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Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers

Scientific papers

Introduction

How to write a scientific paper

How to publish a scientific paper


INTRODUCTION – Academic journal

An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in whichscholarship relating to a particular academic discipline ispublished

Academia journals serve as forums for the introduction and

presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique ofexisting research

Content typically takes the form of articles presentingoriginal research, review articles, and book reviews

Academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are usually called professional magazines

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INTRODUCTION – Citation

Citation is the process of acknowledging or citing theauthor, year, title, and locus of publication (journal, book, orother) of a source used in a published work

Such citations can be counted as measures of the usageand impact of the cited work

This is called citation analysis or bibliometrics

Among the measures that have emerged from citation

analysis are the citation count for – an individual article (how often it was cited)

– an author (total citations, or average citation count per article)

– for a journal (journal impact factor, or the average citation count forthe articles in the journal)


INTRODUCTION – Citation index

A citation index is an index of citations between

publications, allowing the user to easily establish which laterdocuments cite which earlier documents

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INTRODUCTION – Science Citation Index

Science Citation Index (SCI) is a citation index originallyproduced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in1960, which is now owned by Thomson Reuters

The online version (Science Citation Index Expanded)covers 6,400 of the world's leading journals of science andtechnology, but mainly those in the English language

It is made available online through the Web of Science

database, a part of the Web of Knowledge collection ofdatabases


INTRODUCTION – Journal citation reports

Journal Citation Reports (JCR ) is an annual publication by

the Institute of Scientific Information, a division of ThomsonScientific

It provides information about academic journals in the

sciences and social sciences

It was originally published as a part of Science CitationIndex, and is compiled from the citation data found there

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INTRODUCTION – Impact factor

The impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure of thecitations to science and social science journals

It is frequently used as a proxy for the importance of a journal to its field

The Impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, thefounder of the Institute for Scientific Information, now part ofThomson, a large worldwide US-based publisher

Impact factors are calculated each year by Thomson

Scientific for those journals which it indexes, and the factorsand indices are published in Journal Citation Reports

The publication of each year covered occurs in the summerof the following year – For example impact factors for 2008 will be published in the summer

of 2009



Some related values, also calculated and published by thesame organization, are: – the immediacy index:

• the number of citations the articles in a journal receive in a givenyear divided by the number of articles published

– the cited half-life:

• the median age of the articles that were cited in Journal CitationReports each year

• For example, if a journal's half-life in 2005 is 5, that means thecitations from 2001-2005 are half of all the citations from that journal in 2005, and the other half of the citations precede 2001

– the aggregate impact factor for a subject category:

• it is calculated taking into account the number of citations to all journals in the subject category and the number of articles fromall the journals in the subject category

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The impact factor of a journal is calculated based on a two-year period

It can be viewed as the average number of citations in ayear given to those papers in a journal that were publishedduring the two preceding years

For example, the 2003 impact factor of a journal would becalculated as follows: – A = the number of times articles published in 2001-2 were cited in

indexed journals during 2003 – B = the number of "citable items" (usually articles, reviews,

proceedings or notes; not editorials and letters-to-the-Editor)published in 2001-2

– 2003 impact factor = A / B • (note that the 2003 impact factor was actually published in 2004,

because it could not be calculated until all of the 2003 publications hadbeen received.)

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A convenient way of thinking about it is that a journal that iscited once, on average, for each article published has an IFof 1 in the expression above

There are some nuances to this: – ISI excludes certain article types (so-called 'front-matter' such as

news items, correspondence, and errata) from the denominator – Thomson Scientific does not have a fixed rule for which types of

articles are considered "citable" and which front-matter



The table shows the top 10 journals by ISI Impact Factor,

PageRank, and a modified system that combines the two(based on 2003 data)

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INTRODUCTION – h -Index

The h -index is an index that quantifies both the actual

scientific productivity and the apparent scientific impact of ascientist

The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited

papers and the number of citations that they have receivedin other people's publications

The index can also be applied to the productivity and impactof a group of scientists, such as a department or universityor country

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The index was suggested by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist atUCSD, as a tool for determining theoretical physicists'relative quality and is sometimes called the Hirsch index orHirsch number

Hirsch suggested that, for physicists,:

– A value for h of about 10-12 might be a useful guideline for tenuredecisions at major research universities

– A value of about 18 could mean a full professorship

– 15–20 could mean a fellowship in the American Physical Society,and

– 45 or higher could mean membership in the United States NationalAcademy of Sciences



The index is based on the distribution of citations received

by a given researcher's publications

Hirsch writes:

– A scientist has index h if h of [their]

Np papers have at least h citations

each, and the other (Np - h) papers

have at most h citations each

In other words, a scholar with an

index of h has published h papers

each of which has been cited by

others at least h times

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Thus, the h -index reflects both the number of publicationsand the number of citations per publication

The index is designed to improve upon simpler measuressuch as the total number of citations or publications

The index works properly only for comparing scientistsworking in the same field; citation conventions differ widelyamong different fields


INTRODUCTION – Scopus

Scopus is a database of abstracts and citations for scholarly

journal articles

It indexes 15,800 peer-reviewed journals in the scientific,technical, medical and social sciences fields

It is owned by Elsevier and is provided on the Web forsubscribers

Searches in Scopus incorporate searches of scientific webpages through Scirus, another Elsevier product, as well aspatent databases

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INTRODUCTION – Scopus

Scopus also offers author profiles which cover affiliations,number of publications and their bibliographic data,references and details on the number of citations eachpublished document has received

It has alerting features that allow anyone who registers totrack changes to a profile

By using Scopus Author Preview anyone is able to search

for an author, with affiliation name as a limiter, verify theauthor’s identification and set-up an automatic RSS feed ore-mail alerts to the author’s homepage


INTRODUCTION – Web of Science

Web of Science is an online academic service provided byThomson Reuters

It provides access to seven databases: – Science Citation Index (SCI)

– Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) – Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI)

– Index Chemicus

– Current Chemical Reactions

– Conference Proceedings Citation Index

– Science and Conference Proceedings Citation Index: Social Scienceand Humanities

Its databases cover almost 10,000 leading journals ofscience, technology, social sciences, arts, and humanitiesand over 100,000 book-based and journal conferenceproceedings

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INTRODUCTION – Google Scholar

Google Scholar is a freely-accessible Web search enginethat indexes the full text of scholarly literature across anarray of publishing formats and disciplines

Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholarindex includes most peer-reviewed online journals of theworld's largest scientific publishers

It is similar in function to the freely available Scirus from

Elsevier, CiteSeer, and getCITED It is also similar to the subscription-based tools, Elsevier's

Scopus and Thomson ISI's Web of Science

Google Scholar nonetheless claims to cover more websites, journal sources and languages


INTRODUCTION - Examples

ISI web of knowledge - Journal citation reports:

– To find the impact factor of a specific journal

– To find which journal has a higher impact factor in its field

Scopus:

– To find a specific paper

– To find the publications of one scientist

– To find the number of citations of a paper

ISI web of knowledge – Current contents:

– To find a specific paper

– To find the publications of one scientist

ISI web of knowledge – Web of science:

– To find the h-index of a scientist

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Scientific papers

Introduction




HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC PAPER

Selection of the adequate journal

Parts of a paper

Title: selection of adequate wording and style

Authors Summary or abstract

Introduction: importance of the state of the art and

explanation of the paper objectives

Experimental part

Results and discussion

Conclusions

Nomenclature, acknowledgements, bibliografic references

Tables and figures

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Depending on what we want to publish we look for the mostadequate journal depending on:

– The objectives and motivaitons of the journal

– Impact index

– Previous experience

Read and follow the “Guide for authors”

Look for one or two papers of the same topic as ourspublished in this journal to be used as model



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Guide for authors


Guide for authors

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Parts of a paper


Title: selection of adequate wording and style

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Authors

How many authors should be in a paper?

Who must be author in a paper?

Are collaborative publications important?


Authors

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Summary or abstract

It must contain everything said in a paper

It must be the “hook” so other authors/researchers want toread our paper

It must say whan we want to do, but it must also containsome results and/or conclusions

Usually, it is only one paragraph


Summary or abstract

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Introduction

It must include:

– Presentation of the topic of the work

– State of the art

– An explanation of the objective of the paper


Introduction

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Introduction


Experimental part

It must contain (in one or more chapters):

– Description of the experimental equipment/set up

– Description of the method (so sometimes this chapter is called“Method” or “Methodology”)

– Description of the materials – Description of the chemical or physical analysis performed (if

applicable)

It must allow to any person wanting to, to repeat all theexperiments or proves without difficulties

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Experimental part



It can be one or two chapters

Is the “fundamental” and “essential” part of a paper

Is where the “novelty” or “increase” of the knowledge is

presented

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Conclusions

Is one of the essential parts of a paper

Most researchers read the abstract and the conclusions and,if it is interesting enough, the rest of the paper, butsometimes nothing more

They must contain a summary of the results (somereviewers do not agree) and the conclusions or

improvements done


Conclusions

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Acknowledgements


References

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References

Reference style – how to indicate a reference in the text

– Example 1:

• Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line withthe text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the referencenumber(s) must always be given.

• Example: '..... as demonstrated [3,6]. Barnaby and Jones [8]obtained a different result ....'

• In the case of two citations, the numbers should be separated by

a comma [1,2]. In the case of more than two references, thenumbers should be separated by a dash [5-7].


References

Reference style – how to indicate a reference in the text

– Example 2:

• All citations in the text should refer to:

1. Single author: the author's name (without initials, unless there is

ambiguity) and the year of publication2. Two authors: both authors' names and the year of publication

3. Three or more authors: first author's name followed by "et al." andthe year of publication.

• Citations may be made directly (or parenthetically)

• Groups of references should be listed first alphabetically, thenchronologically.

• Examples:

– "as demonstrated (Allan, 1996a, 1996b, 1999; Allan and Jones,1995).

– Kramer et al. (2000) have recently shown ...."

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References

List

– Example 1:

• Number the references (numbers in square brackets) in the list inthe order in which they appear in the text

– Example 2:

• References should be arranged first alphabetically and thenfurther sorted chronologically if necessary

• More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same

year must be identified by the letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed afterthe year of publication

Some examples are shown next:


References

Reference to a journal publication: – [1] Van der Geer J, Hanraads JAJ, Lupton RA. The art of writing a scientific

article. J Sci Commun 2010;163:51–9.

– [1] Van der Geer J, Hanraads JAJ, Lupton RA. The art of writing a scientificarticle. J Sci Commun 2010;163(4):51–9.

– [1] J. van der Geer, J.A.J. Hanraads, R.A. Lupton, The art of writing ascientific article, J. Sci. Commun. 163 (2010) 51–59.

– Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J.A.J., Lupton, R.A., 2000. The art of writing ascientific article. J. Sci. Commun. 163, 51-59.

– Glaser M 2000 Cycles of comparison measurements, uncertainties andefficiencies Meas. Sci. Technol. 11 20-4

– Schmidt J, Volkel R, Stork W, Schwider J, Streibl N and Durst F 1992Diffractive beam splitter for laser Doppler velocimetry Opt. Lett. 17 1240-2

– [1] Ning, X., and Lovell, M. R., 2002, “On the Sliding Friction Characteristicsof Unidirectional Continuous FRP Composites,” ASME J. Tribol., 124(1), pp.

5-13.

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References

Article not in English

– Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. Sykdomsangst blant medisin- og jusstudenter. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002;122(8):785-7.Norwegian.

– Optional translation of article title (MEDLINE/PubMed practice):

• Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. [Disease anxiety among medicalstudents and law students]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002 Mar20;122(8):785-7. Norwegian.

• Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. Sykdomsangst blant medisin- og jusstudenter. [Disease anxiety among medical students and lawstudents]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002 Mar 20;122(8):785-7.Norwegian.


References

Article in press

– Tian D, Araki H, Stahl E, Bergelson J, Kreitman M. Signature ofbalancing selection in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Inpress, 2002.

– Tian D, Araki H, Stahl E, Bergelson J, Kreitman M. Signature ofbalancing selection in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.doi: 10.1073/pnas.172203599. In press, 2002.

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References

Journal abbreviations source

– Journal Title Abbreviations:http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/

– Index Medicus journal abbreviations:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html

– List of title word abbreviations: http://www.issn.org/2-22661-LTWA-online.php

– CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service): http://www.cas.org/sent.html


References

Reference to a book

– [2] Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 4th ed. New York:Longman; 2000.

– [2] W. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, fourth ed.,

Longman, New York, 2000. – Strunk Jr., W., White, E.B., 1979. The Elements of Style, third ed.

Macmillan, New York.

– 3. Weise K and Woger W 1999 Uncertainty and Measurements inData Evaluation (Berlin: Wiley-VCH) (in German)

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References

Reference to a chapter in an edited book

– [3] Mettam GR, Adams LB. How to prepare an electronic version ofyour article. In: Jones BS, Smith RZ, editors. Introduction to theelectronic age, New York: E-Publishing Inc; 2009, p. 281–304

– [3] G.R. Mettam, L.B. Adams, How to prepare an electronic versionof your article, in: B.S. Jones, R.Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to theElectronic Age, E-Publishing Inc., New York, 2009, pp. 281–304

– Mettam, G.R., Adams, L.B., 1999. How to prepare an electronicversion of your article, in: Jones, B.S., Smith , R.Z. (Eds.),Introduction to the Electronic Age. E-Publishing Inc., New York, pp.281-304

– [3] Jones, J., 2000, Contact Mechanics, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, UK, Chap. 6


References

Reference to congress proceedings

– Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V.Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour Conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York: Springer; 2002

– Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computationaleffort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, MillerJ, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on GeneticProgramming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer;2002. p. 182-91

– [4] Lee, Y., Korpela, S. A., and Horne, R. N., 1982, “Structure ofMulti-Cellular Natural Convection in a Tall Vertical Annulus,” Proc.7th International Heat Transfer Conference, U. Grigul et al., eds.,Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 2, pp. 221–226

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References

Reference to a standard

– ASTM D638-03, 2004. Annual book of ASTM standards, Section 8,Plastics, Philadelphia

– EN 1015-3:2007, Methods of test for mortar for masonry:determination of consistence of fresh mortar

– 4. 1993 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement(Geneva: International Organization for Standardization)


References

Reference to a report – Issued by funding/sponsoring agency:

• Yen GG (Oklahoma State University, School of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, Stillwater, OK). Health monitoring on vibration signatures. Finalreport. Arlington (VA): Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), Air Force

Research Laboratory; 2002 Feb. Report No.: AFRLSRBLTR020123. Contract No.:F496209810049.

– Issued by performing agency:

• Russell ML, Goth-Goldstein R, Apte MG, Fisk WJ. Method for measuring the sizedistribution of airborne Rhinovirus. Berkeley (CA): Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division; 2002 Jan. Report No.:LBNL49574. Contract No.: DEAC0376SF00098. Sponsored by the Department ofEnergy.

– [6] Watson, D. W., 1997, “Thermodynamic Analysis,” ASME Paper No. 97-GT-288.

– [8] Kwon, O. K., and Pletcher, R. H., 1981, “Prediction of the Incompressible FlowOver A Rearward-Facing Step,” Technical Report No. HTL-26, CFD-4, Iowa StateUniv., Ames, IA.

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References

Reference to PhD thesis

– Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey ofHispanic Americans [PhD thesis]. Mount Pleasant (MI): CentralMichigan University; 2002.

– [7] Tung, C. Y., 1982, “Evaporative Heat Transfer in the Contact Lineof a Mixture,” Ph.D. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,NY.


References

Reference to patent

– Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexibleendoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning toolassembly. United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1

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References

Reference to a web page

– Cancer-Pain.org [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer OnlineResources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9].Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/ .

– American Medical Association [Internet]. Chicago: The Association;c1995-2002 [updated 2001 Aug 23; cited 2002 Aug 12]. AMA Officeof Group Practice Liaison; [about 2 screens]. Available from:http://www.ama-ssn.org/ama/pub/category/1736.html

– [9] Smith, R., 2002, “Conformal Lubricated Contact of CylindricalSurfaces Involved in a Non-Steady Motion,” Ph.D. thesis,http://www.cas.phys.unm.edu/rsmith/homepage.html


Nomenclature

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Tables and figures

Tables:

– They are usually included without format

– They are included at the end of the document with the caption

Figures:

– They are included at the end of the document without the caption

– There is a “Figures caption” after the references


Tables and figures

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Tables and figuresWalls

5

10

15

20

25

30

23/03/2005

0:00

24/03/2005

0:00

25/03/2005

0:00

26/03/2005

0:00

27/03/2005

0:00

28/03/2005

0:00

29/03/2005

0:00

30/03/2005

0:00

31/03/2005

0:00

01/04/2005

0:00

02/04/2005

0:00

DATE

T E M P E R A T U R E ( º C SOUTHPCM

WESTPCM

ROOFPCM

SOUTH

WEST

ROOF

10

15

20

25

30

23/03/2

005

0:00

24/03/2

005

0:00

25/03/2

005

0:00

26/03/2

005

0:00

27/03/2

005

0:00

28/03/2

005

0:00

29/03/2

005

0:00

30/03/2

005

0:00

31/03/2

005

0:00

01/04/2

005

0:00

02/04/2

005

0:00

DATE

T E M P E R A T U R E

( º C )

2ºC

With PCM

Without PCM


Tables and figures

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 4 8 12

C o r r o s i o n

r a t e ( m g / c m 2 · y e a r )

Weeks

CopperAluminiumStainless steel

Carbon steel

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 4 8 12 C o r r o s i o n r a t e ( m g / c m 2 · y e a r )

Weeks

CopperAluminiumStainless steelCarbon steel

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Scientific papers

Introduction




HOW TO PUBLISH A SCIENTIFIC PAPER

The review process of a scientific journal

– Peer review

– Example of the form to be filled up by the reviewers

– How to answer to the reviewers comments

Once the paper is accepted – The editorial proofs

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Peer review

Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process ofsubjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas tothe scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field

Peer review requires a community of experts in a given (andoften narrowly defined) field, who are qualified and able toperform impartial review

Impartial review, especially of work in less narrowly defined

or inter-disciplinary fields, may be difficult to accomplish; andthe significance (good or bad) of an idea may never bewidely appreciated among its contemporaries

Although generally considered essential to academic quality,peer review has been criticized as ineffective, slow, andmisunderstood


Peer review

Peer review is used mainly for three reasons:

– Workload: A small group of editors/assessors cannot devotesufficient time to each of the many articles submitted to many journals

– Diversity of opinion: Were the editor/assessor to judge all submittedmaterial themselves, approved material would solely reflect theiropinion

– Limited expertise: An editor/assessor cannot be expected to besufficiently expert in all areas covered by a single journal or fundingagency to adequately judge all submitted material

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Peer review

Reviewers are typically anonymous and independent, tohelp foster unvarnished criticism, and to discouragecronyism in funding and publication decisions

However, US government guidelines governing peer reviewfor federal regulatory agencies require that reviewer'sidentity be disclosed under some circumstances

Anonymity may be unilateral or reciprocal (single- or double-

blinded reviewing)


Peer review

Referees' evaluations usually include an explicit

recommendation of what to do with the manuscript orproposal, often chosen from options provided by the journalor funding agency

Most recommendations are along the lines of the following: – to unconditionally accept the manuscript or proposal,

– to accept it in the event that its authors improve it in certain ways,

– to reject it, but encourage revision and invite resubmission,

– to reject it outright.

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Peer review

Elsevier, 2009


Steps for the reviewer

Invitation for the revision:

Dr. L.F. CabezaEscola Politècnica Superior

Universitat de LleidaC/Jaume II, 69, Lleida, 25001Spain

RE: MS# B/J08093, "………………….Title……………………" by…………….Author…………………………….

Dear Dr. Cabeza:

The above cited paper has been received in this offic e for possible publication in the

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. I request you to please review the paperand let me have your opinion on its acceptability. In addition to the manuscript, I have enclosedreview sheets, which I hope you find convenient to use.

I thank you for your time and with best regards.

Yours sincerely,Prof. Sreenivas JayantiAssociate Editor

Encl:1. Manuscript 2. Reviewer’s comments form

********************************************************************Prof. Sreenivas JayantiDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai 600 036, India

Associate Editor:International Journal of Heat and Mass TransferInternational Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Tel. : +91 (44) 2257 4168; 2257 4932Fax : +91 (44) 2257 0094E-mail: [email protected]********************************************************************

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Steps for the reviewer

Form to be filled up:

Comment sheets can be annexed

The comments can be done directlyon the manuscript

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

REVIEW SHEET

Paper No: B/J08093 Reviewer’s Name & Institution

Author(s)

Date Review

Requested

Review to becompleted by

Recommendations

I. Acceptable

Accept paper without changes

Accept paper. Enclosed suggestions to be sent to the author but changes not mandatory.

If the author improves the paper as suggested in enclosed comments, or submits a convincing

rebuttal, accept paper.

II Not Acceptable

Paper is not acceptable in its present form. The author should resubmit the manuscript for a new review

after revising it as suggested in the enclosed comments.

Paper is not acceptable because of its length. The author should shorten the paper and resubmit it.

Paper is not acceptable and should be rejected. Detailed reasons enclosed.

III. Grading of Technical Quality

Excellent: of major significance.

Good: valuable technical information or method.

Average; makes a contribution; is of current interest (circle one).

Poor: of little or questionable value.

IV. Quality of Manuscript

Clearly readable.

Difficult to read; constructive suggestions are made in the text.

Illustrations (line drawings and half-tones) are:

Of good quality.

Of inadequate quality; figure numbers and pertinent comments are:

Please provide detailed comments in duplicate on a separate sheet. Print or type your name and sign both copies ofthe comment sheet if you wish your identity transmitted to the author with your review. Sign only one copy of the

comment sheet if you wish to remain anonymous.

Dr. L.F. Cabeza

Escola Politècnica Superior

Universitat de Lleida

C/Jaume II, 69, Lleida, 25001Spain

S. Kalaiselvam, L. Marcel Xavier, G.R.

Kumaresh and N. Deepak Kumar


Steps for the author

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Steps for the authorModel description, second set of indents, indent 2

Monthly energy output of PVs and.. .. average efficiency of solar

thermal collectors.

Comment: is here taken into account the slope and azimuth of the PVs

and the set temperatures of Table three for the solar thermal

collectors. What type of storage is taken into account for the thermal

collectors ???

Yes, the slope and the azimuth of the PV panels are taken into account

in the calculations for the electricity output. Yes, the temperatures

are also used in the calculations for the solar collectors.

A 3000 l hot water tank is actually used as buffer for the solar

collectors.

no changes made in the text.

Model description, third set of indents, indent 3, subindents

kwh => kWh

changed

Results, paragraph 2, sentence 9

Comment: It is not very probable that the COPs of compression chillers

will decrease. Instead currently an increase of the COP due to better

compressors is taking place in the market.

We agree that COPs up to 4 or 5 are achievable, but one must take into

account the relatively harsh conditions in Lleida in summer months,

with daily average temperatures around 40 ºC. In these conditions the

COP is not the nominal, but lower due to the higher deltaT.



Comment: Larger output of PVs in summer on a southern wall??? This can

not be true (especially not at al latitude of 41�).

We agree that the out from the vertical PV must be lower in summer

(see 4th column in Table 2). But we are referring to the sum of PV

outputs, both the southern wall and the horizontal PV arrays. The

electricity output of the two is higher in summer (see last column of

Table 2).



remark => show

changed

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