2. mud testing
TRANSCRIPT
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Mud Testing
• Importance o !ood data " T#ere is no $a% to e&a'uate a dri''ing 'uid(s
perormance or to diagnose a pro)'em un'ess testingdata are a&ai'a)'e* And i t#at data are unre'ia)'e---romau't% e+uipment, poor tec#ni+ues or care'essness---t#enan incorrect e&a'uation $i'' resu't*
• Importance o tandard Procedure
" It is t#ereore imperati&e t#at mud testing )e donecorrect'% )% using API standardi.ed procedures*t#er$ise t#e data are ot $ort# t#e paper it is $rittenon
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
4#% 5oes t#e i' Industr% eed to 6a&e
tandard Testing Procedures or 5ri''ing F'uids
• ma'' dierences in procedure can ma8e a'arge dierence in test resu'ts9suc# as
" tirring or not stirring a samp'e--- can put air
into samp'e and ma8e retort &o'ume inaccurate
" Temperature o oi'-mud r#eo'og% test---can
ma8e a 10-20: error in P'astic ;iscosit% and
t#e <ie'd Point &a'ues o)tained
" Incorrect end-point co'or reading o c#'oride---going to )ric8-red rat#er t#an sa'mon-pin8
can gi&e 10 or 20: #ig#er c#'orides
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Large dierences in procedures " not in API
9s#ou'd )e or)idden* A person doing t#is
is not perorming proper mud
engineering---suc# as
" =unning i'tration test or 7*> minutes, rat#er
t#an 30 minutes---and dou)'ing resu'ts andreporting resu'ts as 30 minute &o'ume
" Perorming titrations $it#out proper pipettes,
correct stirring, proper 'ig#ting " or )eing
una)'e to see t#e endpoint co'or c#ange*
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
tandard Test Procedures
@an )e o)tained rom t#e
American Petro'eum Institute
Pu)'ication and 5istri)ution ection
1220 L treet, 4
4as#ington, 5@ 2000>
B202C-D2-37>
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Mud Tests Are sed to 5iagnose t#e
Fo''o$ing 5ri''ing Pro)'ems
• a't $ater 'o$• 6%drau'ic pressure o mud in $e'')ore too #ig# or
too 'o$
• Lost circu'ation
• tuc8 pipe• 4e'')ore sta)i'it%
• 4rong r#eo'og%, $rong r#eo'og% mode'
• @ontaminated mud
• EGcess pressure drop
• Poor #o'e c'eaning
• 5ierentia' pressure stic8ing
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Formation damage
• F'occu'ation o mud
• Hua'it% o so'ids in mud are poor
• EGcess pump $ear
• nconso'idated sands
• @orrosion
• Mud c#emica's not so'u)'e in mud• Poor mud caused )% car)onate and )icar)onate
contamination
• Poor mud caused )% ca'cium
• En'argement o sa't ormation
• @ontamination )% su'ides
• Emu'sion deterioration
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API 5iagnostic Tests
• Mud )a'ance
• Mars# unne'
• =otationa' &iscometer • Fi'ter press9i'tration rate and mud ca8e c#aracteristics
• 6P6T i'ter press
• p6 meter
• and screen ---sand content
• Mud sti'' ---so'ids, oi', and $ater contents
• Titration apparatus---c#emica' ana'%sis
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Mud 4eig#t- B$ater muds i' mudsC
• E+uipment Mud Ja'ance
" @up $it# )eam and rider Matc#ing 'id
upport )ase
" T#ermometer 32-220KF
• To o)tain density of mud
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Test Procedure
• Measure temperature o mud and record on API
Mud report• Fi'' cup $it# mud* Press cap into p'ace* A''o$
gas/air and eGcess to escape t#roug# #o'e in cap
• 4it# 'id secure'% #e'd, $ipe o&er'o$ mud o cap
and 'id* I necessar%, $as# )a'ance in $ater or oi'• P'ace )a'ance on 8nie-edge o )ase support* Mo&e
rider unti' )u))'e s#o$s 'e&e'
• =ead @areu''% t#e position o t#e rider to o)tain
densit%• =ecord densit% on API mud report
• @'ean mud )a'ance $it# $ater or oi'
• 5r% and proper'% store )a'ance in case
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• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test
" 5ensit% o mud at temperature of sample tested
• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis
" a't $ater 'o$s
" T#e ca'cu'ation o #%drostatic pressure
" Lost circu'ation, stuc8 pipe, and $e'')ore
sta)i'it% pro)'ems
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Errors
• Ja'ance not ca'i)rated proper'%
• Ja'ance $as $et or dirt% $#en used or test
• Mud )a'ance reads a densit% too 'o$ i t#e
mud contains gas or air
• Lid and cup are not a matc#ed set
• ;i)ration or $ind causes inaccurate )a'ance
position
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Pressuri.ed Mud 4eig#t
• E+uipment Mud Ja'ance
" @up $it# )eam and rider Matc#ing 'id
upport )ase
" Pressuri.ation pump
" T#ermometer 32-220KF
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Test Procedure• Measure temperature o mud and record on API Mud report
• Fi'' cup $it# mud to $it#in inc# o u''
• ecure cap onto cup $it# top &a'&e on cap open
• Fi'' Pressuri.ation pumpB'i8e a s%ringeC $it# mud
• Attac# pump out'et onto top &a'&e
• Pump mud into cup using at 'east >0 ')s do$n$ard orce• P'ace )a'ance on 8nie-edge o )ase support
• Mo&e rider unti' )u))'e s#o$s 'e&e'
• =ead @areu''% t#e position o t#e rider to o)tain densit%
• =ecord densit% on API mud report
• 4as# mud )a'ance $it# $ater or oi'
• 5r% and proper'% store )a'ance in case
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• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test
" 5ensit% o mud at temperature of sample tested
" Assurance t#at mud $as not air/gas cut in t#e
)a'ance
• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis
" !as 'o$ detection
" A'' pro)'ems $#ere accurate mud densit% is
needed
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Errors
• Ja'ance not ca'i)rated proper'%
• Ja'ance $as $et or dirt% $#en used or test
• Lid and cup are not a matc#ed set
• Lid improper'% attac#ed
• ;i)ration or $ind causes in accurate )a'ance position
• Improper use o pump or pressuri.ation
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p6 5etermination
• E+uipment p6 Meter " p6 meter, 0-1? range
" Jatter% po$ered
" o'id state circuits
" 5igita' readout
" Temperature compensated
" Lo$-sodium-error g'ass p6e'ectrode
" Ag/Ag@' reerence
e'ectrode " Juer o'ution
" 5eioni.ed $ater
• To o)tain pH of mud
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Test Procedure
• amp'e o mud or mud i'trate at 70-0KF
• A''o$ )uer to a'so reac# 7-0KF• @'ean e'ectrodes )% $as#ing in disti''ed $ater
• P'ace pro)e in p6 7*0 )uer* Turn on meter* A''o$ readingto sta)i'i.e* Measure temperature o )uer*
• et t#is temperature on Temperature 8no)
• et meter to 7*0 $it# ca'i)ration 8no)
• =inse e'ectrodes $it# disti''ed $ater and )'ot dr%
• =epeat a)o&e operations $it# p6 ?*0 )uer or 10 )uer,depending on $#ic# side o neutra' t#e samp'e 'ies
• @#ec8 p6 7 )uer again and reset ca'i)ration 8no)
• P'ace e'ectrodes in mud or i'trate samp'e
• Ater D0-0 seconds, read p6 record on API mud report
• @'ean e'ectrodes and store in p6 ? )uer
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• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test " pH of sample. Relates to soluble chemicals in
mud
" To know if mud should be treated with causticor not
• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis " @orrosion, so'u)i'it% and eecti&eness o mud
c#emica's
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Errors
• 6ig# p6 and a@' muds $i'' read muc# 'o$er
t#an true i 'o$-+ua'it% e'ectrodes are used
• 5eteriorated )uers Bincorrect p6C ca'i)rate
$rong'%
• Jro8en e'ectrodes, dried out e'ectrodes, $ea8
)atteries
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Fi'tration---LTLP Test B$ater mudsC
• E+uipment " Lo$-pressure, 'o$-
temperature ce''
" @%'indrica' ce'', cap,
gas8et, pressure sourceand stand
" Fi'ter paper 0-mmdiameter 4#atman >0
N o* >7D* " Timer
" !raduated @%'inders10mL and 2>mL
d
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Test Procedure
• Je sure t#e ce'' is c'ean and dr%, itted $it# i'ter paper
• Pour mud into ce'' $it#in O inc#es o top• P'ace graduated c%'inder under ce'' out'et
• App'% 100 psi pressure to top o ce'' and start timer
• At end o 30 min* measure &o'ume in graduated c%'inder
Bsa&e i'trate or c#emica' ana'%ses as neededC• =ecord mL i'trate on mud report
• =eport ca8e t#ic8ness Bin 1/32-inc#esC on API mud report
• 5escri)e ca8e teGture, irmness etc on API mud report
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• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test " Filtrate volume in static condition for 30 min
" Thickness and quality of cake after 30min
" Filtrate sample for soluble component analyses
• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis
" Differential stickin and formation damae problems
" !ll chemical composition tests
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Errors
• =eading top o meniscus produces too #ig# &a'ue
• Incorrect or c#eap graduated c%'inder
• !raduate or i'ter ce'' #ad $ater in it )eore test
• 5id not run 30 min
• ot correct paper used " more t#an one s#eet used
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Fi'tration---6T6P Test B$ater and i' mudsC
• E+uipment
" 6ig#-pressure, 6ig#-
temperature ce''
" @%'indrica' ce'', cap,
gas8et, pressure sourceand stand
" Fi'ter paper 4#atman
>0 N o* >7D*
" Timer
" !raduated @%'inders
10mL and 2>mL
T P d
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Test Procedure
• Pre#eat #eating ac8et to 10F a)o&e test temperature
• tir mud > min Bor JMC, 10 min Bor 4JMC• Pour mud into ce''* Lea&e 1 BJMC or O inc#es B4JMC
space
• Assem)'e ce'' #ig# pressure top, 'o$ pressure )ottom
• Put ce'' $it# mud into #eating ac8et• App'% proper top and )ottom pressures
• P'ace graduated c%'inder under out'et
• =ecord &o'ume ater 30 minutes on API mud report
• @oo' ce''* pen and reco&er i'ter ca8e* Measure ca8e*
• =ecord ca8e t#ic8ness Bin 1/32 inc#esC and ca8e +ua'it%
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• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained $it# T#is
Test
" Filtrate volume in HT"H# static condition for 30 min
" Thickness and quality of cake after 30min
" $ompare HT"H# filtrate and %T"%# filtrate volumes
• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis
" Hih temperature mud chemical deradation
" #roblems of differential stickin and formation damae
in hot holes
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Errors
• =eading top o meniscus produces too #ig# &a'ue
• Incorrect or c#eap graduated c%'inder
• !raduate or i'ter ce'' #ad $ater in it )eore test
• 5id not run 30 min
• ot correct paper used " more t#an one s#eet used
• Incorrect ce'' pressure or mud temperature
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• For $ater, t#e
unne' &iscosit% is
2D sec/+t Q7>F
• Jut Mud does not
'o$ at a constants#ear rate $#i'e
going t#roug# t#e
Mars# Funne'(s
tu)e at )ottom
T t P d
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Test Procedure
• @o&er t#e 'o$er oriice o t#e unne' $it# inger
• Pour res#'% samp'ed mud t#roug# t#e screen unti'mud is touc#ing )ottom o t#e screen
• 6o'd t#e unne' o&er cup
• =emo&e inger and start stop$atc#
• Measure time or one +uart to eGit unne' oriice
• Measure temperature o mud in cup
• =ecord Funne' ;iscosit%, sec/+uart, on API mud
report• =ecord temperature o samp'e on API mud report
• 4as# unne' and mud cup* tore proper'%
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
•4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test
" Funne' ;iscosit% o mud at temperature of
sample tested
" Indicates i maor c#anges #a&e occurred in
mud
• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis
" @ontaminated 'occu'ated mud, suc# as sa't$ater 'o$s
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Errors
• Funne' not in usa)'e condition* riice )ent or
p'ugged
• Mud not poured t#roug# screen " cuttings p'ugoriice
• ot enoug# mud in Funne' at start o test
• top$atc# not started/stopped on time
• 5iicu't% seeing mar8s on mud cup at one-+uart
• Incorrect mud cup used*
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
5irect Indicating ;iscometer
• E+uipment ;iscometer " 5irect indicating &iscometer
" T#ermostatic samp'e cup
" T#ermometer 32-220KF
" top$atc#
• To o)tain rheoloy of mud
T t P d
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Test Procedure
• Put mud samp'e in t#ermostatic mud cup
• et temperature at 120KF or 1>0KF Boi' mud on'%C• =ecord test temperature on API mud report
• et at D00 =PM note dia' reading $#en stead%
• =epeat, $it# instrument at 300=PM
• tir samp'e at D00=PM or 10 seconds• A''o$ mud to sit undistur)ed or 10 secs
• Turn rotor at 3=PM* ote 10secs* ge' strengt# ondia'*
• tir samp'e at D00rpm or 10 secs
• A''o$ mud to sit undistur)ed or 10 minutes
• Turn rotor at 3 rpm* ote 10 min* ge' strengt# on dia'
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained $it# T#is
Test
" &ield point
" #lastic viscosity
" '0 sec. and '0 min. el strenth on dial
• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis
" Mud r#eo'og% and proper mode' se'ection
" @ontaminated mud
" Pressure drop and #o'e c'eaning ca'cu'ations, etc
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Errors
• Incorrect )o) or spring spring not ca'i)rated
• Jent spind'e causing non-uniorm annu'ar gap
• Incorrect =PMs " s'ipping c'utc#, $orn gears, )ad
motor
• Incorrect temperature )ad t#ermometer
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
and @ontent
• 200-mes# sie&e
• Funne' to it sie&e
• A g'ass tu)e
ca'i)rated to read
direct'% t#e : o
sand )% &o'ume
T t P d
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Test Procedure• Fi'' g'ass measuring tu)e to mar8 $it# mud
•Add $ater to neGt mar8 • #a8e t#e tu)e &igorous'%
• Pour contents o tu)e onto screen, discarding 'i+uid
• Add More $ater to tu)e, s#a8e and pour t#roug# screen
• =epeat unti' tu)e is c'ean• 4as# so'ids on t#e screen unti' t#e% are c'ean
• Put unne' upside do$n o&er top o sie&e
• Insert unne' tip into mout# o g'ass tu)e• 4as# sand o screen into g'ass tu)e $it# $ater spra%
• A''o$ sand to sett'e and read &o' : sand
• =eport and as &o' : on API Mud =eport
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
•4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test
" Amount o coarse so'ids in mud, t#at ma% )e
a)rasi&e
" 5ri''ing contractors app'% t#is test to $arn o
possi)'e $ear on pumps, etc
• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis
" EGcess pump $ear " Fai'ure o unconso'idated sands
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Errors
• Incomp'ete $as#ing o so'ids on screen
• sing $rong graduation mar8s on tu)e
• creen p'ugs, so sma''er partic'es are
retained
• @an(t use oi'-)ase mud in t#is test
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
A'8a'init% B$ater mudsC
• E+uipment A'8a'init% Titration
" 0*02 u'uric acid so'ution
" P#enop#t#a'ein indicator so'ution p6R*3Endpoint
" p6 meter Boptiona'C
" 4#ite titration dis# " Pipettes, 1mL and 10mL, and a stirring rod
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Procedure
" P'ace 1*0mL Bor moreC LT-LP i'trate in titration dis# " Add p#enop#t#a'ein p6 indicator so'ution, pin8 appears
" 4#i'e stirring rapid'%, add su'uric acid so'ution drop )%
drop unti' pin8 co'or disappears
" n API Mud =eport, record PRmL acid/mL i'trate " Add met#%' orange p6 indicator so'ution* <e''o$
appears*
" 4#i'e stirring rapid'%, add su'uric acid so'ution drop )%
drop unti' %e''o$ co'or c#anges to pin8 or reddis# " n API Mud =eport, record MRmL acid/mL i'trate
" TE M inc'udes acid to reac# PSM endpoint*
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• 4#at Important Inormation is )tained
$it# T#is Test
" sing P and M &o'umes o acid a''o$s t#eca'cu'ation o #%droG%', car)onates and
)icar)onate ion concentrations in i'trate* T#is
is correct on'% in simp'e $ater muds incorrect
in comp'eG mud i'trates
" M re+uent'% corre'ates $it# tota' car)onate
ions
" M gi&es guidance to pro)a)'e need or'ime/g%psum additions to correct car)onate
contamination pro)'ems
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• 4#at is t#is test used in t#e ana'%sis o
" @ontamination )% car)onates and )icar)onates
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Potentia' @auses o Error
" Titrations can )e $rong
• sing contaminated e+uipment---pipettes, etc
• ot stirring rapid'% during acid additions
• &ers#ooting co'or end points or stopping too soon
• 4#at errors oten occur $#en t#is test is
perormed
" Missing titration dis# $it# drops rom pipette
" A''o$ing i'trates samp'e to a)sor) @2 rom air
" sing $rong strengt# acid 0*1 or 0*02 or >
• Adding di'ution $ater to samp'e
• sing 6T-6P i'trate samp'e, not t#e LT-LP i'trate
L me a 6 2 ontent
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
L me a 6 2 ontent
B$ater mudsC
• E+uipment A'8a'init%
Titration
" 0*02 su'uric acid so'ution " P#enop#t#a'ein indicator
so'ution p6R*3 endpoint
" p6 meter Boptiona'C
" 4#ite titration dis# " Pipettes, 1mL and 10mL
" tirring rod
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Procedure
" Measure 1*0mL o $#o'e mud into titration dis#
" 5i'ute mud $it# 2>->0m' disti''ed $ater " Add p#enop#t#a'ein p6 indicator so'ution pin8 appears
" Add su'uric acid so'ution drop )% drop unti' pin8 co'or
disappears Btir =apid'%C
" n API Mud =eport, record PmRmL acid/mL mud• 4#at important inormation is o)tained
" @a'cu'ate t#e 'ime content using Pm, P and retort $ater
raction
• 4#at is t#is test used in t#e ana'%sis o
" Mud 'occu'ation )% presence o t#e ca'cium ion
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Errors
" =eading t#e $rong endpoints*
" Errors o ai'ing to stir t#e titration rapid'%
during addition o su'uric acid---a''o$s #ot
spots Bareas o 'o$ p6C to occur in titration
dis# and 'imestone $i'' consume t#e acid* T#is'eads to o&er estimation o 'ime
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
@#'oride B$ater mudsC
• E+uipment @#'oride titration " i'&er nitrate reagent
" Potassium c#romate indicatorso'ution
" u'uric acid so'ution 0*02 " P#enop#t#a'ein so'ution,
indicator
" 5isti''ed $ater
" 4#ite titration dis# " Pipettes, 1m' and 10m'
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Procedure
" P'ace 1*0m'Bor moreC LT-LP i'trate in titration dis#
" Add p#enop#t#a'ein p6 indicator so'ution, i pin8
appears add su'uric acid unti' pin8 is gone
" I i'trate is dar8 co'ored add 2 m' su'uric acid and 1
gram ca'cium car)onate B to $#iten so'utionC
" Add 2>->0 m' disti''ed $ater
" Add potassium c#romate indicator so'ution
" Add si'&er nitrate drop )% drop unti' %e''o$ c#anges to
reddis# and persists 30 seconds*
" @a'cua'te m' Ag3 so'ution/mL i'trate
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• 4#at important inormation is o)tained
" T#e presence o disso'&ed a@', V@', @a@'2 or
simi'ar c#'oride sa'ts is indicated )% c#'oride
ion in i'trate*
• 4#at is t#is test used in t#e ana'%sis o
" T#e contro' o sa'init% in saturated and s'ig#t'%
under-saturated a@' muds
" T#e presence o increased c#'orides indicates
t#e 'o$ o sa't $ater into res# $ater muds
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Errors
" Titration ma% )e in error )ecause o procedura'mista8es )% mud engineer, suc# as
• Fai'ure to stir rapid'% during additions o reagent
and o&ers#ooting endpoint
• Fai'ure to use proper strengt# Ag3
• @ontaminated e+uipment pipettes, titration dis#, etc
• Missing titration dis# $it# titration so'ution
•sing di'ution $ater t#at is not disti''ed
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Tota' 6ardness as @a'cium
• E+uipment Tota' 6ardness titration " E5TA B;ersenateC so'ution B1mLR?00mg @a2SC
" Juer so'ution --- ammonium c#'oride/#%droGides%stem
" 6ardness indicator so'ution @a'magite
" !'acia' acetic acid so'ution
" odium #%poc#'orite
" 5isti''ed or deioni.ed $ater
" Titration )ea8er, 1>0m'
" Pipettes, >m' and 10m'
" 6ot p'ate
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Procedure
" P'ace 1*0m'Bor moreC LT-LP i'tration in 1>0 m' )ea8er " Add 1m' g'acia' acetic acid, 10 m' #%poc#'orite and
)oi' > min on #ot p'ate to de-co'or i'trate
" @oo' and di'ute samp'e to >0 m' $it# $ater
" Add 2 m' )uer so'ution miG add #ardness indicator " 4it# $ine-red co'or, add E5TA so'ution drop )% drop
" ote &o'ume o E5TA $#en t#e so'ution turns red to
)'ue
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• 4#at important inormation is o)tained
" Possi)'e #ardness ions are @aSS, MgSS, FeSS
" It can come rom man% sources* In res#$ater
)entonite muds #ardness ions cause
'occu'ation o c'a%s
• 4#at is t#is test used in t#e ana'%sis o
" F'occu'ated c'a%s and mud contro' pro)'ems
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Errors
" Titration ma% )e $rong " Fai'ure to stir rapid'% during addition o E5TA
" Fai'ure to use proper strengt# E5TA
" Juer is $ea8, due to ammonia 'ost rom so'ution
" @ontaminated e+uipment, pipette, titration dis#, etc*
" A''o$ing drops o E5TA to a'' outside t#e dis#
" sing di'ution $ater t#at is not disti''ed
" Ina)i'it% o mud engineer to detect t#e su)t'e co'orc#ange rom red to )'ue
P t i A) >000 /L
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
Potassium A)o&e >000mg/L• E+uipment potassium @entriuge and Vo'mer
tu)e " odium perc#'orate so'ution
" V@' standard so'ution
" @entriuge 100 =PM--- #and-cran8ed or e'ectric
" Vo'mer tu)e "10m' graduated " ;o'umetric pipettes 0*>, 1*>, 2*> N 3*0 m'
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Procedure
" Prepare V@' so'ution $it# 0, 3*>, 10*> N 17*> ')/))'
" To our Vo'mer tu)es add 0, 0*>, 1*>, 2*> m' standard
V@' so'ution* 5i'ute to 7*0 m' mar8 on tu)e
" To eac# tu)e add 3*0 m' sodium perc#'orate so'ution
" @entriuge Vo'mer tu)es at 100=PM or 1 min
" =ead #eig#t o $#ite precipitate in Vo'mer tu)e
" P'ot cur&e or use as a ca'i)ration cur&e
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
" Ana'%.e mud i'trate samp'e
" Measure a &o'ume o LT-LP i'trate into Vo'mer tu)e
" 5i'ute to 7*0m' $it# deioni.ed $ater
" Add 3*0 m' sodium perc#'orate so'ution
" @entriuge Vo'mer tu)e at 100rpm or 1 min
" Add 2-3 drop more sodium perc#'orate to c'ear 'a%er inVo'mer tu)e* I $#ite precipitate orms, repeat test
using a sma''er &o'ume o i'trate samp'e
" =ead #eig#t o $#ite precipitate in Vo'mer tu)e
" !o to ca'i)ration cur&e to ind ')/))' V@'*
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• 4#at important inormation is o)tained
" @oncentration o V S in i'trate p#ase o $ater
mud " E&en t#oug# it ma% )e VAc Bor ot#er V S
sourceC t#e amount o V S ion is presented as i
it $ere V@'
• 4#at is t#is test used in t#e ana'%sis o
" @oncentration o V S ion in potassium muds to
sta)i'i.e s#a'es
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PE7123-FALL/2003-
• Errors
" Fai'ure to prepare proper $or8ing cur&e or
%our test e+uipment
• @entriuge speed, etc
" Fai'ure to use proper amount o i'trate samp'e
" T#is met#od is usa)'e L< a)o&e >000mg/LV@'* ome muds $i'' #a&e 'ess t#an >000mg/L
" TE or 'ess t#an >000mg/L V@' use t#e
ion-e'ecti&e e'ectrode
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