2) part - atria | e-learning · pdf filesoftware arc h itectur e (0 6i s7 2) part - a uni t -...

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E R A W T F O S E T I H C R A C E R U T 2 7 S I 6 0 2 7 S I 6 0 ( e r u t c e t i h c r A e r a w t f o S ) T R A P - A T I N U - 1 : N O I T C U D O R T N I Te h c e t i h c r A t e r u s s e n i s u B : e l c y C W e r e h o d s e r u t c e t i h c r a e m o c from? o S t f a w re s e s s e c o r p d n a e h t e r u t c e t i h c r a s s e n i s u b ; e l c y c W t a h a mks e a “g d o o c e t i h c r a tur ? e Wa h t so t f a w re e r u t c e t i h c r a s i d n a t a h w t i s i ; t o n r e h t O o s t n i o p f ; w e i v i h c r A t l a r u t c e e r , s n r e t t a p f s l e d o m e c n e r e d n a e rf e c n e r e ; s e r u t c e t i h c r a e c n a t r o p m I of o sf e r a w t ; e r u t c e t i h c r a l a r u t c e t i h c r A u t c u r t s rs e d n a i ve . s w 6 H s r u o T I N U - 2 U T C E T I H C R A R L A S E L Y T S D N A C S AE : S E I D U T S l a r u t c e t i h c r A ; s e l y t s s e p i P d n a f ; s r e t l i a t a D n o i t c a r t s b a d n a t c e j b o - d e t n e i r o r og ; n o i t a z i n a t n e v E - , d e s a b t i c i l p m i ; n o i t a c o v n i d e r e y a L e t s y s m; s s e i r o t i s o p e R ; t e r p r e t n I e ; s r e c o r P ss t n o c rl o; h t O er f a i l i m a r ; s e r u t c e t i h c r a o e n e g o r e t e H us e r u t c e t i h c r a s. e s a C : s e i d u t S d r o w y e K n i ; e r a w t f o s n o i t a t n e m u r t s n I ; t x e t n o C e l i b o M ; s c i t o b o r Cr e s i u t s d e x i m n i s e t t e n g i v e e r h T ; l o r t n o c y . e l s r u o H 7 T I N U - 3 : Y T I L A U Q i l a n o i t c n u F ty d n a ; e r u t c e t i h c r a e r u t c e t i h c r A d n a q i l a u ty t t ar u b i ts e; s y S tem q i l a u ty ; s e t u b i r t t a y t i l a u Q e t u b i r t t a s o i r a n e c s n i ; e c i t c a r p r e h t O m e t s y s q i l a u ty a r t t u b i ts e; s s e n i s u B t i h c r A ; s e i t i l a u q e q e r u t c u . s e i t i l a g n i v e i h c A : y t i l a u Q n i c u d o r t n I g s c i t c a t ; y t i l i b a l i a v A c a t t ; s c i i d o M f y t i l i b a i ; s c i t c a t P r o f r e m e c n a ; s c i t c a t y t i r u c e S c a t t ; s c i Ts et y t i l i b a ; s c i t c a t y t i l i b a s U ; s c i t c a t a l e R t p i h s n o i of o t s c i t c a t l a r u t c e t i h c r a ; s n r e t t a p t t a p l a r u t c e t i h c r A e t s d n a s n r y . s e l 6 H s r u o T I N U - 4 U T C E T I H C R A R L A P S N R E T T A – : 1 o r f ; n o i t c u d o r t n I m d u m o t e r u t c u r t s : y a L ers, s e p i P d n a l i F ter , s r a o b k c a l B d. 7 s r u o H P E D T F O ISE, SJB T I e g a P 1

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Page 1: 2) PART - Atria | e-Learning · PDF fileSoftware Arc h itectur e (0 6I S7 2) PART - A UNI T - 1 ... Cas e Stu d ies: ... Chapter 1: INTRODUCTIO N

ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

27SI60( erutcetihcrA erawtfoS ) TRAP - A

TINU - 1 :NOITCUDORTNI T eh cetihcrA t eru ssenisuB :elcyC W ereh od serutcetihcra emoc from? oS tf aw re

sessecorp dna eht erutcetihcra ssenisub ;elcyc W tah am k se a “g ”doo cetihcra tur ?e W ah t so tf aw re erutcetihcra si dna tahw ti si ;ton rehtO o stniop f ;weiv ihcrA t larutce er ,snrettap f sledom ecnere dna

er f ecnere ;serutcetihcra ecnatropmI of os f erawt ;erutcetihcra larutcetihcrA utcurts r se dna iv e .sw 6 H sruo

TINU - 2 UTCETIHCRA R LA SELYTS DNA C SA E :SEIDUTS larutcetihcrA ;selyts sepiP dna f ;sretli ataD

noitcartsba dna tcejbo - detneiro ro g ;noitazina tnevE - ,desab ticilpmi ;noitacovni dereyaL etsys m ;s seirotisopeR ; terpretnI e ;sr ecorP ss tnoc r lo ; htO er f ailima r ;serutcetihcra oenegoreteH us

erutcetihcra s. esaC :seidutS drowyeK ni ;erawtfos noitatnemurtsnI ;txetnoC eliboM ;scitobor Cr esiu ts dexim ni settengiv eerhT ;lortnoc y .el

sruoH 7 TINU - 3

:YTILAUQ ilanoitcnuF ty dna ;erutcetihcra erutcetihcrA dna q ilau ty tta r ubi t se ; syS tem q ilau ty ;setubirtta ytilauQ etubirtta soiranecs ni ;ecitcarp rehtO metsys q ilau ty a rtt ubi t se ; ssenisuB

tihcrA ;seitilauq e q erutc u .seitila

gniveihcA :ytilauQ nicudortnI g scitcat ; ytilibaliavA cat t ;sci idoM f ytilibai ;scitcat P rofre m ecna ;scitcat ytiruceS cat t ;sci T se t ytiliba ;scitcat ytilibasU ;scitcat aleR t pihsnoi of ot scitcat larutcetihcra ;snrettap

ttap larutcetihcrA e ts dna snr y .sel 6 H sruo

TINU - 4 UTCETIHCRA R LA P SNRETTA – :1 orf ;noitcudortnI m dum ot erutcurts : yaL ers, sepiP dna liF ter ,s

raobkcalB d. 7 sruoH

PED T FO ISE, SJB TI egaP 1

Page 2: 2) PART - Atria | e-Learning · PDF fileSoftware Arc h itectur e (0 6I S7 2) PART - A UNI T - 1 ... Cas e Stu d ies: ... Chapter 1: INTRODUCTIO N

ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

PA TR - B TINU - 5

UTCETIHCRA R LA P SNRETTA – :2 detubirtsiD :smetsyS orB k ;re evitcaretnI syS t :sme ,CVM noitatneserP - noitcartsbA - tnoC r lo . 7 H sruo

TINU - 6 LARUTCETIHCRA P SNRETTA – :3 etsyS elbatpadA :sm M R ;lenrekorci e .noitcelf

6 sruoH TINU - 7 EMOS ISED GN P TA T :SNRE larutcurtS :noitisopmoced W eloh – ;traP Org noitazina of :krow

M retsa – seccA ;evalS s orP :lortnoC yx . 6 sruoH

TINU - 8

GNINGISED NA D DO UC M NE T GNI FOS TWARE A CR IH TECT :ERU ht ni erutcetihcrA ;elcyc efil e ;erutcurts maet eht gnimroF ;erutcetihcra eht gningised C ateleks a gnitaer l .metsys sesU of

ht gnisoohc ;sweiV ;noitatnemucod larutcetihcra e eiv tnaveler w eiv a gnitnemucoD ;s w; tnemucoD a ssorca noit v ei w .s 7 sruoH

T XE T KOOB S:

1. tfoS w era crA erutcetih ni ecitcarP – neL ,ssaB luaP ,stnemelC kciR ,namzaK 2 dn

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ECNEREFER B OO K:

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PED T FO ISE, SJB TI egaP 2

Page 3: 2) PART - Atria | e-Learning · PDF fileSoftware Arc h itectur e (0 6I S7 2) PART - A UNI T - 1 ... Cas e Stu d ies: ... Chapter 1: INTRODUCTIO N

ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

LS N. o 1

ehT erutcetihcrA ssenisuB elcyC

erehW od serutcetihcra emoc ?morf

tahW erawtfos erutcetihcra tahw dna si ?ton si ti

larutcetihcrA ,snrettap ecnerefer sledom ecnerefer dna

ecnatropmI fo erawtfos erutcetihcra

2 LARUTCFTIHCRA SFLYTS DNA FSAC SFIDUTS

sepiP dna sretlif noitcartsba ataD tcejbo dna detneiro- noitazinagro

tnevE ,desab- ticilpmi noitacovni dereyaL smetsys

suoenegoreteH A .serutcetihcr

esaC seidutS : · drowyeK txetnoC ni · noitatnemurtsnI erawtfos · eliboM scitobor · esiurC lortnoc · eerhT settengiv ni dexim elyts

3

ytilanoitcnuF erutcetihcra dna erutcetihcrA ytilauq dna setubirtta

ytilauq metsyS setubirtta ytilauQ etubirtta soiranecs carp ni ecit

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI

IN ED X

Co tn e stn nI troduction

erawtfoS sessecorp dna eht etihcra erutc ssenisub elcyc tahW sekam doog a ?erutcetihcra

rehtO stniop fo weiv

,serutcetihcra

larutcetihcrA serutcurts dna sweiv

larutcetihcrA selyts

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Page 4: 2) PART - Atria | e-Learning · PDF fileSoftware Arc h itectur e (0 6I S7 2) PART - A UNI T - 1 ... Cas e Stu d ies: ... Chapter 1: INTRODUCTIO N

ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT

rehtO metsys ytilauq setubirtta ssenisuB seitilauq

erutcetihcrA seitilauq gniveihcA ytilauQ gnicudortnI : scitcat

· ytilibaliavA scitcat · ibaifidoM ytil scitcat · ecnamrofreP scitcat · ytiruceS scitcat · ytilibatseT scitcat · ytilibasU scitcat

pihsnoitaleR scitcat fo larutcetihcra ot snrettap larutcetihcrA snrettap dna ts y sel

larutcetihcrA snrettaP – :1

I dortn u noitc morF dum ot erutcurts

aL y sre sepiP dna sretliF

calB k aob rd

larutcetihcrA snrettaP – 2 detubirtsiD :smetsyS rekorB evitcaretnI smetsyS

MVC oitatneserP n rtsbA- a tc ion noC- t lor

larutcetihcrA snrettaP – 3

elbatpadA :smetsyS lenrekorciM noitcelfeR

emoS ngiseD snrettaP

larutcurtS elohW :noitisopmoced – traP noitazinagrO fo :krow retsaM – evalS

sseccA yxorP : lortnoC

gningiseD dna gnitnemucoD erawtfoS

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 4

SI60 72

06 26 26 - 38

38 48

78 88 09 29 69

79 89

100 101

102 106

108 109 110

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7

8

Page 5: 2) PART - Atria | e-Learning · PDF fileSoftware Arc h itectur e (0 6I S7 2) PART - A UNI T - 1 ... Cas e Stu d ies: ... Chapter 1: INTRODUCTIO N

ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT

Arc tih ect eru utcetihcrA er ni eht efil elcyc gningiseD erutcetihcra eht

gnimroF maet eht erutcurts gnitaerC lateleks a metsys

sesU larutcetihcra fo noitatnemucod

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI

27SI60

111 112 116 118 120

egaP 5

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WTFOS ERA ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

ERAWTFOS ERUTCETIHCRA SETON

TINU 1

stnetnoC ehT erutcetihcrA ssenisuB Cy elc erehW serutcetihcra od emoc ?morf erawtfoS sessecorp eht dna erutcetihcra ssenisub cy elc tahW sekam a g doo ?erutcetihcra tahW erawtfos erutcetihcra tahw dna si ton si ti rehtO stniop iv fo ew larutcetihcrA ,snrettap ecnerefer sledom ecnerefer dna ,serutcetihcra I ecnatropm erawtfos fo erutcetihcra larutcetihcrA serutcurts sweiv dna

retpahC NOITCUDORTNI :1

hT e Archit tce eru suB iness Cycle:

· awtfoS er sed i sreng ub i dl s sy t sme desab excl evisu ly no the t inhce c la qer uirem ne t .s stnemeriuqeR be teg design, hw ich begets system. nredoM sof wt are deve mpol ent

sdohtem cer o ing ze eht evïan té fo siht mod le dna vorp i ed all s stro fo fee bd kca l spoo f mor rengised ana ot ly .ts

· erawtfoS ra ihc t utce re sessapmocne t eh curts tu ser fo egral tfos ware sy .smets ehT

ihcra t ce ut lar weiv fo a s sy t me si sba t ,tcar id s llit i gn wa ay ed liat s fo mi elp m atne ti ,no al tirog h ,m dna atad r pe r atnese t noi dna necnoc t itar ng no t eh aheb v roi a dn ni t re ac noit of

kcalb" ob x" e el me tn s. A erawtfos ar ihc t erutce si oleved p de sa t eh if tsr pets t drawo ised g gnin s a y mets taht a sah noitcelloc .seitreporp derised fo

· ehT awtfos re ar utcetihc re fo a program ro moc pu it ng sys met is t eh st ur ctu er ro rts uctur se

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 6

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

fo eht s sy t ,me hcihw oc esirpm awtfos re element ,s t eh ext lanre ly v isi ble porp e tr i se fo esoht ,stnemele eht dna spihsnoitaler gnoma .meht

· erawtfoS tihcra e erutc si a tluser fo te hc n aci l, ub sin se s, dna soci la infl eu nces. stI ex ecnetsi

ni nrut stceffa eht te ,lacinhc isub n ,sse dna soci la ne iv nor men st t tah esbus q eu ntly ecneulfni utuf re ar hc ti ce t eru s. We llac siht c cy le fo eulfni n ,sec f mor t eh en iv nor m tne to

erutcetihcra eht tnemnorivne eht ot kcab dna , eht erutcetihcrA ssenisuB Cy elc .)CBA(

Wh ere oD A cr hit tce u ser Co em rF o ?m :

· erutcetihcrA si eht result fo a tes of isub n sse a dn hcet ni lac d ce isi no s. erehT era am ny secneulfni ta krow ni ti s sed i ,ng dna the laer iz ta i no fo t eseh influences iw ll ahc n eg

ed idnep n no g the rivne o ni tnemn hw i hc the ar hc it utce re is uqer ir de ot ep rfo .mr

· nA ihcra t tce d se i ing ng a s metsy rof hw i hc the real- it me ildaed n se are beli deve to eb ti thg lliw am ke eno s te fo d se i ng ohc i ;sec eht s ema hcra i et c ,t d se i ng ing a s mi i al r sys met in

hcihw eht senildaed nac eb sae ily satisfi ,de wi ll make dif ef r ne t hc oic .se dnA eht as me gningised ,tcetihcra non a - laer - emit sy ylekil si ,mets .llits seciohc tnereffid etiuq ekam ot

· nevE htiw eht s ema emeriuqer n ,st rah dwar ,e s pu po tr s fo twar ,e dna hum na r ruose ces

,elbaliava na tcetihcra sed i ng ing a syst me dot ay is ekil ly ot desi ng a fid ref tne s metsy th na ised neeb evah thgim g den evif y a srae g .o

· nI any ed v ole p tnem fe f ,tro eht er qu ri em ne ts m eka ex ilp cit emos tub only os me fo t eh

derised seitreporp fo ht e lanif s sy t .me toN lla eriuqer m stne era noc ec rned cerid tly wi ht esoht reporp t ei s, a eved l tnempo ssecorp ro eht u es fo a p ra ti uc lar loot may be m dna at de

b t y h .me eruliaF ot as t si f to y h re snoc t stniar ma y r redne eht s sy t me tsuj sa elborp m ta i sa c if itcnuf ti deno lroop y.

SERUTCETIHCRA ERA NI F DECNEUL METSYS YB SREDLOHEKATS

aM ny poep le dna or nag iz snoita era eretni s det ni eht rtsnoc u tc i no of a os ft aw re system. We llac eseht ats k :sredlohe ehT ,remotsuc eht dne ,sresu eht ed v pole e ,sr eht orp je tc mana ,reg the

iam dna ,sreniatn neve th eso ohw ram k te eht s metsy a er a f we exam elp s.

lohekatS d sre evah tnereffid co snrecn th ta ht ey wi hs eht sys met to aug r na t ee ro o tp imiz ,e idulcni ng thin sg sa esrevid sa ivorp ding a ce tr ain aheb vior ta nur tim ,e perf ro ming we ll no a

citrap lu ip ra e ec of rah d ,eraw eb ing ae s y to uc ts omiz hca ,e i ive ng trohs time to ma kr te ro l wo cost of ed ve mpol ent, lufniag ly em lp oyi gn rp ogr ma me sr ohw ah ve a rap t ci ular ps eci la t ,y ro p idivor ng a orb ad ran eg fo tcnuf i .sno Fi erug sh swo eht cra hit tce er c vie ing hel fp lu ts heka older

snoitseggus" ."

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 7

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

SERUTCETIHCRA ERA NI F DECNEUL EHT YB DNUORGKCAB XE DNA P ECNEIRE

FO STCETIHCRA EHT If eht ihcra t stce rof a sys met have h da doog stluser gnisu a p tra i uc lar a ihcr tectur la

,hcaorppa su hc sa id s rt i detub ejbo c st ro i lpm ici t acovni it ,no nahc c se are taht ht ey lliw try th ta emas hcaorppa no a wen poleved m tne roffe t. esrevnoC l ,y if rieht rp i ro ex neirep ce htiw t sih

hcaorppa saw id s ,suortsa t eh ihcra t stce ma eb y er l cu t tna ot tr ti y a niag . tcetihcrA u ohc lar i sec may osla emoc morf na cetihcra t s' ude c noita dna iart nin ,g ex erusop ot lufsseccus cra h ti e tc ru al

,snrettap ro ex erusop ot sys smet taht have work de citrap ularly op orly ro p tra i luc arly w .lle ehT ihcra t stce may osla w hsi ot ex rep i tnem with na a cr ih tectu lar patt nre or t ce nh i euq le ra n de morf a

ruoc a ro koob se.

SERUTCETIHCRA ERA NI F DECNEUL EHT YB LACINHCET TNEMNORIVNE

A ceps i la esac fo eht ihcra t ce t s' cab k dnuorg dna ex rep i ne ce si fer lect de by the et nhc ci la

nemnorivne t. ehT ivne r tnemno taht si tnerruc nehw na ar utcetihc re si ed s gi n de iw ll infl neu ce taht hcra i cet tu .er It im g th in edulc s adnat rd tsudni ry rp ca tic se or erawtfos en ig n iree ng

seuqinhcet tnelaverp eht ni tcetihcra 's lanoisseforp tinummoc y.

IMAR F SNOITACI FO NI F UL SECNE NO ERUTCETIHCRA NA

· In neulf c se no na ihcra t erutce emoc morf a wi ed rav iety of os urc .se emoS a er only ,deilpmi elihw ylticilpxe era srehto .tcilfnoc ni

· tsomlA reven a er eht treporp i se uqer i der by eht ub is ssen dna or ag niz lanoita aog ls

suoicsnoc ly nu d otsre o ,d tel al eno luf ly ra ti uc lat .de C remotsu iuqer reme stn are es l mod nemucod t de moc p el tel ,y hcihw snaem taht t eh iveni t elba oc n tcilf oma ng di ff er tne

'sredlohekats g slao has ton eb en .devloser

· ihcrA t stce n dee ot wonk dna nu dersta dn eht nat ru ,e s ruo c ,e a dn pr roi ity of noc st ar tni s no eht rp o tcej sa rae ly sa p so s bi l .e ferehT o ,er ht ey tsum tnedi ify dna a itc ev ly enga eg the

edlohekats rs ot os l tici eht ir en e sd dna ex oitatcep ns. W tuohti hcus gne a ,tnemeg eht ohekats l ,lliw sred ta emos ,tniop dnamed th ta eht a ihcr t ce ts ex lp ain why hcae porp os de

ihcra t ce t si eru eccanu p suht ,elbat led a iy n t g he pr tcejo dna idling row ke .sr

· raE ly enga eg m tne fo st sredloheka swolla the arc tih e stc to rednu st dna t eh noc s rt aints of eht ,ksat nam a eg ex ep c ,snoitat ne tog iate p oir rit ,sei dna am ke tr eda offs. tcetihcrA u er

sweiver evitareti dna totorp y gnip era snaem owt gniveihca rof .ti

· ehT secneulfni no eht a ,tcetihcr dna ecneh no t eh ihcra tectu ,er a er hs wo n in Fi ug re .3.1 ihcrA t stce era eulfni n dec by eht r iuqe rem ne ts rof eht orp du tc sa red i dev f mor its

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 9

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

sebircserp a erutcurts for a s metsy ti ap r ucit al rly cserp r sebi the nu i st fo so awtf re t tah must eb elpmi m ro( detne hto e iatbo esiwr ned) dna ni tegr deta ot fo mr t eh system.

· esehT stinu era eht sab is rof the d ve e ol pm tne p cejor t s' rts u utc r .e smaeT era rof m de for

laudividni fos t aw re stinu dna eht d poleve m ,tne t ,tse a dn etni arg it on acti tiv i se all ver lo ve ra o dnu eht .stinu L siweki e, hcs e selud dna stegdub etacolla oser urc se in sknuhc

idnopserroc n ot g eht unit .s

o fI a apmoc ny oceb m se tpeda ta bui dl ing fa lim i se of imis lar s ,smetsy ti lliw dnet ot tsevni ni hcae maet by nu irutr ng ea hc ra ea fo ex .esitrep aeT ms be oc me

deddebme ni eht or nag iz oita n s' st ur ct .eru sihT si deef b kca orf m the ar hc it ce ture to gnipoleved eht .noitazinagro

o nI eht erawtfos dorp u tc ,enil s etarape spuorg ew re nevig r snopse i ib il ty for

gnidliub dna iatniam n gni laudividni snoitrop of eht or inag za it on s' arc tih ect eru f ro a imaf ly fo udorp c .st nI any sed i ng rednu t neka yb ht e or inag z noita ta l ,egra th ese

spuorg ah ve a gnorts eciov ni eht s sy tem s' de ,noitisopmoc p russer i gn rof the deunitnoc ecnetsixe fo eht snoitrop yeht .lortnoc

· ehT ihcra t tce u er c na fa f tce eht goals fo the ed v ipole ng or nag iza it .no A lufsseccus syst me

tliub morf ti nac en elba a apmoc ny ot est lba i hs a oof t dloh in a part ci ul ra am tekr are .a ehT ihcra t erutce nac edivorp utroppo n seiti rof eht ef cif i tne dna noitcudorp d lpe oyme tn

fo ralimis s ,smetsy and eht or inag z noita may a tsujd sti go sla to t eka avda tn a eg fo i st dnuofwen ex esitrep ot ulp mb t eh market. sihT si bdeef a kc f mor eht s sy t me ot eht

ipoleved ng o inagr z noita dna eht syst sme iub ti l .sd

· ehT ihcra t utce re nac af tcef otsuc m re iuqer rem ne ts rof the en xt system by gi iv ng the remotsuc eht inutroppo ty ot er c evie a s sy t me (bas de no the as me ar hc it ce tu )er in a om re

,elbailer emit l ,y dna ce o imon c la nnam er ht an if eht bus s qe u tne system ew re ot be tliub tarcs morf c .h

· ehT ssecorp fo sys met gnidliub lliw tceffa eht ar etihc ct s' ex rep i ecne htiw s tneuqesbu s metsy s by idda ng ot the oproc r eta ex irep en ec b .esa A s metsy taht saw lufsseccus ly tliub

dnuora a loot sub ro TEN. ro uspacne l deta fi tin e- etats m ihca nes wi ll en neg der imis lar sys smet tliub eht as me way ni the uf tur .e nO eht o reht dnah , tihcra e tc u ser taht af il are l sse

ylekil nesohc eb ot erutuf rof .stcejorp

tahT ihcra t erutce si a rp i am ry ed t re m tnani fo eht treporp i se fo the ed v le op de syst me ro system .s tuB eht CBA si osla ab s de no a cer ognit noi taht dwerhs or inag za snoit nac t eka avda nta eg of t eh

inagro z lanoita dna ex laitneirep e ff e stc of d oleve ping na a ihcr t tce ru e dna c na esu t oh se fe f ce ts ot noitisop ssenisub rieht etarts g yllaci erutuf rof .stcejorp

So tf wa er rP o ec ss se a dn the A cr hit tce u er Busine ss Cy elc :

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 11

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

erawtfoS rp o ssec si the t mre nevig ot the ro ag in z ,noita r ue tiliz ita on, dna m na agem tne fo erawtfos tnempoleved .seitivitca esehT seitivitca edulcni eht niwollof g:

metsys eht rof esac ssenisub eht gnitaerC stnemeriuqer eht gnidnatsrednU erutcetihcra eht gnitceles ro gnitaerC erutcetihcra eht gnitacinummoc dna gnitnemucoD erutcetihcra eht gnitaulave ro gnizylanA erutcetihcra eht no desab metsys eht gnitnemelpmI erutcetihcra eht ot smrofnoc noitatnemelpmi eht taht gnirusnE

CETIHCRA ERUT SEITIVITCA :

erutcetihcrA seitivitca evah evisneherpmoc kcabdeef spihsnoitaler hcae htiw .rehto

gnitaerC eht ssenisuB esaC rof eht metsyS :

aerC ting a ssenisub esac si redaorb naht si pm ly as isses ng the m ra k te en ed f ro a s sy tem. tI si na

tnatropmi st pe ni aerc nit g dna noc s rt inia ng any fut eru r qe iu re em n st . woH hcum dluohs the tcudorp ?tsoc W tah si sti detegrat ram k ?te W tah si sti tar deteg time to ekram t? Will ti deen ot ecafretni htiw rehto s sy t ?sme erA eht re s sy t me atimil t snoi taht ti ihtiw krow tsum ?n

esehT are lla snoitseuq t tah tsum evlovni eht sy ts em s' a hcr i .stcet hT ey ac n ton eb ed c dedi elos ly

by na tihcra e ,tc b tu fi na tcetihcra si ton c sno tlu ed in t eh cr ae ti no fo the bus seni s c ,esa it ma y be elbissopmi ot eveihca eht ssenisub goa .sl

dnatsrednU gni eht stnemeriuqeR :

erehT era a rav iety of t seuqinhce rof le i tic ing req iu er me tn s morf t eh ts a hek lo .sred roF exampl ,e cejbo t-o neir t de ana l sisy sesu s ec n ,soira ro u" se esac s" ot obme dy r iuqe rem ne t .s efaS ty- itirc c la

sy smets su e rom e ir g suoro hcaorppa e ,s su hc sa tinif e- ats te-mac ih ne sledom ro rof m la noitacificeps nal g au g .se

· enO adnuf m latne de noisic htiw ser p tce ot eht s sy t me ieb ng tliub si eht ex tnet ot hcihw ti si

a noitairav no rehto sys smet taht ah ve be ne con ts cur t .de iS n ec ti si a rare sys met ht ese da sy th ta si ton ralimis ot rehto sys ,smet iuqer re stnem el ici t noita t nhce i seuq ex evisnet ly

evlovni gnidnatsrednu s roirp eseht y 'smets .scitsiretcarahc

· rehtonA te euqinhc taht spleh su srednu t dna er q emeriu n st si eht c taer ion fo otorp types. otorP t sepy may h ple ot ledom derised ivaheb o ,r sed i ng the resu tni re fa ,ec ro ana lyze ruoser ce itu lizat .noi sihT spleh ot ekam eht system r" eal" ni eht eyes fo sti hekats o sredl

dna nac kciuq ly ac talyze snoisiced no eht s sy tem s' sed i ng dna the sed i ng fo sti resu

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 21

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

fretni a .ec

gnitaerC ro gnitceleS eht erutcetihcrA : C lautpecno irgetni ty si t eh key ot dnuos sys met sed i ng dna taht noc c tpe u la tni e irg ty nac no ly eb

dah b a y llams rebmun of sdnim imoc n t g o teg h re ot sed i ng eht s sy tem tcetihcra s' ur .e

moC m gnitacinu eht erutcetihcrA :

roF eht tihcra e erutc ot be fe f ce t evi sa eht ba kc b eno fo the orp j ce t s' sed i ,ng ti m tsu be detacinummoc lc e ra ly a dn bmanu i suoug ly ot lla of ht e st loheka de .sr D ve srepole m tsu

dnatsrednu t eh wo kr ssa i ng m stne ti uqer i ser of ,meht set t sre m tsu rednu st dna t eh task st ur ct eru it sesopmi no t ,meh anam g tneme tsum srednu t dna t eh iludehcs ng lpmi i ac tio sn ti us g eg st ,s dna os

trof h. drawoT siht ,dne eht hcra i rutcet e s' cod u atnem t noi dluohs b ni e f itamro v bmanu ,e i oug u ,s elbadaer dna yb ynam elpoep deirav htiw .sdnuorgkcab

gnizylanA ro gnitaulavE eht erutcetihcrA :

nI any sed i ng rp o ssec th ere lliw eb um l elpit ac nd etadi d se i sng noc is dere .d emoS lliw eb er j ce t de

etaidemmi l .y srehtO w li l dnetnoc rof rp imac .y gnisoohC ma ong th ese tepmoc ing ed si sng ni a lanoitar yaw eno si eht fo tcetihcra 's tsetaerg nellahc g .se

itaulavE n na g a hcr i utcet r rof e the seitilauq taht ti stroppus si nesse ti la to en rus ing t tah the sy ts me

tsnoc r tcu ed rf om ht at tihcra e erutc fsitas i se ti s dlohekats ers' n .sdee gnimoceB erom daerpsediw era ana lys si seuqinhcet ot ve a aul te eht qu ila ty ta tr ubi t se th ta na arc ih tectu er mi p ra ts

ot a s sy t .me iranecS o- ab s seuqinhcet de edivorp o en fo t eh m tso eg ne lar a dn ef ef c evit a orpp a sehc rof ev itaula ng na ra chite utc r .e The tsom tam u er dohtem lo ogi lac pa p aor ch is nuof d in eht

erutcetihcrA ffoedarT anA l sisy dohteM ( TA A )M

Im gnitnemelp desaB eht no erutcetihcrA :

sihT ivitca ty si oc n ec rn de htiw kee ip ng eht ed vel srepo fa ti lufh to eht ts r serutcu a dn tni er ca ti no

cotorp lo s snoc t iar n de by eht ihcra t .erutce ivaH ng na ex ilp ic t dna lew l- moc mu in ca et d ihcra t ce t eru si eht tsrif pets ot ward rusne ing arc ih tectu lar oc n rof m na .ec ivaH ng na norivne m tne

ro sarfni t ur ctu er taht ca t evi ly stsissa srepoleved in erc a it ng dna maintain gni the a cr hitect eru ( sa desoppo ot tsuj eht c )edo si be .rett

gnirusnE rofnoC m ecna ot erutcetihcrA na :

laniF l ,y wh ne na ar ihc et erutc si cr ae t de dna us ,de ti seog otni a niam t nane ce ahp se. snoC t tna aligiv n ec si er q deriu ot usne re taht the a tc u la arch tceti ru a e dn i st per resent ta i no re niam fa ti h ot luf

hcae rehto gnirud .esahp siht

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 31

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

hW at Ma sek a ' oG o 'd crA h ti ect ru e? :

neviG eht emas nhcet i lac uqer i er m stne for a s sy t ,me owt di ff e tner a hcr itects in dif ef re tn inagro z snoita lliw dorp u ec fid f tnere tcetihcra u er s, woh nac we ed t re mine if ei ht er eno of meht is

eht rig th no e?

erehT si on hcus iht ng sa na ni h ere ntl doog y ro b da cra h ti ect ru .e Ar cetihc t seru are e ti her more ro ssel tif rof emos ts at de .esoprup A sid t detubir t eerh -t rei lc i ne t-s re v re ar ihc t ce t eru may be just

eht tekcit rof a al r eg sirpretne e s' laicnanif m na a eg ment s sy t me tub etelpmoc l orw y n f g or na scinoiva a ilpp ac .noit luferac erutcetihcra nA l hca ot detfarc y i ilibaifidom hgih eve t ekam ton seod y

esnes worht a rof - yawa .epytotorp We edivid ruo bo es rv ta i sno otni owt c ul s et r :s rp eco ss r oce mm dne a it sno dna dorp u tc (or

)larutcurts .snoitadnemmocer ruO ssecorp snoitadnemmocer :swollof sa era

· ehT ihcra t utce re dluohs eb eht p tcudor of a is ngle ar hc itect ro a small gr puo fo ar ihc et stc htiw deifitnedi na .redael

· ehT ihcra t tce ro( hcra ti erutce t )mae ohs u dl have t eh uf n tc ion la r qe ui er m ne ts for the

s metsy dna na ucitra l ,deta itiroirp z de tsil of auq lity a tt bir ut se hcus( sa secu ir ty or tilibaifidom y) cra eht taht erutcetih detcepxe si fsitas ot y.

· ehT ihcra t erutce dluohs eb llew cod um ne t ,de with ta le tsa eno st ta ic v ei w dna one

d many ic vi ,we isu ng na eerga d- no no noitat taht lla ats k sredlohe c na und sre t na d iw ht a muminim fo .troffe

· ehT ar ihc t utce re dluohs eb ic cr u detal ot the s sy tem s' stak he lo d ,sre who s oh lu d eb ca t evi ly

devlovni ni r sti e iv e .w

· ehT ihcra t utce re uohs ld eb ana lyz de for ap bacilp le itnauq t evita m usae r se hcus( sa am x mumi orht u )tuphg dna lamrof ly ev ula a det for lauq ity ta tribut se b fe ro e it is oot l ta e to

ekam nahc g se ot .ti

· ehT ar ihc t erutce ohs u dl l dne esti lf ot in rc me ent la i pm lem ne ta it no via t eh crea it no fo a ateleks" l" sys met ni hw i hc eht nummoc i ac t noi p shta era exerci des tub w hcih at f tsri sah laminim ilanoitcnuf t .y sihT eleks t la s sy t me nac neht eb desu ot org" w" the s sy t me

llatnemercni y, gnisae noitargetni eht gnitset dna stroffe

ehT ihcra t utce re dluohs tluser ni a ficeps ic (a dn )llams es t of r ose ur ec noc t ne ti no a er ,sa the noituloser fo hcihw si raelc ly ps ecifi ,de circulat ,de dna m ia ntain .de For exa pm le, if wten o kr

ilitu z noita si na ar ae of conce ,nr t eh ar hc ite tc ohs lu d cudorp e na( d crofne e) for hcae d oleve p tnem t mae gu seniledi t tah lliw ser lu t in a im nim mu fo net krow tr ffa i .c fI pe rofr m na ce si

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 41

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C RUT E 27SI60

dluohs stcetihcra eht ,nrecnoc a ecudorp )ecrofne dna( emit stegdub rojam eht rof .sdaerht

ehT larutcurts selur bmuht fo era :swollof sa

· cra ehT h utceti re hs o dlu erutaef lew l- fed i den eludom s esohw f lanoitcnu libisnopser i seit era lla o ac t de on the pri lpicn es fo rofni mation nidih g dna

noitarapes fo noc c .snre ehT in rof m oita n- idih ng m udo l se ohs lu d i cn l edu esoht t tah uspacne l eta oidi syn sarc i se fo the pmoc u it ng inf sar tru utc r ,e t suh i usn lat gni the b lu k fo

eht erawtfos egnahc morf dluohs eht utcurtsarfni er .egnahc

· hcaE eludom ohs u dl evah a lew l- ifed n de ni te afr ce t tah ne ca usp lates ro "hi ed s" change ba le stcepsa hcus( sa pmi lem noitatne ts r ta e seig dna d ata ts ur c erut choi ec s) rf om rehto fos tware

taht sesu sti f ica l iti es. esehT fretni a sec dluohs al wol eht ir pser e evitc d ve elo mp tne t ae ms ot ylegral krow yltnednepedni .rehto hcae fo

· ilauQ ty ubirtta t se uohs ld eb hca iev de u is ng ew ll- nwonk ar hc it ce tur la t tca i sc speci cif ot

etubirtta hcae gniveihcA( .)seitilauQ

· ehT hcra i erutcet dluohs reven dneped no a trap icul ra v noisre fo a oc mm cre i la tcudorp ro oot l. fI ti sdneped u op n a rap t uci l ra c mmo re cial cudorp t, it ohs lu d eb ts r derutcu s hcu taht

gnignahc tnereffid a ot tcudorp drawrofthgiarts si .evisnepxeni dna

· seludoM taht orp ud ec da at dluohs be separa et from m do ul se taht noc us em ad t .a sihT sdnet ot aercni se fidom i iliba ty esuaceb chan seg era oft ne noc fi den ot e ti her t eh cudorp ti no ro eht oitpmusnoc n is ed fo .atad fI n we ad ta si da d ,de htob sedis lliw evah to ahc n tub ,eg the

noitarapes degats a rof swolla tnemercni( )la pu g .edar

· F ro ellarap l- rp co sse ing sy ,smets eht ihcra t erutce dluohs f ae erut ew ll- nifed ed essecorp s ro t sksa taht od ton ne ssec a ir ly mir ror eht m do lu e d ce mo po is noit s rt uctur .e

tahT ,si p or ec ss se may ht r dae orht u hg m ero t nah one m do u ;el a mo ud le may include serudecorp era taht dekovni sa trap erom fo naht eno ssecorp

· evE ry ksat or rp o ssec sh dluo eb nettirw os taht its as gis nm tne to a ps ecific rp oc sse or c na

ylisae eb ,degnahc spahrep neve ta .emitnur

· ehT tcetihcra u er dluohs taef u er a sm lla n mu reb fo mis elp inter tca i no p ta ter sn tahT ,si eht s metsy dluohs od eht emas iht n sg ni the sa em way th or u ohg tu . sihT iw ll aid ni

tilibadnatsrednu y, uder ce de mpolev e tn mit e, in erc a es tilibailer y, dna hne ance tilibaifidom y. tI wi ll la so wohs ecnoc p laut ni t irge ty ni t eh ar hc ti ec ut r ,e w ih ,hc ihw le ton ,elbarusaem sdael htooms ot .tnempoleved

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 51

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

robal lliw eb ,dedivid ro od they noc vey a s ne se fo r itnu em pes a tar i ?no erA ht ey bo j ce st , ,sksat ssecorp ,snoitcnuf rp detubirtsid ,se o ,smarg o ihtemos r n ?esle g

· W tah era eht snopser i seitilib fo the el eme n st ? W tah is ti they ?od W tah is t rieh noitcnuf eht ni sy ?mets

· W tah si eht si ng ifi ac n ec of eht oc nnec it ?sno oD eht noc n tce i sno me na t tah t eh ele m stne nummoc i ac te tiw h hcae ,rehto rtnoc ol hcae o ht er, dnes data to hcae o ,reht esu hcae hto e ,r ni v eko e hca hto e ,r s cny hronize w ti h e hca ,rehto share s mo e i ofn rm ta oi n-

gnidih s terce htiw hcae ,rehto ro some oc ibm nat noi fo these ro ot reh er lat ?snoi W tah era eht smsinahcem rof the co numm i itac o ?n W tah i rofn mation fl swo a ssorc t eh m nahce i ,sms

revetahw yeht yam ?eb · W tah si eht ngis i ecnacif fo eht la oy u ?t Why si PC no a etarapes lev le ? Do se it call eht

rehto rht ee elem ,stne dna era eht hto e sr ton all dewo to ac ll ti ? seoD it noc t nia the hto er tatnemelpmi na ni eerht i tup ot moor on ylpmis ereht si rO ?esnes tinu no

lla ruof stnemele eht no emas wor ni eht aid gra ?m

sihT margaid do se ton wohs a os ftw ra e a hcr ti ecture. ehT tsom ch ira t ba le t ih ng ew c na say tuoba hcus aid g smar taht si yeht tneserper .trats a

ehT awtfos re arch utceti re fo a rp o marg or moc pu it ng sys met is t eh st cur tu er ro urts utc r se of the

s sy t ,me hw i hc co pm r esi awtfos re ele m ne t ,s eht ex lanret ly isiv b el orp per seit fo t oh s e elem ne t ,s eht dna spihsnoitaler gnoma .meht

erehT ht e irp mary iub l gnid skcolb erew c della nenopmoc" st ," a t mre t tah sah si ecn b ce ome

esolc ly cossa i deta wi ht eht nenopmoc t- desab awtfos re enginee ir ng m ,tnemevo ikat ng no a dediced l nur y t emi fl .rova nemelE" t saw " nesohc h ere ot oc nve temos y hin g m eg ero ner .la

· ,tsriF tihcra e erutc d ife n se os tf aw re ele tnem s. ehT hcra i erutcet bme od sei ofni r noitam

tuoba woh eht stnemele etaler ot each .rehto · ,dnoceS eht d nife i noit sekam raelc taht s sy tems nac dna od oc m rp i es m ero t nah one

erutcurts dna taht on o en tcurts u er c na irr ufe t ba ly cl mia to eb eht arc tih ectur .e roF ex ,elpma lla laivirtnon stcejorp era itrap it deno into mi plem ne tat noi u tin ;s t eh se inu ts are

nevig ceps ific snopser bi tili i se dna era tneuqerf ly the sab is fo row k a ss ignm ne ts for immargorp n t g ae .sm

· ,drihT eht de noitinif im seilp th ta every upmoc it gn syst me w ti h fos tware sah a s wtfo ra e ihcra t ce ut er be esuac ev re y s sy t me nac eb nwohs ot moc p ir se elements a dn eht re al t snoi

gnoma .meht · ,htruoF eht roivaheb fo hcae el tneme si pa tr fo t eh a cr tih e utc re i osn f ra as t tah b ahe v roi

nac eb devresbo ro csid e denr morf the tniop fo vi we fo na to h re element. hcuS roivaheb si tahw swolla el stneme ot tcaretni wi ht ea hc hto e ,r hw i hc is clearly pa tr fo t eh arch ti e utc r .e

sihT si rehtona nosaer t tah eht ob x- na d- enil rd awin sg taht are pass de off as arc tih ectur se era serutcetihcra ton .lla ta

· laniF l ,y the nifed i noit si tnereffidni sa ot wh te h re eht hcra ite tc u er for a syst me si a doog eno ro a dab ,eno gninaem taht ti lliw la l wo ro tneverp the s sy t me from eem it ng i st

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

,laroivaheb ,ecnamrofrep efil dna -cy elc .stnemeriuqer Other Poin st of V wei :

ehT uts dy of tfos w era ihcra t utce re sah ve o devl by resbo va it no of t eh sed i ng rp in pic l se t tah sed i sreng of l wol dna eht snoitca taht ht ey kat e w neh ikrow ng no r lae s sy t .sme tI si na at tpmet ot

tcartsba eht oc m lanom ti sei tnerehni ni s sy t me d se i ,ng dna sa hcus ti m tsu tnuocca for a wi ed ,seitivitca fo egnar ,stpecnoc ,sdohtem ,sehcaorppa .stluser dna

· erutcetihcrA ih si gh- level ised g .n · cetihcrA erut llarevo eht si erutcurts eht fo sy .mets · ihcrA t utce re si eht erutcurts fo the c mo op ne tn s fo a rp ogr ma ro s etsy m, rieht

,spihsnoitalerretni dna t eh picnirp l se dna ediug lin se og ve inr ng eht ir de is ng dna ve o tul i no revo mit e.

· utcetihcrA re is stnenopmoc dna .srotcennoc nnoC e otc rs pmi ly a tnur i em msinahcem rof gnirrefsnart atad dna lortnoc dnuora a sy .mets

rA c ih tect ru al P ta ret ns, Ref re en ec oM d le s, a dn Refere ecn rA c ih tectur se :

1. ihcra t ce ut ar l tap t nre si a de noitpircs fo el tneme a dn aler t noi t sepy to teg her w ti h a s te of yeht woh no stniartsnoc yam .desu eb A nac nrettap oht eb u fo thg sa a s te fo noc ts rai tn s no

na hcra it utce r .e On eht ele m tne typ se and t rieh patte snr fo tni e ar cti no dna th ese stniartsnoc ifed ne a tes ro fa im ly of ar ihc t tce ures taht as tisfy the .m roF ex ,elpma client-

si revres a nommoc hcra i tcet u lar patt .nre

· lC i tne dna revres era t ow el tneme typ ,se dna rieht idrooc nat noi is de cs ir deb in smret fo eht locotorp taht eht s revre sesu to oc mmu in ac te with ea hc fo ti s cl ei n .st

Use fo eht t mre neilc t-s vre er impl sei no ly th ta um itl elp lc i ne ts ex ;tsi eht cli ne ts sevlesmeht era ton iden ,deifit dna eht re si on noissucsid fo tahw nuf c ilanoit t ,y

rehto naht mi p el m atne it no fo eht orp to loc s, has neeb sa signed ot any fo t eh stneilc ro ot eht s vre e .r

· eltnuoC ss hcra i serutcet era fo the cli ne t- res ver pat nret und re iht s (i rofn mal)

,noitinifed tub ht ey are fid f tnere from hcae to he .r nA hcra it tce u lar pattern si ton na ihcra t ,erutce ,neht tub ti llits vnoc e sy a lufesu mi a eg of the s sy tem, ti i sesopm

lufesu iartsnoc no stn eht ihcra t tce u ,dna er ni ,nrut no eht sys et m.

· enO fo eht tsom lufesu stcepsa fo p ta te snr si t tah they exhi tib wonk n auq il ty .setubirtta sihT si why t eh ihcra t tce ohc so se a p tra icul ra pat nret dna ton eno ta

.modnar

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

rehto s sy t sme ex itibih ng si ralim qu ila ty attrib etu dna cnuf t lanoi r uqe i er me tn s dna c na egral etomorp - elacs er - .esu

ERUTCETIHCRA SI EHT ELCIHEV F RO REDLOHEKATS NOITACINUMMOC :

fo redlohekats hcaE a os f erawt s etsy m- remotsuc orp ,resu , j tce nam a c ,reg o ,red set t ,re a dn os no is

denrecnoc wi ht tnereffid s sy t me ch cara t tsire i sc taht are af cef t de by the hcra itectur .e For ex ,elpma eht resu si recnoc n de taht eht s sy t me si elbailer dna ava il ba le nehw ne ;dede t eh

remotsuc si noc ec rn de t tah t eh ihcra t utce re c na eb im elp men det no hcs ed lu e dna to ub d ;teg t eh nam ager si rrow i de sa( llew sa tuoba tsoc dna s )eludehc taht eht a hcr itect eru w lli a ll wo teams ot krow al r eg ly nednepedni lt ,y ni t re a itc ng ni sid ci denilp dna lortnoc l de wa .sy The a ihcr t tce is

deirrow tuoba tarts egi se ot hca ieve lla of oht se goal .s

ihcrA t utce re p sedivor a nommoc al n ug a eg ni hcihw fid fer tne cnoc e snr c na eb ex serp s ,de aitogen t ,de dna loser ved ta a evel l taht is i lautcelletn ly am na baeg le neve f ro ral g ,e xelpmoc sys t .sme W ti tuoh hcus a al ngua ,eg ti si ciffid u tl ot srednu t dna l egra s sy t me s us f cif i tne ly ekam ot eht ylrae snoisiced taht ecneulfni ytilauq htob .ssenlufesu dna

ERUTCETIHCRA INAM F STSE EHT TSEILRAE TES ISED FO GN SNOISICED

erawtfoS ar ihc t utce re stneserper a s sy tem s' ea eilr st tes fo sed i ng de .snoisic esehT rae ly d snoisice

era the tsom ffid i tluc ot teg tcerroc dna eht h ra d tse ot ahc n eg lat re in the eved lopm tne orp c ,sse yeht dna raf tsom eht evah - gnihcaer .stceffe

ehT erutcetihcrA senifeD stniartsnoC I no m noitatnemelp :

nA elpmi m atne t noi ex stibih na ihcra t erutce fi it rofnoc ms to eht struc larut sed i ng ed ci is sno

ircsed b de by t eh ar ihc te utc r .e sihT snaem taht eht tatnemelpmi i no mu ts eb id dediv into the rcserp bi de elem ,stne eht ele m stne tsum tni e tcar iw th each ot reh ni the cserp ri deb fa ihs ,no a dn

hcae tnemele tsum llifluf sti bisnopser i il ty ot t eh srehto d sa i atc t de b a eht y r ihc t tce u .er

ecruoseR noitacolla ed ci is sno al os niartsnoc nemelpmi t .snoita esehT snoisiced m ay be elbisivni ot pmi l srotneme krow ing no dni i laudiv ele tnem s. ehT stniartsnoc timrep a

noitarapes fo snrecnoc th ta swolla nam a eg ment d snoisice ot make the eb st esu of pe lennosr dna oitatupmoc n la icapac t .y elE m tne redliub s sum t eb neulf t ni the ceps i if cat noi fo t eh ir

ni d laudivi ele m stne tub ton ni ihcra et utc r la t ar de fo f .s esrevnoC l ,y ar ihc t stce n dee ton eb ex strep ni lla stcepsa fo al mhtirog sed i ng ro eht rtni i cac i se of eht rp o immarg n g l na gua tub ,eg ht e y a t er he

elbisnopser seno larutcetihcra eht rof .sffoedart

ehT erutcetihcrA setatciD lanoitazinagrO erutcurtS :

· toN no ly do se hcra i tcet u er erp s rc ibe the utcurts re fo eht s sy t me being ed ve ,depol tub taht erutcurts b oce m se engr deva ni eht structure of eht ved elo mp tne p or j ce t. ehT ron m la

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

dohtem rof ivid d gni pu eht l roba ni a al r eg s sy t me si ot ssa i ng fid f tnere spuorg differ tne snoitrop fo eht s metsy to urtsnoc tc . sihT si dellac the krow br odkae wn st cur tu er fo a

sy .mets

· A edis tceffe fo ilbatse s gnih eht krow br dkae own curts t eru is to rf eeze os me epsa cts fo eht wtfos a er hcra ti ect ru e. A puorg th ta si nopser is elb rof eno fo eht bus sy ts ems wi ll ser si t

ivah ng sti r ilibisnopse ti se id ts rib tu de a ssorc to her .spuorg fI eseht r se pon ilibis ti se h eva neeb fo amr liz de ni a c lautcartno er l ,pihsnoita ahc nging th me nac become ex snep i .ev kcarT ing rp o sserg no a celloc t noi fo sksat eb i gn sid t detubir a sl o becom se hcum more

.tluciffid

· ecnO eht hcra i erutcet sah neeb a deerg ,no the ,n it ceb mo se a ml tso im op iss ,elb rof nam a laireg dna ssenisub ,snosaer ot idom fy it. sihT si eno ar tnemug (a gnom am n )y rof

rac rying tuo a moc p er h evisne lave u noita erofeb eerf zing eht software architecture rof a egral sy .mets

ehT erutcetihcrA stibihnI ro selbanE etsyS a m s' ytilauQ setubirttA :

W rehteh a s metsy lliw eb ba le ot ex tibih sti derised ro( r iuqe er d) ilauq ty attri ub t se si

yllaitnatsbus yb denimreted .erutcetihcra sti

ehT arts te seig rof these dna rehto qu ila t ta y tri ub tes era sup er mely ra hc it ce t aru l. tI si ropmi t tna ot ,dnatsrednu ewoh v ,re th ta erutcetihcra a enol c na n to guar na tee uf nc it no ality

ro ilauq t .y rooP nwod s maert sed i ng or atnemelpmi t noi snoisiced nac la wa sy nu derm eni na qeda u eta cra h larutceti desi .ng snoisiceD ta lla st sega fo the l efi cycle f or m hi hg - el v le sed i ng to idoc ng dna elpmi m atne it no tceffa s metsy ilauq t .y ferehT o ,er lauq ity si on t pmoc letely a functi no

fo utcetihcra r la sed i .ng oT erusne ilauq t ,y a doog utcetihcra r assecen si e r ciffus ton tub ,y i .tne P gnitcider metsyS seitilauQ gniydutS yb eht erutcetihcrA :

sI ti ot elbissop llet th ta t eh pa p a etairpor r tihc e tc u d lar e snoisic ha ev be ne edam (i. ,.e if the s metsy

lliw ex tibih sti deriuqer ilauq ty tubirtta e )s w ti h tuo aw i gnit litnu eht s metsy si devel depo dna lped o .dey fI eht sna w re erew no, isoohc ng na ar hc it ce tu er dluow eb a epoh l sse ksat r modna

es l ce t noi dluow ep r mrof sa ew ll sa any to h re me ht o .d utroF n eta l ,y ti si elbissop ot am ke uq ality tuoba snoitciderp a s metsy ab s de elos l no y an ve a fo noitaul ihcra sti t tce u .er

ehT erutcetihcrA sekaM tI reisaE ot nosaeR tuoba eganaM dna egnahC

evE ry ar ihc t utce re trap i snoit elbissop ahc n seg i otn eerht catego :seir l co la , non local, dna

cetihcra tu .lar A lacol ch egna nac eb pmocca l si h de by om dif iy ng a is ngle ele .tnem A non lo lac ahc n eg seriuqer itlum p el ele m tne fidom i noitac s b tu sevael eht rednu l iy ng ihcra t ce tu ar l ppa or hca

.tcatni nA arutcetihcra l c egnah af stcef eht nuf da latnem wa sy ni hcihw the elemen st tni era tc iw th

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

ea hc to her. T eh ap t nret fo the a ihcr t utce re dna will aborp bly iuqer re ahc nges lla revo t eh s tsy me . suoivbO l ,y lo lac ahc nges era the tsom d ise r ,elba dna os na effective arch ti tce u er is eno ni hw i hc

eht tsom ylekil segnahc era tseisae eht osla .ekam ot

diceD ing nehw ahc n seg era se s ,laitne imreted ning whi hc ahc n eg tap hs ha ev t eh el ast r si ,k gnissessa eht euqesnoc n sec fo esoporp d chan ,seg dna a br itra it ng qes neu ec s dna rp ior iti es rof

qer u se t de ahc n seg lla eriuqer rb o da sni i thg ni to er l pihsnoita s, pe rofr m na c ,e dna b ahe vio sr fo s sy t me os f erawt elem ne t .s esehT era ni eht boj pircsed ti no rof na a cr ih tect. gninosaeR tuoba eht

tcetihcra nac eru edivorp eht thgisni assecen r ot y ekam d snoisice rp tuoba o c desop han .seg

ehT erutcetihcrA spleH yranoitulovE ni P gnipytotor :

ecnO na utcetihcra re sah neeb d ,denife ti nac be ana lyz de dna p otor typed sa a sk ele t la s sy t .me sihT eht sdia tnempoleved ssecorp ni owt aw y .s

1. ehT s metsy si ex elbatuce rae ly ni eht dorp uct s' il fe c .elcy stI edif lity ni creas se sa

otorp t epy p stra era er p decal by lpmoc e et ver is o sn fo eht s awtfo r .e esehT otorp t epy p stra nac eb a ewol r-fid ile ty ve noisr fo the if n la uf n oitc n ila t ,y ro ht ey nac eb us rro ag t se

emusnoc taht ecudorp dna atad eht ta etairporppa .setar

2. A laiceps ac se fo h gniva the sys met exec elbatu ae rly si t tah op t tne i la perform na ce smelborp deifitnedi eb nac ylrae s'tcudorp eht ni efil cy .elc

hcaE fo eht se eb n ife st r secude eht ri ks in eht pr jo .tce fI eht ar utcetihc re si trap fo a maf ily fo

er lat de sys ,smet eht tsoc fo itaerc ng a framewo kr rof otorp typing c na eb rtsid ibut de revo t eh tnempoleved ynam fo sy .smets

ehT erutcetihcrA selbanE eroM etaruccA dehcS dna tsoC elu setamitsE :

tsoC dna udehcs le itse m seta a er na pmi o tnatr ma egan m tne loot ot en elba t eh nam ager ot a qc uire

eht en c asse r secruoser y dna ot atsrednu nd whether a pro ej tc is in uort bl .e

tsoC snoitamitse desab no na natsrednu ding fo t eh s sy t me seceip ar ,e in eh r tne l ,y om re cca u ar te naht esoht desab no llarevo s sy t me elwonk d .eg sA ew ah ve ,dias eht ro ag in zat anoi l ts cur tu er fo a

p tcejor si ab s de no its ar hc it ce .erut

hcaE t mae lliw eb elba to ekam mo er a ucc rate es mit at se rof i st piece th na a orp je tc am nager iw ll dna lliw leef m ero nwo e pihsr ni ikam ng t eh tse imat se come t .eur noceS d, eht i tin i la ed fini noit of

na hcra i erutcet snaem taht eht qer u stnemeri rof a s metsy have neeb r ive e dew ,dna in s mo e ,esnes tadilav e .d erom ehT egdelwonk eht tuoba epocs s a fo y ,mets erom eht etarucca eht .setamitse

ERUTCETIHCRA ,ELBAREFSNART A SA ER - ELBASU LEDOM :

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

ehT reilrae ni eht li ef c elcy re- esu si lppa i ,de the greater eht ben tife th ta c na eb hca iev .de W elih edoc re- su e si cifeneb i ,la re- esu ta eht ar hc ite larutc l leve vorp di es rt em suodne l reve a eg for

s sy t sme w hti si lim ar er q iu remen st . toN no ly edoc nac be re- desu tub os ca n t eh qer u ri em stne th ta del ot the tcetihcra u er ni the fi tsr alp c ,e sa well sa the ex eirep n ec of bui idl ng t eh re- desu

ihcra t utce r .e W neh hcra i larutcet snoisiced nac eb re-us de ssorca itlum p el s sy t ,sme a ll fo t e eh arly noisiced secneuqesnoc osla era .derrefsnart

foS t eraw tcudorP seniL erahS moC a m no erutcetihcrA :

· A erawtfos dorp u tc il ne ro imaf ly si a tes of rawtfos e- netni s evi sy ts e sm rahs ing a

,nommoc deganam tes of utaef r se taht satisfy the ceps ific ne sde fo a par it uc l ra ma kr te tnemges or noissim dna taht era ed v epole d from a c mmo no tes fo co er as es ts ni a

w debircserp a .y

· hC i fe oma ng eht se eroc stessa si eht a hcr itectu er th ta w sa ed sign de to ah nd el eht ne sde fo eht tne i er imaf l .y tcudorP enil ihcra t stce esoohc na architecture ro( a fa im ly of c ol sely aler t de hcra i erutcet s) th ta lliw evres lla ne visi deno membe sr fo the tcudorp li en by

ikam ng de is ng iced s snoi taht ppa ly ssorca eht af im l e y arly dna by ma ik ng ot reh d ce i snois taht ppa l no y l ot y ividni d bmem lau e sr l .eta

· ehT ihcra t ce t eru senifed tahw si if x de rof la l mem reb s of t eh p tcudor li en dna tahw is

irav a lb e. So tf ware rp od tcu li sen r erpe s tne a p ufrewo l aorppa ch to tlum i-s tsy em mpoleved e tn ht at wohs s edro r-of- m edutinga pa sffoy ni time ot am r ,tek c ,tso

ivitcudorp t ,y dna dorp u tc ilauq t .y ehT wop er fo cra hi tcet eru li se ta t eh he tra fo the idarap g .m S ralimi ot rehto ac p lati in tsev m ne t ,s eht ar tihc e tc ru f e o orp a r du b enil tc e oc em s

gnipoleved a noitazinagro 's eroc .tessa

etsyS ms eB naC tliuB gnisU ,egraL yllanretxE depoleveD elE m stne :

· W saereh reilrae awtfos re darap i smg desucof no rp o immarg ng sa the prime ca it vit ,y wi ht ssergorp saem u der ni li sen of ,edoc ar tihc e tc ure- ab s de develo mp tne of net fo sesuc no

gnisopmoc or messa bling le e stnem ht at ra e il kely ot h eva b nee oleved p de etarapes l neve,y tnednepedni l morf ,y hcae .rehto

· sihT noitisopmoc si op s elbis esuaceb the arc ih t ce tu er defi sen the e el m stne ht ta nac eb

detaroprocni otni eht sy ets .m tI snoc t niar s issop b el alper c stneme ro( dda i )snoit a drocc ing ot woh ht e ni y t re a tc htiw rieht orivne n nem t, woh they receive dna er l qni iu sh oc tn ,lor tahw ad ta ht ey usnoc me dna ,ecudorp woh ht ey acce ss ,atad a dn wh ta rp oto oc ls they use for

ecruoser dna noitacinummoc .gnirahs

· enO key psa e tc fo hcra i tcet u er si sti or inag z ta i no fo elem tne st cur tu ,er i retn af ec s, dna

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

itarepo n noc g c stpe . ehT tnacifingis tsom icnirp pl o siht fo e r inag z noita si ahcretni n ilibaeg t .y

· moC m cre i la ffo -the- ehs lf ,stnenopmoc bus s sy t me ,s dna moc p bita le co numm i tac i sno

secafretni lla dneped no eht elpicnirp fo tni e hcr na ge iba lit .y ,revewoH ht e er is hcum tuoba erawtfos poleved m tne hguorht sopmoc it taht noi rem snia un vloser ed.

· W neh eht stnenopmoc taht era can adid t se f ro im rop ta it no dna re-use are di ts in tc

bus sys smet taht evah neeb tliub htiw lfnoc i itc ng ar ihc t tce u lar as mus itp o ,sn anu nti pic a det esaercni nac snoitacilpmoc troffe eht deriuqer ni ot etarget .snoitcnuf rieht

erutcetihcrA nA reP m sti eT m etalp - desaB poleveD m tne :

An ihcra t erutce bme odi se ised gn ed snoisic tuoba oh w emele n st etni r tca ht a ,t ihw le

lfer e detc ni ea hc ele m s'tne i elpm m ne ta it ,no can eb ilacol z de and irw t net suj t no ec . alpmeT t se nac be desu to erutpac ni eno pl eca the inter-elem tne inte ar ction m ahce nism .s roF

,ecnatsni a t pme late nac edocne eht d taralce i no s rof na element s' up blic ra ea hw ere er sul st w li l eb ,tfel ro nac ocne d eht e slocotorp t tah eht e el m tne sesu ot enga htiw eg the s e metsy x uce t .evi

erutcetihcrA nA naC eB eht sisaB rof gniniarT :

ehT cra h utceti r ,e includi gn a d se c noitpir of how stnemele i tn eract ot yrrac uo t eht

deriuqer b ivahe o ,r nac s evre sa eht noitcudortni to eht s metsy rof n we pr jo tce memb .sre sihT ofnier r sec our op ni t taht eno fo the ropmi t tna u ses fo fos twa er a cr ih et ct eru si to s troppu dna

aruocne ge noitacinummoc gnoma eht suoirav .sredlohekats

rA c ih tect ru al Structu ser and V ei ws :

A weiv si a er p neser t ta i no fo a hoc e tner tes of a hcr itectur la elem ne t ,s sa rw ti t ne by dna daer by s metsy ohekats l .sred tI stsisnoc fo a er p er s atne tion fo a s te fo elem ne ts a dn eht rel ta i sno oma ng th .me A si erutcurts the s te fo le e stnem i ,flest sa the e y x si t ni fos twar e or wdrah ra .e roF ex ma p ,el a dom u el erutcurts si eht tes fo eht s sy tem s' dom u sel dna ht e ri or inag za it on. eludom A weiv eht si

noitatneserper ,erutcurts taht fo detnemucod sa yb yb desu dna emos sy .sredlohekats mets

ihcrA t utce r la serutcurts nac by dna al r eg eb divi ded i otn thr ee puorg s, de nep id gn no t eh b daor erutan o stnemele eht f yeht .wohs

· ludoM e .serutcurts eH er the mele e stn era udom l ,se cihw h era u in ts fo

elpmi m atne t .noi seludoM erper s tne a doc e-b sa ed way of redisnoc ing the s sy met . hT ey era ssa i deng ar sae fo oitcnuf n la isnopser bi il t .y erehT si ssel pme hasis no woh t eh

itluser ng os f erawt nam i stsef itself ta ur n it m .e eludoM rts u serutc allow su to rewsna snoitseuq hcus sa W tah is eht amirp r uf y n oitc n la er s nop ilibis t a y ssign de to hcae m do lu ?e

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

W tah rehto fos erawt el stneme si a udom le a ll owed ot us ?e W ah t ot reh fos twa er seod ti lautca ly us ?e W tah seludom era etaler d ot ehto r seludom by eg nera il z noita ro

noitazilaiceps )ecnatirehni ,.e.i( ?spihsnoitaler

· noitacollA urts c .serut noitacollA serutcurts s woh the relat snoi ih p eb twe ne the erawtfos ele m stne dna eht stnemele ni eno ro erom ext lanre ne v ori mn e tn s ni

hcihw eht so erawtf si c er deta dna ex uce t .de T eh y rewsna qu snoitse su hc sa Wh ta rossecorp do se hcae fos t eraw el tneme ex uce t o e n? nI tahw fi sel si hcae elem tne s derot

gnirud ed v ,tnempole set t ,gni dna s sy t me idliub n ?g W tah si eht nemngissa t awtfos fo re stnemele tnempoleved ot et a ?sm

esehT eerht stru serutc c dnopserro ot the eerht b daor t sepy of de noisic t tah ar ihc et utc r la ed si ng vlovni e :s

· woH eht si sy mets ot eb derutcurts a sa tes stinu edoc fo ?)seludom( · s eht si woH y derutcurts eb ot mets stnemele fo tes a sa roivaheb emitnur evah taht

)stnenopmoc( snoitcaretni dna ?)srotcennoc( · woH si eht sys met ot r ale te ot tfosnon w era ts r serutcu ni ti s envi or mn e tn (i e. ,. CPUs,

s elif y ,smets ,skrowten tnempoleved ,smaet ?).cte

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 52

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

TINU 2 stnetnoC

larutcetihcrA ts y sel sepiP dna tlif re s noitcartsba ataD tcejbo dna - detneiro noitazinagro tnevE - ,desab ticilpmi noitacovni Lay dere sy smets otisopeR r sei I sreterpretn orP ec ss c tno r lo railimaf rehtO serutcetihcra suoenegoreteH .serutcetihcra esaC seidutS eK : y drow txetnoC ni I noitatnemurtsn erawtfos

:TIN 2 A LARUTCETIHCR S SELYT TS ESAC DNA SEIDU

larutcetihcrA :selytS

ehT os ftw era utcetihcra re fo a orp g mar or upmoc ting sy mets si eht erutcurts or serutcurts fo eht sy ts em, hcihw esirpmoc tfos w era nenopmoc st , the exter an lly iv s bi le porp e tr i se

fo esoht oc mp ,stneno and eht relationshi sp b te we ne t eh m. ehT t mre osla ref sre to cod um tne ati no fo a s etsy m s' tfos wa er ar tihc ect .eru oD uc m erawtfos gnitne ar hc ti ectu er f ca li ti at se oc m num ci ta i no

neewteb redlohekats s, stnemucod rae ly isiced no s tuoba high- level desi ,ng dna all swo r ue se of ngised stnenopmoc dna snrettap neewteb .stcejorp

nA tihcra e larutc style d senife a af mil fo y s sy t sme ni smret fo a p tta re n fo utcurts r la or ag in z ta i .no

sihT sedivorp a bacov u al r y of oc mp stneno dna conn tce or typ ,se dna a s te fo noc s rt tnia s no woh ht ey nac eb oc m ib n .de A sem citna ledom may also exi ts hw i hc ps ecif woh y ot det re im en a

sy s'mets llarevo seitreporp seitreporp eht morf .strap sti fo

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 62

U

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

sepiP and liF et sr :

· nI a epip dna retlif style hcae tnenopmoc sah a s te fo i stupn dna a tes fo uptuo t .s A tnenopmoc sdaer s aert ms fo atad no its i pn tu s dna secudorp ts re sma of ad ta no i st led ,stuptuo i a gnirev oc m etelp sni t fo ecna eht ser ult ni a st dna a dr ord .re

· sihT si lausu ly lpmocca i dehs by ppa lying a lo lac rofsnart m noita ot the in tup aerts ms

dna upmoc ting latnemercni ly os ou tupt begi sn feb ore tupni si snoc u .dem He ecn stnenopmoc era t re m de “f li t sre ”. ehT noc n srotce fo siht style res ve sa oc nd iu st rof t eh

,smaerts tr imsna tting ou stupt of no e retlif to tupni s of ehtona r. He ecn the tcennoc o sr are ret m de “p pi e .”s gnomA eht tnatropmi stnairavni fo eht styl ,e filt sre

tsum eb edni p tnedne en :seitit ni rap t uci l ,ra ht ey s oh lu d n to ahs re ts ate w ti h to h re .sretlif

· rehtonA i tnatropm tnairavni si taht if l sret od ton wonk t eh i ed n it ty of their u sp tre ma

dna ertsnwod am lif t .sre riehT ficeps i snoitac im thg ser tri tc tahw sraeppa no t eh tupni sepip ro ekam gu seetnara tuoba tahw sraeppa no eht tuptuo ip p ,se tub ht ey may not

yfitnedi stnenopmoc eht .sepip esoht fo sdne eht ta

· ,eromrehtruF eht co rr ect ssen fo eht o tuptu fo a pi ep dna f li t re net krow s oh lu d ton dneped no eht redro ni hcihw ht e f li et sr perf mro their i cn rem ne t la rp o issec ng—

ohtla u hg af ir cs h ude ling c na eb ussa m .de nommoC ilaiceps z snoita of siht st ely cni ul de ilepip nes, hw i hc tcirtser eht lopot ogi se ot il n ae r neuqes c se fo lif te ;sr

dednuob ,sepip hw i hc rtser i tc eht tnuoma fo atad taht c na r ise de on a ip p ;e dna typ de atad eht taht eriuqer hcihw ,sepip neewteb dessap llew a evah sretlif owt - denifed ty .ep

· A areneged te esac fo a enilepip ihcra t utce re co c sru nehw ea hc if lt re pro sec s se lla of

sti tupni atad sa a is ngle en it t .y nI siht ac se eht a cr h erutceti b ce om se a b“ at hc tneuqes i ”la sy .mets nI th ese s smetsy ip p se on ol n reg res ve the uf n noitc fo idivorp ng a

maerts fo ad t ,a dna fereht o er are al r eg l y v tse igial. ecneH hcus s smetsy a er tseb detaert sa fo secnatsni arapes a te hcra i tcet u s lar t .ely

· ehT tseb nwonk ex selpma fo epip and fi retl cra h ceti ut ser are rp o arg ms wr tti ne in the

xinU lehs l. xinU stroppus siht st ely by idivorp ng a ton a it no for nnoc e tc ing c nopmo e stn neserper( t de sa inU x )sessecorp dna by orp viding nur it me

hcem a smsin f ro mi ple tnem ing pip e .s sA rehtona lew l- nwonk ex ,elpma idart t lanoi ly pmoc i srel evah neeb iv e dew sa a ip p enile s sy t sme oht( u hg the ahp s se are netfo ercni ton m atne l .)

· ,drihT s sy t sme nac be e isa ly ma iatni n de dna en :decnah n we tlif e sr c na eb add de to

ex gnitsi s smetsy dna o dl lif t sre nac be r pe la dec by mi devorp .seno ,htruoF ht ey

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per tim ce tr ia n dnik s fo aiceps il zed ana l ,sisy su hc sa rht ou tuphg dna ed adl kco .sisylana laniF l ,y ht ey larutan ly troppus oc ncurr tne ex ce u .noit hcaE f retli c na eb

melpmi e sa detn a ksat etarapes laitnetop dna l e y x ni detuce p .sretlif rehto htiw lellara Da at Abs rt ac it on and Ob cej t-O ir en det rO ag niza it on :

· In siht ts y el ad ta neserper t ta i sno dna eht ir ossa ciated rp i tim ive repo a snoit a er detaluspacne ni na sba t tcar ad ta type ro ejbo ct. ehT stnenopmoc fo th si style a er eht

stcejbo — ,ro fi uoy ,lliw secnatsni fo the artsba ct atad typ .se

· cejbO st era ex pma l se fo a tros fo tnenopmoc ew ac ll a m na ager eb c ua se it is er s nop s bi le rof p reser vin ni eht g te rg it fo y a r ruose ce h( ere eht r erpe senta it on) . stcejbO i tcaretn orht u hg

noitcnuf dna orp c ude re .snoitacovni T ow i ropm t tna stcepsa fo siht style era (a) t tah na bo j tce si elbisnopser rof erp s ivre ng eht integrity of i st er p eser n at ti no su( ually by

m iniatnia ng os me ravni i tna revo ,)ti dna )b( th ta t eh rep er s ne tat noi is hi nedd morf to reh ejbo c .st

· ehT esu fo tcartsba ad ta t ,sepy dna rcni e isa ngly t eh esu fo jbo ect-or nei t de s sy tem ,s si , fo

,esruoc .daerpsediw Th ere era many v ra i ita o .sn roF ex pma l ,e os me s sy t sme lla ow bo“ ”stcej tnerrucnoc eb ot srehto ;sksat wolla stcejbo evah ot elpitlum .secafretni

· cejbO t- neiro t de s sy t sme evah many ecin orp p ,seitre tsom of hw i hc are ew ll .nwonk

uaceB se na ob tcej ih d se sti neserper t noita morf sti cl tnei s, it is op iss lb e to hc an eg ht e elpmi m atne t noi tuohtiw ceffa ting t oh se lc tnei .s lanoitiddA l ,y the gnildnub fo a tes fo

gnissecca senituor iw th eht atad ht ey nam ipulate al swol desi ng ers to oced m esop smelborp otni itcelloc o sn fo ni t re ac it ng a tneg s. tuB cejbo t- ro i detne s sy t sme osla ah ve

emos tnavdasid a .seg

· ehT tsom gis n fi i tnac si t tah ni redro f ro one bo je tc to etni r tca with tona her aiv( p or cedure )llac ti tsum wonk eht di itne t y of th ta oth re bo j ce .t sihT si ,tsartnoc ni for exa lpm ,e to ip pe

dna lif t re s ,smetsy ehw re lif t sre od deen n to nk ow tahw rehto f sretli are in eht syst me ni dro er ot in et ract htiw them.

· ehT fingis i nac ce fo siht si taht revenehw eht itnedi t y of na obj ce t changes ti is secen sary

ot idom fy all ot reh jbo ects t tah ex ticilp ly i ovn ke it. nI a udom le neiro t de al ngua eg ht is efinam s st flesti sa the deen ot hc an eg the “ mi rop t” tsil fo every mod elu taht su es t eh

ahc n deg udom l .e rehtruF ereht nac eb edis fe ef tc orp ble sm : if A sesu obje tc B dna C al os sesu ,B neht C s' fe f stce no B enu ekil kool x .asrev eciv dna ,A ot stceffe edis detcep

Ev ne t-base ,d Imp ticil In ov ca it on :

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· lanoitidarT l ,y ni a s sy t me ni hcihw the comp tneno tni e secafr ivorp de a oc lle itc no fo udecorp r se dna oitcnuf n ,s stnenopmoc tcaretni htiw hcae to h re by ex ilp c ti ly i ovn ik ng

esoht .senituor evewoH r, tnecer ly ht e er sah neeb aredisnoc b el tni e er st in na altern ta ive noitargetni ,euqinhcet v suoira ly re ef rr de ot sa impl ci it i vn o ac t ,noi reacti ev tni e targ i ,no

dna les e itc ve rb o acda st.

· ihT s ts y el sah otsih ric la stoor ni s smetsy ab s de no a rotc s, snoc t tniar tas isf tca i ,no dna ,snomead p ekca t- ws i wten dehct o .skr ehT aedi dniheb lpmi i vni tic o tac i si no t tah i tsn e da

fo ikovni ng a rp o udec re tcerid l ,y a opmoc n tne can ecnuonna (or aorb cd as )t one ro mo er ve e stn . nenopmoc rehtO t ni s eht s sy t me nac re sig t na re ni t tsere ni na tneve by ssa o aic ting a

decorp u w er i ht eht ev ne t.

· W neh the tneve si nna o decnu the sys met ti fles sekovni lla fo eht rp oc de ur se th ta have neeb re sig t dere for the neve t. suhT na tneve tnemecnuonna pmi`` lic ti l ''y uac s se the

noitacovni of corp de seru ni hto er m do ules. roF ex ,elpma ni eht dleiF sy ts em, sloot hcus sa ed sroti dna elbairav r srotinom e tsig re rof a bed u gg er’ .stneve tniopkaerb s

· W neh a reggubed spots ta a pkaerb o ,tni ti nna o secnu na tneve taht lla o sw t eh s sy t me to

amotua t laci ly ovni ke m sdohte ni oht se register de oot l .s esehT sdohtem thgim s llorc an rotide ot eht airporppa te ecruos il ne ro r lpside ay t eh value fo mo tin ro de rav i ba l .se In

siht ,emehcs eht ggubed er pmis ly secnuonna na ev ,tne tub seod ton wonk wh ta hto er sloot fi( an )y era denrecnoc wi ht taht eve n ,t ro tahw they wi ll od w neh taht tneve is

a nuonn c .de

· enO ropmi t tna eb n tife fo mi ticilp noitacovni si t tah it vorp i sed ts or ng s pu trop rof r .esue Any tnenopmoc nac eb i decudortn otni a sys met pmis ly by re tsig e ir ng it f ro eht neve ts of

taht sys t .me A dnoces neb e tif si taht lpmi i tic ovni c noita sesae syst me ove lut oi n. stnenopmoC may eb per al c de by o reht pmoc no e stn tuohtiw af ef c it ng eht tni erfa sec fo

rehto enopmoc n ni st eht sys .met

· nI ,tsartnoc ni a sy ts me desab no ex ticilp ,noitacovni enehw v re the i ed itn ty of a th ta sedivorp emos sys met noitcnuf si ahc n ,deg lla to h re seludom taht pmi o tr that m do lu e m tsu

osla eb ahc n .deg ehT amirp ry dis navda ta eg of lpmi icit ovni c ta i no is taht oc m op nen st demrofrep noitatupmoc eht revo lortnoc hsiuqniler by the sys .met

· W neh a tnenopmoc secnuonna na eve n ,t ti h sa on idea wh ta o ht er oc m enop tn s w li l

dnopser ot .ti W ,esro neve fi ti seod wonk tahw rehto oc m enop nts are int ere st de in the ev stne ti nuonna c ,se ti tonnac er ly no the o dr er ni w ih hc they ar e inv .deko

· roN nac ti wonk nehw ht ey are nif i ehs d. rehtonA melborp cnoc e snr ex egnahc fo .atad

itemoS m se atad nac be p sa s de iw th t eh e ev nt. tuB ni to h re utis a oit ns ev tne sys smet tsum er ly no a sh dera re isop tory for ni t re ca it .no nI eseht sesac olg b la per of rmance dna uoser cr e

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

nam a eg m tne nac oceb me a seri suo iss .eu

· laniF l ,y inosaer ng ab tuo ssentcerroc nac eb p bor l tame i ,c nis ce eht me ina ng of a rp oce erud taht secnuonna stneve lliw dneped no the oc n et xt fo nib id sgn in which ti is i vn o .dek sihT si ni tsartnoc to lanoitidart osaer ning tuoba p decor u er c la ls, hw i hc ne de only

redisnoc a rp oc ude re s’ erp - dna tsop - .ti fo noitacovni na tuoba gninosaer nehw snoitidnoc

Lay dere Syste sm :

· A laye der s metsy si inagro z de lacihcrareih l ,y hcae layer ivorp ding vres i ec ot eht layer evoba ti dna s ivre ng sa a cl tnei ot t eh layer below. nI emos la derey s etsy ms renni laye sr

era dih d ne morf lla ex tpec eht tnecajda uo t re la ,rey ex tpec rof c re tain fun tc i no s ac r fe lu ly celes t de rof ex .trop suhT ni eseht s smetsy eht co stnenopm mi p el m tne a v lautri m enihca ta emos la rey ni the eih ra cr hy. hT e noc n srotce era d ife n de by the torp o oc ls t tah ed t mre ine

woh eht la srey w lli in ret a .tc opoT lo lacig snoc t stniar in edulc imil ting ni t re a snoitc to tnecajda al y .sre

· ehT tsom ediw ly nk o nw ex pma l se fo siht dnik fo arch eti c arut l st ely era layer de

moc m acinu t noi cotorp ols. nI siht ppa l noitaci ar ae e hca layer orp v sedi a etartsbus rof noitacinummoc ta os me level fo ba s rt itca .no rewoL slevel fed ine l rewo l ve e sl fo

,noitcaretni eht tsewol t ipy c la ly b ie ng d fe ni de by ah rd aw re noc nec it no s. rehtO lppa i- saera noitac ts siht rof y edulcni el s esabatad y gnitarepo dna smets sy .smets

· Laye der s smetsy evah s lareve d se i elbar orp p tre i .se ,tsriF ht ey troppus d se i ng ab s de no

isaercni ng el v sle fo ba ts r tca i .no sihT al swol pmi l neme t sre to ap r it it no a com xelp orp lb me otni a qes u ne ec fo in rc em ne t la s .spet

· ,dnoceS ht ey ppus o tr en ah ncem ne t. ekiL ip p ,senile uaceb se hcae la rey i retn a stc htiw ta

tsom eht sreyal woleb dna ,evoba hc an seg ot eht cnuf t noi fo eno layer af tcef ta tsom owt rehto laye .sr hT i ,dr ht ey ppus o tr .esuer ekiL artsba tc atad t ,sepy di eff r tne elpmi m atne t snoi

fo eht s ema la rey nac eb us de ni ter ahc nge ba l ,y p ivor ded ht ey troppus eht as me ni ter af c se ot rieht da j ca e tn laye .sr

· sihT sdael ot eht ssop i ilib ty fo d inife ng st na da dr layer inte fr a sec ot whi hc di ff e tner

elpmi m etne sr nac ub li .d A( doog ex pma le si t eh OSI OSI ledom dna some fo t eh X W wodni S metsy ).slocotorp tuB la derey s sy t sme osla ah ve vdasid anta .seg toN lla s smetsy era ae sily rts uct deru ni a laye der ihsaf on. dnA neve fi a s sy t me nac lacigol ly be

derutcurts sa laye ,sr oc sn snoitaredi fo ep r rof man ec may uqer ire cl reso coupling betwe ne lacigol l h y i hg -l leve f nu ct snoi dna eht ir ol wer-level mi lp em ne tati .sno

· lanoitiddA l ,y ti nac eb etiuq tluciffid ot f ni d eht ri thg evel ls of ab carts ti .no hT is si

ralucitrap ly t eur rof ts dradna iz de la ey r de models. enO seton taht eht oc m num ci ta i sno moc m inu ty sah h da os me luciffid ty m ppa i gn ex si ting slocotorp otni ht e I OS

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arf m we o :kr am ny fo th slocotorp eso b ir d eg sev re al la .srey

· nI one esnes siht si imis l ra ot eht b ne e stif fo mi plem ne ta it no hiding f dnuo ni sba tra tc ad ta .sepyt ewoH v ,re ereh th ere are itlum p el levels fo ba ts ract noi and mi plem ne t ta i .no hT ey

era osla imis l ra ot ,senilepip in th ta c mo enop nts oc mm inu cate ta m tso htiw o en other tnenopmoc no htie er sid .e tuB daetsni fo elpmis epip daer / rw i et p locotor fo pipes, lay re de

s sy t sme nac vorp id hcum e f rehcir o smr fo ni ter ca t .noi

· sihT sekam ti di tluciff ot enifed s sy t me ni d nepe d tne laye sr sa( tiw h if l ret s)— ecnis a layer tsum us tropp eht ficeps ic cotorp ols ta i st reppu dna wol er dnuob a eir s. tuB ti al os a ll swo hcum solc er etni r l neewteb noitca a ,srey and stimrep wt o- wa ssimsnart y i fni fo no o amr t .noi

peR osito seir :

nI a soper i ot ry style ht e er era owt qu eti itsid n tc sdnik fo opmoc nen :st a tnec r la ad ta ts ur c erut erper s stne eht tnerruc ,etats dna a oc l el ct noi fo tnednepedni oc m op nen st arepo te no t eh c tne r la

atad ts o .er nI t re a snoitc b neewte eht r otisope r a y nd sti ex ret n la enopmoc tn s nac vary si ng ific na tly neewteb s .smetsy

ehT ohc i ec of noc t lor enilpicsid l sdae ot maj ro s tacbu egori .se fI eht t sepy fo tr sna a snoitc ni

na tupni maerts fo t ar n snoitcas rt i regg es l ce tion fo secorp s se to exec ,etu eht r ope si ot ry c na eb a lanoitidart datab .esa fI eht tnerruc etats fo eht nec tr la ad ta structure is the main rt i regg of es l ce ting secorp s se ot ex ,etuce eht r ope s oti ry c na be a bl bkca o .dra The draobkcalb om d le is

lausu l :strap rojam eerht htiw detneserp y

· hT e onk w egdel so :secru arapes t ,e nepedni de tn p ra slec of lppa ica noit de dnep e tn lwonk edg .e I itcaretn no gnoma wonk led eg so secru t seka p al ce so el ly rht ou hg eht

.draobkcalb · hT e b draobkcal tad a :erutcurts borp lem-s gnivlo st eta ,atad or inag z de tni o an

oitacilppa n- tnedneped hi are rch .y elwonK d eg so secru m eka chan seg ot t eh bla aobkc rd yllatnemercni dael taht t noitulos a o eht ot .melborp

· noC rt :lo e nevird n it er ly by stat b fo e lack ob ard . elwonK d os eg u secr dnopser

yllacitsinutroppo nehw segnahc eht ni draobkcalb ekam .elbacilppa meht

· vnI o tac i no fo a wonk led eg ecruos si rt i deregg by t eh ats te fo t eh lb a kc b rao .d ehT a lautc sucol fo noc t ,lor dna ecneh sti pmi l neme t oita n, nac eb ni the wonk le egd s ruo c ,se t eh

,draobkcalb a arapes te ,eludom ro os me oc mbi an it no fo t .eseh draobkcalB s smetsy evah idart t lanoi ly neeb desu rof lppa i snoitac qer iu gnir co xelpm tni e rpr etatio sn fo si lang

issecorp n hcus ,g sa hceeps dna pa nrett er co ting io .n

· hT ey ah ve osla app derae ni hto er sdnik fo s sy t sme th ta vni lo ev s ah r de a cc sse to ad ta

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htiw esool ly puoc l de a neg ts. Th ere ,era of oc u ,esr many other exampl se fo r ope sitory sy .smets aB t hc s qe u tne ial s smetsy htiw labolg da at bas se are a speci la ac s .e mmargorP ing

norivne m stne era netfo o inagr z de sa a loc l ce t fo noi sloot to eg th w re ti h a sha der oper sitory rp fo o rp dna smarg o rf marg a tnemg s.

· nevE lppa i ac t snoi taht evah neeb lanoitidart ly vi dewe sa ip p enile cra hite tc u ser may be

erom cca u etar ly ni t pre r dete sa otisoper ry s sy te sm . roF ex ,elpma wh eli a oc m lip er ihcra t ce ut er h sa t idar tio lan ly b nee pres ne t de sa a epip li ,en t eh esahp“ s” fo tsom mod nre

srelipmoc etarepo no a esab fo derahs rofni mat noi (s lobmy t ,selba sba tr tca syn xat ert e, etc.).

Interp er te sr :

nI na ni t pre r rete or inag z ta i no a v tri u la cam hine is decudorp ni so tf war .e nA pretni r rete ni cl sedu eht duesp o- rp ogr ma eb ing tni er rp et de a dn t eh i tn pre ret noita en ig en sti e .fl ehT duesp o- rp ogr ma

sedulcni eht rp o marg ti s fle dna the i retn p er te s’r an la og of sti ex uce t noi s at te (a tc iva it no reco .)dr ehT noitaterpretni en ig ne ulcni d se htob the defi tin i no fo t eh ni et rpr e ret dna t eh c ru re tn ts ate fo

ti s ex .noituce suhT na i reterpretn eg n lare ly h sa ruof enopmoc n :st na tni e erpr ta it no engi en ot od eht ,krow a omem ry taht sniatnoc t eh ps ue do- c edo ot eb in ret p er t ,de a per r nese t ta i no fo the

co lortn ats te fo eht ni t aterpre t noi enigne , dna a er p er s ne tat fo noi the ruc r tne st eta of eht progr ma gnieb .detalumis

tnI e erpr t sre era oc m nom ly su de ot dliub triv u la m ca ih sen t tah olc se t eh gap betwe ne t eh

tupmoc i gn en enig ex ep ct de by eht tnames i sc fo t eh margorp dna eht com tup i gn engine va a li ba le ni wdrah a .er

Other Fa ilim ar A cr hite tc u ser :

erehT era suoremun oth re ar tihc e utc r la st sely and tap t .snre oS me era wi daerpsed dna srehto a er amod ralucitrap ot cificeps i .sn

• birtsiD ut de secorp ses: siD t detubir s smetsy ha ev depoleved a rebmun of nommoc

inagro z snoita rof tlum i- secorp s s sy t me s. oS me nac eb ch iretcara z de rp im ira ly by their lacigolopot utaef r ,se us ch sa ir ng dna s at r or ag in z ta i no s. srehtO era eb t ret rahc a tc eriz de ni t re ms

fo eht sdnik fo ni t re - ssecorp slocotorp t tah era desu rof commu in tac i no e( . ,.g h rae tbe ta )smhtirogla . enO oc m nom mrof of d ubirtsi t de s metsy ar tihc e tc u er is a c“ li ne t- vres re ”

inagro zat noi . nI eht se s sy t sme a res v re per r stnese a p ssecor ht ta pro sediv secivres ot oth re sessecorp eht( lc i .)stne lausU ly eht res v re seod ton wonk in da v na ce the edi tn ti ies ro un mber fo

stneilc taht lliw ac ssec ti ta nur it m .e nO the o reht ,dnah cli stne wonk t eh edi tn ity of a s re v re ro( nac dnif ti tuo orht u hg emos ot reh )revres dna ca c sse ti b omer y t rp e o udec r .llac e

• niaM p rgor a rbus/m o agro enitu n tazi ions: The amirp ry or inag za noit of am ny s sy t sme im r sror eht rp ogr gnimma langua eg ni hcihw ht e sys met si .nettirw roF al ngua seg tuohtiw s troppu rof

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iraludom zat noi siht fo t ne stluser in a s sy t me or inag z de dnuora a m ia n rp o arg m dna a tes of nituorbus e .s hT e am in orp g mar stca sa ht e evird r rof eht ,senituorbus t py i lac ly p a gnidivor oc n lort pool for uqes ne ic n ht g rou hg t eh orbus utin se i os n m e o .redr • Do iam n- iceps f ci os f erawt archi et tc u :ser R tnece ly ht e er sah be ne c no si ared ble inte tser in

oleved ip ng “ fer e ner ce” ihcra t serutce for specific od m snia . esehT ra chitectu ser vorp di e na inagro z anoita l erutcurts deroliat ot a imaf ly fo pa plica ,snoit s hcu sa oiva ni ,sc c mo m dna

dna ,lortnoc or cihev le am na tnemeg syst sme . By ilaiceps zing eht arc ih tecture to the ,niamod it si sop s elbi ot esaercni the ed scriptive rewop fo stru utc res. dnI e ,de ni am ny ac s se eht cra tih ce t eru si ciffus i tne ly snoc t deniar taht na ex uce t elba sy ts me nac be eg nerat de tua oma it cally or semi-

yllacitamotua rutcetihcra eht morf la noitpircsed .flesti • tS a et t noitisnar sys et ms: A oc m nom agro niz noita rof am ny re tca i ev s sy t sme si the s at te

noitisnart s metsy . esehT s sy t sme a er ed fin de ni smret a s te of stat se dna a tes fo an m de snoitisnart evom taht a sy morf mets eno etats ot htona .re

• orP c sse lortnoc sys tems: S smetsy dednetni ot edivorp d any m ci lortnoc fo a phys laci norivne m tne era netfo inagro z de sa rp o ssec tnoc r lo sy ts ems . esehT s smetsy era or u hg ly

rahc a iretc z de sa a eef db kca pool ni hcihw upni ts morf srosnes are desu by t eh rp o ssec oc n lort s sy t ot me ed ter enim a tes fo stuptuo taht lliw orp d a ecu new ts ate of th e e n oriv mn ne t.

eH et r go ene ous A cr hite tc u ser :

· tsoM s smetsy t lacipy ly i evlovn emos nibmoc ation fo eves r la styl .se Th ere are differ tne wa sy ni hcihw cetihcra t laru st sely c na eb moc b .deni enO way si th or u hg areih rch .y A

tnenopmoc fo a s sy t me o inagr z de ni eno hcra i cet t laru style may ah ve na lanretni ts r cu ture taht si depoleved a etelpmoc ly dif ef tner styl .e

· F ro ex ,elpma ni a inU x pip e enil eht dni i laudiv stnenopmoc may be rep er s ne t de

lanretni ly isu ng iv r aut lly any style— in idulc n ,g of ,esruoc tona h re ip pe and ,retlif sys et m. roF ex pma l ,e a epip rotcennoc may be pmi l eme n det ni t re n la ly sa a FIFO eueuq acce ss de

by tresni dna mer ove op are it .sno

· w dnoces A a rof y st ot sely c eb o si denibm ot rep m a ti is ngl ot tnenopmoc e u es a im x fo erut cetihcra tu lar noc n .srotce roF ex pma l ,e a pmoc o tnen thgim ssecca a r pe iso ot ry t orh u hg

trap fo sti afretni c ,e tub tcaretni rht ou hg ip p se w hti rehto pmoc o en tn s in a syst me , dna tpecca lortnoc tamrofni io orht n u hg trap rehtona fo ti s ni et fr a .ec

· rehtonA ex pma le is na a“ ct evi ad tabase”. sihT si a otisoper ry hw i hc act avi t se ext re n la

stnenopmoc orht u hg i ticilpm covni a .noit In iht s inagro z noita ex lanret enopmoc nts re retsig ni t tsere ni op rt snoi fo eht ad t ba as .e T eh ad t aba se motua a it cally i sekovn t eh

rporppa iate sloot desab on ht is as cos iati .no sdraobkcalB( era tfo en noc str detcu siht wa ;y elwonk d eg secruos era a detaicoss htiw ficeps ic k sdni fo ,atad dna a er activat de wh ene v re

taht dnik atad fo si ).deifidom

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· A driht way rof styl se ot eb moc b deni si ot moc p etel ly el ba o ar te eno lev le fo ar ihc t ce ut r la noitpircsed yletelpmoc a ni tnereffid larutcetihcra ts y .el

Case Stud sei :

gniwolloF are eht ex selpma ot ulli s art te woh a ihcr et c ut r la rp inci selp c na be us de ot in rc ease ruo gnidnatsrednu fo so wtf ra e s sy t .sme ehT rif st ex elpma swohs woh tnereffid arc ih t ce tu lar

snoitulos ot eht emas p melbor edivorp di ff erent eneb f ti .s The dnoces ac se ts udy mus m ra iz se ex irep ni ecne ipoleved ng a iamod n- ihcra cificeps t ce tur la style rof a f ima l rtsudni fo y i orp la du .stc

Case Study 1: Key Wo dr ni Con et xt :

· nI sih repap fo ,2791 Pa sanr pr desopo the llof owi gn p bor l me :The KW CI [Key W dro in etnoC x ]t xedni s metsy stpecca na ro d dere s te fo ,senil hcae il ne si an deredro s te fo ,sdrow dna hcae wo dr si na deredro tes fo cha ar cte .sr Any il ne may eb c`` ir uc l ra ly ''detfihs yb yldetaeper gnivomer tsrif eht gnidneppa dna drow eht ta ti .enil eht fo dne

· ehT KW CI xedni sy ts me ou stupt a il s it ng fo lla ic r luc ar stfihs of all il n se in

lacitebahpla dro re . Par san su ed the p bor l me ot sartnoc t di eff r tne retirc ia rof pmoced so gni a s sy t me i otn .seludom eH d rcse bi se owt ,snoitulos eno bas de no

· oitcnuf n la d ce o itisopm on htiw derahs ssecca to data er p er se tn at ,snoi dna a oces nd sab ed

no a isopmoced t noi taht sed sedih i ng dec isi .sno ecniS sti ni t cudor t ,noi t eh borp l me sah emoceb lew l- nwonk dna si ediw ly desu sa a t hcae ing ived ce in software engi en erin .g ,nalraG niktoN dna ,resiaK eht esu osla melborp ot etartsulli noitaziraludom desab semehcs

ticilpmi no noitacovni .

· W elih KW CI nac eb i emelpm n det sa a taler i ev ly llams s sy t me it si ton mis ply of gadep o etni lacig r .tse lacitcarP secnatsni fo ti era ediw l u y s de by upmoc et r s itneic st .s F ro

,elpmaxe eht p“ ermute ”d eht rof xedni ]cis[ xinU segap naM yllaitnesse si hcus s a y .mets

· morF eht tniop fo weiv fo awtfos re a hcr i ,erutcet t eh orp lb me de ir sev ti s a laepp morf the tcaf taht ti nac be desu ot artsulli te eht e ff e tc fo ahc n seg no tfos wa er sed i .ng Parn sa wohs s taht tnereffid rp o melb snoitisopmoced vary rg e ta ly ni their ba i il ty to with ts dna ised gn nahc g .se gnomA eht segnahc :era sredisnoc eh

ahC n seg ni issecorp ng al tirog h :m roF ex ,elpma enil hs i itf ng nac be perf ro m de on hcae l eni sa ti si re da from the i tupn de iv c ,e no all t eh il n se aft re they era re ,da ro no

nehw dnamed eht noitazitebahpla seriuqer a wen fo tes detfihs .senil

segnahC ni ad ta er p er s :noitatne roF ex ,elpma li sen nac eb derots ni va suoir wa .sy

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ralimiS l ,y cric u ral stfihs nac eb derots ex cilp itly ro ilpmi c ti ly ( sa sriap of i xedn dna ,nalraG.)tesffo ,niktoN dna ,resiaK dnetxe Pa ’sanr lana y sis yb :gniredisnoc

ecnahnE m tne ot sys met :noitcnuf For ex pma l ,e idom fy the s sy t me os taht fihs t de

nil se ot el etanimi ralucric ihs tf s th ta trats w ti h certain no si e sdrow s( u hc sa “ ,”a a“ n ,” a“ ,”dn .).cte Chan eg eht s sy t me ot eb ni t re a itc v ,e dna lla wo the resu to eled te lin se

lanigiro eht morf .emit dna ecaps htoB :ecnamrofreP.stsil • :esueR oT tahw ex tnet nac eht enopmoc n st ser ev sa r ue s ba le en tit ies. We won eniltuo ruof

utcetihcra r la sed i sng for eht KW CI s sy et .m llA ruof era dednuorg ni dehsilbup itulos sno gnidulcni( pmi l eme ntati .)sno ehT rif st t ow are esoht snoc di e der in P ra nas’ lanigiro ra t ci l .e

ehT iht dr noitulos si desab no eht esu fo na pmi l tici covni ati no style dna rper es ne ts a vari tna no t eh noitulos ex denima by G ra l ,na K ia s ,re and N to ki .n ehT htruof si a pi enilep los uti no i ipsn r de by eht Un xi xedni itu lit .y fA t re neserp ting ea hc os itul no dna feirb ly us m iram zing sti

nerts g sht dna enkaew s ,s we tnoc r tsa eht di eff r tcetihcra tne u lar ed com op s ti i sno in a t ba le inagro z de ola ng eht if ve d se i ng nemid s ti snoi e im z .evoba de

noituloS argorP niaM : m enituorbuS/ htiw hS a der ataD

ehT tsrif noitulos sesopmoced eht p or b mel drocca ing ot the of ur ab sic cnuf ti sno frep o :demr

,tupni ,tfihs ahpla b ite ze, dna o tu p tu . esehT lanoitatupmoc enopmoc n st era oc or id an t de sa ituorbus n se by a niam rp o marg th ta qes uenc se t orh u hg them in .nrut aD ta si oc mm u in cat de neewteb eht stnenopmoc hguorht sh dera ts ora eg (“ eroc ots ra ”eg ). moC m oitacinu n eb t ew en t eh atupmoc t lanoi co stnenopm dna eht ahs r de data si na nocnu s iart n de re da write orp to .loc sihT si

elbissop edam b eht y tcaf taht itanidrooc eht n qes seetnaraug margorp g u ca laitne c tad eht ot sse .a Case Study 2: Ins rt u em nta it on Softwa er :

· sihT esac uts dy ed s rc i seb eht lairtsudni ed vel po m tne fo a os ftware hcra it ce ut er ta inortkeT x, In .c sihT krow saw deirrac tuo sa a loc l ba o ar it ve ffe o tr eb t neew ves e lar xinortkeT tcudorp snoisivid dna eht upmoC t re R hcraese aL b ro ota r o y ver a eerht ey ar

per .doi

· ehT oprup se fo the orp j tce saw ot poleved uer sab el s metsy a hcr it ce ut er for cso ill cso o .sep nA os ic l epocsol si na nemurtsni t noita sy ts me taht selpmas le ectric la signals dna

alpsid ys ip c ut er s llac( ed ecart s) of ht em no a sc er .ne lanoitiddA l ,y so c ocsolli p se mrofrep m erusae m stne on eht si ,slang dna osla id lps a eht y se no eht eercs n.

· W elih licso l ocso p se ew re ecno elpmis an la ogue d ive c se ovni ivl ng li eltt s tfo aw r ,e mode nr

sepocsollicso er ly irp m ira ly no digi lat te nhc ology a dn have qui et oc mpl xe fos t aw r .e tI si ton nommocnu rof a nredom epocsollicso ot p mrofre od z sne fo saem urem ne t ,s s pu ply

agem b sety fo retni n la ,egarots retni af ce to a krowten fo wo skr at snoit dna rehto

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,stnemurtsni dna edivorp acitsihpos t de resu retni fa ec in dulc ing a hcuot p na el neercs with ,sunem liub t- ni pleh icaf l ,seiti dna loc or di lps a .sy

· iL ke many apmoc n sei ht ta evah dah ot er ly in saerc ingly no sof awt re ot troppus eht ir

,stcudorp T xinortke saw decaf htiw n mu eb r fo lborp e .sm ,tsriF the er saw l tti le r esue ssorca tnereffid llicso o epocs pr cudo st . aetsnI d, tnereffid os ollic s sepoc w ere iub lt by

di tnereff tcudorp sivid i ,sno hcae wi ht ht eir o nw tnempoleved oc nve tn ,snoi s fo t aw re inagro z noita , margorp ming l gna ua dna,eg d ve le opme tn .sloot

· Mo oer v ,re neve tiw h ni a nis g el tcudorp div ,noisi ea hc n we epocsollicso t ipy ac lly

deriuqer a r sede i ng rf om arcs t hc ot ac mmoc o etad hc an seg in drah wa er c bapa ility dna wen er q eriu m stne no t eh us re ni t re f .eca ihT s melborp saw dednuopmoc by the fa tc taht htob erawdrah dna ecafretni uqer i er m stne erew chan ig n cni g r sae ingly r dipa l .y

· mrehtruF o ,er th ere saw a p re c ie v de n dee to address eps“ ci ila z de m kra ets”. oT od ht is it

dluow evah ot be bissop le ot at i rol a areneg l-purp ,tnemurtsni eso s a ot p ce i tes cif o u f s .se

· ,dnoceS ereht erew saercni ing pe rofr mance pr elbo ms be uac se t eh sof awt re saw ton dipar ly oc nfigu elbar iw t nih t eh i sn t ur m ne t. sihT melborp sesira b uace se an cso ill epocso

nac eb fnoc i derug ni am ny id ff er tne om ,sed idneped ng no eht user’s .ksat nI dlo sepocsollicso ocer nfi noitarug saw dnah l de pmis ly by loading di ff er tne s fo t aw re to nah dle

.edom wen eht

· tuB sa eht t lato is ze fo saw erawtfos isaercni n siht ,g saw lea id n ot g d le ays eb t neew a su er s' tseuqer for a wen edom dna a re fnoc igu der i sn t ur m .tne ehT laog fo eht orp j tce w sa to

d poleve na ar larutcetihc krowemarf rof oscill so c sepo taht uow ld da rd ess eseht orp b el sm . ehT ser u tl fo taht krow saw a dom ia n- ps ec ifi c s fo tware a ihcr t tce ure t tah rof m de t eh b sa is

fo eht en xt eg n noitare fo T ke t inor x cso i oll sco .sep

· cniS e neht eht arf m we o kr h sa neeb ex dednet dna ad pa t de to accom tadom e a rb oader ssalc fo sys ,met elihw ta eht as me emit ieb ng retteb adap det to the spe fic ic n sdee of

ins atnemurt t tfos noi w ra e.

· sihT esac uts dy il artsul t se eht seussi lovni v de in poleved ing na ar ihc tect laru style for a laer noitacilppa amod i .n tI serocsrednu eht f tca taht tnereffid ihcra t ce tur la styl se ah ve

tnereffid fe f stce no eht iliba t ot y evlos a s te fo pro lb em .s

· tI setartsulli taht hcra i tcet ru la sed i sng rof sudni t lair tfos w era tsum t ipy cally be ad tpa ed rf om erup smrof ot eps c ilai z de st sely th ta m tee t eh n sdee of eht eps cific od mai .n nI siht

,esac the lanif tluser dedneped gr tae l no y eht reporp t sei fo ip pe dna f li t re ar hc it ce tur tub ,se uof dn wa sy ot ad tpa taht cireneg style os taht ti dluoc osla s sita fy the ep r amrof nce n sdee

fo eht imaf tcudorp l .y

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NU IT 3

STNETNOC

ytilanoitcnuF erutcetihcra dna erutcetihcrA ytilauq dna setubirtta Sy ytilauq mets setubirtta ytilauQ etubirtta soiranecs ecitcarp ni s rehtO y mets ytilauq setubirtta ssenisuB seitilauq erutcetihcrA seitilauq gniveihcA ytilauQ : I gnicudortn scitcat ytilibaliavA scitcat ytilibaifidoM scitcat ecnamrofreP scitcat ytiruceS scitcat ytilibatseT scitcat ytilibasU scitcat pihsnoitaleR scitcat fo larutcetihcra ot snrettap larutcetihcrA ts dna snrettap y sel

retpahC :4 ilauQ ty sA ew evah nees ni eht crA ih t utce re isuB n sse yC lc ,e ub is n sse noc dis e ar ti sno mreted i en auq lit ei s taht tsum eb acco ni detadomm a s etsy m s' a ihcr t ce .erut Th ese tilauq i se are ov re dna oba ve th ta fo

uf n ilanoitc t ,y hcihw si ht e sab ic etats m tne fo the s tsy em s' c ibapa l ,seiti s ivre c ,se dna beh va i .ro ohtlA u hg uf n ilanoitc t y a dn rehto auq l seiti era lc o es ly er la ,det sa you wi ll ,ees nuf c it ano lit y oft ne

t seka ton no ly the tnorf taes ni eht d ve elo tnemp s ehc me tub t eh no ly seat. sihT si rohs t-si ethg d,

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evewoh r. S sy t sme era tneuqerf ly r sede ign de not esuaceb ht ey a er uf n itc on la ly fed i tneic the stnemecalper era netfo funct noi ally i ed nti ac l. tub esuaceb ht ey are dif cif ult to main ,niat port, or

,elacs ro era oot ls o ,w ro evah b nee com morp ised by net ow rk h kca e .sr ihcrA t utce re is t eh tsrif egats ni fos wt era rc e ita on ni hcihw auq lity uqer irem ne st oc u dl eb serdda se .d tI si eht m ippa ng fo

a sys et m s' oitcnuf n ila ty otno fos t aw re stru tc u ser taht de imret n se eht ar tcetihc ru e s' pus po tr for .seitilauq

Fu itcn ona ytil and rA ch ti ectu er :

· ilanoitcnuF ty dna ilauq ty birtta u set a er orthogon la . fI uf n oitc n ila ty dna qu ila ty birtta ut se erew ton htro o nog a ,l ht e ohc i ec fo uf n noitc w uo ld id ctate t eh lev le fo ruces ity ro

ecnamrofrep ytilibaliava ro .ytilibasu ro

· oitcnuF ilan t si y eht ba il ti y fo eht s metsy ot od the krow rof hw i hc it saw int .dedne A t ksa seriuqer taht many or tsom fo eht s sy tem s' elem stne krow ni a coo idr an t de m na n re ot

elpmoc te eht ,boj tsuj sa ,sremarf el ce trici ,sna ,srebmulp dryw lla han reg s, niap t ,sre a dn hsinif rac p sretne lla oc me tegot h re ot arepooc ti ev l b y liu d a .esuoh

· ferehT o ,er if eht emele n st evah ton neeb ssa i deng eht corre tc ser p no sibil iti se or evah ton

neeb dewodne htiw eht tcerroc licaf i seit for oc or anid ting w ti h ot reh elem ne ts os( t ,tah for ,ecnatsni ht ey wonk nehw ti si emit rof meht ot begin ht e ri por it no fo t eh t sa k ,) the

metsys lliw .ytilanoitcnuf deriuqer eht reffo ot elbanu eb

· tcnuF i ilano ty may be ach devei orht u hg eht esu of any of a un mber fo possi lb e ts cur tu er s. nI ,tcaf fi uf n itc ilano ty erew the no ly qer uirem ,tne eht s sy t me dluoc ex tsi sa a is ngle

cihtilonom eludom w ti h on i lanretn ts cur t eru at la l. ,daetsnI ti si desopmoced otni seludom ot ekam ti nu d natsre d elba dna ot troppus a v ra iety of hto er up .sesopr

· In th si wa ,y uf n noitc ila ty si lar eg ly ni depen ed nt fo ts ructur .e foS t eraw hcra itecture

sniartsnoc sti noitacolla ot tcurts u er w neh to h re auq lity at rt ibut se a er mi rop t na t. F ro ex ma p ,el s sy t sme era qerf u tne ly ivid d de so taht ves e lar p elpoe nac oc o ep r ita vely bu li d

meht hw( i hc ,si gnoma rehto thin ,sg a time- ot -m ra k te is ,eus ht ou hg s modle ts a det t sih aw y .) ehT tseretni fo anoitcnuf lity is how ti int re a stc w ti ,h dna noc ts r ,snia esoht other

tilauq ies. rA c ih tecture and uQ a ytil Attributes :

veihcA in auq g lit birtta y u set tsum eb edisnoc r de t tuohguorh d se i ,ng i pm lem ne tati dna ,no olped y .tnem oN uq a il ty birtta u et si itne rely de tnednep no desi ,ng ron is it ne it er ly

tnedneped no noitatnemelpmi ro deploym .tne aS t otcafsi ry stluser era a m retta fo g itte ng t eh big erutcip )erutcetihcra( t sa llew sa eh sliated )noitatnemelpmi( .tcerroc roF :elpmaxe

· ilibasU ty sevlovni tob h hcra i tcet ru la dna on n tcetihcra ur la psa e .stc ehT non

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 83

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

ihcra t ce ut lar psa e stc cni l edu m ika ng eht resu ni te fr ca e cle ra dna ae sy to u .es dluohS uoy p a edivor nottub oidar ro a kcehc b ?xo W tah neercs la tuoy si m tso tni uitiv ?e

W tah t epy f c tsom si eca l ?rae hguohtlA eseht de sliat am t ret rt em suodne ly ot the dne su er

dna ecneulfni ilibasu t ,y ht ey are ton hcra i et c larut esuaceb ht ey belong to t eh ted a li s of ised g .n W rehteh a sys met sedivorp t eh resu with t eh liba ity ot c lecna po e ar t ,snoi to odnu

,snoitarepo ro ot re- esu atad p suoiver ly ne et red is a ihcr t utce r ,la ho ew ve .r hT e es stnemeriuqer evlovni pitlum fo noitarepooc eht l ele e m .stne

· aifidoM b ili t si y ed t denimre by how uf n noitc a il ty si ivid ded (a ihcr tectur )la dna by oc ding seuqinhcet nihtiw a modu el non( a ihcr t tce u ar l .) ,suhT a s metsy si elbaifidom fi ahc n seg

evlovni eht tsewef elbissop un m reb fo di ts inct elem ne st . nI ips te fo h iva ng t eh ide la ihcra t ,erutce woh ve ,re it si la wa sy elbissop ot ekam a s sy t me tluciffid ot mo id fy by

gnitirw erucsbo .edoc · namrofreP ce sevlovni b hto ihcra t ce ut lar dna non ihcra tectu lar d nepe den eic s. I d t epe sdn

laitrap ly no how hcum c noitacinummo is ne ec ssary among oc m nenop ts ,)larutcetihcra( pa laitr ly no tahw nuf c it ano lity sah neeb a ll ocat de ot hcae

tnenopmoc arutcetihcra( l ,) trap i la ly no woh hs dera uoser r sec a er allo ac ted hcra( itectu ar l ,) itrap ally on eht ciohc e of la g smhtiro ot im elp m tne celes t de anoitcnuf lity non( ihcra t tce u ar l dna ,) trap iall no y woh th ese al rog ith sm ra e oc ded hcra non( itectur .)la

ehT egassem si siht fo :dlofowt

ihcrA t utce re si tirc i lac to eht ilaer z noita fo am ny uq a til i se fo ni t tsere in a sys et m, dna t eh se

ilauq t sei dluohs be sed i ni deng na d nac be evaluat ta de the ar hc itectur la el ev l.

ihcrA t utce r ,e by ti s ,fle is anu lb e to a eihc ve qu itila .se tI sedivorp the f uo noitadn rof hca i ive ng qu ila t tub ,y ht is adnuof ti lliw no eb ot on liava fi att ne it si no ton diap t o th e deta li .s

· W nihti xelpmoc sy ets m ,s ilauq ty ta t setubir nac reven be hca i deve ni i talos i .no ehT eihca vem tne fo any eno lliw ah ve na ef cef t, mos e it m se op is t evi dna os m ite m se ne ag it ve,

no eht ca h fo tnemevei ot .sreh roF ex ,elpma s ruce ti dna y ler i iliba t fo y t ne ex tsi ni a etats fo lautum et :noisn

· ehT tsom eruces s metsy h sa the ef w tse stniop of liaf u er typi lac ly a secu ir ty kern .le ehT

tsom ler i elba sys met sah eht tsom op i stn fo liaf u er t lacipy ly a tes of der u nadn t proc se s se or pro srossec where eht liaf u er of any eno wi ll ton ca esu t eh syst me to af li . rehtonA ex elpma fo eht t noisne neewteb uq a il ty at ubirt t se si taht a ml tso eve ry auq il ty ta tribute

evitagen ly fa fec st pe fr orman .ec ekaT rop t ba i il t .y The m nia euqinhcet rof hca i ve ing elbatrop erawtfos si ot i etalos s metsy d pe e dn enc ,sei hcihw tni or du sec ov hre e da tni o t eh

s etsy m s' ex ,noituce t lacipy ly sa orp c sse ro udecorp re dnuob a ,seir dna siht hu str .ecnamrofrep

gniwolloF era eerht eht :sessalc

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 93

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1. eht fo seitilauQ s metsy . no sucof lliw eW ilibaliava t ilibaifidom ,y t ,ecnamrofrep ,y

tiruces y, tilibatset y, tilibasu dna y. 2. ssenisuB seitilauq emit sa hcus( )tekram ot era taht detceffa yb eht .erutcetihcra 3. ilauQ t ,sei hcus sa lautpecnoc ni te irg t ,y th ta are tuoba t eh ar hc i et cture ti self

uohtla yeht hg yltceridni ytilibaifidom sa hcus ,seitilauq rehto tceffa System Qua ytil A rtt ibut se :

S metsy ilauq ty ta t ubir t se evah neeb fo ni ter tse ot eht fos t aw re comm inu ty ta el ast is ecn eht 0791 s. Th ere are a rav iety fo up b dehsil at x mono i se dna def itini ,sno a dn many fo eht m h eva their

nwo hcraeser and carp titi reno oc mmu in ti .se morF na cetihcra t s' p sre ep ,evitc there ra e three smelborp suoiverp htiw snoissucsid s fo y ytilauq mets :setubirtta

ehT inifed t dedivorp snoi rof na a tt ubir te era ton o tarep ional. tI si me ina ngl sse ot sa taht y a sys met lliw eb mo id fi ba l .e Every s sy t me si fidom i ba le htiw r pse e tc ot eno tes fo ahc n eg s dna ton

htiw elbaifidom tcepser to rehtona . ehT hto er ta trib era setu s imi l .ra A sucof fo noissucsid si netfo no hcihw qu ila ty a rap it cular asp tce belon sg t .o sI a s metsy eruliaf na tcepsa fo va ai ibal lit ,y na psa e tc fo iruces t ,y ro na as tcep of ibasu lit ?y llA eerht etubirtta

tinummoc i dluow se alc im pihsrenwo fo a s etsy m uliaf r .e

hcaE birtta u et ummoc nity h sa d oleve p de its nwo bacov u al r .y The p fre ecnamro oc mmu in ty h sa e" ven "st ivirra ng ta a s sy t ,me eht iruces ty co numm ity sah tta" a "skc a ivirr ng ta a system, the

iava l iliba ty inummoc ty sah "f rulia e "s of a sys ,met dna eht ibasu il ty co mm inu ty h sa u" ser ni put ". llA fo eseht may lautca l emas eht ot refer y o ucc r a tub ,ecner r .smret tnereffid gnisu debircsed e

A noitulos ot eht tsrif owt fo eseht lborp ems non( arepo t oi n la fed initi sno a dn ippalrevo ng at rt ibu et

recnoc sn ) si ot esu uq a il ty at ubirt te ecs n soira sa a m snae fo ahc ar cteriz gni qu ila ty ta t ubir t .se A s noitulo ot eht driht p melbor si to ivorp de a brief disc su s noi fo e hca a irtt b tu e ecnoc ntr ita ng on ti s rednu l iy ng cnoc erns ot artsulli te eht stpecnoc th ta era dnuf a latnem ot th ta attribute

tinummoc y.

YTILAUQ ETUBIRTTA SOIRANECS A ilauq ty birtta u et sc ne a ir o si a auq lity- ta t ubir te- ficeps ic r uqe i er me tn . tI isnoc s st fo is x .strap

ecruoS fo ts i lum us. sihT si emos itne ty a( muh a ,n a co retupm s sy t ,me ro any o reht ca tuat )ro detareneg taht .sulumits eht

sulumitS . ehT si sulumits a taht noitidnoc sdeen to eb isnoc d re nehw de ti irra v ta se a s sy t .me

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 04

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deludehcS tnwod i sem ,.e.i( tuo fo se ivr ec ) a er n to ausu lly noc side der w neh cal uc l ta ing ilibaliava t ,y ecnis eht s metsy is ton" edeen d" by d inife t .noi sihT sdael ot snoitautis erehw the

sys met si nwod dna sresu era gnitiaw rof ,ti tub t eh wod tn ime is s dehc u el d dna so si ton uoc tn de yna tsniaga ytilibaliava .stnemeriuqer

ytilibaliavA G larene soiranecS

morF eseht taredisnoc i no s ew nac es e eht op tr io sn fo na ava li ab li ity sce ,oiran nwohs in Figu er .2.4

ecruoS fo ts i lum us. We tnereffid i eta bet neew lanretni dna exte lanr in id ac t snoi of f ua tl s or

uliaf re ecnis ht e sed i der s metsy r se p esno may be id f ef r ne t. nI ruo ex eht ,elpma unex cep t de egassem sevirra orf m edistuo eht sy .mets

sulumitS . tluaf A fo fo eno eht gniwollof sessalc .srucco

o oissim n. A tnenopmoc sliaf dnopser ot ot a .tupni n

hsarc . ehT tnenopmoc yldetaeper sreffus noissimo .stluaf it m gni . tnenopmoc A sdnopser eht tub esnopser ylrae si ro .etal

er snops e. A tnenopmoc sdnopser htiw an ni c erro ct va .eul

nI Fi erug ,3.4 eht its m sulu si taht na tnanu ici detap m sse a eg a .sevirr Th si si na example fo a

imit n luaf g t. ehT taht tnenopmoc t detareneg he m se sa did eg os ta fid a fe er e naht emit tn x cep t .de

fitrA ca t. sihT ps e seific t eh oser u ecr taht si qer uir de ot eb hi hg ly va ai al ble, hcus sa a rp o ,rossec noitacinummoc ,lennahc ,ssecorp ro arots g .e

nemnorivnE t. T eh state fo eht s sy t me nehw the tluaf or failu er occ sru may a sl o affe tc the

derised s sy t me .esnopser F ro ex ,elpma fi eht s sy t me sah aerla d os nees y me stluaf dna si repo ating ni rehto naht lamron m ,edo ti may be sed ir ba le ot tuhs ti nwod tot all .y Ho ,revew fi siht is t eh

tsrif tluaf resbo v ,de emos de noitadarg of opser n es time or cnuf t noi may be rp efe rr .de nI ruo ,elpmaxe eht s metsy itarepo si n lamron g l .y

Re esnops . erehT a er a n rebmu fo bissop le re ca tio sn to a s sy t me fail cni esehT .eru l edu logging the

,eruliaf iton fying es l ce t de us sre ro hto er s sy te ,sm ihctiws ng ot a de dedarg edom w ti h either ssel pac a ic ty or l sse ,noitcnuf gnittuhs nwod ext lanre sys et sm , ro beco im gn vanu a bali le rud ing

.riaper nI our ex pma l ,e eht s metsy dluohs on tify eht epo rat ro fo eht u en x detcep m sse a eg dna ot eunitnoc ron etarepo m la l .y

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 54

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esnopseR saem u er . The esnopser m usae re nac s icep fy an av lia ba ility pe cr e tn a ,eg ro it nac iceps f a y irud semit ,riaper ot emit n hcihw g eht s tsum metsy b a e v balia l ,e or eht ud r noita for hcihw

t eh s sy t me tsum eb ava li .elba nI Figu er ,3.4 ereht si on wod emitn sa a tluser fo the enu x ep ct de me ss a .eg

elbaT stneserp 1.4 eht elbissop seulav rof hcae noitrop ytilibaliava na fo .oiranecs

Tab el 1.4 . liavA ba ytili eG ne lar Sc oirane G ne er ita on

itroP on of soP s bi le V la u se Sc ne ar oi

So ru ce tnI e lanr ot eht s sy te ;m txe e nr al ot eht s sy tem

Stimulus Faul :t omis is ,no sarc h, timi ,gn res nop se

Arti tcaf S tsy em s' proces os r ,s com num i ac ti no cha enn l ,s ep rsi tnets ts o ,egar processes

Environment Nor lam epo ration;

arged d de edom (i e. ., fe rew ef atur ,se a af ll b kca os l noitu ) eR sp esno S sy tem

ohs uld ted e tc e tnev a dn od one or m ro e fo the follow ni :g

re droc ton i yf pa p rpor i eta parti ,se i cn lu id ng t eh u res dna to her sy ts e sm di bas le uos rces fo eve n st th ta ca esu fault ro f ia l eru acc dro ni g ot

d fe ni de ur el s

eb nu ava elbali for a pre ceps ifi de i vretn al, ehw re in lavret dep sdne no criti ilac ty of

sy ts em

tnoc i eun ot op are te in nor lam or ed g ar d de om de

seR pon es M usae re Ti em i tn e lavr nehw eht tsys em mu ts be avail elba

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 64

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

FIDOM I ILIBA YT

ytilibaifidoM .egnahc fo tsoc eht tuoba si I nirb t g pu s owt .snrecnoc

W tah nac ahc n eg eht( cafitra t ?) A egnahc c na rucco ot any sa p tce of a system, most nommoc l eht y uf n snoitc taht eht s sy t me pmoc u et s, eht lp a mroft eht s sy t me ex stsi no (t eh

drah war ,e gnitarepo s sy t ,me ddim l ,erawe et ,).c t eh vne i tnemnor w nihti hcihw the s sy t me op are t se eht( s sy t sme htiw hw i hc ti tsum eporetni r ,eta the rp otoco sl ti sesu to

w etacinummoc i ht eht tser fo eht ,dlrow etc.)

eht auq l seiti the s sy tem ex stibih sti( ep rfor ,ecnam i st ler i iliba t ,y and neve sti fu erut ifidom c ,)snoita dna sti ac p ica ty un( m reb fo u es sr s ,detroppu num reb fo mis lu t suoena

,snoitarepo .).cte oS me snoitrop fo t eh s ,metsy su hc sa the user ni t re af ec or t eh pla ft orm, era tneiciffus l dehsiugnitsid y dna tcejbus ot ahc n eg th ta ew isnoc d re meht pes a ar tely. ehT tac e og ry of pl fta o mr chan seg si osla ac l del por ilibat t .y esohT ahc n seg may eb ot ,dda

,eteled yfidom ro yna eseht fo eno .stcepsa

W neh si eht ahc n eg made dna ohw am k se ti (t eh ne vi or mn ent ?) M tso oc mm no ly in the ,tsap a chan eg saw made ot sou cr e oc d .e tahT ,si a repoleved dah ot ma ek the ahc nge, hcihw w sa set t de dna t neh lped o dey ni a wen ler eas .e ,woN ,revewoh eht euq s it no of

nehw a ahc n eg si am de si iwtretni n de wi ht t eh euq ts noi fo who m seka .ti nA dne user ahc n ig n cs eht g r elc si revas nee arl y m a gnika ahc n ot eg on fo e the epsa c fo st eht s sy t .me

lauqE l lc y e ,ra ti si ton ni eht as m tac e e og r sa y chan ig n t g he s metsy os taht ti nac eb desu revo

eht W tar be h naht re no a gnis l e m hca ine . ahC n seg nac be m eda to t eh im lp neme t ta i no (by idom f iy ng eht s ecruo ,)edoc du gnir pmoc i el su( ni g co lipm e-time iws t hc es ,) rud ing bui dl

(by ch ecio fo ,)seirarbil irud ng oc nfi ug r noita es t pu (by a ran eg fo t nhce i ,seuq i cn lu id ng arap m rete es t it n )g ro ud r gni ex ce u noit (by param ete r setting .) A ahc n eg c na osla be made

yb ,repoleved a a ro ,resu dne na sy mets .rotartsinimda

ecnO a chan eg sah b nee ficeps i ,de the wen im nemelp t noita tsum eb desi ,deng im elp m etne d, ,detset and lped o .dey llA fo eht se snoitca at ke it me dna nom e ,y htob fo wh hci c na b e m usae r .de

ytilibaifidoM lareneG soiranecS

morF eseht itaredisnoc o sn ew nac s ee the portio sn fo the m ido fi ba ility eg ner la sc ne ari .so iF g eru 4.4 sevig na ex :elpma A" ed v repole siw h se ot ahc n eg the resu int re fac .e sihT ahc n eg iw ll eb am d ot e t eh edoc ta d se i ng ti ,emit w lli at ke ssel th na t rh ee sruoh ot m eka et dna s t t c eh han dna ,eg

edis on - tceffe segnahc lliw eht ni rucco ".roivaheb

· uoS r ec of sulumits . ihT s oitrop n ficeps i se hw o ekam s eht ?segnahc eht ,repoleved a sys met ad ,rotartsinim ro na dne su .re raelC l ,y ht e er tsum eb ihcam nery ni

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ecalp ot lla ow eht sys met inimda s rt a rot ro dne us re ot m ido fy a s sy tem, tub siht is a nommoc cco u nerr c .e nI erugiF ,4.4 eht noitacifidom is ot edam eb b ed eht y v ole p .re

· sulumitS . sihT noitrop s ficep i se the c ah n seg ot eb mad .e A ahc n eg nac eb th da e d ti i no

fo a uf n ,noitc eht om d fi i oitac n fo na ex tsi i gn uf nc it ,no ro the dele noit o a f tcnuf i .no tI nac osla eb edam ot eht qu tila i se fo eht s metsy ma ik ng it erom r pse no s ,evi i cn er isa ng its

ilibaliava t ,y dna os rof t .h ehT c icapa ty of eht sy ts me may osla c ah n .eg cnI r ae s gni ht e rebmun fo si atlum n suoe sresu si a f qer u tne requi er tnem . nI ruo ex ,elpma eht s umit l su

si a tseuqer ot a ekam cnuf eht ot eb nac hcihw ,noitacifidom ilauq ,noit t icapac ro ,y t .y

raV i noita si a oc n tpec as cos i deta htiw tfos w era p dor u tc lin se .W neh noc sid ire ng airav t ,noi a rotcaf si eht rebmun of times a given rav iat noi m tsu eb spe fic i .de One th ta tsum eb edam erf q neu tly lliw opmi se a m ero strin tneg r qe iu rement no t eh er s esnop

serusaem ylno edam si taht eno naht llacidarops y.

· rA t tcafi . sihT noitrop ficeps i se wh ta si ot eb ?degnahc eht oitcnuf nality fo a sy ts em, sti ,mroftalp sti resu i fretn ca ,e its ivne or n em nt, ro na to her system w ti h hw i hc it

areporetni t .se I erugiF n ,4.4 eht noitacifidom eht ot si resu .ecafretni · orivnE n tnem . sihT trop i no seificeps wh ne the ch egna c na be mad ,e desi ng it m ,e oc mpile

,emit dliub ,emit tini iation mit ,e ro itnur m .e nI ruo ta rucco ot si noitacifidom eht ,elpmaxe ised gn mit .e

· Re esnops . W reveoh mak se eht chan eg tsum woh dnatsrednu ot make it, a dn t neh m eka ,ti tset ti dna lped oy it. nI ruo ex ,elpma the fidom i noitac si m eda htiw on s e edi ffect .s

· esnopseR saem eru . llA fo eht bissop le sesnopser ekat ti em dna tsoc om ne ,y dna os it me dna tsoc era eht tsom barised le m usae r .se Ti em si ton wla a sy sop s elbi ot p der i ,tc

,revewoh dna os ssel i laed serusaem era frequ tne ly us ,de s hcu sa t eh ext tne fo eht ahc n eg n( u rebm fo m seludo a ff ce te .)d nI ruo ex pma l ,e eht t emi to mrofrep the

ifidom noitac dluohs eb ssel naht ht er e .sruoh

stneserp 2.4 elbaT eht elbissop noitrop hcae rof seulav ytilibaifidom a fo .oiranecs

Tab el 2.4 . oM difiab li i yt Gen lare Sc ane r oi Gen tare i no

oP r it on of ssoP i elb V la u se cS enar oi

oS urce End u ,res de ev l po e ,r sy mets admini arts t ro

tS imulus Wish se ot da d ed/ l /ete m do i /yf v yra f nu tc iona il ,yt quali yt rtta ibu ,et ac pacity

rA tifact syS t me us re in fret ace, pl ,mrofta envi or n em n ;t sys tem th ta i oretn perat se wi ht rat get syst me

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT SI60 72

Envi or nment tA runti ,em oc mp li e ti ,em bu li d ti ,em sed i ng ti em

seR ponse oL cat se pl seca in cra hi tcet ru e to be m do ifi ;de kam es modifi tac i no without tceffa ing to h re fun tc ion la i ;yt stset m do ifi tac ion; ped l syo

om difi tac i no

seR ponse tsoC in ret ms fo nu bm er fo ele em nts affe etc d, fe f ro t, mon ;ye eM asu er etxe nt to whi hc this ffa e stc to h re fun tc ions or qua il yt ta tribu set

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60 P RE F ECNAMRO

· namrofreP ce si tuoba timin .g E stnev i( n urret pts, ssem a ,seg qer u stse rf om ,sresu ro eht

ssap a eg of )emit ,rucco dna the sys met tsum res dnop ot t eh m. erehT are a variety of rahc a iretc z snoita fo eve nt lavirra dna ht e r nopse se tub cisab la ly p re formance si oc n ec rn de htiw gnol woh sekat ti t eh sy mets dnopser ot nehw tneve na .srucco

· enO fo eht iht n sg t tah m eka p fre o amr n ec c mo lp icat de is t eh un mb re fo eve tn s secruo dna

lavirra .snrettap evE n st c na irra ve morf resu qer u ,stse morf rehto system ,s ro morf w ti hin eht s .metsy A W be - ab s de cnanif ial vres i sec syst me steg eve n st morf its sresu sop( bis ly

gnirebmun ni eht t sne ro sderdnuh fo asuoht n .)sd nA en enig oc n lort s sy t me steg sti stseuqer morf eht sap sa eg fo emit dna tsum noc tr lo b to h eht f ri ing fo t eh ign ti i no nehw a

c rednily si ni eht rroc ce t p noitiso dna the im x ut re fo eht fu le to max mi ize rewop and eziminim .noitullop

· roF eht W be -b desa nif a laicn s ,metsy eht opser n es mi thg be eht nu rebm fo rt na sac it ons

taht nac be pr co desse in a m .etuni For the en enig lortnoc sys ,met eht er sp esno mi thg be ht e airav t noi ni t eh firing it m .e nI ea hc c ,esa eht tap t nre fo stneve arriving dna the p tta e nr fo sesnopser c na eb ch cara t ire z ,de dna siht ch cara t ire z noita forms t eh langua eg iw th

hcihw tcurtsnoc ot lareneg ecnamrofrep .soiranecs

· A rofrep m ecna s oiranec eb snig htiw a r qe u tse f ro emos se ivr ce a rr vi ing ta t eh sys et m. sitaS fying eht r tseuqe r seriuqe oser urc se to be usnoc m .de W elih siht si neppah ing eht

sy yam mets ylsuoenatlumis eb gnicivres .stseuqer rehto

· nA lavirra nrettap rof ev stne may be charact re iz de sa rehtie periodic or cots ha ts i .c roF ex ,elpma a cidoirep ev tne may a rr ive eve ry 10 m lli si dnoce s. P doire ic tneve irra v la is

tsom netfo nees ni aer l- emit sy ts e sm . cotS has cit irra v la snaem th ta stneve a rr ive rocca ding ot os me orp ab lib i ts ic distributi .no Ev ne st nac osla irra ve ps o lacidar ly, taht si ,

gnidrocca nrettap a ot elbarutpac ton yb cidoirep rehtie citsahcots ro .snoitaziretcarahc

· pitluM le sresu ro rehto l idao ng srotcaf nac eb m deledo by av rying t eh arri lav ap tt nre for

tneve s. nI rehto ,sdrow f mor ht e tniop fo vi we of s metsy p re rof ma ,ecn it seod ton rettam rehtehw one resu bus mi st 02 euqer s st in a peri do fo it me ro whether t ow su e sr ea hc

timbus .01 W tah srettam si eht lavirra tap t nre ta t eh s re ver dna ed p ne denci se iw th ni t eh .stseuqer

· ehT nopser se fo eht s metsy ot a ts i sulum nac eb ch ra ac et riz de by lat ne cy (the it me

t neewteb he irra v la fo eht sulumits dna the s sy tem s' r nopse s ot e ti ,) de da li sen in orp ce ss ing ni( eht en enig ortnoc l ,rel for ex ,elpma eht leuf dluohs i ng i et wh ne eht cylinder is in a rap cit u ral ,noitisop suht i icudortn ng a rp oc se is n g d dae il n )e

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 05

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

Re esnops . The s sy t me tsum ssecorp the ra r ivi ng ev .stne sihT may cau es a hc an eg in the sy tnemnorivne mets .e( g morf ,. lamron aolrevo ot d )edom . In ,elpmaxe ruo snoitcasnart eht

era .dessecorp

opseR n es erusaem . The esnopser serusaem are eht time it tak se to ssecorp the arri iv ng noitairav eht ,stneve ni siht emit ( ij tt ,)re t eh n mu ber fo eve tn s t tah nac eb p ecor ss de w ti nih a

citrap u ral it me i retn v la phguorht( u ,)t ro a ch ra tca eriza it no fo the eve n st ht at tonnac eb p secor s de im( ss ra ,et data l so s .) nI ruo ex pma l ,e eht snoitcasnart uohs ld be secorp s de iw th

egareva na ycnetal .sdnoces owt fo

YTIRUCES

iruceS t si y a erusaem of eht sys et m s' ba ility ot tsiser irohtuanu z de usa eg ihw le its ll orp vidin g ti s secivres ot gel i it tam e use .sr nA ta t tpme ot hcaerb iruces ty is c la l de na atta ck dna c na at ke a

bmun er fo of r .sm tI may eb na irohtuanu z de tta e tpm ot ca c sse ad ta ro es r seciv or ot idom f ad y t ,a ti ro yam dednetni eb yned ot secivres el ot g etamiti .sresu

emoS ytiruces strepxe "taerht" esu ylbaegnahcretni ".kcatta" htiw

,skcattA netfo o snoisacc rof ediw em d ai revoc a ,eg am y ran eg morf t eh ft of money by elect nor ic

refsnart ot om d fi i noitac fo evitisnes da ,at morf th tfe fo cr de it c dra un m eb rs to sed t cur it no fo if l se no retupmoc s sy t ,sme ro ot ned ial- fo -s vre i ec skcatta ac rri de tuo by row ms ro vi ur ses. tS i ll , the ele m stne fo a iruces ty lareneg s oiranec are the as me sa ht e elemen st fo ruo other eg n lare

ranecs soi a sulumits dna sti ,ecruos na ne vi or nm ne t, eht tar teg dnu er at at ,kc eht d derise r opse nse eht fo sy ,mets eht dna erusaem .esnopser siht fo

iruceS ty c na eb ch ra act ire z de sa a sys met p or iv gnid non r aidupe t ,noi oc tnedifn i ila t ,y ni te irg t ,y

liava ,ecnarussa tiliba y .gnitidua dna , For ew ,mret hcae p itinifed a edivor o e na dna n xampl .e

· noN duper i noita si eht reporp ty taht a tr asna ction (acc sse to or mo id ficati no of atad or ecivres s) tonnac eb ed nied by an y of t eh parti se to ti . sihT snaem ed tonnac uoy n aht y t uoy deredro revo meti taht eht I tenretn ,fi ,tcaf ni y .did uo

· tnedifnoC i ila ty is the reporp ty th ta atad or ivres ec s era orp tected morf irohtuanu z de .ssecca This snaem taht a rekcah tonnac ac ssec ruoy ni co em at x er t snru no a

g tnemnrevo .retupmoc · tnI eg ir ty si the reporp ty taht atad ro s vre i sec are eb ing ed li ev r de sa ni tende .d sihT m snae

taht y edarg ruo neeb ton sah degnahc ecnis y rotcurtsni ruo issa g den .ti · ecnarussA si eht reporp ty t tah eht pa tr i se to a tra casn t oi n are ohw they pu tropr ot b .e sihT

em sna ,taht wh ne a uc s remot s sdne a c tider ca dr un mb re ot na tnI ern te mer nahc t, t eh remotsuc eht ohw si tnahcrem yeht skniht .era baliavA i il ty si the p repor ty th ta the sy ts me

lliw eb ava i bal le rof le amitig te u es . · gnitiduA si eht orp p re ty taht the s metsy rt acks ca it v iti se w ti hin it ta l eve ls

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 25

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

rA t tcafi ehT . tar teg of ht e kcatta nac eb ei reht t eh ivres c se fo the system or t eh ad ta wi ht i n ti .

I ,elpmaxe ruo n tegrat eht atad si nihtiw eht sy .mets

E orivn n tnem . ehT kcatta nac co em nehw eht sys met si rehtie o iln ne ro o lff in ,e ie ther detcennoc ot ro detcennocsid morf a en t ,krow eit reh dniheb a fire llaw ro nepo to the

ne owt r .k

Re esnops . isU ng secivres tuohtiw irohtua z noita ro neverp ting leg ti imate sresu orf m using secivres si a tnereffid laog f mor iees ng es ns iti ve ad ta ro mo id fying i .t uhT s, eht sys met

tsum irohtua ze itigel mate sresu dna tnarg th me ssecca ot atad dna res iv ec s, ta eht same emit itcejer ng irohtuanu z de ,sresu ed n iy ng meht cca e ,ss na d re itrop ng anu tu horiz de

acce .ss

esnopseR usaem re. serusaeM fo a sys et m s' esnopser ulcni de eht di ff i luc ty of m uo n it ng suoirav at skcat dna eht ffid i luc ty fo vocer ering morf dna su ivr ving a tt a kc s. nI ruo

ex ,elpma eht tidua liart a swoll eht a stnuocc fr mo hw i hc m no ey w sa em eb zz del to eb derotser ot th rie ori ig n la .etats fO ,esruoc t eh me bezz rel llits sah eht mone ,y dna he m tsu

eb dekcart nwod dna t eh nom ey re iag n ,de tub iht s is uo t fo edis t eh realm fo the oc m tup er sy .mets

elbaT swohs 4.4 eht ytiruces lareneg oiranecs noitareneg .elbat

Tab el 4.4 . Securi yt eG en r la S ec n oira Ge en r ta oi n

oP r it on of ssoP i elb V la u se cS enar oi

oS urce Indivi laud ro sys t me that is tcerroc ly i ed ntifi ,de i tned ifi de in rroc e tc l ,y fo nu kn nwo i ed nti yt who is i retn nal retxe/ nal, auth ro i /dez n to auth ro ized wi ht ca c sse ot

limi det oser u ,secr va ts resourc se

tS imulus rT i se to di ps l ya ad t ,a chan /eg del ete dat ,a a cc ess sy ts em es vr ice ,s der u ec avail ba ili yt ot ys st me se vr ices

rA tifact syS t me es vr i ;sec da at wi niht metsys

Envi or nment Eith re on il ne ro ffo il n ,e oc nn tce de ro di ocs nn e tc ed, fire aw ll de ro nepo

seR ponse Authenti setac u ;res hi sed i ed nti yt fo the use ;r bl skco acce ss to da at and o/ r se vr i ;sec all swo ca c sse ot ad ta and/ ro s vre i ;sec g ar tn s ro

Tab el 4.4 . Securi yt eG en r la S ec n oira Ge en r ta oi n

oP r it on of cS enar oi

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 45

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT SI60 72

ssoP i elb V la u se

with ard ws mrep i ss i no ot ca c se s da at and/or servi ;sec re roc sd

/ssecca m do ifi tac ions ro pmetta ts ot ca /ssec modi yf ad t vres/a ices yb i ed nti ;yt serots atad in na un badaer le fo ;tamr rec go ni sez na un pxe lain ba le hi hg amed nd rof vres i ,sec and in rof ms a user ro an to h re sy ,mets and re rts i stc a av il ba ili yt fo servi sec

Ti fe/em f tro / er sou secr r qe ui der ot ci cr u evm nt s ce uri yt em asur se wi ht orp b ba i il yt fo su ;ssecc p or b ba i il yt fo d te e tc ing ;kcatta pro ab bili yt fo

i ed nti iyf ng i dn ividu la opser nsible rof a tt a kc ro a cc e /ss m do ifi tac i no fo atad and/ ro vres i ;sec p ecre ntage fo se vr i sec sti ll iava l ba le nu red

ed nial- fo - vres i sec ta tac ;k ser t ero ad t /a s vre i ec s; xe tent ot whi hc ad t vres/a i sec da am g de an ro/d l ge iti am te a cc se s ed ni de

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 55

seR pon es eM asu er

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

,sretset ro eht cl nei t. A tset fo eht ngised may be rofrep m de by o reht ed vel srepo ro by na lanretxe .puorg nI our ex ,elpma eht set tin si g p re form de by a t se et .r

sulumitS . ehT sulumits rof eht t itse ng si taht a mil se t eno ni the develop em tn ecorp ss is met. sihT mi thg eb t eh oc m noitelp fo na anal sisy or sed i ng inc er m ,tne eht moc lp et noi fo a idoc ng i tnemercn su hc sa a salc s, eht co elpm t de tni e targ i no fo a us bsys et m, ro t eh pmoc l oite n fo the wh elo s sy tem. nI ruo ex ,elpma eht t itse ng si tri egg r de by the

noitelpmoc a fo tinu fo doc e.

rA t tcafi . A sed i ,ng a pi ece fo ,edoc ro eht ohw le sys met si eht ra ti tcaf eb i gn test .de nI ruo ,elpmaxe tinu a edoc fo si ot eb .detset

norivnE m .tne ehT tset nac pah p ne ta sed i ng ti ,em ta ved e ol mp tne mit ,e ta oc lipm e it m ,e ro

olped ta y tnem emit . I iF n g eru ,7.4 eht srucco tset gnirud .tnempoleved

Re esnops . ecniS t ibatse lity si detaler ot bo s avre b ili ty dna oc nt or ll a lib it ,y the d rise ed esnopser si taht eht s sy t me nac be oc n lort l de ot p mrofre t eh d se ir de tests a dn t tah the esnopser ot ea hc te ts c na eb resbo v .de nI our ex ,elpma eht tinu nac be oc tn lor l de

dna sti sesnopser .derutpac esnopseR saem u er . Res esnop serusaem a er eht crep ne ta eg of st ta tneme s taht evah b nee

ex detuce ni emos t ,tse t eh el n htg of eht lon tseg tset chain (a me sa ure fo t eh di ff i luc ty of rofrep ming eht t ,)stse dna itse mat se fo the rp o libab ity of fi idn ng da diti lano af tlu .s In erugiF ,7.4 eht rusaem e si tnem tnecrep a oc eg ve ar eg o e f x uce t ats elba tem .stne

elbaT 5.4 g sevi ytilibatset eht lareneg oiranecs g noitarene .elbat

aT b .5.4 el lareneG ytilibatseT noitareneG oiranecS

noitroP fo laV elbissoP u se

S ec nar oi

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 75

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

S uo rce Un rcnI repoleved ti e tni tnem rge ta or

reifirev metsyS

retset ecnatpecca tneilC

metsyS resu

tS i um ul s ,erutcetihcra ,sisylanA metsys ;detelpmoc noitargetni metsysbus ,ssalc ,ngised viled e der

Art fi tca oc fo eceip ,ngised fo eceiP d c ,e o noitacilppa etelpm

nE iv ronment tnempoleved ta ,emit ngised tA elipmoc ta ,emit tnemyolped ta ,emit emit

R se op n es sedivorp ;seulav etats ot ssecca sedivorP detupmoc ;seulav perp are vne tset s ir mno ent

usaeM esnopseR re elbatucexe tnecreP stnemetats tucexe de ytilibaborP htgneL ,stset mrofrep ot emiT,stsixe tluaf fi eruliaf fo tsegnol fo ycnedneped , niah

norivne tset eraperp ot emit fo htgneL ,tset a ni ment

YTILIBASU

ilibasU ty si noc c denre w hti woh ae sy ti si rof eht resu to ac oc mplish a de is der ksat dna the ik nd fo resu eht troppus s sy t me edivorp s. tI nac eb rb o nek nwod otni the llof ow gni ra eas:

gninraeL tsys em f tae u er s. fI the resu si fnu a ilim ar htiw a ap r ucit lar sys met ro a

ralucitrap tcepsa tahw ,ti fo eht nac sy mets ot od ekam eht ksat gninrael fo sae ?rei

gnisU a metsys e ff eici ntly. W tah nac eht s sy t me od ot am ke eht us re erom ffe i i ni tneic ts oitarepo n?

niM i gnizim the i apm ct fo rorre s. W tah nac eht sys met od os taht a us re rre or sah m ini m la

apmi c ?t t gnitpadA he ot metsys resu en eds. woH nac the resu ro( eht s metsy esti lf) tpada to make

eht resu ' ksat s ?reisae

gnisaercnI noc f ecnedi a dn tas isf tca oi n . W tah seod eht s metsy od ot gi ev eht us re ecnedifnoc taht eht tcerroc noitca gnieb si ?nekat

nI eht l tsa evif ye ,sra ruo srednu t idna ng fo eht r le a noit be wt e ne us liba ity a dn software

cetihcra ut er sah nepeed ed ees( ht e dis e rab ilibasU ty M ae apluC ). ehT mron al poleved m tne ssecorp de cet ts ilibasu ty p bor l sme orht u hg idliub ng otorp typ se dna us re te its n .g

ehT retal a borp l me si derevocsid dna ht e eed per into t eh ar ihc tecture its per a ri m tsu eb m ,eda eht erom eht riaper si t aerh t dene by it me dna bud teg p er ssu .ser nI ruo soiranecs ew fo suc no

stcepsa fo ibasu lity taht evah a am j ro im tcap no t eh cra hitectur .e tneuqesnoC l ,y eseht cs ena soir tsum eb tcerroc roirp ot eht ihcra t larutce sed i ng os taht ht e w y li l ton eb ocsid ev r ud de ring resu gnitset totorp ro y .gnip

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 85

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

itroP on of bissoP le Valu se

Sc ne ar oi So ru ce En d user

Stimulus tA ru tn i em ro oc nfi erug ti em tsyS em pr sedivo eno or mo er of eht followi gn ser p sno e :s ot ppus o tr l" nrae tsys em aef ture "s

seR ponse stnaW ot l nrae sys et m ef a ut r ;se ffe i eic ntl ;y nim i ezim imp tca fo erro ;sr ada pt syste ;m leef co fm o atr ble

trA i caf t System eh lp tsys em is isnes ti ev ot c tno e ;tx i tn re af ce is famili ra ot su e ;r

ot su pp o tr "use ys stem ffe i ic ently

Tab .4 el 7. uQ ality Att ir bu et S it muli

S mit ulus

pxenU ce det ,tneve on no ucc r er n ec fo e px ce det e ev nt

tseuqeR ot da d c/eteled/ han av/eg ry fu tcn iona il t ,y plat of r ,m q au til y ta rt ibu ,et or capac ity

Per oi di ,c st hco as it ,c ro s op dar ic

rT i se to

,yalpsid dom i ,yf hc an eteled/eg i ofn r am ti ,no ca c se s, ro r de u ec va ailab li ity ot sys et m services

atseT bility Co lpm e noit fo phase of sy ts me d eve lopment

elbaT 7.4 sevig ht e ts mi ilu elbissop for ea hc fo eht ta t ubir t se na d hs o sw a un m reb fo dif ef r tne tpecnoc s. emoS st umi li rucco irud ng itnur me dna ot sreh o rucc feb ore. ehT melborp rof eht

ihcra t tce si ot dnatsrednu hcihw fo th ese ts imuli per r tnese the same rucco r ne c ,e wh hci are rgga e setag fo rehto stim ,ilu dna hw i hc era ni dep ne d ne t.

ecnO eht aler t snoi era ,raelc eht ar tihc e tc nac mmoc cinu ate t meh to the rav i suo st heka ol sred

isu ng gnal ua eg taht e hca moc p dneher s. We tonnac ig ve the er l snoita ma ong its lum i in a neg re la way esuaceb they d pe end rap ti la ly no vne i nor me tn . A rofrep am n ec tneve may be atomic ro may be na a rgg e etag of rehto ewol r-l leve rucco r ne c se ; a iaf lure may be a is ngl e frep ormanc e tneve or na rgga e ag t .e

roF ex ,elpma ti may rucco htiw na ex egnahc fo lareves m se sa seg teb ween a c il tne dna a server

itanimluc( ng ni na enu x detcep ssem a ,)eg e hca of hcihw is na ota mic ve ent morf a ep r mrof ance .evitcepsrep

ssenisuB seitilauQ :

nI noitidda ot the ilauq t sei taht ppa ly tcerid ly ot a s sy t ,me a bmun er of b su i en ss lauq ity aog ls qerf u tne ly sh epa a s sy tem s' ar ihc t .erutce esehT og sla retnec no ,tsoc ,eludehcs m ra ket, dna ram k gnite co sn id are t noi s. hcaE ffus e sr morf the emas bma iguity taht s sy t me lauq iti se ,evah dna

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 06

i afretn ce is u as ble in na unfamiliar oc n txet

Q lau ti y ttA ri ub te

Availabil ti y

oM id fia ib lity

Per mrof ance

Security

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

ht ey deen ot eb m eda sp fice ic wi ht necs ari so ni redro ot make t eh m s iu table rof infl eu ncing t eh sed i ng rp o ssec dna ot be am de t batse l .e ,ereH ew tneserp meht sa eneg ralities, ewoh v ,re dna ael ve the noitareneg fo s soiranec sa eno fo o .snoitseuq noissucsid ru

· iT me ot m tekra . If reht e is epmoc t ti ive p er eruss or a ohs rt odniw w fo

inutroppo ty for a s metsy ro ,tcudorp d poleve ment it me be oc m se ropmi tant. sihT ni t nru sdael ot sserp u er ot buy ro hto e esiwr re- esu exi gnits elem ne st . emiT ot tekram is fo t ne

der u dec by isu ng iuberp lt stnemele hcus sa oc mm cre i la fo f-the- ehs lf (COTS) stcudorp or ele m stne re- desu f mor p suoiver orp j .stce ehT ba i il ty ot ins tre ro ed lp oy a bus s te of the

s metsy d sdnepe no eht itisopmoced on of eht s e otni metsy l .stneme

· tsoC dna eneb fit. ehT d poleve m tne ffe o tr lliw n aruta lly h eva a bud teg t tah mu ts ton eb ex .dedeec tnereffiD ar tcetihc u ser lliw yi dle diffe tner dev ole p em tn oc ts .s roF atsni n ,ec na ihcra t erutce taht rel sei no te lonhc ogy ro( exp esitre htiw a t lonhce og )y ton r se i tned ni eht oleved ping or nag iz noita lliw be om re expen is ev to r ilae ze t nah o en taht tak se

tnavda a eg of stessa la ready i .esuohn nA ar erutcetihc taht si hi hg ly flex elbi lliw t py i lac ly eb erom tsoc ly ot dliub naht eno taht si digir (alt oh u hg it w li l eb l sse oc ts ly to maint nia

fidom dna y .)

· jorP e detc il f te i em fo t eh etsys m. If eht s metsy si ni t dedne ot evah a gnol ilibalacs ,ytilibaifidom ,emitefil t ilibatrop dna ,y t .tnatropmi emoceb y tuB bu li id ng

ni eht lanoitidda arfni s erutcurt hcus( sa a la rey ot troppus rop t iliba t )y w li l su ually imorpmoc se it me to am r ek t. nO the hto er ,dnah a om id f bai l ,e ext ne s bi le tcudorp is m ero

ylekil evivrus ot regnol eht ni ,ecalptekram gnidnetxe .emitefil sti

· detegraT ram k te . roF areneg l-pu ( esopr m sa s- am fos )tekr t ,eraw the platforms no w ih hc a sys met snur sa w lle sa sti fe uta re tes lliw de et rmi en the is ze fo ht e po laitnet m kra te .

,suhT ilibatrop ty dna fun noitc ality ra e key to am kr et hs a .er rehtO q ilau ti ,se su hc sa p amrofre n ,ec r baile i il t ,y dna ilibasu ty al os play a rol .e oT at kcat a al r eg ram k te with a

noitcelloc fo aler t de orp d ,stcu a tcudorp li en pa rp ao hc ohs uld eb noc si ed der in hcihw a eroc fo eht sys met si nommoc qerf( u tne ly in idulc ng snoisivorp for batrop ilit )y dna

dnuora wh hci la srey fo erawtfos isaercni fo n icificeps g t a y r curtsnoc e t .de

· udehcs tuolloR le. f esab sa decudortni eb ot si tcudorp a fI ilanoitcnu t iw y t am h n utaef y r se aeler s de l ,reta eht elf x ilibi ty and imotsuc z iba lity of the ar hc ti ecture are im rop t .tna traP i raluc l ,y eht s metsy tsum eb detcurtsnoc w hti esae of ex noisnap a dn rtnoc ca ti no in

.dnim

· noitargetnI w hti ycagel tsys ems. fI eht n we s sy t me sah ot ni teg ar te htiw ex itsi ng sys ,smet ac re tsum eb ta nek ot ifed ne pa p irpor ate ni te targ i no me ahc nism .s sihT reporp ty si raelc ly fo gnitekram ecnatropmi tub h sa bus ts na it la hcra ite tc laru im lp icati no s. F ro

ex ,elpma eht iliba ty ot etargetni a legacy sys met htiw na PTTH es r rev to make ti secca s elbi morf eht W be sah neeb a am rk ite ng go la in many proc o ar it o sn revo t eh pa ts daced e. ehT deilpmi stniartsnoc larutcetihcra by t getni sih r ana eb tsum noita lyz .de

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Ar tcetihc ure Q seitilau : · nI dda i noit ot uq la i seit of eht sys met dna qu ila t sei er l deta to the ub is en ss vne i or nm tne in

hcihw the s sy t me si b gnie ed v ,depole eht re are al os qual ti i se id r tce ly r le a det ot t eh erutcetihcra flesti taht tropmi era tna ot .eveihca

· lautpecnoC tni e irg ty si eht rednu l iy ng ht e em or noisiv th ta u in fi se the ed si ng of eht

s metsy ta lla .slevel T eh ihcra t ce ut er dluohs od ralimis iht n sg ni si ralim wa .sy Fred Br skoo setirw tahpme i lac ly th ta a sy s'mets tpecnoc u la tni e irg ty is of vo e idirr ng

,ecnatropmi taht dna sy smets tuohtiw :liaf ti

· ssentcerroC dna pmoc let ssene era esse n lait for t eh ar ihc tect eru to lla ow rof all fo eht sy s'mets stnemeriuqer emitnur dna ecruoser stniartsnoc tem eb ot

· ibadliuB lity swolla eht sys met ot be elpmoc t de by the ava li ba le t mae ni a it mely m na ner

dna ot be nepo ot atrec in ahc n seg sa ed v pole em nt rp ogr se ses. tI er f sre ot eht e esa fo curtsnoc ting a sed i der sy ts me dna si eihca v de arc larutcetih ly by paying ca lufer ta te itn no

ot eht noitisopmoced tni o m seludo , iciduj o su ly ssa i ing ng of ht o es udom l se ot poleved m tne ,smaet dna gnitimil eht d dnepe ne c ei s teb w nee the m udo l se dna( eh nce t eh

smaet ). ezimixam ot si laog ehT eht msilellarap taht rucco nac .tnempoleved ni

· uaceB se liub d iliba ty si u laus ly saem ur de in et rms fo tsoc dna it m ,e there is a r ale ti sno ih p neewteb ti dna va ir suo c tso ledom s. ,revewoH ub ibadli lity si more oc mplex naht tahw is

lausu ly oc v dere ni tsoc edom l .s A s sy t me si aerc t de morf rec t nia am t ,slaire dna eht se slairetam era detaerc usi gn a variet y of oot l .s

retpahC .5 hcA i gnive Qu ila ty

nI rt oduci gn Ta tc i sc :

W tah si ti taht strapmi rop t liba ity ot no e ,ngised hgih ep r rof m ecna to ,rehtona dna argetni b ili ty ot a riht d? ehT eveihca m tne of eseht ilauq t sei reli se no dnuf am ne t la sed i ng noisiced s. We lliw ex enima th ese sed i ng decis oi ,sn hcihw we call tactics. A citcat si a ed is ng noisiced secneulfni taht lortnoc eht ytilauq a fo etubirtta .esnopser

A sys met sed i ng isnoc s st fo a noitcelloc fo de sic i no s. oS me fo eseht snoisiced leh p oc n lort

eht ilauq ty birtta u ;sesnopser et srehto erusne hca i fo tnemeve sys met uf n tc i ilano t .y nI siht ,noitces ew csid u ss eht auq lity birtta u et d ce isi sno onk wn sa at tc i .sc We per res tne siht er l snoita ih p ni

erugiF .1.5 T eh t scitca era th eso taht arch eti c st ah ve b nee u is ng rof yea ,sr dna ew i los a et dna .meht ebircsed We are ton itnevni n g t ca t sci h ,ere tsuj rutpac in hcra tahw g ti e arp ni od stc c it c .e

iF g eru .1.5 scitcaT era dednetni lortnoc ot sesnopser .ilumits ot

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 26

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

a liaf u er si ed t ce t .de nI emos ,sesac eht gnirotinom ro ocer very si ua tom cita and in srehto it is .launam

F TLUA NOITCETED

eerhT ylediw gnizingocer rof scitcat desu ,ohce/gnip era stluaf ,taebtraeh .snoitpecxe dna

· hce/gniP o. enO co opm n tne seussi a ip ng dna ex stcep ot er ec evi ba kc na ,ohce iw t ih n a

denifederp it m ,e morf eht tnenopmoc rednu urcs tin .y sihT nac eb desu wit nih a puorg fo stnenopmoc autum lly er s nop sible for eno .ksat tI nac la so desu eb used by cl nei ts ot

ne s eru taht a res v re bo j tce dna eht co mm nu i itac on path ot eht s vre er ra e epo ra it ng wi ht in eht ex detcep ofrep rman ec .sdnuob iP" ng/ hce o" tluaf d srotcete nac be or inag z de ni a

crareih h ,y ni whi hc a l sewo t- el v le ted e rotc pin sg eht fos t aw re orp c se s se with whi hc it serahs a p ,rossecor dna t eh hi ehg r- el v le tluaf det srotce ip ng lower-lev le .seno sihT sesu

naht htdiwdnab snoitacinummoc ssel .sessecorp lla sgnip taht rotceted tluaf etomer a · He ra t taeb daed( m na it em r). In iht s ca es one nopmoc e tn ime ts a h taebtrae

egassem p doire i lac ly and rehtona oc m op n tne li snets rof ti . fI eht btraeh e ta f lia ,s the ro i anig ting co opm n tne is demussa ot evah af i del dna a uaf lt oc rr ce tion oc m tnenop si

iton fie .d The btraeh e ta c na osla rac ry dat .a For ex ,elpma na otua m deta tell re m ca ih en c na lacidoirep l dnes y ht e gol fo eht l tsa tr casna ti no ot a s vre e .r sihT ssem a eg ton no ly stca sa

a raeh t taeb tub osla rrac i se atad to rp eb o .dessec

ehT ip ng/ ohce dna raeh t taeb cat t sci arepo te ma o gn sid t tcni p secor ses, and eht ex pec t noi t tca ic arepo t se nihtiw a is ngle orp c .sse ehT ex tpec i no ah reldn w lli su u la ly pe fr o mr a es m tna ic

noitamrofsnart eht fo tluaf otni mrof a taht nac .dessecorp eb

F TLUA YREVOCER

tluaF ocer very stsisnoc fo iraperp ng for ocer very dna ikam ng eht s sy tem .riaper emoS noitaraperp riaper dna scitcat .wollof

oV t gni . secorP ses nnur i gn no nuder d tna ssecorp o sr hcae take uqe ival tne in tup dna oc mp tu e a

elpmis tuptuo lav ue taht si tnes to a ov t .re fI the retov ted e stc ved i tna roivaheb morf a ti ,rossecorp elgnis .ti sliaf

o ehT v to gni al mhtirog nac be "m iroja ty elur s" ro p" referr de oc m op nent" or mos e

rehto .mhtirogla sihT m dohte si us de ot tcerroc f lua ty oper ta i no of algo ir mht s ro eruliaf fo a orp c rosse and si netfo desu ni oc n rt ol syste sm . fI lla fo eht pro ossec rs

ilitu ze eht as me algo tir h ,sm eht nadnuder cy detects no ly a p or c se ros f ua lt dna ton na algo mhtir .tluaf hT u ,s fi eht neuqesnoc ce of a fai ul re is ext er m ,e s hcu sa

laitnetop ssol fo ,efil eht id eb nac stnenopmoc tnadnuder v .esre

o enO ex emert of vid e isr ty si th ta t eh so tf ware of r ae hc r ude n tnad oc mpo tnen is depoleved by di tnereff te sma dna ex uce t se no dis imis ral plat .smrof sseL ex si emert

ot poleved a elgnis fos t eraw opmoc n tne no d si is mi ral p al tfor sm .

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o isreviD ty si ex evisnep to poleved dna iam n niat dna is desu only in ex oitpec n la ci smucr t ,secna hcus sa eht lortnoc of s ru fac se on ia rc ar .tf tI si su u la ly us de rof

lortnoc s sy t sme ni hcihw eht stuptuo ot eht retov are st ar i hg t of r draw a dn easy ot alc s is fy sa tnelaviuqe ro ,tnaived the upmoc t ta i sno era cy lc i ,c dna a ll tnadnuder

eviecer stnenopmoc uqe i av l stupni tne f mor osnes r .s o iD v sre ity sah on nwod t emi nehw a iaf lu er o cc sru is ecn eht voter con it seun to

epo ar te. snoitairaV no t sih hcaorppa edulcni eht S mi xelp orppa a ,hc hw ich sesu t eh stluser fo a erreferp" d" enopmoc nt sselnu ht ey d aive te f mor t esoh of a "t ur ts ed"

co ,tnenopm to hcihw it refed s. S inorhcny z noita oma ng t eh tnadnuder co nenopm ts si citamotua is n ec ht ey era lla ot demussa eb oc mp tu no gni t eh as m tes e fo upni t ni s

llarap e .l

evitcA adnuder n toh( yc tser a .)tr

· llA er d nu d tna opmoc nen st dnopser ot stneve in p ara ll .le qesnoC u ne tl ,y ht ey a er all in eht as me stat .e The ser p esno morf only one com tnenop is desu su( ually t eh fi tsr to

,)dnopser dna eht r tse are id sc dra e .d W neh a tluaf cco u ,sr eht wod n emit fo systems isu ng ht si citcat si lausu ly mi ll is dnoce s sin ec the pukcab is cu tnerr dna the only mit e

ot revocer si eht swi hct in t g im .e

· evitcA nuder d na cy si o netf desu ni a lc i s/tne re ver fnoc igu ar it ,no s hcu sa dat esaba nam a tnemeg s ,smetsy w ereh kciuq sesnopser are secen sary ev ne nehw a tluaf .srucco

In a hi hg ly iava l elba tubirtsid ed s ,metsy eht nadnuder cy may be ni eht oitacinummoc n ap t .sh roF exa ,elpm ti may be des bari le ot esu a NAL wi ht a mun b re

fo larap l le shtap dna pl eca hcae nuder dant oc mp tneno ni a pes a ar te ap t .h nI siht ac s ,e a gnis le irb d eg ro ap th eruliaf iw ll ton make lla fo the system's oc m enop tn s

liavanu a lb e.

· S orhcny niz noita si ep rf ro m de by sne u gnir th ta lla sem sa seg ot any re tnadnud tnenopmoc era tnes ot lla tnadnuder oc mpon ne ts. fI nummoc i ac t noi sah a op ilibiss ty

fo b ie ng tsol uaceb( se fo ion sy or vo e lr o da ed c mmo u in ac noit il n se ), a r le iable noissimsnart locotorp c na eb us de to r evoce r. A ler i elba nart smissi no locotorp

iuqer er s a ll picer i ne ts to elwonkca d eg tpiecer to rehteg tiw h so em tni e irg ty acidni t noi s hcu sa a ch kce mus .

· fI t eh rednes c tonna irev fy taht lla icer p nei ts h eva r ce vie ed the messa ,eg it w li l

dneser eht sem sa eg to th oc eso m stnenop ton kca nowled ig ng recei .tp ehT res idne ng of deviecernu ssem a seg bissop( ly revo id f ef er tn commu in c ita no pat )sh con it seun tnu il

eht rednes .ecivres fo tuo sa tneipicer eht skram

P evissa uder dn an yc

o enO tnenopmoc eht( ramirp y) re sdnops ot eve stn dna fni o smr ht e hto er stnenopmoc eht( dnats bys) fo ats te u adp t se ht ey tsum m .eka W neh a uaf lt ,srucco

eht sys met tsum srif t erusne taht eht pukcab etats si us ffici ne tly f ser h erofeb res gnimuser v .seci

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 56

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o sihT rppa oa hc si osla desu ni lortnoc sy ts ,sme fo t ne wh ne the i pn tu s come vo er slennahc noitacinummoc ro morf osnes sr dna evah ot be swit dehc morf the rp imary

ot eht ab c puk no liaf ur .e sihT t tca ic d sdnepe on eht s dnat by c mo nop tne s t ka ing revo bailer l .y

o F cro ing ctiws h srevo ep ir lacido ly rof exampl ,e on ec a day or no ce a week rcni e sesa

eht ilibaliava t fo y eht sys met . S ad emo t esaba sy ts sme ecrof a hctiws w hti rots a eg fo every wen atad item. T eh wen atad it me si stor de ni a sh da ow pa eg and t eh old pa eg b oce m se a ba pukc rof re voc er .y nI siht ,esac the od wntime nac u aus lly be

detimil ot .sdnoces

o S orhcny niz noita si eht re ilibisnops ty fo the primary enopmoc n ,t hw i hc may use cimota stsacdaorb seiradnoces eht ot ot g eetnarau sy .noitazinorhcn

rapS e. A dnats by ps a er itupmoc ng p al tfo mr si fnoc i ug r de to r pe lace many differ tne fa li de c nopmo e .stn tI mu ts be detoober ot eht orppa pri eta so awtf re fnoc i ug rati no dna evah i st

etats ini t ilai z w de h ne a fa li eru occu .sr

gnikaM a ch tniopkce fo eht s sy t me ats te ot a tsisrep e tn ed vi ec peri ido cally and logging lla etats chan seg ot a srep i tnets ecived swolla rof t eh s erap to eb tes ot eht rppa opriate

ts a .et Th si fo si t ne desu sa eht st dna b c y l tnei works at t ,noi where the us re c na m evo nehw eruliaf a ucco r .s emitnwod ehT yllausu si citcat siht rof .setunim

erehT era t tca i sc rof r riape taht er ly no oc m tnenop er int tcudor i .no W neh a nuder d tna opmoc ne tn af i ,sl ti may be rei dortn u dec aft re it sah be ne co rr ect .de hcuS cat t sci are

,noitarepo wodahs etats ser y ,noitazinorhcn .kcabllor dna

ahS d wo op oitare n . A verp i suo l iaf y l de co nopm e m tn a eb y nur ni s" hadow mode f " or a sho tr emit ot am ke erus taht ti cimim s eht b he iva or fo t eh working oc m enop stn erofeb r rotse ing

ot ti .ecivres

State yser n norhc i taz ion. hT e evissap dna evitca adnuder ncy tac it sc re eriuq eht tnenopmoc ieb ng otser r de ot evah sti st eta up rg a ded b fe ore ti s ret nru to s re vi ec . ehT

itadpu ng pa p hcaor lliw dneped no eht itnwod me t tah nac be us ts ain ,de t eh size fo eht pu d ,eta dna t eh rebmun fo m sse a seg r qe riu de rof the adpu t .e A is ngle egassem noc ta ini ng eht ts a et si eferp r ba l ,e if sop lbis .e In erc m ne t la etats up ,sedarg htiw per sdoi fo vres ice

neewteb ni ,stnemerc detacilpmoc ot dael .erawtfos

iopkcehC n or/t llb ca k. A tniopkcehc si a idrocer ng fo a noc sis t ne t etats cre deta ei reht lacidoirep ly ro ni pser o esn ot ceps i if c ve ne st . itemoS m se a s metsy af i sl ni na usunu al

,rennam wi ht a ed t ce tably in noc is st tne ts ta .e nI siht ,esac eht sys met sh dluo eb er s derot isu ng a suoiverp tniopkcehc fo a noc is st tne state dna a log fo the tr na s tca io sn t tah

derrucco ecnis eht tohspans .nekat saw F TLUA P NOITNEVER

ehT gniwollof era emos tluaf noitneverp .scitcat

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 66

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

seitilibisnopser ot seludom gnirud sed i ng hcus t tah tna i apic t de ahc n l eb lliw seg i ocs ni detim p .e eW yfitnedi hcus evif .scitcat

niatniaM citnames ecnerehoc .

o tnameS ic erehoc n ec ref sre to eht relat snoi h spi am gno nopser sibi til i se in a om d lu e. ehT laog si ot erusne taht lla of these r pse on is tilib ies krow together w ti tuoh

ex evissec ailer n ec no to reh m do ul .se hcA i emeve nt fo iht s laog moc es morf hc o iso ng r ilibisnopse t sei taht evah s name tic co nereh c .e

o gnilpuoC na d oc h noise rtem i sc era na ta t tpme to m sae u er seman it c oc h re enc ,e tub

ht ey era issim ng t eh context fo a ahc n .eg aetsnI d, tnames ic ehoc r ne ec ohs lu d eb derusaem a tsniag a tes fo picitna a det ahc nges. enO bus t citca si to a sb t tcar

nommoc ivres c .se orP iv gnid mmoc no vres i sec t hguorh specializ de m do lu se is lausu l v y i dewe sa oppus r gnit re-us .e

o sihT si ,tcerroc tub ba s cart ting nommoc vres i sec la so s stroppu mod fi i ba i il t .y If

nommoc secivres evah b nee sba t ,detcar modif ci ati sno to t meh wi ll ne de to eb m eda no ly o ecn r rehta naht in e hca m do ule ehw re t eh se vr ci se are us .de Fu mrehtr ro ,e

noitacifidom gnisu seludom eht ot .sresu rehto tcapmi ton lliw secivres esoht

o sihT ,citcat ,neht roppus ts ton no l ilacol y z gni modific ita sno tub la so eht everp itn on fo ppir le e ff e .stc Ex selpma fo tsba r itca ng c nommo ivres c se a er ht e use of

skrowemarf noitacilppa dna eht use of o reht ddim l awe r tfos e w .era

· etapicitnA ex cep t de chan eg s.

disnoC e gnir ht e es t of noisivne ed ahc n seg sedivorp a way ot ev la uate a ap rt uci l ra ssa i tnemng fo bisnopser il ehT .seiti sab i noitseuq c si F" or hcae chan ,eg do se t eh desoporp

isopmoced t timil noi eht tes seludom fo taht ne de ot eb m fido i de ot accom lp i hs ti ?"

nA aicossa t de euq s noit is oD" nuf d nema t la ly d fi fer tne segnahc af ef tc ht e emas seludom ?" woH si siht effid tner morf s name it c erehoc n ?ec ingissA ng er nops is tilib i se

desab no es m citna erehoc n ec semussa th ta ex detcep ahc n seg lliw be sem na t ci ally c .tnereho

ehT citcat fo na t ci i itap ng ex cep t de chan seg seod ton c nrecno sti elf wi ht the coherence

fo a eludom 's opser nsi lib it sei ub t ehtar r w hti minim iz gni the stceffe of the nahc g .se nI aer lity siht cat t ci si d ffi i tluc to u es by sti elf nis ce ti is ton elbissop ot

etapicitna lla chan .seg roF taht ,nosaer ti si us lau ly us de ni oc jn nu cti no iw th es m na it c .ecnerehoc

· reneG a il ez the dom ule. ikaM ng a udom le erom neg e lar a swoll it to comp tu e a b daor er

ar n eg fo oitcnuf ns ab s de no i pn tu . ehT tupni nac eb oht u thg fo sa d inife ng a al ngua eg rof eht dom u ,el hw i hc nac eb sa pmis le sa am k gni noc stants i tupn ap ram te e sr ro sa

detacilpmoc as mi plem itne ng the udom le sa na ni t re pr te er dna ma gnik t eh tupni marap e sret eb a rp ogr ma ni eht inte rpr e et r s' lan ug a .eg The erom eg n lare a m udo l ,e t eh

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

erom l eki ly t tah euqer s det chan seg c na be m da e by itsujda ng eht tupni al ngua eg yb naht rehtar fidom y gni .eludom eht

· Li tim bissop le op oit ns. ,snoitacifidoM laicepse ly nihtiw a tcudorp li en may eb raf

ar n ig ng dna h ne ce a ff tce many m eludo s. R se t cir t gni eht bissop le o itp sno wi ll der u ec the tceffe of the es modifi ac .snoit For ex ,elpma a v ra iat noi p io tn ni a rp do tcu enil may eb

la l gniwo rof a chan eg fo ssecorp o .r itcirtseR n p g r ahc rosseco n em ot seg m fo sreb t eh s ema ylimaf eht stimil elbissop .snoitpo

P TNEVER PIR P EL FE F STCE

A elppir tceffe morf a cifidom noita si eht en c isse ty fo m ka ing ahc n seg to m do ul se on t id rectly

ffa ected by it. For sni tan ,ec fi eludom A si chan deg ot ac oc mpli hs a p ra ticul ra dom i if c ,noita neht eludom B si chan deg only bec esua fo the chan eg ot m do lu e .A B sah ot eb fidom i de eb c ua se it

depe ,sdn ni emos snes e no , .A We nigeb ruo id s ssuc i no fo eht ppir le fe fe tc by d issucsi ng eht v ra suoi typ se fo ed p edne nci se t tah

eno eludom nac evah .rehtona no yfitnedi eW t thgie y :sep

1. nyS t xa fo

- ad t .a roF B ot ipmoc le ro( ex )etuce oc r tcer l ,y eht type ro( fo amr t) fo the data taht is decudorp by A dna co demusn by B tsum eb con tnetsis htiw the type (or rof mat) fo ad ta

demussa yb .B

- ivres c .e roF B ot co ipm le dna ex etuce tcerroc l ,y eht si tang u er of ivres c se dedivorp yb A dna dekovni yb B tsum eb sisnoc tnet htiw eht snoitpmussa fo B.

2. eS m scitna fo

- ad t .a roF B ot ex etuce tcerroc l t ,y he sem tna i sc fo eht da at orp du dec by A dna snoc u dem

yb B tsum tnetsisnoc eb htiw eht snoitpmussa .B fo

- vres i .ec For B ot ex ce u tcerroc et l eht ,y tnames ic fo s eht vres ic se dorp uce d b A y desu dna yb B tsum tnetsisnoc eb htiw eht snoitpmussa fo .B

3. ecneuqeS fo

- .atad roF B ot ex uce te roc r tce l ,y ti tsum recei ev eht data dorp u dec by A in a fix de

cneuqes e. roF ex ,elpma a atad p ekca t s' h ae der m tsu precede ti s body in o redr fo sa( noitpecer op desop ot slocotorp taht ah ve eht euqes n bmun ec er b liu ni t t eht o da at .)

- .lortnoc roF B ot ex etuce tcerroc l ,y A tsum evah ex ce u det suoiverp ly wi iht n ce atr in gnimit noc s iart nts. roF ex ,elpma A tsum evah ex detuce on ol n reg th na 5 sm erofeb B tucexe e .s

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

4. ytitnedI fo na tni erf eca fo .A A may ah ve tlum iple int re faces. roF B ot comp li e dna

ex etuce tcerroc l ,y t eh itnedi ty (n ema ro )eldnah fo eht interfa ec m tsu be noc si ts tne iw th eht a snoitpmuss fo B.

5. L taco i no fo A nur( tim .)e roF B ot ex etuce co tcerr l ,y the nur it me ol ca it no fo A m tsu eb tnetsisnoc wi ht t eh ssa umpt snoi fo .B roF exampl ,e B may ussa me taht A si l aco t de ni a

tnereffid ssecorp eht no emas .rossecorp 6. ilauQ ty fo s ivre ce/ atad p dedivor by .A For B ot ex uce te oc r er ctl ,y s mo e orp p re ty

q eht gnivlovni u ila t fo y t ro atad eh ecivres p ivor d de b A y eb tsum sisnoc te htiw tn s'B .snoitpmussa roF ex ,elpma atad orp v dedi by a trap i uc lar rosnes must evah a ec rtain

ycarucca rof redro ni la eht g smhtiro ltcerroc krow ot B fo y. 7. Ex ecnetsi fo .A roF B ot ex etuce tcerroc l ,y A tsum ex .tsi For ex ,elpma fi B si r euqe sting

a ivres ce rf om na ob tcej ,A and A seod ton ex tsi dna tonnac eb d many ic la ly ,detaerc B neht ton lliw etucexe ltcerroc y.

8. eR ecruos eb h iva or of .A roF B ot ex etuce co tcerr l ,y the oser u ecr beha iv or fo A m tsu eb tnetsisnoc htiw s'B ssa umpt .snoi sihT nac be ie t reh uoser r ec su a eg of A A( sesu t eh as me

omem r sa y ro )B r ruose c a sevreser B( pihsrenwo e )snwo ti seveileb A taht ecruoser .

siht htiW fo gnidnatsrednu nedneped c y t ,sepy ew nac ssucsid won scitcat baliava l ot e eht tcetihcra gnitneverp rof eht elppir niatrec rof tceffe ty .sep

· ediH ni form ta oi n. ofnI r noitam gnidih si the decom op itis no of the r opse nsibi til ies rof na

itne ty a( sys met ro os me isopmoced t noi fo a s )metsy otni small re ip eces dna oohc sing hcihw fni o noitamr ot ekam rp iv eta dna hw i hc ot m eka up bl .ci ehT bup l ci libisnopser i it se

era av elbalia orht u hg s ep cifi de int re af ec s.

ehT laog si ot alosi te ahc n seg wi niht eno mo elud dna rp ve ent ahc nges f mor porp aga it ng ot .srehto sihT si eht o tsedl euqinhcet rof erp v itne ng chan seg morf rp opa ag tin .g tI si

orts ngly aler t de ot tna" i apic te ex detcep ahc n eg s" eb c esua ti sesu esoht ahc n seg as eht sisab rof ed c .noitisopmo

· iaM n niat ex nitsi g ni t re f eca s. If B d sdnepe no eht an me dna si erutang of an

ecafretni fo ,A niam tai in ng t sih tni erface a dn ti s s xatny swolla B ot mer a ni nahcnu g .de fO oc u ,esr t sih cat t ci iw ll ton n ece ss ira ly krow if B sah a sem na tic edneped ncy no ,A is n ec ahc n seg ot the me ina ng fo data dna se vr i sec era diff tluci to

.ksam

,oslA ti si tluciffid ot ksam neped d cne i se no ilauq t y of ad ta or auq lit y of res vi ,ec er os urce ,egasu ro uoser r ec wo ne hsr i .p etnI r af ce ilibats ty nac osla eb hca i deve by pes ara it ng t eh

ecafretni morf the implem ne t .noita Th si lla o sw eht noitaerc fo sba tra tc inter af c se th ta ksam rav iat .snoi raV i ta i sno nac eb dobme i de wi niht t eh exi ts ing r se p no s ilibi ti ,se ro ht ey

nac eb deidobme by per l udom a fo noitatnemelpmi eno gnica l .rehtona htiw e

snrettaP taht tnemelpmi t citcat sih edulcni

- gnidda ni t re f eca s. M tso mmargorp ing langu sega al wol um ltiple retni af ec s. weN ly

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

elbisiv secivres ro ad ta nac eb am de va ia l ba le t hguorh n we ni et fr ca ,se a oll wing ex itsi ng fretni seca niamer ot nahcnu g de edivorp dna emas eht is g .erutan

- da d gni ad pa ter. ddA na ada p ret ot A taht sparw A dna orp vi sed the signa erut of t eh iro g ni al .A

- idivorp ng a buts .A fI t eh fidom i ac t noi sllac rof eht ed l noite of ,A t neh ivorp ding a ts bu liw A rof wolla l ot B niamer degnahcnu sdneped B fi ylno no A's is g .erutan

· rtseR i tc co umm n ci ation p ta hs. tcirtseR eht mo selud htiw hw i hc a vig en m do lu e ahs r se

tad a. tahT ,si er d ecu eht rebmun of dom u sel that noc us em data rp do uced by t eh ig v ne mo elud dna eht nu bm re fo seludom th ta udorp ce data noc sum de by ti . sihT lliw ecuder the ri elpp fe f tce nis ce d ata pro cud t noi / snoc mu pti no i udortn c se

seicnedneped taht esuac .selppir

· esU na etni r em d rai y. fI B sah any type fo nedneped cy no A hto er th na sem na it c, it si lbissop e ot ni s tre na ni t demre iary neewteb B dna A t tah mana seg ac it vi eit s cossa iat de

htiw eht ed p nedne c .y llA fo eht se emretni dia seir og by di ff er tne an m ,se tub ew lliw ssucsid hcae ni t smre fo t eh edneped ncy typ se we evah une me ar t .de sA ,erofeb in t eh

tsrow sac ,e na in ret m de iary c tonna moc p ne sate f ro sem citna hc an .seg ehT ni t re m de iari se are

- atad (s atny x .) seirotisopeR htob( bl draobkca and )evissap tca sa int re medi ra i se betwe ne

eht dorp u rec a dn remusnoc of ad t .a T eh soper ti seiro nac co trevn the s ny t xa decudorp by A i otn th ta as demus by .B emoS silbup h rcsbus/ i eb ap t snret (t oh se taht have data f ol wing

orht u hg a ec n lart moc p )tneno nac osla oc nv tre eht s ny t xa otni t tah ssa um de by .B ehT CVM dna CAP tap t snre trevnoc atad ni eno f msilamro (i tupn ro ou pt tu ed iv c )e into tona h re (t tah desu by the ledom ni M a eht ro CV b rts a P ni noitc CA .)

- ecivres (s ny tax .) ehT ,edacaf irb d ,eg aidem t ,ro tarts eg ,y orp x ,y dna caf tory ap t snret lla edivorp ni t re m seiraide t tah trevnoc the syn xat fo a s vre ice rf om eno form tni o an to .reh ,ecneH ht e y c na lla eb desu ot ahc tneverp n ni seg A porp morf a ag tin .B ot g

- edi n it ty of na tni erface fo .A A b rekor ap t nret nac be us de to am sk ahc n seg ni eht itnedi ty fo na i .ecafretn fI B sdneped no eht i ned tit y of na tni er af ce fo A a dn taht i ed n it ty

ahc n ,seg by idda ng taht i itned t ot y t eh rb ko re dna h va ing the rekorb mak e t eh oc nnec it no eht ot wen ytitnedi B ,A fo niamer nac nahcnu g .de

- acol t noi fo A tnur( ime). A eman s vre er bane l se eht loc ta i no of A ot eb c degnah w ti oh ut itceffa ng .B A is pser o elbisn rof reg gniretsi its curr tne l aco ti no with ht e nam s e erve dna ,r

B seveirter taht noitacol morf eht eman evres r.

- ecruoser roivaheb fo A ro ruoser ce noc t or ll de by .A A ruoser ce nam ager is na retni m aide ry taht si r se op elbisn rof ser ource a ll ocati .no C niatre uoser rce ganam e sr e( . ,.g esoht desab no etaR cinotonoM anA l sisy ni aer l-t emi sys et m )s ac n ug a nar t ee eht

noitcafsitas fo lla r seuqe ts htiw in c re tain noc s rt ia nt .s ,A fo ,esruoc ig tsum v pu e noc t fo lor

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 17

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT I60 27S

- etnoC n noit f ro ser ou ecr s. Fi erug 6.5 ohs ws stneve ivirra ng ta the sy ts em. esehT stneve may be ni a is n elg ts r mae or in mult pi le st aer sm . uM l elpit aerts ms vying for the

emas oser u ecr or id f ef r tne ev stne ni eht same ts re ma vying of r t eh same ruoser ce c ubirtno te ot cnetal y. In ,lareneg eht erom oitnetnoc n f ro a ,ecruoser eht more

lekil i dooh fo la et ncy be ni g ni t udor c .de ewoH v ,re siht d sdnepe no woh the noc t tne i no is dna detartibra how vidni i euqer laud s st era tr ae t de b t y h bra e i hcem noitart a .msin

- aliavA b ytili fo oser u ecr s. Ev ne ni eht ba se ecn fo oc n net it ,no oc m atup t noi c tonna rp o deec if a r se our ec is un ava il .elba anU v ia l iliba ty may be c sua ed by the e oser urce ieb n ro enilffo g b fo eruliaf y the oc mp no ro tne for emos oth re rea .nos In

any ac s ,e eht tcetihcra tsum tnedi ify plac se wh ere r uose cr e nu va ia l ba li ity mi hg t uac se a tnacifingis noitubirtnoc llarevo ot cnetal y.

- ednepeD n yc no rehto co tupm a oit n. A noitatupmoc may have to tiaw b uace se it m tsu syn inorhc ze htiw eht stluser fo tona her moc p noitatu ro eb c ua se it is tiaw ing for the

stluser fo a upmoc t noita taht it ini tiat .de roF ex ,elpma ti ma y b e r dae in g i rofn mat noi from owt tnereffid ,secruos fi eseht two secruos are re da tneuqes i la l eht ,y l neta c h eb lliw y igh re naht yeht fi .lellarap ni daer era

W hti siht ab ck ,dnuorg ew nrut ot ruo ht r ee at c cit ac tegories: r se o ru ce dem ,dna r ose urce

,tnemeganam ecruoser dna .noitartibra

ECRUOSER DNAMED

tnevE smaerts era t eh os ecru of r ruose ce ed nam d. owT ch cara t sire t sci fo ed m dna a er the mit e neewteb ev stne ni a ecruoser rts e ma woh( netfo a qer uest is made ni a ts r )mae dna woh m hcu fo

ecruoser a demusnoc si yb hcae .tseuqer

enO cat t ci for der u ic n g l neta c si y ot uder c eht e re secruos r qe u deri for p or c na gnisse ev tne ts r ae m. aW ys edulcni siht od ot eht niwollof g.

· esaercnI co pm u lanoitat eff eici ncy. enO pets ni eht p issecor ng fo na eve tn ro a

egassem si ppa lying some algo tir h .m mI p ivor ng t eh al smhtirog desu in cri lacit ra e sa will esaerced al t ne c .y semitemoS eno er so ru ce c na eb trad de rof a ton her. roF ex pma l ,e

retni m de iat ad e ta may eb k tpe ni a r otisope r ro y ti may b r e e neg re at de dep ne din no g it me dna ecaps er s ecruo av ia l iliba t .y Th si citcat si us lau ly pa pli de to t eh p rossecor tub is osla evitceffe nehw deilppa to to h ruoser re c sa hcus se .ksid a

· Re ud ce co pm u lanoitat aehrevo d. If ereht is on re uq e ts for a cruoser e, issecorp ng sdeen era red .decu The esu fo retni m raide i se os( pmi ort tna for mo id fi ba ili t )y

aercni s se eht secruoser usnoc m de ni rp o issec ng na tneve stream dna , os ivomer ng eht m evorpmi s cnetal y. ihT s is a cla ciss

baifidom ecnamrofrep/ytili .ffoedart

tcat rehtonA ic rof r cude i gn l neta c si y ot r ecude the rebmun of ev stne orp ces des . sihT nac b enod e ni eno fo owt fa .snoihs

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 47

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

· eganaM tneve ar te. fI it si elbissop ot er ecud eht s ilpma ng fr uqe ency ta hw i hc latnemnorivne selbairav ,derotinom era dnamed .decuder eb nac elbissop si siht semitemoS

fi eht s metsy saw revo en nig e .dere Ot reh ti sem na ennu c irasse ly hi hg sam lp ing ar te is desu ot es hsilbat ha mr o cin sdoirep teb w nee mult lpi e st aer sm . tahT ,si os me rts e ma or

smaerts fo stneve a er ov re pmas l os de th ta ht e nac y eb s ny hc nor iz .de · ortnoC l f ycneuqer of nilpmas g. If eht re si no tnoc r lo evo r t eh lavirra fo

ex lanret ly eneg r deta ve e ,stn deueuq r stseuqe nac eb mas p del ta a lo rew fre neuq c ,y ylbissop gnitluser eht ni ssol fo .stseuqer

scitcat rehtO gnicuder rof gniganam ro dnamed evlovni gnillortnoc eht .secruoser fo esu

· dnuoB noitucexe ti em s. ecalP a l timi no how m hcu ex uce it no it me is desu ot r dnopse ot na .tneve S mo ite m se iht s sekam s ne se dna som ite m se it do se on t. roF itareti v ,e data-

tnedneped algo ,smhtir l gnitimi eht bmun er fo ti e ar it sno si a method rof nuob id ng noitucexe .semit

· dnuoB eueuq is ez s. T sih slortnoc eht am x mumi rebmun fo euq u de irra vals dna yltneuqesnoc eht er secruos ssecorp ot desu .slavirra eht

ECRUOSER TNEMEGANAM

nevE oht u hg eht ed m dna rof oser u secr may ton be oc tn ballor l ,e the m na a eg m tne fo t eseh

secruoser stceffa esnopser .semit emoS ecruoser anam g tneme scitcat :era

· oc ecudortnI n ruc rency. fI euqer s st nac eb ecorp s des ni ap ral ,lel t eh blo kc de time nac eb cuder e .d rucnoC r ne cy c na eb dortni u dec by pro issec ng diff tnere streams fo eve nts no

tnereffid sdaerht or by rc e ita ng dda iti lano t rh eads to orp c sse di eff r ne t sets fo act ivi ti .se nO ce errucnoc nc sah y neeb ,decudortni orppa priatel a y lloc ita ng the th er a sd to er s ruo c se

daol( )gnicnalab si tnatropmi ni redro ot am x lami l e y x nerrucnoc eht tiolp c .y · niaM t nia pitlum le oc p sei fo rehtie data or comput .snoita lC i stne ni a lc i ne t- vres er p ta t nre

era sacilper fo the oc mp tu ta i .no ehT purp eso of per il c sa is ot er d ecu t eh noitnetnoc taht dluow o rucc if a ll oc m itatup o sn t koo place no a c ne rt la vres e .r

gnihcaC is a tcat ic ni cihw h ad ta is ,detacilper rehtie on ffid e tner deeps seirotisoper ro no pes arate r sope i ,seirot ot r de uce oc tn ne it .no ecniS eht ad ta eb ing c ca h de

si lausu ly a oc py fo ex gnitsi ,atad ipeek ng t eh seipoc snoc si t tne and synch or niz de semoceb ytilibisnopser a eht taht sy mets .emussa tsum

· I esaercn avai bal le er s uo r .sec tsaF er pro sec s ,sro tidda io lan ossecorp r ,s da oitid n la omem r ,y dna saf t re n skrowte lla evah eht etop nti la rof r cude ing al t ne c .y tsoC si ausu lly a

noitaredisnoc in eht ohc i ec fo ruoser c ,se tub cni r ae is ng t eh ser our sec is fed i in tel a y at tc ic etal ecuder ot ncy.

ECRUOSER NOITARTIBRA

· W reveneh ereht si noc te noitn rof a r ruose c ,e eht ruoser ce m tsu eb schedul .de orP c srosse

era cs h ,delude fub f sre are ,deludehcs dna n wte or sk era udehcs l .de The ar cetihc t s' go la ot si fo scitsiretcarahc eht dnatsrednu oser hcae u t esoohc dna esu s'ecr h dehcs e u il n tarts g eg t y h ta

elbitapmoc si htiw .ti

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

· A udehcs l gni ilop cy lautpecnoc ly h sa owt p ra t :s a rp i ro ity sa si ng m tne and id ps at ihc n .g

llA gniludehcs op l ci i se ssa i ng irp oriti .se nI so em sesac eht ssa i ng ment is sa pmis le sa tsrif -in srif/ t-o tu . nI to h re ,sesac ti nac eb ti de ot ht e de lda ine fo eht qer u se t ro its es m na t ci

tropmi anc .e

· itepmoC ng irc t re ia for iludehcs ng edulcni po tim la er source usa ,eg er qu tse mi atrop n ,ec iminim z gni eht rebmun fo uoser r sec ,desu im n imi zi gn lat ne c ,y am x mi iz gni t orh u phg tu ,

erp ven gnit st ra vat noi ot erusne fai nr se ,s dna os f .htro ehT tcetihcra een ds to eb wa a er of eseht bissop l oc y n lf i airetirc gnitc dna eht e ff tce t tah eht ohc sen tcat ic sah iteem no n t g hem.

A hgih - iroirp ty ev tne st maer nac be apsid tch de only fi the uoser r ec to wh hci ti is eb i gn a ss ign de si ava il ba l .e S itemo m se siht sdneped no rp e-em gnitp the curr tne resu fo t eh er s ruo c .e bissoP le

eerp m noitp snoitpo era sa llof o :sw nac rucco anyt ;emi c na cco ur no ly ta iceps f ci pre-empt noi niop ;st dna ex ituce n g pro sessec tonnac eb pre-empt de . nommoc emoS gniludehcs seicilop :era

1. tsriF - F/ni i sr t-o tu . OFIF qu seue rt e ta lla qer u stse rof r ose ur sec sa qe ua sl dna satisfy

meht ni .nrut enO issop b ili ty htiw a OFIF eueuq si t tah eno qer u tse w li l eb st kcu eb h dni eno rehtona taht at k se a lon it g me to neg erate a r se esnop . sA lla sa gnol fo qer eht ue ts a s re

urt l qe y u ,la th si si ton a ,melborp tub fi emos req eu ts s era fo hi rehg rp roi it y th na to hers, ti si .citamelborp

2. iF x de - iroirp ty s ehc d ilu n .g iF xed- rp iroi ty s iludehc ng ssa i sng e hca os u ecr of uoser rce

stseuqer a p tra i uc l ra prio ir ty dna ssa igns eht r secruose ni th ta pr roi ity ro d .re sihT arts tegy sni u ser b te t re ecivres for hi ehg r- iroirp ty qer u se ts tub da m sti t eh sop sib ili ty of a low-

iroirp t ,y tub natropmi ,t r tseuqe gnikat na bra i art ril y long mit e to eb s vre ic de ceb ause ti is kcuts dniheb a seires fo gih her- irp o ir ty r euqe st .s eerhT nommoc roirp it zi noita ts ar tegi se

are

- es m citna im atrop n .ec hcaE maerts si ssa ign de a oirp rity s tat i lac ly a cc o dr ing ot os me od niam citsiretcarahc of eht ksat t tah neg era set it. sihT t epy fo cs he ud gnil si desu ni

emarfniam sys smet erehw eht od m nia c carah t ire ts i c is eht it me fo t ksa i tin ia it .no

- de ilda ne nom o not i .c ildaeD ne cinotonom si a tats ic rp iroi ty ssa ignm tne t tah sa signs hi rehg iroirp ty ot ts re ma s wi ht short re deadlin .se sihT gniludehcs lop icy si us de nehw

smaerts fo tnereffid p seitiroir htiw r ae l-tim e d dae l seni ra e to cs eb h de lu .de

- etar m notono i .c etaR cinotonom si a tats ic rp i iro ty ssa i ng m tne rof p re i cido ts r ae ms t tah sa si sng hi rehg irp o ir t ot y rts e sma with rohs t re ep r .sdoi sihT op gniludehcs lic y is a sp ce i la

esac of de enilda m cinotono tub si teb t re kn nwo dna m ero il kely ot be support de by the gnitarepo sy .mets

3. Dy ciman ytiroirp :gniludehcs

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 67

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

GNITSISER SKCATTA

ehT gniwollof scitcat eb nac desu ni noitanibmoc ot eveihca eseht g .slao

· tnehtuA i ac te su e .sr tuA h noitacitne si irusne ng th ta a su er ro er mote oc m up t re is a lautc ly

ohw ti prup o str to .eb P sdrowssa , one-ti em ,sdrowssap di ig t la trec i if cate ,s dna ib ometric snoitacifitnedi edivorp .noitacitnehtua

· irohtuA ze .sresu htuA iro z noita si irusne ng taht na tua h itne cat de us re has the ri sthg ot ssecca dna idom fy htie er atad or s re vi .sec sihT is lausu ly am an deg by rp ov idi ng os me ssecca lortnoc p ta t snre nihtiw a s .metsy sseccA lortnoc nac be by su re ro by su er cl sa s. sessalC fo us sre nac eb denifed by u res ,spuorg by resu ,selor ro b y li ts dni fo s ivi dual .s

· atad niatniaM tnedifnoc i ila t .y D orp eb dluohs ata t f detce irohtuanu mor z ca de c .sse tnedifnoC i ila ty si lausu ly deveihca by ppa l iy ng emos mrof fo cne ryp it on ot atad dna to

noitacinummoc li .skn cnE r noitpy orp v sedi ex art noitcetorp ot rep is tnets ly m nia tained atad beyo dn th ta aliava lb e morf ua th ro izati .no

itacinummoC no ,sknil on eht rehto ,dnah t cipy ally od ton evah au roht iz noita oc tn lor s.

rcnE y noitp si eht no ly orp te noitc for pass gni da at ov re lbup icly ac bissec le noitacinummoc li .skn ehT knil nac eb pmi l me e detn by a virt lau p avir te en t krow V( P )N

ro by a eruceS tekcoS s Layer S( S )L for a Web- desab .knil cnE r noitpy nac eb s my m rte ic seitrap htob( esu eht emas ek y sa ro ) y cirtemm cilbup( etavirp dna ek y .)s

· niatniaM irgetni t .y Data dluohs eb eviled r de sa tni .dedne tI nac evah re dnud a tn noitamrofni dedocne in ,ti us ch sa che kc s smu ro ha hs r ,stluse cihw h ac n eb

rcne y detp gnola rehtie yltnednepedni ro htiw eht morf lanigiro .atad · timiL ex .erusop skcattA t lacipy ly dneped no ex gnitiolp a is ngle kaew ssen ot ta t kca

lla data dna vres i sec no a oh s .t ehT ihcra t tce nac sed i ng eht la acol t noi fo res iv c se to oh ts s taht os detimil secivres era elbaliava no hcae .tsoh

GNITCETED SKCATTA

fo noitceted ehT na atta c si k lausu l orht y u na hg in ed noisurt t ce t noi s sy t krow smetsys hcuS .me by

rapmoc ing krowten art ff ci tap t snre ot a dat aba s .e nI ht e esac fo usim se ted ect ,noi t eh tr ffa ic nrettap si moc p dera ot h cirotsi ap tt snre fo nwonk ta t .skca nI eht esac fo an mo aly ted ec it ,no t eh

ciffart nrettap si moc p dera ot a ih sto ir c la ab sel eni of itself. tneuqerF l t ,y he cap k ste tsum be deretlif ni redro to make oc mpari .snos iF l iret ng nac be no eht ab is s fo orp t co ol, TCP f al ,sg

payl dao is z ,se ecruos ro nitsed a ,sserdda noit ro p ro t nu .rebm

nI t noisur ed t srotce tsum evah emos tros fo rosnes ot tceted atta ,skc nam a eg sr to od s rosne uf si ,no sesabatad rof st gniro ev stne rof l reta ana lys ,si t sloo rof o ilff ne r itrope ng dna anal sy is, dna a

elosnoc lortnoc taht os eht lana y ts yfidom nac noisurtni noitceted .snoitca

GNIREVOCER F MOR CATTA KS

· tcaT i sc devlovni ni cer o irev ng morf na at kcat can eb id iv ded i otn t esoh noc c re n de tiw h

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 87

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

c .lortno ehT itom v noita for t sih tap t nre si ot ecnahne c no ruc renc ,y a pe rofr m na ce goal. ,suhT sti main

esoprup si ot elpmi m tne eht i" n ecudort ucnoc r er nc "y ep rforma cn e t tca i .c ecitoN the ot reh tacti sc siht nrettap ,sevlovni vewoh e .r

· In rof m noita gnidih m( o baifid i il t .)y hcaE elem tne ohc os se eht r nopse s libi ti i se it lliw

eveihca sedih dna rieht tnemeveihca dniheb .ecafretni na

· tnI e aidemr ry fidom( i ba li it .)y ehT orp xy tca s sa na tni e demr iary taht will reffub chan seg eht ot dohtem .noitacovni

· gnidniB emit aifidom( b ili t .)y The tca i ev bo j tce ap tt nre ussa m se th ta r qe u se ts for eht

tcejbo evirra ta the jbo e tc ta nur tim .e ehT gnidnib fo the tneilc ot the prox ,y ewoh v ,re si fel t nepo ni smret fo gnidnib mit e.

· iludehcS ng ilop cy (p re f ro m na ec .) ehT udehcs ler stnemelpmi emos sc iludeh n ilop g c .y

Any tap t nre i elpm m stne lareves t tca i ,sc netfo oc n denrec wi ht fid ef tner quality a tt rib tu ,se dna any elpmi m atne t noi fo eht nrettap osla m eka s ohc ices tuoba tac it .sc For ex ,elpma na lpmi me enta it no dluoc niatniam a log fo qer u stse ot the itca ve o jb ce t rof roppus ting re voc er ,y m nia taining na

gnitroppus ro ,liart tidua tilibatset y.

ehT ana lys si rp o ssec for eht cra h ti e tc sevlovni un natsred ding lla fo the tacti sc em deddeb ni na elpmi m atne t ,noi dna eht sed i ng ssecorp vni o sevl ikam ng a suoiciduj hc oice fo tahw c mo bi tan i no

scitcat fo eveihca lliw s eht y mets 's derised g .slao rA c ih tect ru al P ta snret and Sty sel :

nA hcra i larutcet p nretta in ,erawtfos osla onk wn sa na ra ihc t ce tur la styl ,e is lana o suog ot na ihcra t tce u lar style ni iub l ,sgnid su hc sa htoG ic ro Gr kee eR v lavi ro Q eu en .ennA tI stsisnoc fo a

wef key serutaef dna ru sel rof bmoc i in ng th me os t tah arch ti ce t laru integrity si erp s .devre nA rutcetihcra la denimreted si nrettap by:

· A tes fo el tneme typ se (s hcu sa a ad ta r sope i ot ry ro a c mo tnenop th ta oc mp tu se a

lacitamehtam .)noitcnuf · lacigolopot A al y stnemele eht fo tuo gnitacidni noitalerretni rieht - .spihs · A tes fo citnames stniartsnoc e( . ,.g lif t sre ni a pip e- dna - lif t re style are erup ad ta

cudsnart er .s They rcni e latnem ly tr mrofsna eht ir i tupn ts maer ni to na uo t tup s aert m, tub od lortnoc ton rehtie maertspu ro ertsnwod am le e .)stnem

· A es t of itcaretni on me hc a smsin .e( g ,. us b enituor ,llac ev ne t- us ircsb b ,re taht )draobkcalb ed t mre i woh en eht el eme n st coo orht etanidr u hg the al ol w opot de log .y

esehT snrettap oc ruc ton no ly re ralug l ni y sys met sed i sng tub ni wa sy th ta semitemos tneverp su morf cer o ing z gni ,meht uaceb se ni tnereffid senilpicsid eht s ema ar hc it ce tu ar l pa tt e nr may be

dellac d effi r tne iht n .sg nI opser n ,es a bmun er fo irrucer ng hcra ite tc u lar pa tt ,snre their p or p re it es, dna rieht eb n stife evah neeb ac taloged . enO hcus latac o ugiF ni detartsulli si g r .41.5 e

iF g eru .41.5 golatac llams A hcra fo larutceti dezinagro ,snrettap yb si - snoital a

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 48

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

Un ti 4 Co etn n st

larutcetihcrA P snretta – :1 I noitcudortn morF dum ot ts ruc erut Lay sre sepiP dna F tli re s alB c obk a dr

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 68

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

UN TI 4 LARUTCETIHCRA :6 retpahC SNRETTAP -1

nI rt oduc it on :

A" nrettap f ro os ftw era arch ti tce ure d sebircse a trap i raluc cer u irr ng des ngi p bor l me th ta ra is se ni ceps i cif d se i ng etnoc x st dna erp sen st a well- nevorp neg e ir c hcs eme rof its os tul i .no ehT

noitulos cs h eme si ceps i deif by ed s irc bing sti con ts tneuti oc enopm nts, their nopser bis i til i se dna ,spihsnoitaler aw eht dna y hcihw ni s yeht ".etaroballoc

I ,lareneg n snrettap eht evah gniwollof arahc scitsiretc :

· A tap t nre d sebircse a sol noitu ot a r ce u irr ng borp l me t tah sesira in s cep ific ed si ng

utis a .snoit · snrettaP era ;detnevni ton yeht era dellitsid morf lacitcarp .ecneirepxe · nrettaP s ircsed be a gr puo fo stnenopmoc .e( g ,. lc a ss es ro stcejbo ), oh w eht

stnenopmoc ni t ,tcare dna eht libisnopser i seit of e hca c mo op ne tn . tahT ,si ht ey a er high re level snoitcartsba naht sessalc ro .stcejbo

· snrettaP edivorp a v aco b alu r rof y ummoc n ci a it no am gno de is gne .sr The c ecioh fo a name nrettap a rof yrev si mi .tnatrop

· snrettaP pleh ucod m tne eht tcetihcra ru la vi is on fo a sed i .ng fI the noisiv si elc arly ,dootsrednu ylekil ssel lliw ti eb detaloiv nehw eht sy mets si .deifidom

· snrettaP edivorp a noc c lautpe noteleks for a sol itu no ot a d se i ng p bor lem ,dna ecneh , egaruocne noitcurtsnoc eht erawtfos fo llew htiw - denifed seitreporp

T lacipy ly a ap t nret lliw eb rcsed i deb w hti a hcs e am taht cni lud se ta l tsae t eh of ll owin g thr ee

strap :

1. etnoC xt 2. melborP 3. tuloS i no

etnoC xt

ehT txetnoC noitces sebircsed eht utis noita hcihw ni eht ised gn melborp .sesira rP ob el m ehT borP l me noitces ed s rc i seb eht orp b mel ht at ar sesi per eat de ly in the oc ntext. nI

p tra i ,raluc the ed sc itpir on sebircsed the s te of crof es per e deta ly sira ing in t eh etnoc xt. A ecrof si os me tcepsa fo eht rp bo l me taht m tsu eb snoc i dered wh ne atte itpm ng a .noitulos elpmaxE ty secrof fo sep :edulcni

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 78

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

· stnemeriuqer noitulos eht tsum yfsitas .e( g cneiciffe ,. y) · stniartsnoc taht tsum eb deredisnoc ,.g.e( esu a fo niatrec la g mhtiro ro )locotorp · elbarised seitreporp noitulos a fo .e( g ,. ysae fidom ot y)

secroF may pmoc l neme tary i( . ,.e nac be ca h ei ved atlumis n suoe l )y or oc ntr da i otc ry (i .e. , c na

ylno .)decnalab eb So itul on

ehT noituloS noitces sebircsed a p nevor noitulos ot eht pr .melbo

ehT noitulos ceps i seif a fnoc igu noitar fo elem stne ot ab l na ce eht of cr es ass co iat de w ti h eht lborp e .m

· A tap t nre ed s sebirc eht tats ic curts ut er of eht fnoc i ug r ta i ,no ide tn ifyi gn the

stnenopmoc srotcennoc eht dna ,.e.i( eht spihsnoitaler gnoma eht .)stnenopmoc · A tap t nre osla d bircse es eht dyn cima tnur i em roivaheb fo t eh fnoc igu ar t ,noi

fitnedi y gni erutcurts lortnoc eht stnenopmoc eht fo .srotcennoc dna

taC e rog i se fo taP te nr s

snrettaP nac depuorg eb otni eerht seirogetac ca gnidroc rieht ot level fo :noitcartsba larutcetihcrA snrettap

iseD gn snrettap I smoid

larutcetihcrA p etta r sn nA" ar hc i tcet u lar p ta te nr ex sesserp a latnemadnuf rts u utc r la or ag niz ta i no s hc me a for

erawtfos s .smetsy It edivorp s a set of ifederp n de sbus y ,smets s icep if se eht ir libisnopser i ,seit dna sedulcni selur dna senilediug rof or nag izi gn the er l ta i sno h spi

neewteb ".meht

nA ihcra t ce ut lar p ta t nre is a high- el v le tsba r ca tion. ehT eciohc fo the cetihcra tu lar pa tt e nr to eb desu si a nuf d nema t sed la i ng de noisic ni the ed v ole mp tne fo a s fo tware s etsy m. senimreted tI the

s sy tem- ediw erutcurts dna rtsnoc a sni eht sed i ng seciohc av alia b el rof eht suoirav subs sy tem .s It is, ni eg n ,lare edni p tnedne fo eht elpmi m tne ita no langua eg to .desu eb

nA ex elpma fo na a cr h ti ectur la ap tt e nr si t eh sepiP dna Fi sretl ap tt er .n nI xinU rof ,ecnatsni a lif t re si a gorp r ma taht sdaer a erts am fo byt se morf its ts anda dr tupni dna rw it se a

rofsnart m de st maer ot i st dnats a dr uo tput. esehT rp o smarg c na eb ch denia to hteg er w ti h the tuptuo eno fo lif t ceb re o im n g t fo tupni eh eht next retlif in eht euqes n v ec i epip eht a me nahc ism. ngiseD p snretta

A" d ngise p tta e nr orp iv sed a scheme for nifer i gn eht us bs sy tems or com enop tn s fo a erawtfos sy spihsnoitaler eht ro ,mets oc a sebircsed tI .meht neewteb mm no ly- r uce r ir ng

rts u erutc fo nummoc i gnitac stnenopmoc taht so sevl a general ed si ng prob mel w ti hin a ralucitrap ".txetnoc

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 88

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

A sed i ng ttap e nr si a mid-lev le ba ts r ca t .noi The ch ecio of a d se i ng ap tt re n do se ton a ff tce the emadnuf n lat rts u utc re fo eht erawtfos s tsy e ,m b tu ti seod tceffa eht ts r erutcu fo a bus s sy tem.

ekiL ht e ar larutcetihc ,nrettap eht sed i ng patte nr t sdne ot eb ind nepe de tn fo t eh mi elp m tne a it on nal g egau ot eb su e .d

selpmaxE ised fo gn p snretta edulcni eht :gniwollof

padA et r )repparW ro( .nrettap

sihT tap t nre ad stpa eht i fretn a ec fo eno ex itsi ng type of obj tce ot h eva the as me int re face tnereffid a sa gnitsixe ty ep .tcejbo fo

rotaretI ettap r .n sihT nrettap senifed me smsinahc rof ippets ng th hguor iatnoc n re data str cu t seru elem tne

yb .tnemele S rt ygeta ciloP ro( y) .nrettap

ehT go la fo siht tap t nre is ot wolla any one fo a fa im ly of er lated al og rithms to be ae sily detutitsbus s a ni y .mets

oidI ms

nA" idiom si a ol w-l leve nrettap ceps i cif ot a progr ma ming langua .eg An di i mo ircsed b se woh ot pmi l tneme trap i raluc sa p ce ts fo enopmoc nts ro the er l ta i no ihs sp

neewteb meht gnisu eht serutaef fo eht g nevi ".egaugnal

· nA moidi si a low- el vel ba ts ar c it .no tI si ausu ll y a lan ug age-sp fice ic p tta nre t tah de sla htiw emos stcepsa fo htob ised g .noitatnemelpmi dna n

· nI os me ,esnes use fo a tnetsisnoc margorp doc ni g dna mrof a itt ng style nac eb noc is der de

na moidi rof eht al ngua eg being use .d hcuS a style dluow orp v edi ilediug n se rof na im ng bairav l ,se laying o tu ed c aral t ,snoi nedni t gni noc tr lo tcurts u ,ser dro e ir ng t eh fea ut r se fo a ,ssalc ted e inimr ng how seulav are r rute n ,de na d os rof t .h A doog style taht si desu

yltnetsisnoc orp a sekam g mar reisae dnatsrednu ot naht esiwrehto dluow eb eht .esac · rehtonA ex ma ple fo na moidi si eht use fo the C uo nt de Po tni re (or C uo tn de oB dy or

erefeR n ec nuoC t )gni et c euqinh rof rots a eg mana eg m tne fo s ah r de objects in C .++ nI siht ,moidi ew noc t lor ecca ss ot a derahs tcejbo throu hg owt clas ,ses a ydoB erper( s )noitatne

cla ss a dn a eldnaH )ssecca( .ssalc

· nA tcejbo fo eht ydoB ssalc sdloh eht derahs tcejbo dna a tnuoc of t eh n mu reb of secnerefer ot eht .tcejbo

· nA jbo e tc of a dnaH le cl ssa sdloh a di tcer refer en ec to a ob d o y bj ce t; la l ot reh pa str fo eht

margorp tsum ca c sse t eh ob dy ridni e tc ly throu hg nah dle ssalc tem h .sdo ehT eldnah sdohtem nac ercni m tne eht erefer n ec tnuoc nehw a new er fer ecne si aerc t de dna

erced m tne eht tnuoc when a re ef r ne ce is rf e .de W neh a fer e er n ec tnuoc go se ot z ,ore eht derahs bo j tce dna sti ob d y c na be ed let .de

· A rav i tna fo the nuoC t de nioP t re i id mo nac be desu ot mi plem tne a "copy no rw ite" sinahcem m. tahT ,si eht ob dy si derahs sa ol ng sa no ly "read" a cc sse is een d ,de tub a

ypoc detaerc si revenehw eno fo eht sredloh sekam a egnahc ot eht etats t fo eh .tcejbo

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 98

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

- hgih fo noitatnemgeS -le wol morf lev - seussi level . moC p rellams otni nekorb eb nac smelborp xel erom elbaeganam .seceip

- ecniS eht ceps i itacif on fo a layer sa sy no gniht tuoba i st pmi lem ne tati ,no t eh

noitatnemelpmi sliated al a fo y era re neddih )detcartsba( morf rehto al y .sre - aM ny pu p re laye sr nac erahs eht es rvi sec fo a l rewo laye .r suhT laye ir ng swolla su esuer ot

.ytilanoitcnuf - tnempoleveD yb smaet dedia si esuaceb eht fo ol g laci es g .noitatnem

- reisaE nahcxe ge strap fo ta a retal tad e.

A Laye der om d le seod n to pmi ly taht hcae layer dluohs eb ni a pes ra eta ad sserd sp .eca ciffE i tne

elpmi m atne t snoi ed m dna taht layer- sorc sin sg eb f tsa dna hc e .pa Ex pma l :se resU etnI rf ca se may een tneiciffe d ssecca dleif ot .snoitadilav

gnihcaC eyaL rs

Laye sr era lo lacig pl seca ot peek in rof m noita cac .seh taht stseuqeR lamron l t y r leva nwod orht u hg

al lareves y sre dehcac eb nac evorpmi ot ecnamrofrep .

artnI - retni dna - noitacilppA moC m snoitacinu A s sy t sme rp o mmarg ing i ecafretn si oft ne i lpm e detnem sa a layer. suhT fi owt lppa i ac t snoi ro(

retni -appl noitaci el )stneme ne de ot nummoc ica ,et alp ic ng the ni t re face nopser is bi til i se into detacided laye sr nac gr tae ly lpmis ify eht to h re snoitacilppa laye sr dna , sa a ,sunob am ke th me

ylisae erom .elbasuer

ehT G IU reyaL

ehT picnirp le fo es p ara t gni the resu ni te fr a ec fr mo t eh pa lp i ac t noi orp p re is ol .d tI si erar ly tcarp i ,dec rof lla eht t la k we oved te ot it. ehT pri elpicn of es parating the user tni er af ce f mor t eh

noitacilppa h sa t eh rah d tse dna secneuqesnoc si har tsed ot wollof noc si ts e tn l .y

tI si reisae no eht resu fi tupni er sror era rb ou thg pu tcerid ly nopu ne tr .y gnivaH the UI tuo is de eht lppa i oitac n arapes tes tupni morf error d ete tc i .no tsriF eht UI w lli c ah n ,eg os si o al te dna am ke na ni t fre a ec to it. nehT oemos ne wi ll evomer the hu nam rf om the picture ne tirel ,y htiw cele t cinor cretni han eg or a rehton pa lp i ac it no rd iving eht pro arg m.

tsuj ,eroferehT ikam ng an ecafretni ot eht UI com tnenop is ton ffus ici ne t, it sah to eb na i tn e fr ca e

taht seod erac ton tuoba eht UI.

sepiP dna liF t sre :

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI

egaP 19

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

ehT" sepiP dna tliF e sr ihcra t utce r la nrettap rp sedivo a urts ctu er for sy ts e sm taht rp o ssec a maerts fo ad t .a hcaE pr isseco ng s pet si en pac s alu t de ni a f li t re pmoc on ne t. aD ta [are] ssap ed

orht u hg sepip b te w nee da j tneca lif t .sre R oce m gninib sretlif olla ws you ot dliub f ima li se fo ".sretlif detaler

C no text

ehT txetnoc stsisnoc fo smargorp taht tsum ssecorp smaerts fo tad a.

rP oblem

esoppuS ew deen dliub ot a sy mets ot evlos a :melborp

taht tsum eb tliub yb lareves srepoleved

taht sesopmoced yllarutan otni lareves tnednepedni gnissecorp rof spets

stnemeriuqer eht hcihw era ylekil .egnahc ot

tS r cu ture

ehT f sretli era t eh pro issec ng u tin s fo the pi lep i .en A retlif am y enri ,hc r ife n ,e ro ofsnart rm d tupni sti a at

· tI may rne i hc eht ad ta by itupmoc ng n we informa it no morf eht tupni ad ta da dna id ng

eht ot ti tuptuo atad .maerts · tI may r enife eht ad ta by c necno t tar ing ro ex rt a tc ing in of r am ti no morf t eh i d tupn ata

gnissap dna maerts ylno noitamrofni taht eht ot tuptuo .maerts

· tI may nart s mrof eht in tup atad ot a wen mrof ofeb re ap iss ng it ot t eh tuptuo ts er ma . · tI ma ,y of c uo ,esr od emos ibmoc n noita fo cirne h ,tnem ref eni men ,t dna

snart f .noitamro

retlif A yam evitca eb eht( erom nommoc )esac .evissap ro

nA tca ive lif t re snur sa a es p ara te ssecorp or thr ;dae it act evi ly up lls atad morf tupni eht atad rts e ma dna sehsup eht demrofsnart atad eht otno tuptuo atad .maerts

A p evissa retlif detavitca si yb rehtie gnieb :dellac

a sa ,noitcnuf a llup fo eht tuptuo morf eht retlif

sa a ,erudecorp a hsup tuptuo fo atad otni eht retlif

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 29

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ehT pip se era eht noc n rotce s -- eb t eew n a d ata so ecru dna the fi tsr fi tl e ,r teb w nee filt ,sre dna neewteb eht tsal if lt re and a ad ta is .kn sA ,dedeen a epip s cny h inor z se the itca ve ele m ne t s that it stcennoc ot g .rehte

A d ata os urce si na tne ity e( . ,.g a elif ro tupni de )eciv th ta vorp id se eht in tup ad ta ot t eh s tsy em. tI may ei reht a evitc ly hsup d ata nwod eht ip ilep en ro ap iss vely us pply ad ta wh ne r euqe st ,de

gnidneped nopu .noitautis eht A d ata is nk si na itne t taht y tag h sre atad ta t eh e dn fo a pi lep i .en tI may rehtie evitca ly llup data

morf t eh l tsa retlif el tneme ro ti ma evissap y l dnopser y nehw er que ts de by t al eh s f t ilt e re lem ne t. Implem ne t ita on

pmI l neme t noita fo the epip s- dna - sretlif ar ihc tect eru is ausu lly ton ffid i uc tl . tI sedulcni netfo

eht gniwollof :spets

1. ediviD eht tilanoitcnuf y eht fo melborp ecneuqes a otni gnissecorp fo .spets hcaE ts ep dluohs no ly dneped nopu eht o uptu ts fo ht e erp v oi us st pe ni the

cneuqes e. ehT emoceb lliw spets eht sretlif s eht ni y .mets

nI id v gnidi pu eht cnuf t ilanoi t ,y eb su er ot c redisno v ra iati sno ro l ta re c ah n seg t tah mi thg be edeen d--a gniredroer of the spets or bus s it itut no fo eno proc se s gni st pe for a .rehton

2. enifeD eht epyt of dna rm ta eht fo atad dessap eb ot gnola hcae .epip

roF ex pma l ,e xinU sepip rac ry na snu t utcur r de s qe ecneu of byt .se ewoH ,rev many xinU sretlif daer dna etirw smaerts fo SA C II ch cara ters taht era s curt tur de tni o il sen w( ti h eht

enilwen retcarahc sa eht enil .)rotanimret

rehtonA tnatropmi of rma itt ng eussi si woh the end fo t eh i tupn is m .dekra A retlif mi thg er ly nopu a syst me ne d- fo - tupni itidnoc on ro ti may ne de ot mi plem tne t eh ir nwo

"lenitnes" eulav atad kram ot eht .dne

3. reteD m eni tnemelpmi ot woh hcae epip .noitcennoc roF ex pma l ,e a epip gnitcennoc evitca lif t sre m thgi eb im elp m tne ed iw th arepo ting

s sy t me ro progr mma gni al ngua eg nur time ilicaf ty hcus sa a sem s ega que ,eu a inU x-style s a ro ,epip y dezinorhcn - ssecca dednuob .reffub

A epip gnitcennoc ot a p evissa fi tl re mi thg be mi elp m detne sa a dir tce ac ll fo eht

tnecajda if l :ret a hsup co noitcenn sa a ca ll of the nwod s maert if lt re sa a pr udeco re ro a llup noitcennoc llac a sa fo eht maertspu retlif as a f .noitcnu

4. ngiseD i dna m tnemelp sretlif eht .

ehT sed i ng fo a fi retl si b desa no eht erutan of the at sk to eb ep r rof m de a dn t eh an tur fo se eht sepip ot hcihw c ti a eb n c .detcenno

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 39

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

o nA evitca if l ret ne sde to nur w ti h its nwo th daer fo ortnoc l. tI mi thg nur sa sa a

aeh" v ewy i hg t" tarepo ing sys met rp o ec ss i( . ,.e ivah ng sti nwo erdda ss space) ro sa a "ligh ewt i hg t" th daer i( . ,.e gnirahs na dda r sse aps ce htiw o t reht hre .)sda

o A evissap lif t re seod ton eriuqer a es p ara te daerht fo oc tn lor a( l oht u hg it oc u dl detnemelpmi eb htiw a etarapes .)daerht

ehT es l noitce fo ht e ezis fo eht buff re edisni a pi ep si na im rop t tna pe fr or ecnam art d foe f.

Lar eg bu sreff may use pu hcum avai bal le memory tub il kely wi ll i vn lo ev l sse syn orhc niz noita and etnoc xt- ihctiws ng overhea .d llamS ub f sref c no s evre memory ta

eht tsoc fo desaercni .daehrevo

oT ekam lif t sre elf x elbi ,dna ,ecneh saercni e their op t tne i la uer s ba i il t ,y they fo ten w li l deen id ff er tne rp o issec ng options taht nac be tes nehw ht ey ra e initiated. For ex pma l ,e xinU sretlif fo t ne ekat dnammoc il ne arap meters, acc sse vne ir tnemno va ,selbair ro er ad

noitazilaitini .selif

5. ngiseD f ro tsubor gnildnah srorre fo .

rorrE dnah l gni si di ff icu tl ni a epip s-and-fi sretl syst me nis ce th re e is on glob la state dna netfo elpitlum asyn suonorhc rht e sda fo ex tuce i .no tA eht ,tsael a p epi s- and- if l sret s metsy sdeen ahcem nis sm rof ed t ce ting dna per or it ng rorre s. nA rorre uohs ld ton ser lu t ni

tcerrocni tuptuo ro rehto amad ge ot eht tad a.

roF ex ,elpma a xinU margorp nac esu the rredts ch lenna to r ope rt er or rs to its e .tnemnorivn

eroM tsihpos i ac t de epip s- dna - lif t sre s smetsy shou dl kees ot r ce ov re fr mo e rorr s. F ro

ex ,elpma eht s metsy mi thg id s rac d dab tupni dna er s cny h inor ze ta emos well- denifed tniop tal er ni the tupni ad t .a evitanretlA l ,y eht s sy t me mi thg ba kc pu the tupni ot os me

lew l-de enif d tniop dna tratser the issecorp n ,g ep hr spa u gnis a tnereffid p ssecor in em g ht do rof eht dab data.

6. erugifnoC sepip eht - dna - sretlif metsys etaitini dna eht .gnissecorp

enO pa p hcaor si ot esu a nats d idra z de niam p margor ot creat ,e noc nect, dna ni i ait te

eht dedeen stnemele retlif dna epip .enilepip eht fo

rehtonA rppa o hca si ot esu na ne d- su er ot ol, hcus sa a moc m dna hs ell ro a v si lau ip ep il ne ,rotide ot rc e ,eta noc n dna ,tce ini t ai t eht e dedeen p epi dna f li t re elem ne t s o f t p eh ip .enile

xE ample

nA ex elpma epip s-and-fi retl sys met mi thg be a r ate r ateg b el ipmoc l re of r a rp ogr mma ing nal g ehT .egau s sy t me mi thg tsisnoc fo a epip l eni fo orp c isse n e g l eme n st si ralim ot of eht l iwol n :g

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 49

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

A ecruos el tneme sdaer eht rp o marg et xt e.i( ., ecruos )edoc f mor a if le o( r ep rha sp a ecneuqes fo a sa )selif maerts fo .sretcarahc

A lacixel anal zy er noc v stre the maerts fo rahc a sretc ni to a ts re ma fo lexi lac t sneko rof t eh

egaugnal -- ek y ,sdrow reifitnedi sy ,slobm rotarepo sy ,slobm .cte

A resrap cer o ing z se a ecneuqes fo snekot ht ta c smrofno ot eht al ng au eg gramm ra dna setalsnart ecneuqes eht na ot tcartsba sy xatn .eert

A " es m itna c" an la yzer sdaer eht tcartsba s xatny eert dna rw i set na ap rp o etairp ly augmen det

tcartsba sy .eert xatn

A labolg optimizer su( u la l lanoitpo y l ekovni y d) sdaer na au nemg t de s ny t xa eert dna stuptuo eno taht si iuqe val tne but sdnopserroc ot rp o marg t tah si more effi tneic ni s ecap dna time

ecruoser gasu e.

nA etni r etaidem co ed gen re a rot alsnart t se eht detnemgua s ny t xa eert ot a qes uen ec fo snoitcurtsni a rof autriv l am c nih e.

A lacol o tp imizer noc ve str eht euqes n ec of tni erm de iate oc de (i ,.e. vi tr ual m nihca e)

snoitcurtsni otni a erom tneiciffe .ecneuqes

:etoN A lacol op imit z re ma t y r mrofsna eht progr ma b y rem ivo n u g nneed de l dao s dna serots fo .atad

A b ca kend edoc gener rota alsnart t se eht s qe ue ecn fo triv u la ma hc i en in ts cur it sno tni o a

ecneuqes fo snoitcurtsni rof s mo e re la m hca i en plat mrof (i. ,.e for s emo parti uc l ra a rossecorp erawdrah ugm detne b gnitarepo y s metsy sllac dna a itnur m l e i arb r .)y

fI the suoiverp pets eg n are t de s lobmy ic a ess mbly ,edoc neht na ssa e bm ler si n dedee ot

etalsnart the qes u ecne of s bmy o cil rtsni uct oi ns into a rel co ta ba le ib nar y m do lu .e

fI eht suoiverp st spe fo t eh enilepip eg n are t de a s neuqe ce fo separate nib ary m do ul ,se neht a l ni k re mi thg eb n dedee ot dnib eht es p ara te m do lu se iw th l arbi ry mod selu to mrof a

nis g elbatucexe el tcejbo ,.e.i( )edoc .eludom

A knis tnemele stuptuo eht gnitluser yranib eludom otni .elif a

ehT enilepip eb nac ifnocer g deru troppus ot a rebmun fo tnereffid oitairav :sn

· fI ecruos oc de p rper o ec s gnis si ot eb roppus t de (e. ,.g sa in C ,) t neh a er p rossecor lif t re )sretlif ro( detresni eb nac tnorf ni lacixel eht fo lana y .rez

· fI eht al n ug a si eg ot eb i tar deterpretn her naht t ar alsn t de in ot obj tce oc d ,e t neh t eh ba ekc dn

edoc eg n rotare dna( all stnenopmoc af ret ti in t eh pipe il ne) nac be er p al c de by na

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 59

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

reterpretni stnemelpmi taht eht lautriv .enihcam

· fI the ipmoc l re si ot eb ater r eg t de ot a tnereffid oftalp r ,m neht a ekcab nd edoc eg ne ar tor dna( bmessa l re dna knil e )r rof eht wen pl mrofta c na be s bu s it tut rof de th .eno dlo e

· fI eht ipmoc l re si ot eb deifidom ot troppus a id f tneref al ngua eg htiw eht as me lexi lac

,erutcurts neht no ly eht ,resrap s name t ci ana lyze ,r labolg tpo i im z ,re dna i emretn d ai t c e do e rotareneg deen ot eb .decalper

o :etoN fI eht rap s re si rd i nev by bat l se taht rcsed i eb eht mmarg a ,r th ne it may eb

elbissop esu ot eht resrap emas htiw a tnereffid .elbat

fI a load- dna - og ipmoc l re si ,derised eht if le-outp tu si kn nac eb replaced by a l ao der th ta sdaol eht ex batuce le mo elud otni na a dd ress spa ec in eht pmoc uter s' ma ni em mory dna strats eht eludom nitucexe g.

Bla kc b ao dr :

· ehT calB bk drao ap t nret si lufesu rof elborp ms rof w ih hc on d ete rmini ts ic os itul no tarts e seig era .nwonk nI lB a draobkc lareves ceps i ila z de bus sys et ms a elbmess eht ir

egdelwonk ylbissop a dliub ot laitrap etamixorppa ro .noitulos

· sihT nrettap si lufesu f ro smelborp rof hw i hc on tsinimreted ic ulos ti no strategi se are wonk n. nI Bl draobkca se larev us desilaiceps b-sy ts sme ssa e elbm th rie nk o elw d eg to ub li d a

ylbissop laitrap etamixorppa ro .noitulos

· A calb kb drao s sy tem is na cifitra i la etni lli eg nce ppa il c noita ab s de no t eh b al bkc oa dr ihcra t ce ut lar ,ledom w eh er a nommoc nk o elw d eg ab ,es eht b" la obkc ard ," si i et r ta i ev ly

detadpu by a d esrevi puorg fo ceps i tsila onk wled eg os ur ec s, star it ng w hti a p or lb me ficeps i ac t dna noi ne ding htiw a los itu .no

· hcaE kn wo l egde uos r ec pu dat se the obkcalb ard htiw a p tra i la s itulo no nehw i st ni t lanre

noc stniarts hctam eht lb aobkca rd ts at .e nI siht wa ,y eht sp ce i stsila ow rk tegot h re ot evlos eht borp l .me ehT kcalb ob dra om d le saw ro i anig lly ed si deng sa a way to nah dle oc mplex,

li l- t erehw ,smelborp denifed he t si noitulos h s e u .strap sti fo m

draobkcalb A -sy mets noitacilppa stsisnoc rojam eerht fo stnenopmoc · ehT erawtfos ceps i tsila ,seludom hw i hc era c la led onk lw ed eg ruos c se SK( .)s ekiL eht

namuh ex strep ta a lb ack ,draob hcae elwonk d eg s ecruo ivorp d se spec ifi c ex rep sit e n dedee by the lppa i tac i .no ehT iliba ty to troppus aretni ct noi dna oc ope ar ti no am gno div re se KSs

aerc t se ne o suomr flex ilibi ty ni sed igning and mai tn aining a pp lic ita no s. sA eht ap ce fo lonhcet go y h sa snetni i if e ,d ti semoceb ve er m ero mi tnatrop ot eb ba le to lper ca e s tfo ware

sa seludom ht e b y ec emo mtuo o sbo ro ded olet .e

· ehT bl ,draobkca a derahs otisoper ry fo borp l me s, trap i la los tu i ,sno s ggu es it o ,sn dna

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 69

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

ubirtnoc t de ofni r .noitam ehT draobkcalb nac eb thou thg fo sa a dy an cim "l arbi r "y of ubirtnoc t snoi ot eht tnerruc borp l me th ta ah ve neeb re nec tly up" lb ish "de by ot reh

egdelwonk .secruos

tinU 5

stnetnoC

larutcetihcrA P snretta – 2 detubirtsiD Sy :smets rekorB I evitcaretn Sy smets CVM oitatneserP n- rtsbA act oi n-C lortno

TINU 5

tpahC re larutcetihcrA :7 snrettaP -2

Distri ub det Sy ts e sm :

ubirtsiD t de sys smet hcra i erutcet h sa r dipa ly devlove by ppa l iy ng and moc b ini ng differ tne cetihcra ut er ettap r sn dna ts y .sel In er ec tn y ae r ,s lpuoced ing cafretni es dna

elpmi m atne t ,noi alacs b el gnitsoh edom ,sl dna ecivres ro i ne t ta i no we er t eh orp im tnen tenets fo gnidliub detubirtsid sys .smet detubirtsiD sys smet evah rg o nw from tnednepedni ne t pre r esi

snoitacilppa to nI t enre t- cennoc t de en t skrow fo am na deg res vi ,sec soh ted on- erp im se na d/ ro .sduolc

gnitaerC suc lufssec detubirtsid s smetsy seriuqer taht uoy rdda e ss woh th ta s metsy si ed si ,deng

d ,depoleve niam t ,denia ,detroppus dna og ve nr e .d s’tfosorciM vreS i ec neirO t de A hcr i cet ture irutaM ty ledoM )MMAOS( sa ses tnems htem od spleh sremotsuc essa ss m ruta ity elem stne dna itiroirp ze the noitulove fo rieht ne t re rp si e ra chi cet tur .e Or inag z noita s era ppa lying me ,sdoht

,snrettap dna lonhcet o ot seig ledom sys smet orp elbane dna p vog re ern na c .e

idliuB ng rtsid i detub sys smet lovni v se eerht oc re ac p liba i ,seit ab s de no eht ollof iw n r g o :sel noitatnemelpmI .secivres/snoitacilppa fo

noitpmusnoC fo secivres morf nihtiw lanretxe dna ot ro g zina a .snoit

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 79

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

noitartsinimdA secivres fo ro etisopmoc .secivres

Bro rek :

ehT orB ker ap t nret nac eb desu ot erutcurts ubirtsid t de awtfos re sy ts ems wi ht d uoce pl de stnenopmoc taht in et r tca by er m eto vres ice vni o ac t .snoi A rekorb moc p tneno si er s nop sib el of r

anidrooc ting nummoc i ,noitac hcus sa fo wr a gnidr ,stseuqer sa llew sa for t snar tim tin g res tlu s dna ex .snoitpec

ehT orB k re tap t nre h sa am n fo y the eb n a stife nd libail i seit of eht La ey r de ppA l aci t noi pat et .nr

eneB f ti

rekorB sedivorp gniwollof eht :stifeneb )1 I talos ion. tarapeS ing lla eht ummoc n oitaci n-re al t de edoc into sti own layer i os lat se ti morf eht pa p il c ta i .no uoY nac ediced ot nur eht ppa l noitaci birtsid ut de ro a ll on eno c mo pu w ret i tuoht

gnivah egnahc ot yna noitacilppa .edoc

)2 lpmiS i tic y. uspacnE l ita ng xelpmoc nummoc i noitac lo cig otni a es p ara te layer rb e ska nwod eht melborp aps c .e ehT gne i sreen idoc ng the rekorb od ton evah ot nrecnoc t eh msel sev htiw enacra resu iuqer r stneme dna ssenisub logic, dna t eh lppa icati no ed vel srepo od ton h eva ot

nrecnoc th sevlesme htiw tsacitlum slocotorp dna PCT / or PI u it n .g

)3 libixelF ity.

· uspacnE l ta gni snoitcnuf ni a la rey lla o sw you ot paws th si layer htiw a d tnereffi elpmi m atne t oi n. roF ex ,elpma uoy nac s hctiw from MOCD ot TEN. rem gnito to s dnat a dr

beW secivres tuohtiw gnitceffa eht noitacilppa .edoc

· etanutrofnU l ,y la srey fo noitcartsba nac mrah p amrofre n .ec ehT ab s ci r elu si t tah t eh erom rofni m noita you h ,eva the teb t re you nac imitpo z .e gnisU a apes r eta korb er layer

may edih ed t slia tuoba woh eht noitacilppa sesu t eh l wo er laye ,r which may in turn tneverp eht rewol layer f mor ep r of r im n ps g e fic ic itpo im z ta oi ns.

· roF ex pma l ,e nehw uoy esu PCT / ,PI eht gnituor locotorp sah on aedi what si gnieb or tu .de

ti ,eroferehT is drah ot d edice th ta a p ca k te oc tn ai gnin a vid oe stream, of r i ,ecnatsn uohs ld evah iroirp gnituor t nuj a gniniatnoc tekcap a revo y k e- .liam

· ehT rekorB ihcra t larutce nrettap nac eb desu to utcurts re sid t detubir s fo t aw re systems

htiw delpuoced stnenopmoc tcaretni taht yb etomer ecivres snoitacovni

utcurtS re

era erehT t xis y sep stnenopmoc fo larutcetihcra rekorB ni :nrettap

· neilC ,st ,srevreS ,srekorB dirB g ,se tneilC - edis seixorp revreS dna - edis pr seixo

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 89

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· A revres stnemelpmi bo j stce taht ex esop eht ir fu cn t anoi lity t orh u hg etni fr a sec th ta noc si ts

fo snoitarepo dna a tubirtt es

· esehT secafretni are rehtie hguorht tnI e fr a ec Def noitini aL ngua eg (ID ,)L th or u hg a b ani ry ,dradnats emos ro dnik PA fo I .s

· yllacitnames yb depuorg era secafretnI - detaler tilanoitcnuf y. ew,oS evah dluoW

· gnitnemelpmi srevreS cificeps ytilanoitcnuf elgnis a rof noitacilppa niamod ksat ro

· A rekorb si a em ss a reg t tah si elbisnopser for t eh t msnar is is no fo r qe u tse s morf c il e tn s to

es rve sr I osla t sekat erac eht noissimsnart fo sesnopser dna snoitpecxe kcab eht ot tneilc

· w rekorb A i ll tnoc erots r lo mrofni a rof noit itacol n t g h e r s( sreviece erv fo )sre eht r euqe s st · yllamron si ti( nwod emos htiw euqinu sy mets ,reifitnedi I sserdda P im g uone eb ton th g )h

· rekorB osla reffo ecafretni rof stneilc dna srevres

· hT ey era lausu ly ni the mrof fo AP sI wi ht noc trol arepo ti sno s hcu sa regist re ing s re ev sr

gnikovni dna revres sdohtem

· rekorB speek kcart of all eht s re v sre ni form noita it mai tn a sni locall .y fI a tseuqer oc m se ni a rof si ti dna revres taht si no eht gnikcart tsil . sessap tI tseuqer eht gnola yltcerid

· fI eht res v re si cu err ntly itcani v ,e eht orb k re avitca t se it nwaps( a job, of lk a ecorp s ,s

etaerc ,daerht a a esu trats erp ,boj )cte

· nehT esnopser era ssap ed ba kc eht ot c tneil ht r hguo eht rekorb

· fI eht qer u tse si for a es r rev detsoh by na o reht br ,reko the loc la orb ker fin sd a or tu e ot the etomer rekorb dna of r sdraw eht tseuqer isu ng t sih uor te (S ,o a c mo m no way fo

noitacinummoc gnoma srekorb )dedeen si I sedih t eht noitatnemelpmi liated hcus a :s

tnI er- ssecorp inummoc c ita on msinahcem esu d f ro ssem a eg tr sna ef r eb t neew cl nei ts dna br ko e sr

ehT noitaerc dna d itele on fo mem or b y l skco (remem ,reb we are dealing iw th elpitlum tnereffid nal g segau dliub ot s a y ,mets tsuj ton )avaJ

ehT gnilahsram sretemarap fo a stluser dn

nI tsom ,sesac cl nei t-si ed orp x sei alsnart te the tcejbo mod le sp ice fi de sa pa tr fo the orB ker ihcra t utce r la tap t nre ot eht tcejbo om d le fo eht rp o rg a imm ng al ngua eg us de to i lpm em tne t eh

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

c il e tn

segatnavdA

rapsnarT noitacoL ne cy ytilibaegnahC ytilibisnetxe dna stnenopmoc fo

ytilibatroP metsys rekorB a fo

ytilibareporetnI rekorB tnereffid neewteb sy smets ilibasueR ty

gnitseT gubuD dna g gni

CVM : ledoM – eiV w– noC t lor el r ( VM C) is a fos wt are ihcra t tce u er tnerruc ly edisnoc r de na

cra ih t ce ut lar nrettap used ni erawtfos en nig ee rin .g ehT nrettap alosi t se od" m nia lo ig c" (the noitacilppa logic rof the user) f mor tupni and pr atnese t noi G( U ,)I per tim ting nepedni d tne

,tnempoleved gnitset ecnanetniam dna .hcae fo

ehT edoM l-View- noC rt lo l re tap t nre M( V )C sedivid na etni ra itc ev pa ilp ac t noi ni to th eer c nopmo e .stn The ledom sniatnoc eht eroc fu cn it ano il ty dna ad t .a Vi swe lpsid ay fni o mr ati no to

eht .resu noC t srellor h eldna resu i pn tu . eiV ws dna ortnoc l srel to eg t reh irpmoc se t eh us re afretni ec . A change- gaporp a noit msinahcem ne s seru netsisnoc cy be wt e ne t eh us re ni te fr ace dna

eht .ledom

ehT ledom si desu ot m na a eg fni o noitamr dna n ito fy bo s re v sre hw ne that i oitamrofn n hc an .seg ehT om d le si t eh od m ia n- ps e ic f ci er pres ne tat noi of eht data u nop hcihw the pa ilp ca it no opera .set

Do niam cigol sdda m inae ng ot war ad ta rof( ex ,elpma ac l aluc ting wheth re today is t eh user s' dhtrib ay, ro eht ,slatot at x ,se dna ippihs ng char seg for pohs ping ca tr ti em .)s W neh a om d le

chan seg sti ts a ,et ti on t fi i se sti aicossa t weiv de s so ht e er eb nac y f ser h .de

ehT ortnoc ller iecer v se tupni dna setaitini a r esnopse by m ka ing ac lls no m ledo bo j ce st . A lortnoc l re stpecca tupni morf eht resu dna rtsni u stc the m ledo dna eiv w trop to frep o mr tca i sno

based no taht .tupni

nA CVM noitacilppa may be a oc l cel t noi fo mo ed l v/ ei noc/w t or ll re rt pi lets, ae ch nopser sibl rof e tnereffid a IU .tnemele

VM C is often nees in ew b snoitacilppa w ereh eht weiv is ht e TH ML ro THX ML

eg n are t de b eht y .ppa The ortnoc l rel iecer v se GET ro POST i tupn dna deci sed tahw ot od iw ht ,ti gnidnah revo ot d mo ain o jb stce (i. .e the m )ledo t tah niatnoc the ub s eni ss ur l se dna wonk woh to

yrrac cificeps tuo sksat gnissecorp sa hcus a wen .noitpircsbus

uohT gh CVM semoc ni tnereffid ,srovalf lortnoc wolf si g yllarene :swollof sa

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ehT resu w stcaretni i ht t eh resu ni t fre a ec ni so em way f( or exa pm l serp ,e s se a m uo s b e ut ot n .) ehT rellortnoc seldnah t eh tupni tneve morf the resu ni t re f ca ,e fo t ne aiv a reg tsi er de nah dl re

ro bllac kca dna evnoc tr s eht tneve otni porppa r ai te resu ac it ,no rednu st adna lb e rof eht m .ledo

ehT noc t rellor fiton i se ht e ledom of eht resu ac it o ,n sop s bi ly r se itlu ng in a ahc n eg in t eh ledom 's tats e. ,elpmaxe roF( rellortnoc eht setadpu gnippohs s'resu eht .trac )

A weiv seireuq the ledom ni redro ot eg ne ar te na pa p rpor i eta su er ni terf ca e f( or exampl ,e the

weiv stsil eht ohs p gnip c ra t s' oc nten st .) ehT v wei steg sti o nw ad ta rf om t eh m edo l. The ortnoc l rel may ni( emos elpmi m atne t ssi )snoi ue a eneg r sni la t t noitcur t o h e iv we to r ne ed r

sti e .fl nI ,srehto t eh weiv si motua a it c la ly notif dei by eht om d le fo chan seg ni state )revresbO( a eriuqer hcihw neercs .etadpu

ehT ecafretni resu stiaw rehtruf rof resu ,snoitcaretni hcihw stratser c eht y .elc

emoS mi p el m atne t snoi su hc sa eht W C3 roFX ms osla esu the noc c tpe fo a dep edne ncy gr hpa to etamotua gnitadpu eht sweiv fo nehw atad ledom eht ni .segnahc

ehT laog fo CVM ,si yb ilpuoced ng sledom and vi we s, to uder ce t eh co lpm exit y in ar ihc et tc u lar

libixelf esaercni ot dna ngised yti ytilibaniatniam dna .edoc fo P er sentation- bA stracti no -Co tn rol :

Pr ese n oitat n- itcartsba on- lortnoc AP( C) si a s fo t eraw tcetihcra ur la ap tt ,nre os m ahwe t si im lar ot edom l- weiv - noc t lor el r (MVC .) CAP si desu sa a hcrareih i lac ts r erutcu fo a eg nt ,s ea hc

sisnoc gnit of a dairt of erp s ne t ,noita ba ts r ca ti no dna oc tn lor p tra s. ehT a stneg (or tri da s) ylno rehto hcae htiw etacinummoc tI .dairt hcae fo trap lortnoc eht hguorht sreffid osla morf CVM

ni taht tiw h ni hcae tr ai ,d ti oc m lp etely ni us lat se t eh pres ne ta noit v( iew ni VM C) dna eht noitcartsba ledom( ni ,)CVM siht sedivorp the o tp noi ot es p ara tely m tlu ti hr dae t eh m ledo and

weiv hcihw nac ig ve the resu ex ecneirep fo ev ry trohs rp ogram ts a tr semit , sa eht resu in et rf ca e nac )noitatneserp( eb hs o nw ofeb re eht tsba r tca ion luf sah l tini y i ila z .de

ehT erP s oitatne n- tsbA r oitca n- oC n lort

· nrettap P( A )C senifed a tcurts ure rof tni e car t evi awtfos re sys et ms ni t eh mrof of a

crareih hy of oc operating a neg t .s vE ery a tneg si bisnopser le for a specific psa e tc fo t eh tacilppa i s'no f ilanoitcnu ty dna co stsisn fo th er e com enop n :st pr ese ntatio ,n ba str ,noitca dna .lortnoc sihT ividbus s noi setarapes eht uh a m n- retupmoc noitcaretni sa p stce fo eht a tneg

morf sti lanoitcnuf eroc dna sti ummoc n ci a w noit i rehto ht a tneg s.

· neserP t oita n- rtsba a oitc n- lortnoc )CAP( si a os f awt re ra hc it ce tu lar pattern t tah sesu a erutcurts rof caretni t evi erawtfos s sy t sme ni t eh mrof fo a areih rchy fo ooc p re ating

tnega s. hcaE fo eht a tneg tsisnoc fo a tr dai fo neserp ta it ,no ba st ar ction dna noc t lor stnenopmoc si dna elbisnopser cificeps a rof tcepsa eht fo noitacilppa 's tilanoitcnuf y.

· ehT a eg n st ni rieht airt ds nummoc i ac te wi ht eno rehto t orh u hg t eh tnoc r lo trap fo e ca h triad italusni ng eht p atneser it no dna cartsba ti .no ihT s lusni a noit f setatilica eht

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

idaerhtitlum ng erehw the neserp t noita sa eht su re int re face nac be sho nw ofeb re the noitcartsba sah luf ly i in it a il z .de sihT si ilnu ke ehto r os ftwa er ar ihc et ct eru nk o nw sa

edoM l- weiV - lortnoC l re )CVM( hcihw si rtser ict de ot mis elp GU s'I w ti h eno or more sweiv eht no emas .ledom

· ehT lortnoC ni the PAC si imis l ra to the Con lort el r in the M CV arc ih tectu er ot emos ex .tnet ehT CAP ihcra t erutce seod ton evah the m ledo sa i st oc re oc m enop tn . ekiL eht

CVM eht artsbA noitc sniatnoc eht atad eht ni .CAP

tinU 6

stnetnoC larutcetihcrA P snretta – 3 elbatpadA Sy :smets lenrekorciM elfeR c noit

retpahC larutcetihcrA :8 snrettaP -3

dA ap it ve syste sm :

esuaC tceffE dna

· roF am ny ey a sr eics n sit ts was eht vinu erse sa a li raen plac .e One wh ere s pmi le ur l se fo esuac dna tceffe ppa l .y hT ey vi dewe the revinu se sa big am hc ine dna thou thg th ta if they

koot eht ihcam ne trapa a dn ednu r eht doots part ,s t neh the ow y lu d nu d re sta dn t eh ohw l .e

· hT ey osla oht u thg taht t eh revinu se s' enopmoc nts dluoc eb view de sa machi en s, bel ei ving taht fi ew dekrow no eht strap fo t eh se ma senihc a dn m eda ea hc pa tr ow rk teb t ,re t neh t eh

elohw dluow krow teb ter. neicS t stsi eb l devei eht esrevinu dna ever hty ing ni ti oc uld eb detciderp a llortnoc dn e .d

oC m ytixelp yroehT

· laudarG ly sa s neic t stsi fo lla picsid l seni ex derolp eseht nehp omena a n we t oeh ry emer deg

elpmoc xit oeht y r ,y A oeht ry b desa no r ale t snoi h ,spi emer neg c ,e ap t et rns dna ti erat .snoi A oeht ry taht niam t snia t tah eht vinu e esr si lluf fo s sy te ,sm w rehtae syst me s, mi mune

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s ,smetsy so laic s smetsy cte dna th ta eseht sys et ms era co xelpm dna snoc t na tly ad itpa ng ot rieht e .tnemnorivn .smetsys evitpada xelpmoc ecneH

· ehT a stneg ni eht sy ts em era lla eht enopmoc nts fo taht s sy t .me roF ex elpma the air dna

retaw lom e seluc ni a we rehta s tsy e ,m dna lf o ar dna anuaf ni na oce s sy t me . esehT a stneg tcaretni dna noc n tce htiw hcae rehto ni nu p der i tc a dna elb pnu l na n de wa .sy

· tuB morf siht m ssa fo i retn a snoitc re ug l ira t sei emer eg dna start ot mrof a pa tt e nr hw ich

sdeef b kca no eht sys met dna smrofni t eh ni et ract snoi of t eh a eg n st . roF ex elpma in na oce s sy t me fi a suriv st stra ot ed p el te eno ceps i se siht r stluse ni a g er at re or less re doof

su pp ly for ehto sr ni eht sys met hcihw ffa tce s ht e ri eb hav ruoi dna the ri num .sreb A pe ir do eht lla ni srucco xulf fo snoitalupop s eht ni y ecnalab wen a litnu mets .dehsilbatse si

Pr seitrepo

xelpmoC evitpada sy smets evah ynam seitreporp eht dna tsom tnatropmi ,era

· emE r eg n :ec R rehta th na ieb ng pl na n de or dellortnoc eht a stneg ni t eh sys met inter tca ni

tnerappa ly modnar ways. morF lla eht se snoitcaretni ap t snret me er eg hw i hc inf ro ms ht e ruoivaheb fo eht a stneg nihtiw the s metsy dna the ruoivaheb fo eht sy ts me .flesti For ex elpma a

mret i et llih si a suordnow eceip fo cra h erutceti htiw a maze of tni er oc nnec it ng sap as ,seg lar eg ac v ,snre ev n alit t noi nut n sle dna mu hc m .ero teY ereht si on dnarg ,nalp eht llih j tsu emer seg sa a tluser fo the t mre i set ollof wing a wef si lpm e lo ac l rul .se

· oC - love u :noit llA s sy t sme ex tsi nihtiw eht ir o nw tnemnorivne dna ht ey era a osl trap fo taht e erehT .tnemnorivn f ,ero sa rieht vne i tnemnor ahc n seg ht ey en de to ahc n eg to usne re eb st .tif tuB b uace se ht ey era trap of rieht rivne onme tn , hw en ht ey chan ,eg ht ey chan eg rieht vne i nor m ,tne

dna sa ti sah chan deg they deen ot ahc n eg ag ia ,n dna os it seog no sa a noc st tna orp c .sse ( spahreP ti dluohs ah ve neeb Da iwr n s' " hT oe ry of Co- ve lo ."noitu )

emoS elpoep ward a noitcnitsid b neewte oc m xelp evitpada s sy tems dna oc mplex ve lo iv ng

sy .smets W ereh eht rof m re suounitnoc ly tpada ot eht chan seg ar dnuo th me ub t od ton l nrae morf eht pr .sseco dnA erehw t eh al t ret el a nr dna love ve rf om ea hc change ane bli gn th me ot fni luence

rieht eb ,tnemnorivne t ret tciderp li ek ly chan seg ni eht utuf re.. · etisiuqeR eiraV t :y ehT retaerg eht rav iety wi ht in eht s sy t me eht orts n reg ti .si nI tcaf bma i iug ty

dna xodarap dnuoba ni xelpmoc tpada i ev s sy t sme hcihw esu co rtn adi tc i sno to cr ae te wen bissop i seitil ot co- ove l ev htiw their ne vi nor m ne t. omeD c ar cy si a og od example in th ta its

si htgnerts morf devired i st dna ecnarelot neve sni i nets c ni e a rav iety .. · ivitcennoC t :y ehT wa sy ni hcihw eht stnega ni a s sy t me tcennoc dna aler te ot na eno o reht si rc i lacit ot eht lavivrus fo eht s sy t ,me bec esua ti si morf these nnoc e oitc n s t tah t eh patte snr era

demrof dna eht eef db kca id ss ime an t de . ehT aler it spihsno neewteb eht a stneg ra e eg n lare l y om er tropmi a tn ht an a eht g smeht stne e .sevl

· elpmiS uR l :se xelpmoC da a evitp s sy t sme are n to lpmoc i ac t de . The me e igr ng p ta t snre may h eva

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a hcir rav iet ,y tub ekil a odielak s epoc the ur l se og v inre ng eht fun noitc fo eht s sy t me are etiuq lpmis e. A cl cissa ex pma le si taht lla eht retaw sys smet ni eht ,dlrow all t eh rts ea sm , ir v re s, l ka es,

,snaeco aw t afre l sl etc htiw rieht in inif te beaut ,y op w re dna v ra iety era g nrevo ed by the elpmis pr cni ip el th ta wa ret dnif s sti wo n .level

· tI e :noitar llamS segnahc ni eht laitini noitidnoc s fo eht sys met nac have ngis if ci na t ef stcef a retf ht ey have p dessa orht u hg eht eme r ecneg - ef de b kca l poo a f we tim se (o netf r fe er der to sa the

frettub ly ffe ect .) A lor il gn llabwons rof ex pma le sniag no ea hc llor m hcu m ero s won t nah it eht no did suoiverp llor dna yrev a noos dezis tsif ons . llabw

· fleS Or nag iz :gni erehT si on crareih h y of oc m dnam dna lortnoc ni a c xelpmo itpada ve s sy tem.

erehT si on plan in ng ro nam a ig n ,g tub t ereh si a noc ts tna re-or ag nizi gn to f dni t eh b tse fit htiw eht ne v ori nm ne t. A ssalc ic ex elpma si t tah fi eno erew ot take any ew st nre to nw dna

dda pu lla eht doof ni t eh spohs dna di iv de by the un m reb of oep ple in eht nwot t ereh will eb raen one u hg owt skeew su pp ly fo ,doof tub ereht si on doof nalp , doof m na ager or any oth re

lamrof noc t gnillor proc .sse ehT s sy t me si oc tn launi ly s fle ro ag niz gni t orh u hg t eh orp c sse fo eme r ecneg an bdeef d ack.

· egdE of :soahC moC p el xity theory si ton eht emas sa ch soa oeht r ,y w hcih si d ire v de morf

ehtam m ta i .sc tuB soahc seod evah a ecalp ni elpmoc xity oeht ry ni that sys et ms ex tsi no a s murtcep ar n ig ng fr mo eq iu rbil i mu to .soahc A sy ts me ni uqe i muirbil do se ton h eva t eh int re n la d many i sc to elbane ti ot dnopser ot sti tnemnorivne dna lliw wols ly ro( qu kci l )y di .e A s metsy ni

soahc sesaec ot nuf c noit sa a s tsy e .m ehT tsom p itcudor ve ts ta e ot eb ni is ta eht ed eg fo ch soa si ereht erehw am x eirav mumi t dna y ivitaerc t ,y l idae n ot g n ibissop we l .seiti

lpmoC ex :evitpada s smetsy era a ll nuora d su . soM t niht gs we kat e for g detnar are xelpmoc evitpada s tsy e ,sm dna eht a stneg ni every s metsy ex tsi a dn evaheb ni ot t la i ong ran ec fo

eht tpecnoc tub taht seod ton edepmi eht ir noitubirtnoc ot t eh s sy tem. xelpmoC adA p evit S sy t sme era a ledom for ikniht ng tuoba eht wo dlr a dnuor su ton a om d le rof rp e id cting what

lliw .neppah M rci ok re n le :

ehT Mi orc kern le p etta rn lppa i se ot tfos w era sys smet taht tsum eb elba ot tpada to changing s metsy eriuqer m .stne tI es p ara t se a m ini m la lanoitcnuf eroc f mor ex dednet nuf c it ano lity dna

emotsuc r- ceps ific par st . ehT mi lenrekorc osla es vr se sa a sock te for pluggin ni g t e eseh xt ne is sno gnitanidrooc dna .noitaroballoc rieht

Co etn xt dna rP oblem

ehT tap t nre may eb a pp li de ni eht noc text fo oc m xelp erawtfos s etsy ms es r iv ng sa a alp t mrof rof

rehto fos t eraw pa plications. hcuS pmoc l xe sys smet lausu l dluohs y eb ex elbisnet dna pada ta lb e ot eme rging t onhce logi ,se ac p ba le fo gnipoc iw ht a ar n eg of dnats a sdr dna t onhce logi .se hT ey osla deen ot p ssesso hi hg p fre o amr n ec dna s ac l iliba ty tilauq i sa ;se a wol ,tluser omem r usnoc y mp noit

and wol ssecorp in ed g m na ds a er r qe iu r .de aT k ne ,rehtegot eht ba vo e r qe uirem stne are id ff ci ult to

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a veihc e.

,noituloS secneuqesnoC seitilibaiL dna - ehT tsom pmi o tnatr eroc secivres fo eht s sy tem s dluoh eb spacne lu at de in a m ci rekor n le

c nopmo e .tn hT e orcim lenrek sniatniam eht sy mets cruoser es dna a swoll rehto stnenopmoc ot tcaretni w hti hcae rehto sa w lle sa to cca sse the uf n tc iona il ty fo t eh

ekorcim rne .l tI en spac lu seta a sign ifi c tna trap fo s etsy m-sp ice f ci dep ne d ne c ,sei hcus sa erawdrah - tnedneped asp ce t .s ehT is ze fo the mic rekor n le s oh lu d eb ke tp ot a m ini mum , ,erofereht no ly trap fo t eh oc re uf n tc i no a il ty can eb ni c dedul ni ti ; the er st fo the co er

ytilanoitcnuf derrefed si etarapes ot .srevres lanretni - tnI e lanr res v sre ex dnet eht cnuf t lanoi i seit of t eh im orc k nre el. lanretnI srevres nac for

ex elpma eldnah g scihpar dna arots ge m de ia. I lanretn vres ers nac vah e eht ir nwo sessecorp ro ht ey nac eb derahs D any m ci kniL Li rarb i se (D )LL aol d de i sn edi the .lenrek ehT

ex lanret revres orp v sedi a erom pmoc l xe fu tcn i ilano t ;y ht ey are ub li t on t po fo t eh oc re secivres p dedivor by the mic or k re n .le

- tnereffiD ex lanret srevres may eb n ee d de ni eht sys met in order to p vor i ed t eh cnuf it on la ity

rof ceps ific ppa l ci a noit od mai .sn esehT srevres nur ni apes r eta p secor ses dna pme loy eht noitacinummoc caf i til i se dedivorp b im y c rekor n le ot cer e vi e stseuqer morf rieht neilc ts

dna ot uter rn eht re .stlus ehT elor of the da a retp is ot orp iv de a tr psna are tn tni er af ce for stneilc to nummoc i ac te htiw ex lanret se .srevr A retpad sedih eht s sy t me edneped n eic s hcus sa

noitacinummoc licaf ities morf t eh cli ne t. Ad retpa suht im orp v se t eh sca ibal lity dna ahc n ilibaeg ty fo eht s sy t .me ehT ada p ret ane b sel eht srevres dna cl stnei ot eb tsid ri ub t o de v re

a .krowten

ehT stifeneb fo eht nrettap nac eb em noitn ed :ekil

dooG atrop b ili t ,y is n ec no ly rekorcim n le deen ot eb fidom i de nehw trop i gn eht sys met a ot wen .tnemnorivne

Hi hg flex ilibi ty dna ex ilibisnet t ,y sa dom i oitacif ns ro ex snoisnet nac eb d eno by om difying

gnidnetxe ro lanretni .srevres

oitarapeS n fo ol w- level smsinahcem ivorp( d de by mi korc e lenr dna i lanretn s vre ers) dna gih h re -lev le lop ici se dedivorp( by ex lanret )srevres orpmi v se am intainab li ity dna

ytilibaegnahc .metsys eht fo

hT e er era emos c snrecno tuoba ti as we .ll

1. ehT lenrekorcim s etsy m uqer i ser hcum mo er ni ter- orp c sse oc mm u in noitac ni is de eno noitacilppa noitucexe eht fo esuaceb sllac ot lanretni lanretxe dna .srevres

2. ehT sed i ng dna mi p nemel t noita fo eht mi lenrekorc - ab s de s sy t me is raf erom co pm l xe naht cihtilonom a fo sy mets

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 501

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

feR lec it on :

- ehT eR f el c noit nrettap sedivorp a cem h rof msina ahc n ig n g s urt tc ure a dn b roivahe os fo ftwa er s smetsy d lacimany l .y tI stroppus eht acifidom t noi fo adnuf m tne al ,stcepsa hcus sa type

urts serutc dna noitcnuf call me sinahc sm . nI siht p ,nretta na ilppa c noita si s lp it i otn owt trap s. A em ta level sedivorp i amrofn t noi tuoba s detcele s sy t me orp pe tr i se dna sekam the s wtfo a er

les f-a aw r .e A esab el v le ulcni d se the ppa lica noit l go i .c stI pmi l neme t ta oi n sdliub no the meta evel l. ot segnahC fni o tpek noitamr ni eht el atem v le aff tce qesbus u sab tne e- el v .roivaheb le

- ehT Refl noitce p nretta sedivorp a cem hanism rof chan ig ng urts cture a dn b ahe iv ro of

erawtfos s smetsy dyn lacima l .y tI stroppus eht m tacifido noi fo adnuf m ne tal epsa tc ,s s hcu sa type rts u serutc dna uf nct noi llac ahcem msin .s nI siht ,nrettap na lppa i tac i no si lps it otni t ow par .st A em ta level ivorp d se noitamrofni tuoba detceles sys met p epor rti se dna m seka the

erawtfos s le f-awar .e A esab level ni ulc d se eht ap lp i ac t noi logi .c stI pmi l atneme t noi ub li sd no eht em ta el vel. ahC n seg ot rofni m noita tpek ni eht em ta lev le af ef tc s bu s tneuqe sab e-lev le

beha .roiv - ehT celfeR t evi lB a kc b drao hcra it ce larut pat et nr is tnednepedni fo margorp ming

segaugnal s dna cificep noitatnemelpmi ,skrowemarf eziminim nac esu sti dna ytixelpmoc eht desuac yb ecneserp eht suoremun fo sy mets - level seitreporp .sSAM ni

curtS t eru

- ehT lortnoc l re bus s sy tem si desopmoc of a meta-o jb e tc p locotor (MOP) com tnenop th ta rehtegot htiw a col cel t noi fo tem a- jbo ce st im elp m tne eht um lti-a tneg s sy t me noc t lor

etarts g .sei teM a- bo j stce era desopmoc fo ad ta atem( d ta a) dna a er er spon is ble for ssa o aic ting ficeps i c b ivahe o tcaer( r i ot )sno arepo ti sno p ofre rm o de v re spe fic ic ip e sec o ad f t .a

esehT em ta- bo j stce nac tr apsna r tne ly m ido fy t eh ron m la eb h roiva of eht lb a kc board, t suh

gnitnemelpmi eht tlum i- tnega s sy t me lortnoc tarts e .seig fiD f tnere a eg n st nac a tc over t eh draobkcalb by snaem fo rieht srosnes dna eff tce u ,srota hw i hc c na er spe tc i ev ly s esne dna

p mrofre ahc n seg ni eht obkcalb a dr taht c na eb c no s di e der t eh ir ne vi or nm .tne ehT ega n st od ton etacinummoc ltcerid y yeht ; ylno .draobkcalb eht morf atad daer dna etirw

- W reveneh na a tneg pe smrofr any po e noitar o rev a sp ce ific ip e ec of da at ts or de at

bkcalb ,drao eht M PO co tnenopm rev i seif fi there si any meta-obj tce sa socia det ot ti . If evitisop ti ex setuce the noitcaer cossa i deta ot t eh meta- bo j ,tce i .e. sti heb a oiv r ehT. em ta-

tcejbo ex uce t nac noi ca c sse eht obkcalb a dr rw ti ing dna d le etin g d .ata - nI siht wa ,y ni a lfer e tc i ev bkcalb o dra cra tcetih u er eht sem scitna of a bla draobkc operati ,no

ni ,tcaf si the tluser fo t eh ex noituce fo t eh meta-o jb ects ossa ciat de to it. eM ta- jbo e stc a osl may ex tsi ni eht lortnoc bus s sy t me wi tuoht oc r tnednopser d ata ni t eh black ob a .dr nI siht way ht e um lti- tnega s metsy nac cossa i eta er tca i sno to ad ta t tah si pa tr fo t eh m tlu i- tnega sy yralubacov mets ylbaborp dna draobkcalb eht ni nettirw eb lliw .emitnur ta

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 601

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

noitcelfeR desu si tpecretni ot yfidom dna stceffe eht fo snoitarepo fo eht .draobkcalb

morF eht tniop fo vi we of ppa l noitaci a ,stneg c oitatupmo n la fer l ce ti no is rt erapsna n :t na a tneg

setirw a pi ece fo ad ta no eht lb a bkc oa ,dr dna h sa on know el d eg siht wri et op re at oi n h sa been tem eht ot detcerider dna detpecretni a-l .leve eht setartsulli oiranecs gniwollof ehT eb lareneg h roiva

evitcelfeR eht fo draobkcalB :erutcetihcra 1. A elwonk d eg os u ecr ro( a neg t) p fre o smr na arepo t noi no eht lb ackboa dr ( rw i et rof

,)elpmaxe lppus y gni eceip a gnitcepxe dna atad fo emos rehto eceip deveirter fo ;atad 2. ihT s epo r noita is in tpecret ed by the tem a-level s’ MO ,P hcihw liw l frep o ,mr if

,deificeps lortnoc seitivitca eht revo demrofrep ;noitarepo 3. ehT POM skcehc for eht ex ecnetsi fo meta-ob stcej sa sociat de to the bl obkca a dr data dna

aler t de ot eht ofrep r dem arepo it .no fI eht wonk l egde ecruos sah frep orm de a rw ti e po e ar it o no n eht bl ,draobkca eht craes h de atem -obj stce w li l eb t esoh re tal ed to the writt ne eip ce fo ad t .a nO eht rehto ,dnah fi eht k elwon d eg ecruos sah frep orm de r dae ro delete arepo tions, t eh es ra ch de

atem - tcejbo lliw detaler eb eht ot eceip atad fo daer morf ;draobkcalb eht

TINU -7 stnetnoC

oS me ngiseD P snretta larutcurtS noitisopmoced elohW – traP rO g noitazina :krow fo retsaM – lS a ev ccA e ss tnoC r lo orP xy

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 701

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

salC s: aP rt

libisnopseR i yt : · stneserpeR ralucitrap a ejbo tc dna sti secivres

taroballoC ors: - liN

· elohW :tcejbo I ergga na si t g noita rellams fo stcejbo

· ehT rellams stcejbo dellac era Pa str

W eloh tcejbo smrof a tnames ic uorg ping fo its raP ts ni taht ti oc ord setani dna

sezinagro noitaroballoc rieht

ehT hW elo sesu ytilanoitcnuf eht straP fo stcejbo gnitnemelpmi rof secivres Im noitatnemelp

1. iseD gn eht cilbup I ecafretn eht fo elohW 2. etarapeS eht W eloh i otn ,straP ro am ke it rf om ex si it gn seno U( se eit reh tob ot m- ot ,pu p-

nwod ro )dexim htob 3. esU ex tsi straP gni rf om tnenopmoc arbil r sei or cl ssa rarbil i se ro ap kc a ,eg s cep if ht y eir

noitaroballoc fi y esu uo mottob - pu hcaorppa 4. traP i noit eht W s'eloh secivres otni ams l rel co ll roba ating servi sec dna map eht se

gnitaroballoc secivres etarapes ot fi straP y uo wollof pot a - nwod hcaorppa 5. cificepS eht secivres fo eht elohW smret ni secivres fo eht fo straP 6. I tnemelpm eht straP ylevisruceR( era straP fi )fael ton 7. I tnemelpm eht elohW yb gnittup eht lla straP rehtegot

segatnavdA

ytilibaegnahC straP fo

sueR iliba ty

senifeD ssalc seihcrareih gnitsisnoc fo evitimirp stcejbo

kaM es eht c tneil elpmis

sekaM reisae ti dda ot wen sdnik fo c stnenopmo

navdasiD t ga es

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 901

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

)1 lareneg ylrevo ngised ruoy sekaM )2 noitceridni hguorht ycneiciffe rewoL )3 tra na eb thgim straP otni noitisopmoced fo ytixelpmoC

rO ganiza it on of wo kr : aM s et r-Slave :

· ehT saM t re -S eval d se i ng p ta t nre stroppus af tlu elot ranc ,e par la l le com tup a it no dna lanoitatupmoc arucca c .y A retsam c pmo no e tn setubirtsid ow rk ot i lacitned evals

stnenopmoc dna setupmoc a lanif tluser morf stluser eht eseht vals es re .nrut

· tI si desu wh ne you evah owt ro erom secorp s se taht deen ot nur is m suoenatlu ly and suounitnoc ly tub ta di ff e tner r ta .se fI eht se orp ec sess nur ni a is ngle ol o ,p eves re mit ing

seussi nac cco u .r ehT se gnimit ssi u se oc ruc w eh n eno p tra fo t eh pool t seka longer ot ex etuce naht ex cep t .de fI siht pah p ,sne eht mer a gnini s snoitce ni eht ol op teg ed laye .d

· ehT alS/retsaM ve ap t et rn stsisnoc of m lu tiple arap ll le .spool hcaE fo eht l spoo may

ex etuce t sksa ta di ereff nt ra .set fO th ese larap l le ,spool eno l poo ca ts sa eht ma ets r and eht srehto a tc sa .sevals ehT m retsa pool slortnoc all fo the ls eva l ,spoo dna

setacinummoc gnisu meht htiw gnigassem a .serutcetihcr

· tI seriuqca a aw v fe o mr morf a noissimsnart enil dna lpsid a sy ti no a hparg eve ry 1 ,sm00 dna osla sedivorp a us re tni re ecaf t tah all swo t eh user ot c ah n eg pa mar te ers for ae hc

.noitisiuqca ehT aM s ret / evalS d se i ng nrettap si llew ius t de rof t ih s pa p il ac ti .no nI siht ,noitacilppa eht retsam l poo w li l oc tn ain eht us re i tn e afr c .e ehT lov t ega a iuqc itis no dna

iggol ng lliw neppah ni eno evals lo ,po hw li e t eh nart smis is no enil uqca si iti no dna gr ihpa ng w li l.

· sihT noitautis nac eb dediova by ppa l iy ng t eh M alS/retsa ve sed i ng tap t nre to t eh

cilppa a .noit nI siht ac s ,e eht resu retni face lliw be ha dn l de by the master ol o ,p dna ve ery lortnoc l elba noitces fo t eh citobor mra iw ll ah ve its nwo slave l .poo isU ng t ih s m ohte d,

hcae noc t allor b el noitces fo eht a mr lliw ah ve ti s nwo ,pool dna th re efor ,e ti s o nw ip e ec fo gnissecorp .emit

· ehT S/retsaM l eva ised gn ettap rn is ev ry tnavda a suoeg nehw c er ating tlum i- ksat

.snoitacilppa tI sevig you a erom ludom ar pa pro hca ot ilppa c noita ved el tnempo uaceb se fo sti itlum - pool ilanoitcnuf t ,y tub tsom tnatropmi l ,y ti sevig you erom lortnoc fo ruoy

itacilppa s’no t emi m na a eg me .tn

ehT saM t S/re l eva sed i ng nrettap snoc i sts fo itlum elp pa ar ll le l poo s. ehT pool th ta oc nt or ls lla eht to h sre si eht m retsa dna t eh er mainin ol g o sp are sl .seva O en retsam l poo

wla a sy d sevir eno ro om re evals .spool ecniS atad d noitacinummoc i tcer l neewteb y th ese l spoo

skaerb tsum ti ,wolf atad enod eb yb gnitirw gnidaer dna assem ot g gni serutcetihcra

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 011

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

nA ssecca oc n lort om d le sebircsed ta a hi hg level fo ba arts noitc a ahcem ni ms rof

gninrevog ssecca derahs ot .secruoser

NU IT 8 stnetnoC

erutcetihcrA c efil eht ni y elc gningised erutcetihcra eht gnimroF eht erutcurts maet gnitaerC lateleks a sy mets sesU larutcetihcra fo noitatnemucod sweiV gnisoohc tnaveler eht sweiv gnitnemucoD a weiv noitatnemucoD ssorca iv e sw

Chap ret : 01 seD ingi ng and itnemucod ng s erawtfo tcetihcrA u er

rA c ih tecture ni the L efi Cy elc :

Any or inag z noita taht secarbme ra ihc te utc re as a adnuof it no rof ti s fos tware ved elo mp tne sessecorp sdeen ot dnu e dnatsr sti p al ce ni eht li ef cycl .e veS e lar l fi e-c cy le sledom exist in t eh ,erutaretil tub eno t tah stup ihcra t utce re erauqs ly in the mid ld e fo iht n sg si the vE o ul ti ano ry

evileD ry Li ef C cy le mo led nwohs ni ugiF re .7 1. ehT tnetni fo siht ledom si to teg user dna remotsuc kcabdeef dna i aret te th or u hg s eve r la rel sesae be rof e the final re ael s .e The ledom osla

swolla eht ad id ng fo f nu anoitc lit htiw y ea hc eti ar noit dna the eviled r fo y a mil ti v de ersi no no c a e tneiciffus fo tes serutaef sah neeb .depoleved

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 111

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

TUBIRTTA E- NEVIRD NGISED

· DDA si na pa pro hca ot inifed ng a so awtf re a cr tih ect eru th ta b sesa the ced om op s ti i no ssecorp no eht quality a tt setubir eht soft aw re sah to f lu fill. tI si a cer u sr i ev sopmoced iti no ssecorp wh ,ere ta hcae st ,ega t ca t sci dna a ihcr tect laru ap t snret a er ohc s ne to as t si fy a s te

fo ilauq ty soiranecs dna th ne noitcnuf a il ty si al acol t de ot in ts na t ai te the m do lu e typ se dedivorp by the p ta t .nre DDA si denoitisop ni ht e li ef cycle a retf uqer i er stnem ana l sisy

,dna sa ew evah ,dias nac nigeb nehw eht ar hc itec larut d vir e sr a er k on nw w ti h some cnedifnoc e.

· ehT tuptuo fo A DD si t eh fi tsr es v lare l eve ls of a udom le ced mo op is ti no v wei of na

ihcra t ce ut er and rehto vi swe sa orppa p ir at .e toN lla ed t slia fo eht iv we s r tluse morf an noitacilppa fo ;DDA the s sy tem si rcsed i deb sa a tes fo oc n iat n sre for fu tcn i no a il ty dna

eht i aretn c snoit among t eh m. sihT si the tsrif tra i noitaluc of arc ih t ce ture during the d se i ng ssecorp dna si fereht o er ssecen a ir l c y o esra gr ia ne .d

· treveN h ,ssele ti si tirc i lac rof hca i ive ng eht de is red ilauq it ,se dna it ivorp d se a fr ema work

rof veihca ing eht tcnuf i ilano t .y ehT di ecnereff teb w nee na a ihcr t ce ut er re itlus ng f mor DDA dna eno r ae dy rof elpmi m atne t noi stser ni eht more d te ia l de d se ign ced isi sno th ta deen ot eb mad .e esehT dluoc ,eb of r ex ,elpma eht ced i nois to esu s ficep ic cejbo t-

detneiro sed i ng ap tte nr s ro a ficeps ic ip e ec of mid ld e aw re taht brin sg with it many ihcra t tce u lar noc ts ra ni ts. ehT tcetihcra u er d se i deng by A DD may ha ev int ne it onally

d derrefe siht de noisic ot eb mo er flex lbi .e

DDA tS e sp

gniwolloF a er eht spets demrofrep nehw ed si gning na ar hc i et ct eru u is gn the DDA me .doht

1. esoohC eht udom le to d oce m .esop The dom u el to trats htiw si ausu lly the hw lo e sys et m.

lA l uqer i der ni stup for siht eludom dluohs eb iava l elba oc( n arts tni s, nuf itc on la ,stnemeriuqer ytilauq .)stnemeriuqer

2. enifeR eht eludom gnidrocca eseht ot :spets a. oohC se eht etihcra c larut ird v sre f mor the s te fo c cno rete qua il ty s nec a ir so dna

f lanoitcnu iuqer rem tne s. ihT s ets p ed t re m seni ahw t is pmi o tnatr rof ht is .noitisopmoced

b. esoohC na hcra i cet t laru ap t nret taht sitas f sei eht hcra ite utc r la ird v .sre aerC te (or les e )tc eht pat nret b desa no t eh ta tc i sc t tah nac be desu to ca hi eve t eh evird r .s tnedI if c y h dli m seludo requi der ot eht tnemelpmi t ca ti .sc

c. aitnatsnI te ludom es dna al etacol itcnuf o an il ty f mor eht use cases a dn tneserper gnisu .sweiv elpitlum

d. enifeD secafretni fo eht hc li d m do u .sel ehT isopmoced t noi p or vi sed m do lu se dna snoc t stniar no eht t sepy fo eludom i etn r ca tio .sn tnemucoD siht fni ro am it no in

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 311

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ERAWTFOS ETIHCRA C ERUT 27SI60

to ana lyze eht eveihca m tne fo tilauq i se hcus sa perform na ec , s iruce t ,y dna ler i iliba t .y ew ,eroferehT ex .weiv noitisopmoced eludom eht htiw gnola sweiv lanoitidda enima

tneserpeR hcra eht erutceti htiw sweiv

· ludoM e opmoced s noiti eiv w-Th si swohs oh w eht eludom ced o tisopm i no weiv

sedivorp oc n niat e sr rof h gnidlo snopser bi i til i se sa ht ey are di ocs ver .de aM j ro da at wolf spihsnoitaler gnoma seludom eht osla era deifitnedi uorht gh siht .weiv

· nerrucnoC cy eiv w- nI eht cnoc u nerr cy vi we dyna cim epsa c st fo a sy ts em hcus sa arap l lel

ivitca t sei dna syn norhc iz noita nac be m edo l .de sihT iledom ng he spl ot i ed itn fy r ruose ce noc t noitne orp b ,smel elbissop ldaed o kc autis tions, noc atad s si t ne cy si ,seus dna os rof t .h

· gniledoM eht cnoc u nerr cy ni a s sy t me ekil ly l sdae ot id s oc very of new nopser s ibi lit ei s

fo eht ,seludom hcihw are record de in eht dom ule vi .we tI nac a osl dael ot di evocs ry fo n we udom l hcus ,se sa a ecruoser am na i ,reg n ro der ot los v e si seus fo c no curr a tne cc sse to a

eht dna ecruoser ecracs li .ek

· ehT noc uc err ncy vi we is eno fo eht oc m op en nt- dna - nnoc e otc r vie .sw ehT opmoc n ne ts era sni t secna fo the om d selu ni eht dom u el ced o opm is v noit i ,we dna t eh noc ne tc o sr ra e eht rrac i sre fo iv tr u la thr dae s. A lautriv" rht ead" ed s irc b se na ex uce t noi ap th orht u hg the

s ro metsy par fo st .ti

· sihT dluohs ton eb desufnoc htiw tarepo ing s sy t me aerht ds ro( rp ocesse ,)s w ih hc mi pli se rehto seitreporp il ke omem r rp/y o rossec lla ocatio .n esohT seitreporp are ton fo interest no

eht lev le ta hcihw ew are d se ig in n .g ehtreveN l ,sse a tf er the decisi sno no na epo rating s metsy dna no the ped loym tne fo dom u sel ot p or c isse ng nu i st are mad ,e riv t lau ht r sdae

evah ot eb deppam otno tarepo in g s sy t me ht r ae sd . sihT si enod irud ng det ia del desi .ng

· ehT cennoc ot sr ni a oc n erruc ncy vi we are esoht taht laed w ti h t sdaerh s hcu sa "s orhcny niz se htiw ," s" t ",stra slecnac" ," dna c" om setacinum htiw ." A conc nerru cy vi we

swohs secnatsni of eht seludom ni eht m udo le ced om op is oit n iv ew sa a m snae of nu d natsre ding eht pam p gni teb w nee th eso t ow vi .swe tI si imp ro t tna ot wonk th ta a

syn inorhc z noita tniop si detacol ni a iceps f ci eludom os t tah iht s er s nop si lib ity nac be issa g den eht ta ir g th .ecalp

F ro ming eht Team Structu er :

ecnO eht fi tsr wef evel ls fo eht tihcra e rutc e s' mod lu e dec mo sop iti on st ur utc re a er af irly s bat l ,e

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 611

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oht se seludom c na eb a ll oc deta to d ve e pol m tne t ae m .s sihT weiv lliw eit reh al col ate m do ul se ot gnitsixe tnempoleved stinu enifed ro wen .seno

ehT esolc pihsnoitaler neewteb na ra ihc t utce re dna eht or inag z noita t tah decudorp it mak se

eht tniop :swollof sa ekaT any owt on d se x dna y fo the s sy t .me rehtiE ht ey are denioj by a bran hc ro ht ey are n to . tahT( ,si ei reht ht ey co umm etacin htiw ea hc ot reh in os me way mea in n lufg ot ht e

· itarepo on fo eht s metsy ro ht ey od ).ton fI ht ere si a arb n ,hc neht the t ow (n to en cess ra ily )tcnitsid sed i ng spuorg X dna Y hcihw d se ign de eht owt on d se tsum evah gen otiat de dna

deerga nopu na retni fa ec ceps i noitacif ot perm ti oc mm unicati no betwe ne t eh two nopserroc ding sedon fo t eh sed i ng or nag iz .noita ,fI no the rehto ,dnah t reh e is on br hcna

neewteb x dna ,y neht eht bus s sy t sme od ton c etacinummo w hti ea hc o ,reht ht ere w sa gnihton for eht owt oc r ser idnop ng d se i ng uorg ps ot ogen tiat ,e dna ht eref ero the er si on

hcnarb neewteb X a dn .Y

· ehT tcapmi fo na ar hc i erutcet no the develop tnem fo orga in z ta i ano l str cu ture is cle .ra ecnO na ar erutcetihc rof eht s sy t me rednu oc n noitcurts sah neeb agre de ,no t ae ms era

detacolla ot krow no eht rojam seludom dna a w kro rb e nwodka ts ru tc u er is c er at de th ta lfer e stc oht se aet sm . aE ch maet neht setaerc i st o nw i lanretn wo kr carp tic se ro( a system- ediw tes of arp c it c se is a od tp .)de

· roF al r eg s ,smetsy eht t smae may b le no g ot id f tneref us b tnoc r srotca . hT e ow rk rp a tc i sec

am y ulcni de smeti su hc sa nitellub bo sdra dna W be segap for oc mmu in tac io ,n naming snoitnevnoc rof if l ,se and eht fnoc igu ar t noi oc tn lor s tsy e .m llA fo th ese may eb di ff er tne

morf puorg ot ,puorg a niag pse e laic ly for al r eg s tsy e .sm truF h omre r ,e ilauq ty ussa rance dna t gnitse rp o dec u ser era s te pu f ro ea hc ,puorg dna ea hc puorg ne sde to batse lish li snosia dna etanidrooc htiw eht hto er g .spuor

· ,suhT eht smaet wi niht na inagro z ta i no wo kr no m do u .sel W nihti ht e maet ereht ne sde ot

eb high- htdiwdnab oc m acinum t :snoi hcuM fni o noitamr ni eht fo mr fo ted lia de desi ng snoisiced si being snoc at ntly shar .de teB w nee te ,sma ol w- iwdnab d ht commu in tac i sno are tneiciffus ni dna tcaf cr .laicu

· hgiH ly co xelpm s etsy ms tluser w neh eseht de is ng cr ti re ai are ton m .te nI f ,tca maet

dna erutcurts oc n maet gnillort fo snoitcaretni t ne t nru tuo ot eb mi tnatrop f ca t sro affecting a al r eg cejorp t s' us cc .sse fI caretni t snoi neewteb t eh et a sm deen ot eb com lp ex, e ti reh t eh

snoitcaretni gnoma the stnemele ht ey a er cre ta ing are een d el ssly compl xe ro the stnemeriuqer rof esoht ele m stne erew ton us ffi tneic ly "ha edr n "de b fe ore poleved m tne

nemmoc ec .d nI siht ,esac ereht si a n dee for high- wdnab idth ennoc c snoit b te w nee t ae sm , ton tsuj nihtiw ,smaet er q gniriu bus st na it la ne og tia snoit dna fo t ne r krowe of eleme tn s dna rieht retni fac .se iL ke so erawtf s ,smetsy t smae sh dluo evirts rof esool oc u ilp ng dna hi hg

.noisehoc

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 711

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· ehT eludom si a resu etni ecafr la rey fo a s sy t .me ehT ppa l itaci on rp ogramming

ecafretni taht ti p eser n st ot rehto udom l se si ind tnednepe of t eh rap t uci l ra user i etn r af ce secived oidar( ,snottub ,slaid laid og ob x ,se cte .) t tah it sesu to eserp nt inf ro ma it no to the

uh m na ,resu b uace es th eso mi thg ahc n .eg ehT niamod eh re is eht eper rtoire fo s hcu ed vic .se

· ehT eludom si a ssecorp reludehcs taht ih d se eht rebmun fo av ia l ba le rp o srossec dna t eh iludehcs ng al og r hti m. ehT niamod ereh si corp e ss s dehc uling dna eht il ts fo rporppa iate

al og .smhtir · ehT udom le si the hP y lacis oM led s eludoM fo ht e A- E7 hcra i tcet u .er It

uspacne l seta eht tauqe i sno taht upmoc te lav eu s tuoba eht physic la en iv r .tnemno ehT niamod si mun e lacir ana l sisy (b ace su e the equati sno m tsu eb mi ple em nt de to m ia ntain neiciffus t ycarucca latigid a ni )retupmoc .scinoiva dna

ceR o ing z gni seludom sa nim i- sniamod mi m aide tely su stsegg taht eht mo ts ceffe ti ev use fo staff

si ot ssa i ng m srebme ot smaet a drocc ing ot t eh ir ex rep sit .e nO ly eht dom u el ts ru utc re per im ts iht s. sA eht edis bar Or inag z lanoita dna rA tihc uce lar S tcurt u ser di ,sessucs inagro z snoita

itemos m se osla dda eps c ilai z de spuorg taht era i tnednepedn fo cra eht h ti e ts larutc r utcu er .s

ehT mi p tca fo na o agr niz noita no na a hcr i et ctu er is more us btle tub ju ts sa im rop t tna sa the tcapmi of na erutcetihcra no eht or inag z ita on (of eht puorg taht sdliub t eh s metsy ed s rc i deb by

eht cra h eti ctu .)er

esoppuS uoy era a em m reb fo a rg o pu taht liub ds abatad se ppa l ,snoitaci sa sign de to krow no a t mae sed i ng i gn an ar ihc t utce re rof some pa lp i ac ti .no noitanilcni si orp bably ot vi we t eh uc r tner p melbor sa a ad t esaba pro ,melb ot row ry tuoba w tah dat aba se sys met hs o dlu eb us de ro tehw h re a moh e- nworg eno hs o dlu eb rtsnoc u ,detc ot emussa t tah data ter ri ve sla era co sn truct de sa

,seireuq dna os .no

oY u fereht o er sserp rof na ihcra t erutce th ta sah tcnitsid bus s sy t sme fo ,r sa ,y d ata ots ra eg dna nam a euq dna ,tnemeg r alumrof y t dna noi i pm l me enta it no . morf nosrep A eht

nummocelet i snoitac rg o ,pu no eht rehto h ,dna vie sw eht s metsy ni t le eco cinumm at noi t re m dna ,s eht nosrep siht rof esabatad nis a si g el sbus y .mets

erC ating a Sk le e at l System :

· ecnO na cra h erutceti si ciffus i tne ly d se ign de and smaet are in pl ca e to begin ub li ding to ,ti a eleks t la s sy t me c na eb rtsnoc uct .de ehT id ae ta siht ts a eg si ot p vor i ed na rednu lying

ytilibapac tnemelpmi ot s a y s'mets ytilanoitcnuf suoegatnavda redro na ni eht ot tcejorp

· lacissalC erawtfos en ig n ree ing rp a itc ce mocer me sdn s" t bu ib ng uo t" ces it sno fo edoc os taht rop t snoi fo eht s sy t me nac be dedda separ ta ely dna tset de epedni ndentl .y oH w ,reve

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hcihw snoitrop dluohs eb ?debbuts By isu ng the ihcra t utce re sa a g iu d ,e a qes u ecne of noitatnemelpmi semoceb .raelc

· Fir ,ts elpmi m tne eht s erawtfo aht t laed s w hti eht ex noituce and retni ac noit fo

ihcra t ce ut lar nenopmoc st . sihT may uqer i er orp d icu ng a s ludehc er ni a aer l- it me s sy tem, elpmi m itne ng eht ur le igne ne (w hti a otorp type tes fo )selur ot noc t lor elur firing ni a

elur - desab s sy t ,me pmi l itneme ng rp o ssec s cny hro in z noita ahcem n si ms in a m tlu i- orp c sse s ,metsy ro neilc gnitnemelpmi t- res v re idrooc n ta io ni n a lc i ne t- res v re s sy te .m

· ,netfO eht cisab caretni t noi ahcem n msi is vorp i ded by iht rd- rap ty midd el war ,e ni hw i hc

esac eht boj ceb o sem seno of sni t la la it no ni st dae of i pm lem ne tat oi n. nO pot of this noitacinummoc ro noitcaretni in sarf truc ,erut you may hsiw to i sn tall eht s mi pl tse fo

eno ,snoitcnuf taht seod l eltti erom naht sni ti ag te mos e or te eb h .roiva tA siht ,tniop uoy lliw evah a innur ng s metsy taht esse n lait ly s ti s t eh re and h mu s ot itsel ,f tub a nur in ng

s metsy sselehtreven . sihT noitadnuof eht si otno hcihw lufesu ytilanoitcnuf nac eb .dedda

· uoY nac won esoohc w hcih fo the elem stne pro iv ding cnuf it onality should eb dedda ot eht s .metsy ehT ohc ice may eb ab s de on rewol ing ksir by dda er gniss t eh m tso

elborp m saera cita fi ,tsr or ti ma y be bas de no the slevel dna t epy fo ts a ff ing ava il ba l ,e or ti yam desab eb gnitteg no gnihtemos lufesu tekram ot ylkciuq sa .elbissop sa

· ecnO eht ele m stne vorp i gnid the en xt mercni tne fo noitcnuf a il ty have b ee n ohc s ,ne you

nac lpme oy the sesu st erutcur ot t lle uoy what da itid lano os ft aw re should eb innur ng rroc e tc ly ni eht sys met sa( desoppo ot tsuj b ie ng eht re in the mrof fo a )buts to troppus

tilanoitcnuf taht y.

· sihT ssecorp oc ,seunitn rg o iw n al g r reg a dn lar reg ercni m stne of eht s sy tem, litnu it si all in alp ec . tA on tniop si eht noitargetni dna itset ng ta ks hwrevo e iml n ta ;g ever y in erc m tne ti si

ae sy ot dnif eht os ur ec fo n we ly dortni uc de f lua t .s uB d steg dna sch selude are more ciderp t elba htiw rellams ercni m ,stne hcihw osla vorp i ed m na a eg m tne and m tekra ing w hti

erom yreviled .snoitpo

· nevE eht uts bbed- tuo pa str pleh ap ve the way of r oc m lp eti .no ehT se stubs ehda re ot the emas ni t re f seca taht eht lanif rev s noi fo eht syst me qer ui ,ser os they c na eh lp with

dnatsrednu ing dna set it gn eht in snoitcaret ma ong c mo enop n st neve in eht esba n ec fo hgih - iledif t uf y n .ytilanoitc

· ehT se buts stnenopmoc nac ex esicre siht ni terac noit ni owt ways, tie h re dorp ucing h dra

dedoc dennac tuptuo ro er da ing eht uo t tup fr mo a fil .e They nac osla areneg te a s ny t teh ic daol no eht s metsy ot a orpp x etami eht amo tnu fo time t eh a lautc p or issec ng wi ll take in

eht elpmoc t de krow in g v .noisre

· ihT s sdia ni rae ly natsrednu ding fo s metsy amrofrep n ec iuqer r tneme s, dulcni ing

PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 911

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amrofrep n ni ec t noitcare s elttob dna n .skce

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PED T FO ESI , SJB TI egaP 021