(2) sourcebook on remote sensing

7/29/2019 (2) Sourcebook on Remote Sensing

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32CBD Tchncl Ss N. 32ecretariat

f the Convention oniological Diversity

SourCeBook oN remoTe SeNSiNg aND

BioDiverSiTy iNDiCaTorS

Prepared by the NASA-NGO Biodiversity

Working Group and UNEP-WCMC to

support implementation of the

Convention on Biological Diversity

Edited by Holly Strand, Robert Hft,

James Strittholt, Lera Miles,

Ned Horning, Eugene Fosnight and

Woody Turner


2/205


3/205

Sourcebook on Remote Sensing

and Biodiversity Indicators

Prepared by the NASA-NGO Biodiversity Working Group and UNEP-WCMC to supportimplementation o the Convention on Biological Diversity

Edited byHolly Strand, Robert H, James Strittholt, Ned Horning, Lera Miles,

Eugene Fosnight and Woody urner


4/205

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5

bk

Contnts

Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................. ........................................................................ 71.1 P ..................................................................................... ....................................................................................... 7

1. A............................................................................................................................................... ........................... 7

1.3 ............................................................................ ....................................................................................... 8

1.4 Oz ............................................................................ ....................................................................................... 8

Chapter . Remote Sensing and monitoring for the Convention on Biological Diversity ........................ 9

.1 010 b wk: , , b .......................................................... 9

. W ?......................................................................................................................................... .......... 10

.3 010 .................................................................................. ......................... 1

.4 U b ................................................................................. .......... 15

.5 N-b k ................................................................................ ........................................ 17

.6 ......................................................................................... ........................................ 19.7 ................................................................................ ..................................................................................... 0

Chapter 3. The Basics of Remote Sensing ....................................................................................................................3

3.1 k ............................................................................. ..................................................................................... 3

3. W x ? ........................................................................................ ........................................ 3

3.3 ....................................................................................... ...................................................................... 4

3.4 ................................................................................. ........................................ 7

3.5 ................................................................................ ...................................................................... 30

3.6 A .............................................................................. ....................................................... 31

3.7 ................................................................................ ..................................................................................... 33

Chapter 4. Trends in Selected Biomes, aitats, and cosystems: orests ...................................................... 35

4.1 x ...................................................................................... .......... 35

4. F q .......................................................................................... ...................................................................... 45

4.3 ...................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 51

4.4 .................................................................................... ....................................................... 56

4.5 ................................................................................ ..................................................................................... 58

Chapter 5. Trends in Selected Biomes, aitats, and cosystems: Dry and Su-humid ands ................... 63

5.1 x ...................................................................................... .......... 63

5. b q ......................................................................................... ......................... 69

5.3 O b b ................................................................................ .......... 76

5.4 ..................................................................................... ....................................................... 78

5.5 ................................................................................ ..................................................................................... 79

Chapter 6. Trends in Selected Biomes, aitats and cosystems: Inland aters .. ....................................... 83

6.1 ............................................................................ ..................................................................................... 83

6. x .................................................................................. ...................................................................... 85

6.3 b q ...................................................................................... ......................... 95

6.4 ......................................................................... 98

6.5 ..................................................................................... ....................................................... 99

6.6 ................................................................................ ................................................................................... 100

Chapter 7. Trends in Selected Biomes, aitats and cosystems: arine and Coastal aitats ........... 103

7.1 , , ................................................ 103


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6

7. ............................................................................. .......... 105

7.3 ...................................................................................... .......................... 110

7.4 .................................................................................. ........................................................ 115

7.5 ............................................................................. ...................................................................................... 116

Chapter 8. Trends in Species opulations ..................................................................................................................119

8.1 k .......................................................................................... ....................................................................... 119

8. ..................................................................................... 119

8.3 : b b

b .........................................................................................................................................................10

8.4 P x............................................................................................................................ .......................... 11

8.5 ................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 15

8.6 .............................................................................. ...................................................................................... 16

8.7 ............................................................................. ...................................................................................... 16

Chapter 9. Coverage of rotected reas ..................................................................................................................19

9.1 k .......................................................................................... ....................................................................... 19

9. P wk ......................................................................................................................130

9.3 P .................................................................................... ......................................... 131

9.4 .................................................................................. ........................................................ 138

9.5 ............................................................................ ...................................................................................... 138

Chapter 10. aitat ragmentation and Connectivity ............................................................................. ........... 141

10.1 k .......................................................................................... ....................................................................... 141

10. P ................................................................................... ......................................... 143

10.3 .................................................................................... .......................... 144

10.4 E b ............................................................................ ......................................... 14410.5 A ............................................................................................. ........... 146

10.6 F/ ............................................................................... ........................................ 146

10.7 K ....................................................................................... ......................... 151

10.8 ................................................................................. ........................................................ 155

10.9 ............................................................................. ...................................................................................... 156

Chapter 11. Trends in Invasive lien Species ............................................................................................................161

11.1 .........................................................................161

11. Hw ? ............................................................................. 163

11.3 ............................................................................. .......... 164

11.4 bw ............................................................................... 170

11.5 b ........................................................................... 17111.6 b .............................................................................. ........... 17

11.7 L ...................................... 17

11.8 .................................................................................. ........................................................ 173

11.9 ............................................................................. ...................................................................................... 174

ppendices ............................................................................................................................................................................179

A.1 Abb A .......................................................................................... ......................................... 179

A. G ................................................................................. ...................................................................................... 181

A.3 , ................................................................................ ........................................................ 183

A.4 x w b ................................................................................... ..........................189

A.5 O w ....................................................................................... .......................... 19

A.6 O ......................................................................................... .......................... 199


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7

1:

Chaptr 1. Introdction

1.1 Prpos

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10/205

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9

.

Chaptr 2. Rmot Snsin and monitorin or th Convntion on Biooica

Divrsity

uthors: H 1, E F, P Hk3, b H4

Contriutors: W 5 V K3, E 6

1 World Wildlie Fund (WWF-US) and Utah State University, 2 UNEP/GRID-Sioux Falls, 3 UNEP World ConservationMonitoring Centre, 4 Secretariat o the Convention on Biological Diversity, 5 NASA Headquarters, 6 Wildlie Conservation Society

2.1 Th 2010 biodivrsity tart ramwork: Foca aras, oas, andsbtarts

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() 00. w

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w k b w

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b . F, b

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b. P w , , , -

b ( x, UNEP A O

E (005)).

TABle 2.1 Provisiona Indicators or Assssin Prorss towards th 2010 Biodivrsity Tart. Sorc:

CBD Dcision VIII/15. Indicators considrd rady or immdiat tstin and s (rn), and indicators

conrmd as rqirin mor work (rd). Indicators whr rmot snsin can mak on important

contribtion ar shown by a star.

Foca Ara Hadin Indicators

Stats and trnds o th componnts

o biooica divrsity

Trnds in xtnt o sctd bioms, cosystms, and habitats

Trnds in abndanc and distribtion o sctd spcis

Covra o protctd aras

Chan in stats o thratnd spcis

Trnds in ntic divrsity o domsticatd animas, ctivatd

pants, and sh spcis o major socioconomic importanc

Sstainab s Ara o orst, arictra and aqactr

cosystms ndr sstainab manamnt

Proportion o prodcts drivd rom sstainab sorcs

ecooica ootprint and ratd concpts


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10

Foca Ara Hadin Indicators

Thrats to biodivrsity Nitron dposition

Trnds in invasiv ain spcis

ecosystm intrity and cosystm

oods and srvics

Marin Trophic Indx

Watr qaity o rshwatr cosystms

Trophic intrity o othr cosystms

Connctivity / ramntation o cosystms

Incidnc o hman-indcd cosystm air

Hath and w-bin o commnitis who dpnd

dircty on oca cosystm oods and srvics

Biodivrsity or ood and mdicin

Stats o traditiona knowd,

innovations and Practics

Stats and trnds o inistic divrsity and nmbrs

o spakrs o indinos anas

Othr indicator o th stats o indinos and traditiona knowd

Stats o accss and bnt-sharin Indicator o accss and bnt-sharin

Stats o rsorc transrs Ocia dvopmnt assistanc providd in spport o th Convntion

Indicator o tchnooy transr

2.2 What is an indicator?

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k q() .Remotely sensed images do not represent biodiversity indicators per se. Rather, remote sensing

data orm the raw inputs rom which indicators can be constructed. For example, the signal to remote

sensors can be associated with a particular vegetation cover type (such as orests). A change in the sig-

nal rom one time period to another might indicate a change in vegetation cover and the habitat that

is associated with that cover. Validation with ground truth or by high resolution data is necessary to

conrm remote sensing observations. Data manipulation within a GIS environment can help produce

the maps and statistics needed to create an indicator that can be understood by decision makers and

the general public.

b , b b, , b b

b, w b . A x

b b x (


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11

.

FIguRe 2.1 Stps in indicator sction and dsin. Sorc: CBD 2003a and CBD 2003b.

Stp 1: Dn Iss

Stp 3: estabish Trms o Rrnc or Indicators

Stp 6: Dtrmin Trms o Rrnc or Monitorin Proramm

Stp 2: Spciy Qstion

Stp 4: Sct Sitab Indicator Componnts

tst

Stp 7: Tchnica Dsin o Monitorin Proramm

Stp 5: Tchnica Dsin o Indicators

Stp 8: Tchnica Dsin o loistics and Anayss

Stp 9: Impmnt and Maintain Monitorin Proramm

Inormation

ACTORS

poicy makrs

scintists

stakhodrs

Indicators

Monitorin

poicy makrs

scintists

(stakhodrs)

scintists


14/205

bk

1

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13

.

FIguRe 2.2A Th hman ootprint shown as normaizd Hman Innc Indx (HII). Th hihr th

scor, th hihr is th concntration o hman s. Sorc: Widi Consrvation Socity and CIeSIN.

Hman Innc Indx

FIguRe 2.2B In contrast, last o th Wid aras xprinc rativy ow HII scors. Ths aras

rprsnt th bst xamps o rmainin widrnss within ach o th words bioms. Sorc: Widi

Consrvation Socity and CIeSIN.

lss inncdMor Wid

Mor inncd

lss Wid

1 10 20 30 40 60 80 100


16/205

bk

14

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FIguRe 2.3A. Ara o orst throh tim by FAO rion. Sorc F AO (2005)

FIguRe 2.3B. Rat o chan o orst ara throh tim by FAO rion. Sorc: FAO (2005).


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15

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distrbd, and convrtd vtation. Sorc: Ministrio d Ambint d ecador and Fndacin

ecoCincia (2005)

Marin Protctd Aras

Trrstria Protctd Aras

Convrtd

Dradd

Natra

gaapaos Isands


18/205

bk

16

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400

300

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1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Year

50

100

150

200

250

300

#km

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FIguRe 2.5 Rationship btwn manrov covr (in ha), shpond ara (in ha), and popation dnsity

(# km2) in th Phiippins. Sorc: Bra o Fishris and Aqatic Rsorcs and th Protctd Aras

and Widi Bra, th Phiippins citd in Bbb t a. (2005).


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17

.

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bk

18

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Data st nam uRl Spatia rsotion Snsor sd Yar

goba land

Covr-2000

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2000

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19

.

2.6 CBD and rmot snsin nds

2.6.1 Coordination o scintic and consrvation monitorin commnitis

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22/205

bk

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2.6.4 Priodic data bys to ras to a thos who cod not othrwis aford to byth imary

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b w -

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bb, P., M. Jk, V. K. 005. N U: x .

b. UNEP-WM. ://www.-w./b/NU. ( J 0, 006).

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23/205

1

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, A. , A. , F. G, . 00: Gb MO: -

, Remote Sensing o Environment, V. 83 (1-), . 87-30.

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. International Journal o Remote Sensing1(6/7):133164.

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- - .International Journal

o Remote Sensing7:663-683.

WWF, Z L, Gb F Nwk. 006. L P . G, wz, 40

. ://../w/__. ( 13 J 007)


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bk


25/205

3

3.

Chaptr 3. Th Basics o Rmot Snsin

uthors: M 1, N H

Revieers: E F3, J 4

1 Conservation International, 2 Center or Biodiversity and Conservation o the American Museum o Natural History, 3 UNEP-Sioux Falls 4 Conservation Biology Institute

3.1 Backrond

w z -

. F , b

q k b q w w .

, k qk . F, -

b bj

x b w wk . bj, b

, w

010 .

A , q () w b -

. G , w q, x

kw b , ,

b . A b

E , , , ( -

). F , b , b b x-

. U , , x kw,

b, b, - wk

b .

w b. O

, w , b, b

b . , ,

b , ,

, , b, . W

b ( ),

b b b . F x,

w b (Rangier tarandus), -k b z N A, -

-w b. M w b

b b b b

x b, , , , . b k

. A x 4.

3.2 What xacty is rmot snsin?

A b E w b w

. w b b

, w , , b b

b . w

x b .

b x-w


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bk

4

, w b E. b -

, w . Ab b

, , ,

b . H b

b w b , w

-1970.

b w b -

, z, , , F, , J, , U . M

, w .

q w.

O w , b b .

3.3 Spctra imas w w

. H b w b , b

. M w b ,

- ( 3.1). w,

w . w b b b

w - w, , ( 3.).

, b b . J -

bj b w, , bj

-bw w . F

x, k b k

-, k k b w.

-w E .

, b, -, -. M

,

, , w, , w, w ( 3.3). ,

(BNN

B3BZT

8BWF-FOHUIN

ON N DN LN

9SBZT

6MUSB

WJPMFU

7JT

JCMF

*OGS

BSF

E

.JDSPXBWF

5FMFW

JTJPO

".3

BEJP

-POH

3B

EJP

8BWF

T

FIguRe 3.1 Spctra chart. Sorc: Short, N.M. NASA rmot snsin ttoria ://...

(accssd Apri 12, 2007).


27/205

5

3.

FIguRe 3.2 Fas coor composit. Fas coor composits o Ichk lak in Northrn Tnisia A

Novmbr 14, 2001 and A Jy 29, 2005. Vtation on and and in watr is indicatd by shads o rd as

inrard rctanc is passd throh a rd coor tr within an ima procssor. Dam constrction in

th rion has drasticay rdcd th inow o rshwatr to th ak casin an incras in sainity and

a rpacmnt o rd bds, sds and othr rsh-watr pant spcis by haophytic (sat-ovin) pants,

thrby diminishin critica stopovr habitat or miratin birds. Sorc: NASA/gSFC/MeTI/eRSDAC/

JAROS and u.S./Japan ASTeR Scinc Tam.

A

B


28/205

bk

6

, w, , bk . F x,

k b w

. Vb w. b

w bw w ,

( ) b .

b

. j ;

. w

. , w w , b

, w . -

, , , b. ,

x ( b b bj b ),

w b b ( . 000).

w w , b k

.

b w w , b

w b b , w

b b. A j . A

j

b b. A, -

( ), x

. A b

( w

), -

. F

, bk bk w .

1FSDFOU3FG

MFDUBODF

8BWFMFOHUIN

1JOFXPPET(SBTTMBOET

3FE4BOE1JU

4JMUZ8BUFS

FIguRe 3.3 Spctra crvs or varios natra atrs Sorc: NASA rmot snsin ttoria avaiab at

http://rst.sc.nasa.ov (accssd Dcmbr 2006).


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7

3.

3.4 Isss that afct sction o imas

w. M b

b, b w w

. b

w.

:

z w

w q

( z w )

b b w

q q

.

3.4.1 Ima siz (path width)

b b w

. w b w

b . w 8 ,000 k-

. L z ; w, wk

w w b k (b )

. b k

,

b , , , . -

bw 3.4..

M E-b b - b, w

q -

b b. A b

w - . M - b b

q b b . A

, w . -

E k E

b w . b w .

3.4.2 Rsotion (spatia, tmpora, spctra, and radiomtric)

b () . -

. M k b

w , b

b bj .

, w , z x (

) . , -

b w b, 30 , w q

x w j E . x w , b

w x w b . A w , b w -

, w z .


30/205

bk

8

, b b ( ).

F x, 30- b

5 .

P w kw w .

A b w 1 k w 100

? F GL000 b- , x,

300 (Mx .006). P b

q , b

w ( -) .

q w -

b w. F x, w L, b 16

, b k

E. w w w q

. A w , b (w )

. q w b .

E- w

(L . 004). E w

b b q wk q.

b w, b , b b. b-

w , w

b.

b. F x, b b w

w. w b

. b b w,

b w b . M b

. H

b ( 100). b -

. Hw,

w, .

A w w b bw

x . F x, L M 0 55, w

KONO 0 ,048.

. b b w

w b b , w .

b . w b

x b bw w . b , ; ,

x b b ,

b .

M q , w

w ( ) .

-

Mauritzia . w b ,

. b bw ( ),

. w b

b b, b , w w

b. , b


31/205

9

3.

q , x b .

xz w , ,

.

3.4.3 Ima avaiabiity

A.3 A.4 Ax k b b -

b b. O b , w

b

, .

b

b b . L b

b (30 b 30 ) . PO

HV q L, x z 0 b 0 , w

; w, b b .

b z,

w b. Hw, .

O , 50 1 k.

b-kw - b NAA MO

PO V , b V P. , w

, b q. Hw, b

x, , . ,

b w - . , - b

qk b - . b

b w -

b w , -

b q .

b .

b x. Hw, ,

, -z b.

wb , k, w, . w

b w b w ; w, b

-b w .

3.4.4 Rationships amon ima siz, rsotion, and ima avaiabiity

W b w w k ,

. A k , w

. -

bw , .

, b, w

w, b - -

, . F x, b L 7 EM+

15 ; b 30 . b b

w b , w b

b .


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bk

30

3.5 Ima cassication

q

b . b ,

bk. w b

supervised unsupervised.

, w b kw

. P (

).

b ( x w w b

) w b .

w k b b .

kw

b w w kw

b , w b b w.

, b .

w b , b

w kw w .

b w .

b b, w

kw w b .

b , b

. ,

. , q b

b b b w

kw .

M b -

wk, w b w . ,

bper pixel, w x

, contextual w b b x.

x b x ( ) x.

, k, w , x

b x . F , -

z . Nb . A

x b j , w x

j . x w bw x . O

x , b .

w bw , . k

b kw , w q

q, , b .

b b w

w w

. E q b -

. b

w . P

(k x q )


33/205

31

3.

w q. b

x w.

P b , , -

, wk b

, b . k

.

. b k

b .

,

, . b

b . b ,

x b .

b, w b

k . b , x

.

3.6 Additiona isss to considr

Lk , .

b , x

, x -b . -

; ( -b ,

b b); q x;

b , w b ( . 003).

3.6.1 Tchnica imits o rmot snsin tchnooy

F , b w b; -

b b. L

x, b , , , k

, b.

W ,

b b w . F

x, 10 w b 1-k-

. , , b b

q b . F x, b w .

A , b w ,

, -

.

w b w w

( x, w ). Hz b, b

, x x

.

F b M & M -

(://b.-../_//b_/.) b b

A M N H.


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bk

3

3.6.2 Cost-fctivnss o rmot snsin1

U b w k b -

b .

. k b b; b

. A Mb . (1999)

w k : (1) - , () , (3) q-

, (4) .

- , q w w. k 407

j, bj. F,

w w w w. - x ,

w w x w j

b x 80 ( 5 w - ). F

b- x 70

j. , -,

.

j . - bw

; z -

. PO X - x 60 k

( , w PO ). AE b w q

b q . F , L M -

. MO , b b -

. - b

b . G, q b

x q . Hw, b -

q .

A q, x w b ,

k w . A , b

b b b,

x - k b ( . 003).

3.6.3 Tchnica xprtis

O b -

wk q - x q

. M q q z w, w, . x q x -, b w

w b . F, w w k -

b , b w .

Ax .

( x, , , ) x-

b . b

x w wk w k w .

1 Mb . [1999]


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33

3.

3.6.4 Rqirmnt or caibration

A 010 b

wk b . E, -

b, b b

, , w b . x

k b w b, , ,

, b b w , -

, . w, w

x b k b b b-

G x w k.

3.7 RrncsL, . ., . M. J, J. G. L, J. w. 004. -

q - . International Journal o Remote Sensing

89(4):44454.

Mx, P., A. , H. E, M. H, A. , . N, . , . , . J, . O,

. K, L. , A. w. 006. V Gb L 000 . IEEEransactions

on Geoscience and Remote Sensing44(7):17839.

Mb PJ, G EP, Ew AJ, k . 1999 -

.Journal o Environmental Management55:157-166

, .., . N, E. P, J. H. 000. M Az 1 k JE-1

. International Journal o Remote Sensing1(6-7): 101-134.

, N. M. ., NAA . ://... ( A 1, 007)

, W., . , N. G, M. F, E.J. M. . 003. b-

. rends in Ecology and Evolution 18(6):306314.


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34


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35

4. , Hb, E: F

Chaptr 4. Trnds in Sctd Bioms, Habitats, and ecosystms: Forsts

uthors: J 1, M

Contriutors: b Lk3, W4

Revieers: M L Wk5, M G6

1 Conservation Biology Institute, 2 Conservation International, 3 World Wildlie Fund (WWF-US), 4 Global Land Cover Facility,University o Maryland, 5 Food and Agriculture Organization o the United Nations, 6 Center or International Forestry Research

b :

Ex

F

/

F

A b bk

F

b

A -w

A

F

A b

A

F

b, -, -

w

. , b

x , , (K

Ok 003).

4. 1 Dinatin Covr and estimatin Chan in extnt

L bb b . , b ,

b ( k )

. , - w b b w - . W bb

- , k w - .

- b b . b

(.., b ) . , w ,

-w , k - w

, w, b b w

b . k -, .

k , b bb b w w

b . b

bk , w x .

bk b w w,


38/205

bk

36

w .

W b , -

w ( ), w b ( ), w w

(). A x, w

, b w

w w

w x (M . 1994; 1996). A

w, b w 5 w -

4 . N- w b

, b w w b .

w q, - .

w, w b

-w .

A , , x

. k . F x,

k L b , 30 , z

w. x w (b -), b

x w bw w w (k -). ,

MO , w . A x

L , w x b

b , z w.

Gb 0.5-k 1-k b

x . Gb L 000 ( w

005) w b 1-k q w

b b VEGEAON b PO 4 ). GL000

: (1) b, ; () b, , ; (3) b,

, ; (4) -, ; (5) -, ; (6) x ; (7)

, w; (8) , w ( w 005).

70 (Mx . 006). A

, Gb L b (GL), w 1-k

A V H (AVH) kw -

(L . 000).

b , b

b , b b b b

k . F x, w

w w -, - x. b b b

- (Mx Lb 1997), b w w b -

- - , b b

. F x , b

w b .

b w k MO (50- 500-

) ME (300- ), w w

b . MO

w w - (F . 00; M F

00). M 3 b- b b 7580

; 7085 b ; 6090 (F


39/205

37

4. , Hb, E: F

007). MO V F ( P )

(H . 003), b b w

.

b b , b k -

b ,

b -q - . N,

b ,

w b (M . 003; F . 006).

M , L, AE, PO HV, w -

15 60 b-

. N x ( b )

. F ,

- , w b

( 80 ) b. A, w

b , w

.

w, - (5- ) w b

. A b b

b A (A . 1994), w KONO Qk.

. H-

x w b :

- -b b q

. Hw, b

(.., Dipterocarpis . Doona congestiora Lk) b

.

A ( x ) w

b b

: (1) b ; () k

b w; (3) b b b -

3- ; (4) ; (5)

b (W . 004). Lk ,

w (.., w ),

b w z b. A

-b , b b-

/- x . F,

x . F x, b b L M w (Lk . 00) ( . 004), w

w- b .

4.1.1 Mappin hmid tropica orsts

U , b --

. Hw, b q . b

b

, , b,

. , x ,

b , w b q .


40/205

bk

38

, bk ,

. U b ,

, w

. U , 105

b b w.

4.1.2 Mappin dry tropica orsts

, , b

, b w w -

. G b k w q: b w

w . ,

, w w

b . w w x ( w

) w ( ). F -

, b b

b .

A, q b b b b

. w ,

w w x , , .

, w, , b x

. A, b k b

. O

k b .

, b w bb. w k b

x , - . k

, .

4.1.3 Mappin bora and tmprat orsts

b, , w

b b . F b , b

b b w x

w. z b

w w . , , , b,

b . w w b z z, k . z b

b b- - .

b b- b

- . b x, b

b w , w x w -

.

- (.., L AE)

b (.., bk , jk , )

w b b , b b k -

b, b G.

Hw,


41/205

39

4. , Hb, E: F

b z. - w : (1) b

(.., w w ),

b ; () b

b b w w kw x

.

M x b w

w bw . b w

b x. ,

w, b bw w. F,

k b b

. b w , z

w , .

4.1.4 Chan in orst xtnt

A U N F A

Oz (FAO) F A (FA) . FA

000 FA 005 w b , w 010.

FA b ; w, FA 000

b . -

b x F A 010 (FAO 006).

FA 010 w L (30-

): 10-k b-10-k - (1975-1990-000-

005) 1--b-1- / (FAO 006). w

b .

, b -

1990 , FAO b

w 15 . b . Hw,

w . F x,

w 40 (Gb Ob

F L [GOF-GOL] 004). -

FAO b 100

w--w w - (k w 000; .

001). M bb w : 1) b

w , ) q b - A,

3) b

bw w . b

- .

O x b (1) (8-k -

) b U M (H 004); () b

- (30-) , b E J

(A . 004); (3) - -

b , , z. w

x NGO bw.


42/205

bk

40

Cas Stdy 4.1: Forst Covr Chan in Paraay

A: W, Gb L F (GLF), U M

: x

Ptnta ntng scas: ,

Sns: L M L E M (EM+)

Iagy cst/hcta:

a. Introdction

, , k A F

w . 10 -

-b x, b , ,

w. N, b , w ,000

b 0,000 .

1970, z A F w , w

A F A P. A z

A b k z F , j

A F P b . ,

P A F b .

A -1970 x,

z. P b

w, w w P.

k P -A k (A)

, b k b

(), k . P -

w z . A P

, w w .

b. Mthods

P w w

L M w EM+ L1G . A k w , -

x b . k w w b OAA

L . A b k w .

OAA w b b GLF. k/b w x w -

. A , GLF q .

w k .

c. Rsts

GLF b w P z, G P,

, , NGO k.

GLF w b b L

b, w G P - GLF

( 4.1). , G P w


43/205

41

4. , Hb, E: F

1BSBHVBZ'PSFTU$IBOHF

-FHFOE

"TVODJPO

"MUP1BSBOB

,JMPNFUFST

'PSFTU-PTTBOE'BSNJOH1SJNBSZ1SPEVDUJPO

5PUBM'PSFTU 5PUBM4PZ1SPEVDUJPO

5IPVTBOE)

FDUBSFT4P

Z

5IPVTBOE)

FBE-

JWFTUP

DL

5PUBM)FBET-JWFTUPDL

*UBQVB

/

%FQBSUNFOUT

&BTUFSO'PSFTU"UMBOUJD

&BTUFSO'PSFTU-PTT

8BUFS

8FTUFSO'PSFTU$IBDP

8FTUFSOGPSFTU-PTT

/POGPSFTU

FIguRe 4.1 Forst chan in Paraay btwn 1990 and 2000.


44/205

bk

4

, MO , b w. w -

(G) - .

. A b ://www...

Cas Stdy 4.2: Dry Tropica Forst Mosaic o eastrn Cambodia

A: b Lk, W W F U (WWF)

: x

Ptnta ntng scas: ,

Sns: L M L EM+

Iagy cst/hcta:

Ltatns n accuacy: , , -

a. Introdction

b

A. b b ,

w . M q

b .

A b WWF b x 1990

00 : , x , . w

w , , b .

b. Mthods w b w L , b : b

1, 1990, Fb 13, 00. WWF - -

. WWF G , , ,

, x . w w w

w x.

w b w 00

1990 00 . w w bx (

30 ). w , w x , , w

b w- w 1 . w

50 , w 1 .

w b (.., b ), . A w

w w w w w

. w b w w

w w x . w

. w w 3x3 bx b

. j x x.

c. Rsts

M b F 4.. W

.9% , x , - w -


45/205

43

4. , Hb, E: F

1 (b 4.1). j

x 1990. Ex 1 w -

- . A w

wk, w w 1990. - w

b w wk

w b bk . W 0.6%

(b 4.1). j w b

. A w b w

- . w .3%

1 . A j

(89.1%), w x 9% b -

(.. ).

TABle 4.1. land covr casss and ara or th and covr chan anaysis (1990-2002) in astrn

Cambodia. land covr casss ar sparatd in static (non-chan) casss and chan casss. In

th chan casss, th txt within th parnthsis indicats th nra casss in 1990 and thn

in 2002.

land Covr Ara (km2) Prcnt o rion

o anaysis

Smi-vrrn orst 94.4 12.0

Mixd dcidos orst (smi-dns) 186.3 23.7

Dcidos diptrocarp orst 409.5 52.2

grassands-scrb 6.3 0.8

Sasona wtands 3.4 0.4

Watr 7.6 1.0

Sasonay bar and/Arictra and 40.3 5.1

Rsidntia-arictra mosaic 9.2 1.2

Change Classes

Dorstd ara (intact orst to bar and) 15.5 2.0

Dradd orst mosaic (intact orsts to distrbd orsts) 7.0 0.9

Rnratin orst mosaic (bar soi-arictr to scondary orsts) 3.8 0.5

Rnratin swiddn arictr (arictr to scondary orsts) 1.1 0.1

Watr expansion (arictr to watr) 0.8 0.1

Total 785.3 100.0


46/205

bk

44

d. limitations

A w , kw

. w

b. , b -

b L . b b

. b x , b k

.

w , ,

-FHFOE

1SJNBSZSPBET

1SPUFDUFEBSFBT

4FNJFWFSHSFFOGPSFTUT

.JYFEEFDJEVPVTGPSFTUTTFNJEFOTF

%FDJEVPVTEJQUFSPDBSQGPSFTU

(SBTTMBOETTDSVC

4FBTPOBMXFUMBOET

8BUFS

4FBTPOBMMZCBSFMBOE"HSJDVMUVSFMBOE

3FTJEFOUJBMBHSJDVMUVSFNPTBJD

%FGPSFTUFTBSFB

%FHSBEFEGPSFTUNPTBJD

3FHFOFSBUJOHGPSFTUNPTBJD

3FHFOFSBUJOHTXJEEFOBHSJDVMUVSF

8BUFSFYQBOTJPO

FIguRe 4.2 Fina map o and covr chan or th astrn Cambodia stdy ara. Dorstd and

rnratin aras rr to chans in orst covr btwn 1990 and 2002.


47/205

45

4. , Hb, E: F

. A w w k x -

. b q b, b b w b

w w . q x -

, w b .

b , w , -

. F kw k .

b b w . w

b w -

- . z

.

O x .

Hw, - bb. , w -

x . W -

b w

w x .

,

b b . A -

, , . M j x ,

b b. Hw, kw b

.

4.2 Forst Qaity

A b q, (1) , ()

bk, (3) , (4) w, (5)

, (6) , (7) .

, w b b bw.

4.2.1 Forst intactnss and ar orst bocks

W kw x

. x q ,

b . Qb -

b ,

NGO b b. W b z,

b b b z w. M

b b

.

A b -

. , b (

k) - b bj

w ,

, ( . 006). -

(.., Az, , A, , , U ),

b . (1997).


48/205

bk

46

, b

w , , (..,

U , E E, A). A,

. O , w b

b x, q , b

(ON . 1986; H 199).

x, (.., ) (.., z

x ) z-. Hw,

(.., ,

b, , - , ) q

b x w b. ,

q z. N b (..,

, ww, ) q ,

b b z .

, Gb F W (GFW) wk, w W ,

z. U

, GFW

z ( . 006), ( . 000; L . 003; L . 006), A

(M 00; V P . 005), (N . 00), (A . 00),

(Yk 001; Ak . 00; Ak . 006), U (N 00;

. 006), Vz (q . 00).

00, GFW wk b b x

b w ( 4.3), G b b

z ( 4.4; G 006).

b , b 13 -

q k (3 z 9

). z w , -

, 500 q k z b , , .

b w w b ,

b b b w. j

w b/ Ak, , (43.8 )

w Az, , A P (49 ). -

w b. O ,

8 (UN ), U N

E P (UNEP)/UN W b P A ( b

006). O w z, 8 ( ) . O , 10 .

O 14 90 w , b

, z, , P Nw G, b , .

bk b b b -

b . bk

b k b b

. W , bk b k

, w b b , w -

q. M bk

b . A b

b .


49/205

47

4. , Hb, E: F

FIguRe 4.3 Intact orst andscap mappin in th bora orst biom (unrviwd drat by goba

Forst Watch, Word Rsorcs Institt).

Intact orstd ara Intact non-orstd ara

Fir distrbanc ara (incds hman-indcd rs)

Non-intact orst andscap

Forst otsid th bora (not stdid) Rivrs

laks and ocans

Sctd citis and towns

FIguRe 4.4 Intact orst andscaps (shown in yow), as mappd by grnpac 2006.


50/205

bk

48

4.2.2 Forst ramntation

b ( ) w

b b. . (004) -

GL (AVH, 199) w x

81 q k .

w b w , b w b

b b :

. M b

- U (H

. 00; . 00), w b z. (M

- , , , ,

b 10.)

4.2.3 Ara and ocation o od-rowth orsts

-w b ,

b/ w x w

. W , (

w) b w

. M ( w) b

, b . F x, b

b - b -

q. . (1995)

U.. P Nw ( .

001). O G (00) b -

. J . (004) ,

q , w bw

8090 b ( 4.5). O-w b

b (Ak . 1999), A

( : H . [000]; H: A [005]), k- w Mx

(Lk . 007). , (.., , , , w-

) w . ,

b w b (K . 1998). U

- , b x-

. w b kw b , -

KONO b (Fk . 001; k . 003; N . 003). A

q b b b ,

w b b (..,

) (k . 00) b w - (.., L

M) - (.., KONO) (Lk . 00).

w . F b, b

q w b w -

- b x. w

w q, , , q. F

b , w wk b


51/205

49

4. , Hb, E: F

z, w

b .

4.2.4 Ara and ocation o pantations

P x w,

b .8 000

005 ( 4.6). A b

b b FAO (FA 005),

b -

x . P

b w :

w b ( )

w ( -

). O x 140

w (3.8

), 78 b -

(FA 005). P b-

, w

x (H 1999). x w

, w -q

.

,

b ,

x

b.

b ( .

1997), (J . 1999; k 006),

( . 1998). Fw

; , b

. E . (00) , w

U ,

b L M . (006) A F . PO 4 L M

w w b

( . 1999). A

x , .

(030 ) q,

. UNEP W M (007)

(/b x , /b

, x , )

, AVH-b .

b q. w j ,

.

FIguRe 4.5 Map o od (dark rn) and

matr (iht rn) conir orsts in th

u.S. Pacic Northwst (Jian t a. 2004).


52/205

bk

50

w (.., -

w ),

x w, - -

. Hw, w ,

( b

) w . F, -

(.., ) w.

4.2.5 Fir occrrnc

F b . M

w , q . F b-

, w b . P , -

, ( ) q, x,

w. F , x

, (F . 000).

w - w ( .

004). F b b . AVH (F . 000) PO-

"GSJDB

"TJB &VSPQF

$IBOHFTJO1MBOUBUJPO"SFBNJMMJPOIB

/PSUI$FOUSBM

"NFSJDB

0DFBOJB 4PVUI"NFSJDB

FIguRe 4.6 Chans in pantation ara, 19902005 (FRA 2005).


53/205

51

4. , Hb, E: F

VEGEAON (G . 003) b

b . A k

, b b

b b w

.

MO, 000, -

b b

(J . 00). F

MO b w --

(://...//

.). w

b q A

A, w

b z. M

x -

b

b, w b, b

-

, w

b. F x-

, MO

, b x w -

(.., L M)

x

( 4.7). x,

() b (). b

(..,

. 1997).

k - . A

b. F , -w

. F b ,

w b b ,

b , x w

b w b k.

4.3 Thrats

4.3.1 Dorstation

b w b 1990. F

q,

(F . 006). 1990, x b -

b b .

- , w 0.5 b L

w 30- .

FIguRe 4.7 landsat TM ima showin a rcnt r

vnt in a bora orst. Dark manta dpicts th

hihst-svrity r. lihtr shads o manta,

to pink, to yow, and nay to rn dpict a

dcrasin v o r svrity. Not th spatia

conration o patchs, which has a sinicant

impact on th orst and its biodivrsity. (Sorc:

Consrvation Biooy Institt).


54/205

bk

5

b w (k w 000),

, w

k . b w b ( .

006). , b k

.

F 4.8 w x Ab, w

x b 10- . M -

x, P b.

4.3.2 Invasiv spcis

, b , , (V

M . 00). b b

, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Mk 00),

k amarix chinensis (E 1990), Leucaena leucocephala (

. 005), Pinus pinaster (F . 005), w Sapium sebierum

( . 00), (Cecropia peltata) (L . 1990).

j w b b . Hw, w b w

ww, b. , x, Euphorbia esula (E

. 1995), kw Centaurea maculosa (L . 00), Imperata

cylindrica (H . 001).

( 1998;

001). b w b x (bk F

000). Aj , z ,

(W 00). A b .

A b -

. Wk Hw , A Vk (005)

b b E- - -

FIguRe 4.8 landsat 5 imas (A) 1990 and (B) 2000 or a portion o th bora zon in Abrta, Canada,

showin oin activity (manta). (Cortsy o goba Forst Watch Canada).


55/205

53

4. , Hb, E: F

w (N) Metrosideros polymorpha

bMyrica aya, -x x , Hedychium gardnerianum,

b . . (1999) -

k k b k w , x .

M x - . (1991) k

A (Chortoicetes terminiora) L M , Kk . (001)

bk b (Dendrolimus sibiricus), AVH . (F

, 11.)

4.3.3 Cimat chan carbon stora and r

O b , b

, . 1900,

b b ,

b bw 0 5

(M wz 005). F w :

w b b . W b

w x , b x (O)

b . U, w

, , b b

. W - ,

. , b k,

, b- b, (q . 003).

P x ,

, b b (W . 1997). M w

x x b b , -

b b, -b , . A w b

b ,

, b , , -

x. N w .

U AVH (19811999), w w- ,

, w x b (M .

001; Z . 001). b q

(G . 004). , w b

, ( x) b (P . 1999).

M k w q w (.., ) w - (.., L PO), b b

- b .

b w b k b q b

x ( . 003), w

( . 004b), b b

-, -, b- b ( . 004).

x k w

w b b b (V V 004). MO b

q b (L . 1999),

L JE-1 A b 1990 -

b-k b (q . 003).


56/205

bk

54

A b A , -

b k (L 000). b ( 4.9)

, w b. F

x, w A , (Gorilla gorilla beringei),

w (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), bb (Pan paniscus) w -

. M b (b

k) , w

b , b

b b .

F bk b . W b,

b x, k w.

w, w b , b -b b-

. b, w w b b, b x

w b bk , w w j .

F b x . x

, xb w

b. ,

b. A ,

x b, .

4.3.4 Forst dradation

A degraded orest is a secondary orest that has lost, through human activities, the structure, unc-

tion, species composition or productivity normally associated with a natural orest type expected on

that site. Hence, a degraded orest delivers a reduced supply o goods and services rom the given site

and maintains only limited biological diversity. Biological diversity o degraded orests includes many

non-tree components, which may dominate in the undercanopy vegetation.

A x b ,

(www.b.////.x).

P w, Az b

, w b

b (N . 1999). U b 1- KONO

PO 4, z . (003) w ,

, b b,

w x 86 . G (1999) - b .

, j

q q (..,

), w q q (.., )b

b (Lb 1999).

M w . b

w b k . W b

w k

b .

w q

k w , , , x. O


57/205

55

4. , Hb, E: F

FIguRe 4.9 MODIS rsts showin biomass in Cntra Aricas Abrtin Rit Zon (dark rn = hihr

biomass, iht rn = owr biomass, and avndr = savannas). Th rd rctan shows th Bdono

Forst Rsrv in sothwst uanda, whr many o th srvivin rat aps ar protctd. Sorc:

laport (2000).

, w b w w

w b .


58/205

bk

56

4.4 Data and Othr Rsorcs

goba Forst Rsorcs Assssmnt (FRA 2000 and FRA 2005)

UN F A Oz, q b w ,

, , w . Gb F

A (FA 005) b

005 w 15 . b FAO wb w .

b b . 000 w

Gb L b (GL), 1-k

AVH . w b ,

b z w . x (FA 010) w

b b MO 50 .

://www..///

F : www..///4815/ ://17...///x.

FA 005: ://www..///005//

goba Obsrvation o Forst and land Covr Dynamics

bj Gb Ob F L (GOF-GOL)

q b b b , ,

.

://www..//-/

Tropica Rain Forst Inormation Cntr

F w b , ,

NAA. L , w b, b .

://www.../

goba Forst Watch

Gb F W W . (

) w, b w GFW

z, , A, , , , U Vz.

://www.bw.//x.

goba Fir Data

U M - b MO b, , . E-w b b Gb F

M (GFM).

://...//.

://www../

goba Forst Framntation Data

Gb L z (GL)

(b A V H AVH, 199) b . E x

81q k .

b GL b b GL .

://www..../4803//b-x.


59/205

57

4. , Hb, E: F

Nationa and Riona Forst Data Rsorcs

Braziian Amazon

Tca Ran Fst Inatn nt , -

, , .

://www...//z_/z.

Aazn Fst Invnty Ntwk (RAINFOR) wk b b

Az .

://www....k/j//

Canada

Natua Rsucs anada (NRAN) .

://www...//_.#

Cntra Arica

Gba Land v Facty A.

://...//z/

Gba Fst Watch A, .

://www.bw.//./.

Cntra Amrica land Covr

nt Intnatna Eath Scnc Inatn Ntwk (IESIN) w E

b U U . EN A .

://www..b./

SERVIR z M -

k w b.

://...//x.

erop

Euan Fst Insttut z E

E.

://...//.?=17F740-55-4FE-97F1-6FF3848A

Euan Fst Inatn Scna Md (EFISEN)

30 E , .

://www../j/

India

Fst Suvy Inda w- , . bj-

1:50,000 .

://www../.

Sothast Asia

Tca Ran Fst Inatn nt (TFRI) , -

, , .

://www...//_/.


60/205

bk

58

4.5 Rrncs

A, F., H. . E, P. Mx, H.-J. b, A. w. 004. b 1990. Gb 18: A 91804.

A, ., .G. M A, Y.M. H, H. Kj, F..H. M, .A. M, E.G.. M,

A. Nbb, L.. Pk, A. wj, L.L.M. , W. 00. :

. Gb F W. W, .. www.bw.//b/b..

( J, 007).

A, A. 005. . G

4(1): 66-79.

Ak, ., M. Kk, . L, A. Yk. 1999. : -w

b E. Nwk. www.bw.//b/b.. (

J, 007).

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Ak, ., M. Y. b, M.L. Kk, N.. Lkk, V.E. k, . Y. , .O.

Yk. 006. M Pk K, F E. Gb F

W . www.bw.//b/b.. ( J, 007).

A, .., . M, .K. b. 1994. b

(). P F Ab Exb. A

Ab, M: E M. : 05-13.

A, G.P., P.M. Vk. 005. b b . E

10(1): 4383-4386.

, P., . z J., . N, A. A, . . 006. H z z

. Az P E W 006. W, ..

www.bw.//b/b.. ( J, 007).

, E., A.. w. 005. GL000: A w b E b-

. J 6(9): 1959-1977.

q, M., , L., F, A.L., Hz, L., L ., E., M ., A., M, M., O G., J.,

z, M. E. . 00. Vz F. A G . A Gb

F W , W , W .., 13 .

, L.., K.. , .L. . 1999. U k

b k w . 1:55-67.

, ., . N, L. . 1997. : E . W

. W, .., K.P. 1991. Lk w Nw W, A, b .

G 6(4): 1-37.

k, .., J.M. , M.L. k, A.M. z, M.F. , .A. k. 003. A 1- 4- -

. E A 14(1): 61-74.

, W.., , .A., M. F. 1995. E -w

w O U..A. J 16(4): 71-746.

, W.., .K. M, .A. , .. O. 001. M b

b x w M . J : 79-

310.

, N.., .H. W, J.J. Lb. 1998. A A Nw Z

-b w w -


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59

4. , Hb, E: F

. F E M 104: 113-17.

F, ., F. A, . w, M. H, . M, . , . z J. 006.

: -. GOF-GOL , .

, J. G A Lw A. www..

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, J., .K. K, .. M, .J. k, P.E. K, J. Lk, W. , V. Ax, M.K.

H 003. b w b: b , ,

k, E 84: 393-410.

k, J.., .O. b, .. k, .G. Kx, J.. , M.A. H, .L. z, J.F. W, ..

P. 00. E - .

E 79: 305-319.

E, J., N. Pk, . Hk. 00. A b P

. U EPA UF&W. .w.///x.. ( J,007).

E, J.H., .J. . 1990. k (x ) -

. W 38(3): 73-78.

E, J.H., G.L. A, .E. Eb, M.. , N.. , .J. Ak. 1995. U -

(Eb ). W 9(3): 599-609.

FAO (F A Oz). 006. Ex b :

w FA 010: Kk V. Kk, F. www..//006/kk/x..

F, M.., F.. A, . N. 005. w :

. F E M 1: 145-159.

FA 000 . Gb F A 000: M . F A Oz. ,

. www../ //000//.

FA 005. Gb F A 005: P w b . F

A Oz. , . www..//008/0400/040000.. ( J,

007).

Fk, .E., M.A. W, G.. G. 001. x KONO -

b b. J : 67-63.

F, .H., Z. L, J. . 000. H NV (HAN): A w q

b b . E 74: 36-376.

F, M.A., .K. M, J..F. H, X.Y. Z, . M, A.H. , .E. Wk, . G,

A. , A. , A. , F. G, . . 00. Gb MO:

A . E 83(1-): 87-30.

F, M.A. 007. V - 003 MO . www-.b./-

//.. ( J, 007).

G, N.P., W, A.J., Zw, F.W. M.. F. 004. -

. G L 31 (18): L1811.

GOF-GOL. 004. EO wk. , MA. -5 Fb 004.

G, A. 1999. w. Gb

E 8(3-4): 179-190.

G. 006. : w . www../b-

/b.. ( J, 007).

G, J., K. , J. . 003. GA000 : b b b

PO-VEGEAON . J 4(6): 1369-1376.


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bk

60

H, M., .. F, J..G. w, M. , . , .A. b. 003. Gb

500 : F MO

.E 7(10): 1-15.

H, M., . F. 004.

8k AVH Y 19899. E 7: 695716.

H, J. G.E., J.. , N.. , .A. . 00. F

U : A . 5(5):

411-4.

H, E.H., . w, W.. . 000. M

w - L . J 1(11): 163-183.

H, .. 199. - , , . E M 6:447-

50.

H, Y., M. , L. , J. Mk. 001. U w

(). GEO 5: 44-46.H, M.L. 1999. M F E. b U P. Nw Yk NY., 1999.

J, J.., F. Q, M. J. 1999. P -

wk . J 0(14): 805-8.

J, H., J.. , P.A. F, N.. . 004. P

Nw, UA L EM+ . E 91: 30-331.

J, .O., L. G, . Kz, J. Ow, J.. M, . , J. , . A, F. P, Y.

K. 00. MO . E 83: 44-6.

K, J.., M. Ok. 003. F : E .

E E 18(6): 99-314.

Kk, V.., A.A. Kzkk, .A. P, K. , G.M. bk. 001. U NOAA/AVH b bk. M 38(4): 7-81.

K, .., .F. N, .L. k, W.A. . 1998. A

q . E 65(1): 11-10.

Lb, E.F. 1999. M b : .

Gb E 8(3-4): 191-198.

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z - M O, Mx. www.ww-

./b/b///1.#. ( J, 007).

L, N. 000. A A. ..///GOF/

GOF-LP000.. ( J, 007).

L, L.W., .. , . , .. P. 00. kw ( ) w . W 16(): 46-43.

L, .W., .A. , .L. , . . 1990.

x- . A J 77(3): 370-380.

L, P., . Ak, L. L, . N, W. . 003. . Gb

F W W . W, . www.bw.//

b/b.. ( J, 007).

L, P., J.. Gb, Z. j. 006. : A x. Gb

F W . E, Ab. 006. www.bw./b__..

( J, 007).

Lk, M.A., W.. , G.G. Pk, .J. H. 00. L .

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61

4. , Hb, E: F

L, J., J.M. , J. , W. . 1999. N b OEA

. J G 104.: 7735-7754.

L, .., .. , J.F. w, .O. O, J. Z, L.Y, J.W. M. 000. b b GP 1-k AVH . J

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. K, L. , A. w. 006. V b 000 . EEE-

G 44(7): 178-1739.

Mk, .M. 00. M x E - .

P E 65(): 179-184.

M, .K., M.A. F. 00. U bb - .

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M, ., F. H. A, A. E, . w, A. F, V.. L, H. , b, . V. 003.

L wk UNF K P: -

b . E , Lxb, 003..

M, M.., .. k, Y. , A. V. 1994. E w bw

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M, P., . wz. 005. . Az

E .

M .., J., k .J., K .K., K P.E., Lk J., Z L., Ax V., M.K. H.

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UA 98: 1478414789.

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63

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: A b. P . www../-

///198.. ( J, 007).

W, K.A., Pk, .M., Wk, J.L., O, . K., F, J.L. 00. E L A. E A 1 (1): 5-65.

W, M.A., .J. H, N.. , .E. Fk. 004. H -

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Z, L., .J. k, .K. K, . bk, N.V. b, . F, .. M. 001. V

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5. , Hb, E: b- L

Chaptr 5. Trnds in Sctd Bioms, Habitats, and ecosystms:

Dry and Sb-hmid lands

uthors: H 1, P Lb, M

Contriutors: J F3, E 3, P 3,

G P P3 G. G 4

Revieers: J Wbb5, M A. W6

1 World Wildlie Fund (WWF-US) and Utah State University, 2 Smithsonian National Zoological Park, 3 Wildlie ConservationSociety, 4 SAIC EROS Data Center, 5 Secretariat o the Convention on Biological Diversity, 6 Utah State University

b b- :

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A b- w x b

. P , A 1 U N b

b- , , b, , w -

0.65 (UN 1994; M 199). Mw,

b b -b

b- b .

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H 1996]), b ( [W . 000]), ( x, -

z [MN 1985, 1993]). b.

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b; M, EM+, PO HV HV, L, E

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FIguRe 5.1A Map o aridity zons accordin to Dichmann and ekndh (1991) (gray backrond

rprsnts hmid zon. No data abov 60 drs north and soth. B Map o and covr casss drivd

rom satit data that corrspond to dry and sb-hmid cosystms. (Barthoom and Bward 2005).

B

A


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GL (L . 000), U M b (H .

000) b ,

b x b .

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, w bw

w . E ,

, w- b .

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G x b x b b

, , b AVH

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b -

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b ( , 3

b). x

k . -

q, w x, , , x,

b .

, ,

q, kw , kw -

, x . F, w -k bk

b k. U , G . (1997) 85 -

M 95

k w, x k w b, Pinus pinea w, .

5.1.2 gnra considrations or satit monitorin in dry and sb-hmid ands

M

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(M M 1993, z O 1993). b -

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(Y . 1997; Y . 1998). Gb b

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(Nz 005). , A,

.

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, (NPV) .

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L , . b , w

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. b

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x k b z.

Cas stdy 5.1: land covr chan in Sna

Auth: . (004)Indcats: 13

Ptnta ntng sca: , , b

Snss: L M, EM+

(2) sourcebook on remote sensing

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