Unit 2 Plan

Cell Structures, Functions of Organelles and Cytoplasmic Chemistry

Grade 10

Objectives:

Students will learn to

1. List the structures of plant and animal cells and to describe the differences between plant and animal cells,

2. Describe the basic chemistry that occurs in the cytoplasm that maintains homeostasis (atomic structure and electron shells, pH, types of bonding for inorganic and organic molecules, some chemical reactions, major categories of organic compounds and their attributes).

Standards Addressed:

D.12.1 Describe* atomic structure and the properties of atoms, molecules, and matter during physical and chemical interactions*

F.12.1 Evaluate the normal structures and the general and special functions of cells in single-celled and multiple-celled organisms

Learning Strategies

Vocabulary their functions– basic cell vocabulary is essential for learning the cellular organelles and their functions. Students will be repeatedly exposed to the names of organelles and graphic representations of the organelles. Student will develop flashcards that describe organelle functions so that they will have a writing activity to support visual recall of content and to help embed the content into their long-term memories.

Laboratory – basic laboratories using microscopes to further develop unit I content and skills will be used to enhance cell content. Student will examine plant and animal cells under the compound microscope following directions (file attached).

Day 1

1

Cell rap

Pre-Test 15 min

Text Chapter 3 (open book and follow along)

Video about cells 17 min

Discuss mitochondrial and chloroplasts DNA

Check Beans outside 10 min

Journey Into Cell 5 min

PPT from Computer File 15 min

Hand-out Cell Lab and start 30 min

Day 2

Vocabulary (hand out) & quick review

` ppt ( cells 2) from file. 15 min

Flash Card making in teams (one vocab per team) 15 min

Check beans in back of room and outside 15 min

Cell microscope laboratory (hand-out) 45 min

2

Day 3

Announce cell quiz for Day 4 (questions) 5 min

Introduce cytoplasm chemistry

What’s an Atom? (video) 7 min

Vocabulary

Atom

Element

Compound

Molecule

Periodic table worksheet activity 30 min

Check Beans (Inside) 10 min

Bonding – 3 slide ppt from file 10 min

Finish Cell Laboratory and Worksheet 20 min

Day 4

Cell Structure Quiz 45 min

Announce cell Chemistry Quiz

Check Beans

Valence and Bonding 15 min

Periodic Table from Los Alamos

Valence Electrons

Bonding Video

3

Hand Out Valence Worksheet 20 minutes

Have students work in pairs to identify the 8 compounds

Day 5

Discussion – Homeostasis:

what is it and why is it important? 6 min

Homeostasis Video 6 min

Acidosis/Alkalosis Video (Optional) 15 min

Check Beans 10 min

` pH = Potential Hydrogen (Why=homeostasis) Explain that it affects protein structure and functions (enzymes)

Acids and Bases 10 min Go to web page explain and explain pH

Buffer Solutions 5 min

Go to web page and explain buffers

Red Cabbage Laboratory (Students Assist and Do) 30 min

Add Litmus paper

Add pH meter

Add homemade buffer taken from

DNA extraction lab

Day 6

Cell Chemistry Test

Introduce new Unit

4

Cell Vocabulary (Hand Out)

Nucleus: Control center of the cellFound: Both

Chromosomes: Found in the nucleus made up of pieces of

the DNA, contains the “Blueprints”Found: Both

Nucleolus: Found in the nucleus responsible for the

production of RibosomesFound: Both

Golgi Body: Modifies, packages & ships protein

Found: BothMitochondria:

Powerhouse of the Cell, produces energy that the cell can useFound: Both

Ribosome: Tiny structures that produce proteins

Found: BothVacuole:

Storage of water, minerals and/or nutrientsFound: Both

Endoplasmic Reticulum:Two kind rough/smooth, difference rough

have ribosomes attached, act as a transportation system through the cell

Found: Both

Lysosome:

5

Cleanup Crews, Suicide Sacs, Small packets of digestive enzymes that clean up the cell of broken organelles

Found: Animal

Chloroplast:Converts sunlight into sugarsFound: Plants

Cell Wall:Network of fibers that supports and gives

rigid structure outside the cell membrane

Found: Plant

Cell Laboratory

Name:_____________________

Plant vs Animal

6

“All living things are made of cells!” This statement is the major part of the cell theory and it was first announced more than one hundred years ago. The German botanist Schleiden said that all plants are composed of cells. The German zoologist Schwann made the same observation about animals in the same year, 1839.

While it is true that some living things, like the amoeba or paramecium, may be made up of only one cell, most plant and animals consist of millions or billions of cells. Cells which are similar in shape and function are usually found joined together as tissues. In this activity you will examine examples of the covering tissues of a plant and of an animal.

Before you go ahead, let us review same of the similarities between plant and animal cells. All cells are surrounded by a thin cell membrane, also called a plasma membrane. Also, most of the plant or animal cell is made up of a transparent jellylike material called cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm lie the control center or nucleus, and other tiny organelles.

Now for some differences between plant and animal cells. Plant cells are surrounded by a relatively thick cell wall that lies outside the cell membrane. This wall is made up of a nonliving

Material called cellulose which strengthens and protects the cell. Cells from the green portion of plants (leaves and young stems) contain little green bodies, or chloroplasts, with large amounts of the green pigment chlorophyll. Animal cells have neither cell walls nor chloroplasts.

You are going to study cells from the onion bulb, which grows underground. Since these cells are not green , what structures would you expect to be missing?_____________

The onion tissue you will use is called epidermis. It is a thin skin, only one cell layer thick and its function is mainly protective. In order to make parts of each cell more visible you will use a common stain, Lugol’s iodine solution. This stain will make the nucleus and the cell wall stand out. Some organelles will appear as tiny specks too small to identify without an electron microscope. You will also see spaces, or vacuoles, in which sugar, starch or oil may be stored. Within the nucleus you will make out tiny nucleoli.

The animal cells will be taken from the lining of your cheek. Don’t worry; you’ll feel no pain. These cells are also protective and compose what is known as epithelial tissue. You will find that the cells separate during preparation but within your cheek they form a continuous, thin sheet.

1. All living things are composed of ____________________.2. Similar cells are organized into groups called ____________________.3. Plant cells are surrounded by cell membranes and __________________.4. Parts of a cell can be made more visible by using_____________________.5. What type of stain is going to be used in this Lab?______________________6. Cheek cells make up ___________________ tissue.

7

7. After staining the cells you can expect to see these four organelles 1)_________________ 2)_______________ 3)__________________ 4)_________________

8. Who said that plants are made of cells?___________________9. Who said that animals are made of cells?_________________10. What year did these two scientist discover this? ________________

Laboratory ProceduresA. Cells of the onion epidermis1. Gently peel off the thin skin from

the inside (concave side) of your onion chunk (Fig 3-1). Place the skin flat in the center of a clean slide. Be careful to spread out the skin so that it is not folded back on itself.Add a small drop of water and then apply a cover slip. Press the cover slip gently with a pencil to drive out air bubbles.

2. Examine under low power. Move the slide slowly as you look through the eyepiece until you find an area in which the cells appear clear and sharp. Adjust the diaphragm to determine the best amount of light. Now carefully diagram the field of view in the observations section.

3. Stain the onion skin by placing a drop of the Lugol’s iodine at the edge of the cover slip. Draw the stain through by touching a small piece of paper toweling to the opposite edge. (Figure 3-2)

4. Examine under low power find a good section of skin and switch to HIGH power. Study the cells as you focus up and down (very slowly) with the FINE adjustment.

5. Diagram the HIGH power field of view in the observation section.

6. Examine the nucleus of several cells. Can you see the nucleoli inside the nucleus? ________ Do see only 1 or more that 1?__

7. Where in the cell (center or edge) do you see most of the nuclei?______________

B. Cells from your cheek epithelium1. Place a small drop of Lugol’s

iodine on a clean slide.2. Using the end of a clean toothpick,

gently scrape the inside of your cheek.

3. Spread the material on the toothpick in the drop of stain on your slide. (Figure 3-3) and cover with a cover slip.

4. Focus under LOW power and move your slide around until you find a few separated cells. Switch to HIGH power and focus on ONE or TWO cells. NOT A CLUMP OF CELLS. Diagram the cell(s) in the observation section and show cells in the microscope to the instructor.

5. Study the nucleus of one cell. Using the fine adjustment count the number of nucleoli in the nucleus. _________

8

Part A & B: Observations1. Diagram of Unstained Low Power Onion Skin. Label all the structures visible.

2. Diagram of Stained High Power Onion Skin.Label all the structures visible.

3. Diagram of the Stained High Power Cheek Cell.Label all the structures visible.Instructors Signature__________

Part C: Observations1. Low power field diameter (millimeters):___________________2. Low power field diameter (microns):___________3. Number of times more magnification:_________4. High power field diameter (microns):_____________5. Number of cells:____________6. Diameter of 1 cell:___________

POST LAB Questions1. Describe the shape of the onion cell.

9

2. How can you tell that these cell’s have thickness or depth?

3. Compare the unstained onion cells to the stained onion cells.

4. Which parts of the onion cell become more visible after staining?

5. Explain why you usually found the onion cell nucleus at the edge rather than in the center of the cell?

6. How did changing the amount of light affect the visibility of the cells?

7. According to your observations; how are plant and animal cells alike?

8. According to your observation: how are plant and animal cell different?

9. What is the size of the low power field of view in mm?_________

10. How many micron are in on mm?________

11. What is the size of the low power field of view in microns?

12. How many times is the magnification increased when you change from low to high?_______

13. What is the size of the high power field of view in microns?________

14. What happens to the size of the field of view when you change from low to high power?(increase or decrease) __________ By how much? (state your answer in microns?___

15. What is the estimated number of RBCs that will fit across the diameter of the high power field of view?__________

16. What is the length of one RBC in microns?__________

Part C: Measuring an Object Under the Microscope

10

1. Place a transparent metric ruler over the center of the stage and measure the low power field of view in millimeters to the nearest tenth. (EXAMPLE:_________)

Edge of ruler

Field of Veiw

Millimeter Lines

2. The objects that are to be measured are extremely small a smaller unit is needed than a millimeter. A micron will be used which is 1000 times smaller than a millimeter. Multiply your diameter of the low power by 1000. (EXAMPLE: ______ X 1000 = _________ microns μ)

3. Because under high power the thickness of one of the millimeter lines takes up practically the entire field of view, it is difficult to estimate the determine the field of view using the ruler method.However, it can be done in two steps by dividing the magnification of the high power magnification by the low power magnification. (EXAMPLE: 44 ÷ 10 = __________)

4. Second step is two divide the low power diameter in microns by the answer you calculated in #3. (EXAMPLE: ____________ ÷ __________ = __________) This is the diameter of the HIGH power field of view in microns.

5. Place a prepared slide of RBCs on the microscope and observe under HIGH power. Count the number of RBCs across the diameter of the field of view. (EXAMPLE:__________)

11

6. Calculate the length of one RBC by dividing the total number of cells by the answer you calculated in #4. (EXAMPLE: _________÷ _________ =_________) This is the diameter of one cell in microns.

12

Identify the element at the end of each line

13

Biology 1 Name:_____________Chapter 5 Cell Test

Match the function and the diagram to the structure name. Function Diagram1._____ ____ Golgi Complex a. Storage of water and/or minerals2. ____ ____ Mitochondia b. Production of ribosomes3. ____ ____ Chloroplast c. Contains DNA in the Nucleus4. ____ ____ Ribosome d. Contain digestive enzymes to breakdown organelles5. ____ ____ Nucleus e. Network of fibers that supports plant cell6. ____ ____ Cell Membrane f. Transports materials through the cell7. ____ ____ Vacuole g. Converts sunlight into sugars in the plant8. ____ ____ Lysosome h. Provides cell with energy9. ____ ____ Cytoplasm i. Modifies, packages & ships proteins10. ___ ____ Chromosomes j. Control center of the cell11. ___ ____ Cell Wall k. Produces protiens12. ___ ____ Nucleolus L. Regulates what comes in & out of the cell13. ___ ____ Endoplasmic Reticulum m. Found between the nucleus & cell membrane

Short Answer14. Name two organelles that plants have that animal cells don’t.

a._________________ b._________________

15. Describe what is meant by selectively permeable membrane.

16. Describe how the dialysis tubing in the Diffusion Lab was selectively permeable.

17. List in order the Levels of Organization of Life.________, ___________, __________, __________, __________

18. List the three main Statements of the Cell Theory.1.____________________________________________________2.____________________________________________________3.____________________________________________________

19. Describe the technique that was used to make the cell structures more visible through the light microscope.

20. Name three structures that were more visible. 1._______________________2._______________________3._______________________

22. Label any three names:_____ Father of modern microscope A. Robert Hooke

14

_____ First to see cells divide B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek_____ Said that all plants have cells C. Matthias Schleiden_____ First to use the term “Cell” D. Theodor Schwann_____ Said that all animals have cells E. Rudolf Virchow

23. What is the distinction between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

Using the diagram answer either 24 or 25.24. Describe what powers and where facilitated diffusion

takes place.

25. Describe what powers active transport and where it takes place.

26. What is diffusion? ________________________

15

Periodic Table Worksheet

16

Name Use Formula Atoms in Formula Atomic MassCalcium carbonate Limestone CaCO3

Aspirin Pain reliever C9H8O4

MagnesiumHydroxide

Found in milk of Magnesia

Mg(OH)2

Paradichlorobenzene Moth Balls C6H4Cl2

Acetic Acid Found in Vinegar

C2H4O2

Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

Explosive C7H5(NO2)3

Calcium dihydrogen phosphate

Fertilizer Ca(H2PO4)2

Pyrite Fool’s Gold FeS2

Sucrose Sugar C12H22O11

Sulfuric Acid Used in car batteries

H2SO4

Biology I: Intro To Chemistry Name:___________________

Matching

_____ 1. Negative subatomic particle_____ 2. Substance that is made of two or more different atoms_____ 3. An atom that is not neutral_____ 4. Addition of the protons and neutron’s mass of an atom_____ 5. An atom without a charge_____ 6. A negatively charged atom_____ 7. A substance that is made up of only one kind of atom_____ 8. A positive subatomic particle_____ 9. Particles that are smaller than an atom_____ 10. A combination of two or more atoms_____ 11. Number of protons in an atom of an element_____ 12. Center of an atom_____ 13. Atoms that are different only in the number of neutrons _____ 14. A neutral subatomic particle_____ 15. Equals 6.02 X 1023 atoms_____ 16. Mass of all the atoms in a compound_____ 17. An atom with a positive charge

a. atomb. atomic massc. element d. molee. moleculef. isotopeg. compoundh. subatomic particlei. nucleus j. neutronk. protonl. molecular massm. electronn. neutral atomo. ionp. anionq. cationr. atomic number

1. Fill in the chart belowElement Symbol Atomic # Atomic

Mass# of Electrons

# of Protons

# of Neutrons

Lithium

Argon

Calcium

Iron

Nitrogen

17

2. Label the periodic table box with the following terms. Atomic Number, Atomic Mass, Symbol

3. Identify the following atoms.

_____________________________________________

____________________4. Draw the atomic structure for three of the following elements.

Beryllium, Chlorine, Boron, Fluorine

5. Draw the electron dot configuration for two of the following atoms.

Mg N Ne18

6. List the elements, the # of atoms and the molecular mass for three of the following molecules.

CO CoCl2 (NH4)3Cr2O7 SO3(H2O)2

Answer 10 of the following questions (1-13) in complete sentences.1. Why do atoms want to bond with each other.

2. Explain how a covalent bond forms.

3. Explain how an ionic bond forms.

4. Why won’t Argon form bonds with other atoms.

5. Label the following diagram. Neutron, Electron, Electron Shell, Proton

6. What two subatomic particles are added together to determine the atomic mass?

19

7. What subatomic particle is used to determine the atomic number?

8. What two subatomic particles have a charge and what is their charge?

9. What would be the atomic mass, atomic number and the name of the element of the diagram in question 5?

10. Why are elements found where they are on the periodic table. (two reasons)

11. Draw a diagram of a water molecule in the box with it’s polarity and EXPLAIN why water has this type of polarity.

12. Why is an acid with a pH of 2 more acidic that an acid with a ph of 6?(I know that it has a lower pH and that is not the reason!!)

13. Label the following line as a pH scale with the following. (Acid, Base, 1, 7, 14, H+, OH-, Water)

20

Extra Credit: (5pts)

Ship LadderA ladder hangs over the side of a ship anchored in a port. The bottom rung touches the water. The distance between rungs is 20 cm and the length of the ladder is 180 cm. The tide is rising at the rate of 15 cm each hour.When will the water reach the seventh rung from the top?

21