organ to theCNS

Transmit impulses outof the CNS to t issuesand organs in our body

Send impulse betweensensory neurones andmotor neurones

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CentralNervousSystem

Effectorsorgan

Sensoryorgan

Sensoryneurones

Motorneurones

Interneurones

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How the nervous system works

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Group Discussion Discuss in your group. Explain how the nervous system works Refer to this diagram to explain:

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When there is a stimulus, it will received bythe sensory organ. The impulse will go

through the sensory neurone to the centralnervous system. In the central nervoussystem, the interneurone will transmit theimpulse from the sensory neurone to themotor neurone. The impulse will gothrough motor neurone to the effector andthe effector will give response.

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2.3. NERVOUS COORDINATION

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Receptors and Effectors Receptors cells specialized to detect a

stimulus via the sensory nerves

Effectors cell/organ that produces responsewhen stimulated by nerve impulse

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Reflex Arc

The sequence of pathway taken by impulse ina reflex action

Example of reflex action in our daily life is thereaction of the human hand upon contactwith hot iron

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Group Discussion

Discuss in your groupabout the path of impulses in a reflex arcwhen we touch a hotobject.

Explain to your class. You can refer to the

diagram to explain.

Give an example of reflexaction in our daily life.

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Answer1.When we touch a hot object, the stimulus will receive by

the reseptor in the skin.2.This causes impulse go through the receptor nuerone

(sensory neurone) to the spinal cord.3. In the spinal cord the impulse will transmit to the

effector neurone (motor neurone) by the relay neurone.4. The impulse will go through effector neurone to the

effector organ that is the muscle.5. The musle will give respond and contract to withdraw

our hands away from the hot object.

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2.4 THE ROLE OFPROPRIOCEPTORS IN

MAINTAINING BALANCE ANDCOORDINATION

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What are proprioceptors?

Sense organs that are connected to sensoryneurones

A sensory receptor found in muscles,tendons, ligaments and joints

Receptors that are sensitive to movement,pressure or stretching within the body

Important in maintaining the body balanceand coordination

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The role of proprioceptors in maintainingbalance and coordination

Respond to changes in the position andmovement of the body

Inform us about the orientation andmovement of body parts so that adjustmentmay be made to maintain body posture

Very important for blind people

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o Activities made possible by proprioceptors

- Walking on rope- Buttoning shirt without looking- Tying shoe string without looking- Typing without looking

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How proprioceptors work? When we move, there is a change in the

tension of the muscles, tendons and joints.

These changes will stimulate proprioceptorsand nerve impulses will be sent to the brain.

The brain will interpret the message and send

impulse to parts of the body for coordinationand response.

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Kinaesthesis

Sense that allows us to be aware of the positionand orientation of the whole body.

Allow us to carry out activities such as dancing andchanging clothes in the dark

We can determine which object is heavier whentwo objects are held with our eyes closed

Proprioceptors play important role in kinaesthesis

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Exercise

1. What are proprioceptors?2. Where are proprioceptors located?3. State one function of proprioceptors.4. What is kinaesthesis?5. What is the relationship between

proprioceptors and kinaesthesis?

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2.5 THE HUMAN BRAIN AND ITSCOMPLEXITY

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Structure of the Brain

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1. Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain and highly folded Divided into two parts:1. Right hemisphere receives nerve impulses from

the left side of the body2. Left hemisphere receive nerve impulses from the

right side of the body

The outer layer (cerebral cortex) is folded andgrooved to increase the surface area and the

capacity of brain to store and interpret informationand also supplied with many blood vessels whichprovide oxygen and glucose

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The outer layer made up of grey matter thearea where the main functions are carried out The inner layer made up of white matter,

connect the cerebral cortex to the lowercentral nervous system

The functions of cerebrum:1. Controls voluntary actions2. Receives and interprets impulses from

sensory organs3. Controls behavior and emotion

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Divided into five functional area:

1. Sensory area receives impulses from thesensory organ

2. Motor area coordinates movement3. Associate area controls activities like

thinking, memory, learning, reasoning andintelligent

4. Areas concerned with taste and smell5. Areas concerned with hearing and vision

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2. Cerebellum

Located above the medulla oblongata and partlybeneath the cerebrum

The external area also folded and divided intoleft and right hemisphere

Functions:1. Controlling and maintaining posture and

balance of the body2. Controlling and coordinating muscular

activities3. Helping promote smooth voluntary

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3. Medulla oblongata

Lowest part of the brain and connectsdirectly to the spinal cord

Smallest component of the brain Functions:

1. controls all involuntary actions

2. coordinates all reflex actions

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Group Discussion

Discuss in your group to complete this table about thefunctions of the main parts of the brain

Parts of thebrain

Functions

1. Cerebrum

2. Cerebellum

3. Medullaoblongata

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Parts of thebrain

Functions

1. Cerebrum 1.1. Controls all voluntary actionsControls all voluntary actions2.2. Receive and interprets impulsesReceive and interprets impulses

from sensory organsfrom sensory organs3.3. Controls behaviour and emotionControls behaviour and emotion

2. Cerebellum 1.1. Controlling and maintainingControlling and maintainingposture and balance of the bodyposture and balance of the body

2.2. Controlling and coordinatingControlling and coordinatingmuscular activitiesmuscular activities

3. Medullaoblongata

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Voluntary and involuntary actions

Voluntary actions actions which result fromconscious activity by the brain, we are awareof these actions

Involuntary actions automatic actions thatthe brain does not consciously decide upon,include the constant actions of inner organs

Refer to text book page 32 for the example

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Things we learn today:

Main parts of the brain The function of each part of the brain The meaning of voluntary and

involuntary actions

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The effects of injuries to specific parts of the human brain

Cerebellum lose sense of balance and not be ableto control movement

medulla oblongata all involuntary action will stop Motor area of the cerebral cortex paralysis and loss

of conscious

Meningitis inflammation of meninges (membranesurrounding the brain) can cause brain injuries dueto bacterial or viral infection

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2.6 HORMONAL COORDINATION INTHE BODY

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The Endocrine System Chemical coordination involves endocrine system

which consist of a number of endocrine glands whichare ductless glands and their secretion The glands secrete hormones directly into the

bloodstream

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HORMONES Chemical secreted by endocrine glands Secreted directly into the bloodstream and carried by the

blood to the target cells or organ without the need of anyducts to produce specific responses

Roles:- controlling the rate of body processes- influencing growth

- causing physical and physiologicalchanges

Excessive or deficiency secretion of hormone will causedundesirable effect on health

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Comparison between the hormonal and nervoussystem

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Types of hormoneEndocrine glands Types of hormone

1. Pituitary glands Growth hormone (GH) Follicle-stimulating hormones

(FSH) Luteinesing hormone (LH) Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone

(TSH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. Thyroid glands Thyroxine in conjunction withiodine

3. Adrenal glands Adrenaline

4. Pancreas Insulin Glucagon

5. Ovary Oestrogen Progesterone

6. Testes Testosterone83by imeldanyaun

Types of hormone and their functions

Types of hormone Functions

Growth hormone (GH) Controls growth of bones andmuscles

Follicle-stimulating hormones(FSH)

Stimulates development ofovarian follicles andspermatogenesis

Luteinesing hormone (LH) Stimulates ovulation andproduction of progesterone fromovaries and testosterone fromtestis

Prolactin Stimulates milk production

Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)

Stimulates growth of thyroidgland

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Causes the kidney tubules tobecome permeable to water

more water absorbed intoblood Thyroxine in conjunction withiodine

Controls metabolic rate Ensure normal physical and

mental development Adrenaline Prepare body to action

Speed up heartbeat & breathing,raises blood pressure & allowmore glucose give energy

Insulin Lower blood glucose level Increase glucose uptake and

utilization by cells Glucagon Increase blood glucose level

stimulating the breakdown ofglycogen into glucose in liver

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Oestrogen Stimulates growth of uteruslining ( endometrium)

Development andmaintenance of femalesecondary sexcharacteristics (breast,softskin & feminine voice)

Progesterone Promotes growth ofendometrium

Inhibits evolution Testosterone Spermatogenesis

Development andmaintenance of malesecondary sexcharacteristics (deepervoice &body hair)

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The Effects of Hormonal Imbalance on Health

Hormone Effects of deficiency Effects of excessive

1. Thyroxine Stunted physical andmental development(cretinism)

Built up ofsubcutaneous fat,rough skin and lackenergy (adult)

Goitre (swelling ofthe thyroid glands)

Increase metabolicrate, increaseheartbeat and causerestlessness

2. Insulin Diabetes mellitus high blood sugarlevel & sugar in urine

Lowering bloodsugar level(hypoglycaemia) lead to shock andcoma

3. Growth hormone(GH)

Dwafism Gigantism (children)& acromegaly (adult)87by imeldanyaun

Hormone Effects of deficiency Effects of excessive

4. Testosterone Deters thedevelopment of malesecondary sexcharacteristics in adults

Excessive malecharacteristics andearly puberty

5. Oestrogen Deters thedevelopment of femalesecondary sexcharacteristics in adults

Excessive femalecharacteristics andearly puberty

6. Progesterone Abortion of embryo Failure in delivery atthe correct time

7. Adrenaline Blood pressureincrease Blood sugar level andconcentration of salt inthe blood increase

Ability to overcomestress diminishes Muscle become weak Addisons disease body has excessivesalt and water

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Group discussion

Discuss in your group about the similaritiesand the differences between nervouscoordination and hormonal coordination

You can refer to page 39 on your text book.

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Answer The similarities between nervous coordination and

hormonal coordination are both play the role . The differences between nervous coordination and

hormonal coordination are first the component. Innervous system there are nuerone network, thebrain and the spinal cord but in endocrine systemthere are endocrine glands. The second difference

are the agent invovled. In nervous system . and inendocrine system

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Exercise

1. What is hormone?2. Where is the location of pituitary glands?3. Give two hormone secreted by the pituitary

glands.4. Give function of these hormone:

a) Adrenalineb) Testosterone

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2.7. COORDINATION BETWEEN THENERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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Both system function to coordinate & control allactivities in the body.

They function differently in the regulation of thebody activities.

They coordinate to ensure a smooth andappropriate response to a specific stimulus.

The physical and mental health of a persondepends on efficient and proper coordination

between the nervous system and endocrinesystem

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How coordination between nervous systemand endocrine system work?

Example:- When facing danger.

SituationSiti was alone at home and she heard a noisedownstairs.

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Impulses are sent to the brain indicating that there isdanger in the house.

Nerve impulses are transferred to the muscle andendocrine system. The leg muscle are responds and are ready to run. Adrenal glands releases the adrenaline hormone that

cause the heartbeat to increase. The blood pressurealso increase to enable more blood to be pumped tothe muscles.

Glycogen breaks down into glucose which causes anincrease in blood glucose level. The glucose in the

blood is used for cell respiration which provides energyto run away from the danger. This will prepare Siti for fright or flight.

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Group discussion

Discuss in your group about an exampleof fright or flight situation.

Discuss how the nervous system and theendocrine system coordinate to producea response to such stimulus.

Explain what happen to the class.

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Conclusion

Coordination between the nervoussystem and endocrine system areimportant for good physical andmental health in human being.

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Ecstacy pills a type of amphetamine, anaddictive stimulant drug

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2.8. THE EFFECTS OFDRUG ABUSE ON BODYCOORDINATION AND

HEALTH

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What are drugs? Psychoactive substance that may cause

addiction and negative effects on physical andmental activity of a person

Chemical substance that can influence thefunction of nervous system

Used in medicine help to prevent, diagnose

and treat diseases or injuries Drug abuse excessive use of drugs Addiction habitual use of drugs

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Types of drugs and their effect on body coordination

Types of drugs

Examples Effects

Stimulants Amphetamines,caffeine, cocaine,marijuana, nicotine

Stimulates reaction Act on the CNS; activate

brain cell Increase blood pressure

and pulse rate User become active,

aggressive, loses appetiteand unable to sleep

Depressant Barbiturates,tranquilizer

Slow down reaction Slow down heart activities,

the respiratory system and

skeletal system User feel more calm andless anxious

Excessive cause user to bein a daze and may causecoma

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Hallucinogens Cannabis, LSD(Lysergic aciddiethylamine)

Cause hallucination Distort the function of

brain in relation todistance, space and time

Change the thought of theuser

Opiates/Anti-depressants

Morphine,heroine,opium

Help to relieve pain Induce sleep

Inhalants Petroleum,organicsolvents,chloroform,ether, glue

Cause hallucination Blackouts Unconsciousness Increase heartbeat

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Heroin in sachets Morphine in the form ofblock and powder

Ecstacy pills a type ofamphetamine, an addictivestimulant drug

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Effects of drug abuse on health User have very poor physical and mental health. Drugs affect the respiratory system, nervous

system & heart.

Drug users suffer malnutrition . Drug users have a high risk of contracting

disease HIV, Hepatitis B.

Drug users are susceptible to disease pneumonia, bronchitis and flu

Drug users suffer from withdrawal symptom vomiting, diarrhea, hallucination

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Group discussion

Discuss in your group abouta) Factors that cause drug abuse

(Group 1,2,3 & 4)b) How to prevent drug abuse

(Group 5,6,7, & 8)

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a) Factors that cause drugabuse Curiosity want to try something new Family problem Influence by friend To avoid from problems To have fun Associate with drug addicts

Lack of moral/religious knowledge To give strength (athlete) Lack of knowledge about the effects of drug

abuse

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b) How to prevent drug abuse

Having Anti-drug campaign Dont mix with drug addict Rehabilitation for the drug addicts Through education Parents should spend more time with their

spouse/parental guidance Law enforcement Sense of responsibility to ourselves Heavy jail sentence to the drug dealers

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Exercise What are drugs? Give two types of drugs and their effects? Give two factors that can cause drug abuse. Give two ways on how to prevent drug abuse? Why we have to stay away from drugs?

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2.9 The Effects of ExcessiveConsumption of Alcohol on

Body Coordination and Health

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What is alcohol? Type of alcohol in alcoholic drink ethanol Ethanol:

- ethyl alcohol- a psychoactive substance which influencethe nervous system

- produced by fermentation of cereals/fruit

juices by adding yeast- glucose in cereals/fruit juices reacts withyeast to produce ethanol & carbon dioxide

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Types of alcoholic drinks

Beer slow fermentation of grains with yeast at lowtemperature

Ale fermentation of grains with yeast rapidly at hightemperature (bitter taste)

Wine fermentation of grape Whiskey fermented marsh of grains Brandy produced by the distillation of fermented beer

and wine but flavoured with fermented juice

Gin aromatic alcohol made from distillation of rye andother grains and flavoured with juniper berries

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What are the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on body coordination?

Slow down the nervous system slowing downthe bodys reaction time to stimuli

Causes poor judgment of distance & double vision Inhibits thought processes Influence the upper centre parts of medulla

oblongata feel sleepy, influence the heartbeat,

blood pressure & body temperature Effect the cerebellum muscle movementbecome uncoordinated

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Euphoria become more self-confident ordaring, flushed, say the first thought thatcome to mind

Confusion not knowing what they do,become aggressive, not feel pain

Stupor cannot respond to stimuli Coma unconscious Death stop breathing & dies

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Cause blockage in blood capillaries less oxygentransported to the brain causesunconsciousness/blackout

Dehydration frequent & high volume of urineproduce

Suppress appetite malnutrition Consume during pregnancy retardation of

foetus (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

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Damage the organ in the body

- Brain size shrink due to the death of brain cell

- Heart muscle deteriorate causing heartdisease

- Cirrhosis of liver (hardening and scarring)- Cause stomach gastritis & ulcers- kidneys reabsorb less water leading to

dehydration

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Group discussion Discuss in your group about why it is

important to avoid excessive consumption of alcohol.

Present your findings to the class

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The importance of avoiding excessiveconsumption of alcohol

For a healthy life To avoid traffic accidents To avoid crime and fighting To avoid abuse To avoid wasting money to buy alcoholic

drinks

To avoid family breakdown

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Exercise What is alcohol? Give two types of alcoholic drinks. Give two effects of excessive consumption of

alcohol to body coordination.

Give two effects of excessive consumption of

alcohol on health. Give two importance of avoiding excessive

consumption of alcohol.

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Answers

Alcohol is ethyl alcohol in the alcoholic drinks, a type of psychoactive substance which influence the nervoussystem.

Two types of alcoholic drinks are beer and ale. Two effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on

body coordination are slow down the nervous systemand inhibits thought processes.

Two effects of excessive consumption of alcohol onhealth are dehydration and suppress appetite

Two importance of avoiding excessive consumption of alcohol are for a healthy life and to avoid trafficaccidents.

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2.10 The Importance of Soundand Healthy Mind

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What is mind?

The process of thinking and reasoning Differentiate human from animal Healthy mind help us think rationally and

we can solve problem

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The importance of sound and healthy mind

Enable us to think before acting Enable us to face problem realistically Enable us to find satisfaction and happiness in

life

Enable us to concentrate on our work

Enable us to differentiate between good andbad

Enable us to face stress positively

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Factors that can affect mind

Brain damage Hormonal balance Balance diet Living habit must have good living habits Over work and lack of sleep Consumption of drugs and alcohol

Health must take care of health

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Justification of the importance of soundand healthy mind

A sound and healthy mind and good bodycoordination is essential for us to lead ahealthy, happy and harmonious life

A person with a sound and healthy mind willlead a happy life, is mentally strong,independent, think positively, think rationallyand show living kindness

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Exercise

1. What is mind?2. Give two importance of a sound and healthy

mind.3. State two factors that can affect mind.4. Why we must have a sound and healthy

mind?

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Answer1. The process of thinking and reasoning.2. Two importance of sound and healthy mind

are enable us to think before acting andenable us to face problem.

3. Two factors that can affect mind are braindamage and hormonal balance

4. To become a mentally strong person,independent, think positively and have a

2.0 body coordination (combine)

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