2. well engineering, rig equipment
TRANSCRIPT
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MSc.
Oil and Gas EnterpriseManagement
Well Engineering Module
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Day 1: Well Engineering
Introduction:
Gordon Botterill Well Engineering (Drilling, Completion and Well
Service Engineering)
Course Deliverables Appreciation and knowledge of subjects.
Knowledge of interfaces with other technical disciplines.
Some technical/engineering calculations. Appreciation of new enabling technology.
Well design options.
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Well Engineering Course Outline
Drilling process, rigtypes and rigequipment
Well design & wellplanning
Drilling fluids & mudconditioning equipment
Drillpipe & drillstring
design Drilling Bits
Directional Drilling
Casing design
Cementing
Hole problems & stuckpipe
Evaluation
Well control & BOPs
Completions
Complex wells
Risk management
Enabling technologies
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Drilling Rig Major Equipment
Engines/ transmissions
Derrick and substructure Hoisting machinery
Rotating machinery
Pipe handling
equipment
Mud system
Rig instrumentation
Well control equipment
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Main Functions
1 - Hoisting
Derrick: supports the weight of
the drill or casing string and
allows vertical movement ofthe suspended string.
Substructure: supports the
derrick and rig floor
equipment.
Drawworks: hoisting machine
consisting of a revolving drum
around which a heavy steel
cable, the drilling line, is
reeled.
Hook and Travelling Block:
used to suspend the drillstring.
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Main Functions
2 - Rotating
Swivel: permits drill string to be
rotated while providing a pressure-
tight connection for the circulationof mud.
Kelly: 12m length of hollow, usually
hexagonal steel pipe used to
transmit rotary movement of therotary table to the drillstring.
Rotary table: transmits rotary
speed and torque to the kelly.
The kelly drive system has been
largely replaced by top drive
systems on modern rigs.
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Main Functions
3 - Circulating
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Main Functions
4 - Controlling the Well Effective control of subsurface
pressures is essential for safety.
Blowout preventers: a series ofpowerful sealing elements designed
to shut in the well in the event of a
well kick.
Choke manifold: manual and
remote operated choke valves are
used to maintain back pressure on
the well when removing kick fluidsfrom the well bore.
Mud gas separator: used to remove
gas from the mud downstream of
the choke manifold before the mudre-enters the circulating system.
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Rig Power and Transmission
Mechanical Drive Electrical Drive
Prime Movers - Diesel Engines
AC GeneratorDC Generator
Silicon Cell
Rectifier
DC Motor AC MotorDC Motor
AC Generator
Drive
Controller
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Diesel Engine and AC Generator Set
Estimated Fuel Consumption
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Mechanical Compound Drive
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DC DC Direct Drive System
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Variable Speed AC Drive System
Drive
ControllerRegulated
Power Output
Drive
Motor
Driven
Machine
OperatorControls
Speed andTorque Feedback
AC
Power
RemotePanel
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Mast Type Derrick
Boldon 91
Equipped with a mast type derrick.
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Drilling Rig Derricks
Mast
The mast type derrick is
usually preferred on land rigs
as it is easy to erect and
dismantle for rig transportation.
Mast type derricks are alsocommon on MODUs, since
they can easily be lowered
during long sea voyages or
when the rig has to pass undera bridge.
Standard Derrick
The API standard derrick is a
derivative of the Pennsylvania
wooden derrick first used in the
latter part of the 19th Century.
A standard derrick has apyramid shape with four
equally spaced legs at the
base tapering up to the water
board at the top. Rigidity and strength is
provided by a latticework of
struts, ties and beams.
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Raising the Mast of a Land Rig
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Hoisting Equipment
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Hoisting System
Derrick Gross Nominal Capacity = Ldk = Lh + Lt + Lf.cos + Ldl.cos
For small angles of and , the cosine of these angles can be ignored.
Deadline Anchor
Maximum Hook Load (Lh)
Travelling Block (Lt)
Crown Block
Deadline Tension (Ldl)
Fastline Tension (Lf)
Load on Derrick (Ldk)
Drawworks
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Calculating Drilling Line Tension
Friction in the hoisting system effects the tension in the drilling lines.
To calculate deadline tension, divide the hook load by the appropriatedeadline friction coefficient.
To calculate fastline tension, multiply deadline tension by the appropriatefastline friction coefficient.
Number of
Lines Strung
Deadline
Friction
Coefficient
Fastline Friction
Coefficient
8 8.920 1.243
10 11.392 1.293
12 13.954 1.345
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Plan View of Typical Hoisting System
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Drawworks
Eddy current brake
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Crown-O-Matic Safety Device
Procedure for Set and
Test
1. Raise a stand of drill pipeuntil the lower pin is about 6
above the floor.
2. Position toggle valve two
wraps away from leadingedge of drill line on drum.
Tighten.
3. Slowly raise blocks to trip
toggle valve.
4. Air pressure is relieved from
clutch and the air cylinder
actuates the brake lever.
5. Keep clear of the brake lever
during the test.
Drilling Line Construction
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Drilling Line Construction
1. Drilling lines are made from colddrawn carbon steel wire of variousgrades. The wires are usuallycircular in cross section.
2. Three grades are commonly used fordrilling and workover rigs:a. Improved plough steel (IPS)
b. Extra improved plough steel (XIPS) with15 % more tensile strength than IPS
c. Extra extra improved plough steel(XXIPS) with 10% more tensile strengththan XIPS
3. Wire ropes for drilling lines consist ofa central core, around which anumber of strands are laid in helicalform. The strands themselves aremade up of a number of wires in oneor more layers.
Wi R L
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Wire Rope Lay The lay of a wire rope describes how the strands and wires are laid
against each other during construction. Strands
Right lay means the strands pass from left to right across the rope.
Left lay means the opposite, left to right.
Wires
Regular lay means the wires have the opposite lay to the strandsthemselves.
Lang lay means the wires are laid in the same direction as the strands.
Lay Abbreviations:
RRL = right regular lay RLL = right lang lay LRL = left regular lay LLL = left lang lay
AL1-1 = alternating lay of strands, 1 lang and 1 regular AL2-1 = alternating lay of strands, 2 lang and 1 regular
Critical Wear Points
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Critical Wear Points1. Some parts of the drilling line get more wear
and stress than others.
a. In hoisting operations, the blocks are
stopped in the same raised or lowered
position.
b. The live end of the drilling line alwayswinds and unwinds along the winch drum
in the same repeated pattern.
2. Repetition gives rise to critical wear points,
which are the:
a. Pick up points with the block in the raisedposition
b. Pick up points with the block in the
lowered position
c. Cross over points at the flanges of thewinch drum.
3. To reduce fatigue, the drilling line must
be slipped and cut at regular intervals to
reposition critical wear points.
R t T bl
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Rotary Table
Cross SectionChain Drive Rotary
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Kelly Drive System
Hexagonal Kelly
Square Kelly
Swivel
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Swivel
The swivel suspends the drill string and allows fluid to be
pumped into the drill string whether stationary or rotating.
The swivel hangs directly from the travelling block hook.
Top Drive Systems
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Top Drive Systems A TOP DRIVE incorporates a
circulating swivel and allows thestring to be rotated when RIH (run
in hole) or POOH (pulled out of
hole).
Top drives drill with stands of drill
pipe (3 joints), whereas a kelly drive
drills in single joints.
The top drive unit runs up and
down guide rails fixed to the derrick
to resist the reactive torque created
by rotating the drill string.
Static and dynamic loads on the top
drive have to be taken into account
when designing the rig derrick and
substructure.
T D i U it
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Top Drive Unit
Drill Pipe Make-Up Methods
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An Iron Roughneck
This runs on rails on the rig floor and
is used to spin up the drill pipe tools
joints and then apply the required
make-up torque.
Traditional
Drill Pipe Make-Up MethodsModern
Making up the kelly to drill pipe during a
connection.
Two of my regular crew lost pieces of fingers
during their time on the rig - so I can trulythank God that I have all 10 fingers and each
part of them.Retired roughneck.
P i d A ti M ti C ti
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Passive and Active Motion Compensation
Passive motion compensators are load based systemsthat attempt to isolate the drill string from rig heave and
maintain a constant weight on bit.
Response times to changing loads is slowed by friction. As a result, weight on bit (WOB) varies within a small but
perceptible range.
Active compensators, however, are positioned basedsystems.
They employ accelerometers and microprocessors to
continuously calculate the position of the drill string withrespect to a fixed reference point, usually the seabed.
Electronic signals are passed to the compensator to keep
the drill string, with pre-load bias, stationary w.r.t. theseabed.
Drilling Motion Compensators
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Drilling Motion Compensators
Shaffer 600 Klb Passive MotionCompensators.
National Oilwells Active Heave Drilling Drawworks
Drill String Motion Compensator
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Drill String Motion Compensator
A drill string motion compensator permits drilling to continue when
the drilling vessel heaves up and down in response to wave motion.Suspended weights of up to 600,000 lb can be actively compensated.
Principle of Operation
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Principle of Operation
Active Heave Drilling Drawworks
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Active Heave Drilling Drawworks
Accelerometers continuously measure rig elevation w.r.t. the sea bed.
Drawworks drum speed and direction is varied, as an over-print to that
required for normal operations, to counteract vessel motion.
AC motors are employed to drive the drawworks as they respond quickly
and precisely to instructions from the microprocessor.
Apart from better heave compensation, additional advantages of AHD
include increased variable deck load and less impact on vessel stability
then derrick mounted systems.
However, the track record of AHDs has yet to be established.
Courtesy of National Oilwell
Duplex Mud Pumps
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Duplex Mud Pumps
The pump has 2 cylinders, each containing a piston in a liner sleeve.
There are two intake valves and two discharge valves, one at each end
of both cylinders
The valves act in pairs. Intake of mud from one side coincides with
discharge from the other.
This happens on both forward and reverse strokes, hence the pumps
are said to be double acting.
Triplex Mud Pumps
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Triplex Mud Pumps
Triplex plunger pumps have replaced duplex pumps on modern rigs.
Triplex pumps are much lighter and smaller than duplex pumps of the same
horse power and output and are less likely to have valve and packing problems.
A half piston and liner is fitted to triplex pumps to get over the packing wear
problems inherent in duplex pumps.
The pump has 3 cylinders, each delivering on the forward stroke only. They are
therefore single acting.
Fluid delivery takes place from each cylinder at each 120 degrees of crank
shaft rotation.