2. prelude to world war ii
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Unit 6 Part II
Prelude to World War
Mr. Klein
Spring 2013
Hillel Academy
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The Rise of Dictators
Totalitarianism:
Theory of government in which asingle party or leader controls theeconomic, social, and cultural lives ofits people.
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Education and the media(newspapers, radio, film
etc) are strictly controlledby the Government
One person - theDictator
-
holds all of thepower in the country
No elections are held - Dictator doesnot allow people to
choose who they want to
run their country
Persecution of anyone opposedto the Dictator
Only one political partyis allowed to exist.
Dictator is the leader of thisparty, and party helps
run the country
Rely upon a strong and loyalarmy to maintain power
TotalitarianRegime
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I. Lead up to War in EUROPE
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Economic Hardship Increases Appeal
For Dictators
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In Germany, depression = increase in votes forNazi Party.
Election date Votes inmillions
Share
May 20, 1928 0.81 2.6%
September 14, 1930 6.41 18.3%
July 31, 1932 13.75 37.3%
November 6, 1932 11.74 33.1%
March 5, 1933 17.28 43.9%
Voting for Nazi party increased asunemployment rates rose
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We already know of one dictator
Came to powerin 1933
NOT the firsttotalitarian ruler
leading up toWWII
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First Totalitarian Regime: Italy
Italy is economic mess afterWWI huge war debts
Fascist Party forms in 1919
Made up of dissatisfiedveterans
Appointed Prime Minister in1922 after threatening to march
on Rome
Creates dictatorship (suspendelections, outlaw other parties)
to create order and efficiencyBenito Mussolini (Il Duce)
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Fascist Ideology
State over individual.
Government does not own business, but usespower to control property owners.
Citizens are expected to support thegovernment.
Everything serves the government:businesses, schools, the media.
War is GLORIOUS
The Country is Nothing Without Conquest
Restore Glory of Roman Empire
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First Conquest: Ethiopia Mussolini invades in 1935
Italian colonies of Eritreaand Somalia being raided
Mussolini believesEthiopian govt
responsible.
Both Italy and Ethiopia inL.O.N.!!
No response by L.O.N.
Signifies the end of L.O.N.having any meaningfulinfluence
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Germany and Italy Join Forces
Sign Pact of Steel in 1936:
Germany and Italy form an axis around whichall European states animated by the desire for
peace may collaborate
Become known as Axis Powers
Later joined by Japan
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Germany Re-arms
Began even before Hitler Weimar govt begins secretly building military
Felt conditions of Versailles unfair no one else
disarmed
Hitlerdrastically expands effort to re-arm
Military production = relief from depression (jobs)
Prepare for coming war to implement plans forGerman racial state
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Germany Re-arms 1933Army secretly expands to 300,000
Luftwaffe secretly builds 1,000 planesBuilds tanks
1935 Germany goes public about rearming
Conscripts army to 550,000
Luftwaffe to 2,400 planes
NO ONE INTERVENES
GB implicitly approves violations by makingnaval treaty allowing GER to have more shipsthan treaty allows
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Early German Expansion
Germany reoccupies Rhineland in March 1936
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Early German Expansion
Germany reoccupies Rhineland in March 1936
Germany annexesAustria in March 1938 Big gamble
Why???
Direct Violations of Treaty of Versailles!!
Hitler is betting no European powers will oppose himto avoid another war his army not ready to fight
Consistent with Ethnic Self-Determination
Hitler is CORRECT
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Munich Conference (Sept 1938)
Germany next demands Sudetenland (area ofCZ with large Germanic pop.)
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Munich Conference (Sept 1938)
Germany next demands Sudetenland (area ofCZ with large Germanic pop.)
World leaders (GB, FR, IT and GER) meet inMunich
Neville Chamberlin GB Prime Minister
douard Daladier FR Prime Minister
Hitler
Mussolini
M i h C f
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Munich Conference
Mussolini, Hitler, Daladier (FR), Chamberlin (GB)
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Munich Conference
Germany next demands Sudetenland (area ofCZ with large Germanic pop.)
World leaders (GB, FR, IT and GER) meet inMunich
Who is missing??
NO REPRESENTATIVE FROM
CZECHOSLOVAKIA!!
M i h A t
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Munich Agreement
GB and FR agree to let Hitler haveSudetenland IF he agrees to stop expanding
Called policy of Appeasement
Hitler agrees
Appeasement is a complete failure
Hitler takes rest of CZ in March 1939
R ti t A t
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Reaction to Appeasement
Britain and France hadto choose between warand dishonor.
They chose dishonor.
They will have war.
Winston ChurchillMember of Parliament (future PM)
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G D d P li h C id
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Germany Demands Polish Corridor
After taking CZ, Hitler demands annexation of
Polish Corridor including city ofDanzig
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German Expansion Through 1939
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Italian Expansion Through 1939
G D d P li h C id
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Germany Demands Polish Corridor
After taking CZ, Hitler demands annexation of
Polish Corridor including city ofDanzig GB and FRmake war guarantee to defend
Poland if GER attacks
Hitler responds by entering Non-AggressionPact with USSR to divide Poland Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Guarantees Hitler NO 2 Front War (like WWI was)
Odd alliance GER extremely Anti-Communist
Hitler: USSR leaders are an International Guild of
Criminals
S i t U i
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Soviet Union
Stalin succeeds Lenin as
leader of Soviet Union
Ruthless leader in quest
to industrialize USSR
Starves rural populationto feed cities
Imprisons all politicalopponents
Joseph Stalin
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Uneasy Allies
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Uneasy Allies
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Uneasy Allies
Germany Invades Poland
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Germany Invades Poland
With no fear of USSR intervening, GER
attacks POL on September 1,1939
Unleashes blitzkrieg
Lightning War
Move fast and get behind enemy lines
Use tanks, planes and motorized transportsrather than marching troops in slowly
AVOID TRENCH WARFARE!!!
GB and FR declare war on Sept 3, 1939
Germany Invades Poland
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Germany Invades Poland
Germany Invades Poland
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Germany Invades Poland
Germany Invades Poland
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Germany Invades Poland
Germany Invades Poland
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Germany Invades Poland
Germany Invades Poland
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Germany Invades Poland
Poland Surrenders
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Poland Surrenders
PerMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact, USSR invadesWestern Poland on September 17, 1939
Campaign ends October 6, 1939 (just over amonth)
GER and USSR divide up Poland
Poland Surrenders
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Poland Surrenders
Sitzkrieg
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Sitzkrieg
After Poland falls, Germans mobilize near
French border After WWI, France builds HUGE defensive
fortifications along German Border
Called Maginot Line
Large investment of money and resources meant toprevent GER attack
Nothing happens for 6 months Phony War
23 GER Divisions occupy 114 GB and FR Divisions
Maginot Line
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Maginot Line
Ardennes Forest
Maginot Line
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Maginot Line
Maginot Line
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Maginot Line
Phony War Ends
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Phony War Ends
After Winter, GER renews attacks
April 9, 1940 GER attacks Denmark andNorway
May 10, 1940 GER attacks Netherlandsand Belgium on way to France
Maginot Line ineffective (attack through Ardennes)All three countries overwhelmed quickly
Germany takes Paris on June 14, 1940
France then surrenders
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Vichy France
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Vichy France
After FR surrenders, country divided
North controlled by Germany South sovereign French land
Southern Govt known as Vichy govt Not same French govt
New constitution and new leaders
Collaborate with Nazis, but LARGEresistance movement exists (civil war)
DISBANDED Once Allies liberate Paris in
1944 Battle of Britain
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Battle of Britain
July 1940 - After taking FR GER begins
aerial bombing of GB Need to control skies to launch invasion of
island
Massive destruction to England via bombing
British RAF mounts strong opposition toLuftwaffe
Luftwaffe cannot win air superiority
Hitler abandons invasion of GBfor now.
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Hitler Breaks Non-Aggression Pact
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Hitler Breaks Non Aggression Pact
Withinvasion of GB on hold, Hitler looks East
Launches Operation Barbarossa in June 1941
Invasion of USSR
No fear of 2 fronts since Fortress Europa gained
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Hitler Breaks Non-Aggression Pact
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Hitler Breaks Non Aggression Pact
Withinvasion of GB on hold, Hitler looks East
Launches Operation Barbarossa in June 1941
Invasion of USSR
No fear of 2 fronts since Fortress Europa gained
Successful at first
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Hitler Breaks Non-Aggression Pact
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Hitler Breaks Non Aggression Pact
Withinvasion of GB on hold, Hitler looks East
Launches Operation Barbarossa in June 1941
Invasion ofUSSR
No fear of 2 fronts since Fortress Europa gained
Successful at first
Held up by USSR just shy of Moscow Winter sets in
Nazis fail to take Stalingrad next summer
BLOODY combat huge loss of troops by both
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II. Lead up to War in Pacific
Modernization of Japan
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Modernization of Japan
1850s Japan begins to modernize
Ironic that US action begins this process
Japan does not want to be dominated by Europe
(like China and other East Asian nations). Wants to become imperial
Creates modern (Western) military
US Isolationism
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US Isolationism
Japanese Military BEFORE 1850
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Japanese Military in 1930s
Modernization of Japan
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Modernization of Japan
1850s Japan begins to modernize
Ironic that US action begins this process
Japan does not want to be dominated by Europe(like China and other East Asian nations).
Creates modern (Western) military
Also modernizes ECONOMICALLY Introduce Capitalism and begin Industrialization
Modernization Leads to Imperialism
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Modernization Leads to Imperialism
Japan faces two challenges
Both caused by limited sizeof islands:
1. Lack of natural resources forindustry (especially fuel).
2. Lack of space for expandingpopulation
Japan thus believes itNEEDS new lands
Wants to be IMPERIAL
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Japanese Leadership
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Japanese Leadership
Japan technically ruled
by Emperor
Emperor Hirohito
In reality, Japan largelycontrolled by the militaryin 1930s and 1940s
General Hideki Tojo
Prime Minister during
WWII
Japan Expands
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Japan Expands
Sino-Japanese War (1885) Japan takes colony of Koreafrom China (coal, iron, location)
Russo-Japanese War (1905) Japan gains SouthernManchuria (open land, minerals)
Invasion of Manchuria (1931) - Japan takes all of Manchuria
Violates Open Door Policy
Condemned by LON But LON has no ability to stop them
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937) Japan seizes Mongolia
Japan Expands
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Japan Expands
Japan Expands (Cont.)
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Japan Expands (Cont.)
Once FR and HOL defeated, Japan sees opportunity
to expand more
Negotiate treaty with Vichy govt forFrench Indochina(Vietnam, Thailand, Burma)
Move in to seize Dutch East Indies
US Objects: Imposes harsh economic sanctions
Stops US Oil Exports/ Freezes JP assets/ closes PanamaCanal to JP
Japan NEEDS this fuel for economy
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III. US Isolationism
US Isolationism
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US committed to stayingout of war:
European Problem Depression Fatigue from WWI
Pass Neutrality Acts
Neutrality Act of 1937
No loans to warringnations No war supplies sold cash and carry for
two years for non-
war supplies
Roosevelt and Isolationism
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Roosevelt disagrees withisolationism
If all allies fall, we are aloneto fight GER, IT, JP
Cash and carry expanded
in 1939 war supplies OK
Destroyers for Bases Deal(Sept 1940)
Trade 50 old destroyersfor 8 GB military bases
Frees up modern ships,men and resources for
GB - Gives buffer to US
Small Moves to Prepare for War
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pIn 1940, US begins to slowlyprepare in case of war:
Authorize doubling size ofNavy
Increase production ofweapons (tanks, guns,planes, etc.)
Institute first peace-timedraft
Great Arsenal of Democracy
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y Speech in Dec 1940
FDR declares the US willsupport GB while it still ispossible to do so
Must ramp up production ofmilitary supplies
BUT REMEMBERNeutrality Laws still mean
cash and carry.
Govt begins to direct
economy for war production
Lend Lease and Shoot on Sight
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Lend Lease Act (March 1941)
US can lend or lease materials to any country FDR deemsvital to our own defense
We deliver $54 billion of materials
Have to escort with navy (Neutrality Patrols)
Shoot on Sight Order (Sept 1941)
USS Greer(escorting supplies) fired upon by German sub
Roosevelt gives order that naval escorts may shootGerman subs that threaten them or the supply ships
US enters the War!
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Damage at Pearl Harbor
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g
2,300 die 1,300 wounded
Pacific Fleet DECIMATED 18 ships sunk (5 battleships) many more
damaged
75% of US planes destroyed or damaged
Japan loses only 25 airplanes
BUT
Aircraft Carriers NOT in Harbor
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