History

Typical map of a MOBA genre game. Yellow lines are the "lanes" where action is focused; blue and red dots are the defensive "towers/turrets" that defend them; light-colored quarter circles are the teams' bases; and blue and red corners are the structures whose destruction claims victory.

The roots of the genre can be traced back decades to one of the earliest real-time strategy titles, the 1989 Sega Mega Drive/Genesis game Herzog Zwei.[4][5]

It has been cited as a precursor to,[6] or an early example of,[7] the MOBA/ARTS genre. It used a similar formula, where each player controls a single command unit in one of two opposing sides on a battlefield.[4][5][6] In 1998, Future Cop: LAPD featured a strategic Precinct Assault mode similar to Herzog Zwei, where the players could actively fight alongside generated non-player units.[8][9] Herzog Zwei  's influence is also apparent in several later MOBA games such as Guilty Gear 2: Overture (2007)[10][11] and AirMech (2012).[7]

In 1998, computer game company Blizzard Entertainment released its best-selling real-time strategy game (RTS) StarCraft with a suite of game editing tools called StarEdit. The tools allowed members of the public to design and create custom maps that allowed play very different from the normal maps. A modder known as Aeon64 made a custom map named Aeon of Strife (AoS) that became very popular.[3][12] Aeon64 stated that he was attempting to create gameplay similar to that of Future Cop: LAPD's Precinct Assault mode. In the Aeon of Strife map, players controlled a single powerful hero unit fighting amidst three lanes, though terrain outside these lanes was nearly vacant.[13]

In 2002, Blizzard released Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos (WC3), with the accompanying Warcraft III World Editor. Both the MOBA and tower defense subgenres took substantive shape within the WC3 modding community. A modder named Eul began converting Aeon of Strife into the Warcraft III engine, calling the map Defense of the Ancients (DotA). Eul substantially improved the complexity of play from the original Aeon of Strife mod. Shortly after creating the custom DotA map, Eul left the modding scene. With no clear successor, Warcraft III modders created a variety of maps based on DotA and featuring different heroes. In 2003, after the release of Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne, a map creator named Meian[1] created a DotA variant closely modeled on Eul's map, but combining heroes from the many other versions of DotA that existed at the time. Called DotA: Allstars, it was inherited after a few months by a modder called Steve "Guinsoo" Feak, and under his guidance it became the dominant map of the genre. After more than a year of maintaining the DotA: Allstars map, with the impending release of an update that significantly changed the map layout, Guinsoo left the development to his adjutant Neichus in the year 2005.[1] After some weeks of development and some versions released, the latter turned over responsibility to a modder named IceFrog, who initiated large changes to the mechanics that deepened its complexity and capacity for innovative gameplay. The changes conducted by IceFrog were well-received and the number of users on the Dota: Allstars forum is thought to have peaked at over one million.[13]

By 2008, the popularity of DotA had attracted commercial attention.[14] That year, The Casual Collective released Minions, a Flash web game.[15] Gas Powered Games also released the first stand-alone commercial title in the genre, Demigod.[16][17] In late 2009, Riot Games' debut title, League of Legends initially designed by Feak, was released.[18][19] Riot began to refer to the game's genre as a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA).[20] Also in 2009, IceFrog, who had continued to develop DotA: Allstars, was hired by Valve Corporation, in order to design a sequel to the original map.[13]

In 2010, S2 Games released Heroes of Newerth, with a large portion of its gameplay and aesthetics based on DotA: Allstars.[21][22] The same year, Valve announced Dota 2 and subsequently secured the franchise's intellectual property rights,[23][24] after being contested by Riot Games for the DotA trademark.[25] Dota 2 was released in 2013, and was referred to by Valve as

an "action real-time strategy" game.[20] In 2012, Activision Blizzard settled a trademark dispute with Valve over the usage of the DOTA trademark and announced their own standalone game, which was eventually named Heroes of the Storm.[26][27][28][29][30] Blizzard adopted their own personal dictation for their game's genre with "hero brawler", citing its focus on action.[31] In 2014, Hi-Rez Studios released Smite,[32] a MOBA with a third-person perspective.

Gameplay

There are two opposing teams whose goal collectively as a team is generally to destroy their enemy's base to win,[33] though some games have the option of different victory conditions.[34] Typically, there is one main structure which must be destroyed to win, though destroying other structures within the opposing team's base may confer other benefits. Defensive structures are in place to prevent this, as well as relatively weak computer-controlled units which periodically spawn at each base and travel down predefined paths toward the opposing team's base.[35] There are typically 3 "lanes" that are the main ways of getting from one base to another. There are also specific type of roles, the names of which vary from game to game (typically a damage role, a support role, and a tanking role).

A player controls a single powerful in-game unit generally called a 'hero'. When a hero stands near a killed enemy unit or kills an enemy unit, it gains experience points which allow the hero to level up. When a hero levels up, they have the ability to learn more powerful skills and abilities. When a hero dies, they have to wait a designated time, which generally increases as they level up, until they revive at their base.[36]

Each player receives a small amount of gold per second from their base. Moderate amounts of gold are rewarded for killing hostile computer-controlled units and larger amounts are rewarded for killing enemy heroes. Gold is used by heroes to buy a variety of different items that range in price and impact. For the most part, this involves improving the combat viability of the hero, although there may be other items that support the hero or team as a whole in different ways.[37]

As the heroes of each team get stronger, they can use multiple strategies to gain an advantage. These strategies can include securing objectives, killing

enemy heroes and farming gold by killing A.I. units. The stronger a team gets, the more capable they are at destroying the enemy team and their base.

Members of the genre do not generally feature several other elements traditionally found in real-time strategy games, notably base management, and army building. Some video games have certain heroes which control a few specialized units. The RPG genre has a much closer resemblance to the gameplay, only limited to an arena.

www.wikipedia.com

"La primera 'Olimpiada Intergaláctica de Spacewar!' tendrá lugar aquí, el miércoles 19 de octubre, con una duración aproximada de 2000 horas. El primer premio será un año de suscripción a la revista Rolling Stone. El evento será documentado por el reportero de Stone Sports, Stewart Brand, y fotografiado por Annie Liebovitz. ¡Cerveza gratis!"

Universidad de Stanford, 1972. Decenas de estudiantes se reúnen en el campus dispuestos a participar en un torneo de Spacewar!, uno de los primeros videojuegos de la historia, constituyendo el germen del evento que casi una década después, en 1980, organizaría la propia Atari. El Space Invaders Championship congregó a más de 10.000 participantes estadounidenses, convirtiéndose en una de las competiciones más multitudinarias de la historia y dejando claro que el lado competitivo de los videojuegos tenía suma relevancia.

El Space Invaders Championship de 1981.

Dejando de lado eventos presenciales, encontramos en Netrek el precursor de los juegos competitivos en línea de hoy en día. Diseñado por Kevin Smith y Scott Silvey y desarrollado como código abierto, esta mezcla de shoot em' up y estrategia en tiempo real para 16 personas llegó en 1988, convirtiéndose en el primer juego online por equipos de la historia.

Los eSports no son solo un simple entretenimiento y resultan ser también un negocio y una profesión cuya magnitud no deja de crecer: en los últimos cinco años la audiencia ha crecido más de un 1500% y los premios económicos han aumentado en un 800%.

Pero pese a estos primeros pasos dentro del aspecto competitivo, no es hasta finales de los años noventa cuando encontramos la que es considerada por muchos la primera competición oficial de los deportes electrónicos. Quake, el mítico título de id Software, fue núcleo absoluto de un campeonato llamado Red Annihilation que, en mayo de 1997, acabó con un victorioso Dennish 'Thresh' Fong llevándose a casa un peculiar y llamativo premio: un Ferrari 328 GTS perteneciente a la amplia colección de John Carmack, co-fundador de id Software y uno de las figuras más influyentes en la historia del videojuego.

Desde ese momento hasta el día de hoy han transcurrido casi dos décadas, en las cuales hemos presenciado el nacimiento de grandes competiciones todavía vigentes como la Major League Gaming o la Electronic Sports League, la caída de otras como la Cyberathlete Professional League, la celebración de grandes torneos como el Evolution Championship Series y hemos vivido partidas y momentos históricos que forman parte del imaginario colectivo, como el popularmente conocido como '#Moment 37'. Por el camino, claro, hemos asistido al nacimiento de auténticas leyendas como Jonathan 'Fatality' Wendel, Lim 'Boxer' Yo Hwan o, en tiempos más recientes, Lee 'Faker' Sang-hyeok.

Obviamente, los deportes electrónicos no son solo un simple entretenimiento y resultan ser también un negocio y una profesión cuya magnitud no deja de crecer: en los últimos cinco años la audiencia (presencial y a través de la red) ha crecido más de un 1500% alcanzando los casi 80 millones de espectadores repartidos en más de 170 países, mientras que los premios económicos han aumentado en un 800%, llegando a repartirse 30 millones de dólares durante el pasado 2014.

Así, aunque no deja de ser sorprendente, parece que ya estamos acostumbrados a que miles de personas inunden estadios para presenciar las finales de Dota 2, League of Legends o Counter Strike: Global Offensive mientras millones de usuarios alrededor del mundo siguen unas retransmisiones cada vez más cuidadas y profesionales a través de servicios de streaming como Twitch (una de las principales causas del aumento de popularidad de los e-Sports) o, tal y como ocurriera recientemente, en la mismísima cadena ESPN.

En consecuencia son cada vez más los jugadores que dan el salto a la profesionalización, entrenando y compitiendo durante jornadas de ocho a doce horas, obteniendo un salario mensual mientras conviven con su equipo en las denominadas gaming house, algo que, en gran medida, no sería

posible sin la inversión y el apoyo de grandes marcas y multinacionales como Intel, Coca-Cola o Microsoft.

Por todo esto, es común que cada vez sean más las compañías de videojuegos que ven en los eSports un pastel muy jugoso con muchos trozos todavía por repartir. Empresas de suma relevancia en la historia de los videojuegos como Blizzard o Valve cuentan con departamentos internos dedicados exclusivamente a la adecuación de sus franquicias a los deportes electrónicos, y entre ambas se reparten tres de los cinco títulos competitivos más jugados a día de hoy. Mientras, Riot Games o, de nuevo, Valve, son las propias encargadas de organizar torneos de calado internacional como la LCS o el The International, las competiciones de más alto nivel de LoL y Dota 2.

Así pues, este somero repaso al nacimiento y evolución de los deportes electrónicos deja claro que pese al crecimiento fulgurante del sector durante el último lustro, el final del camino parece estar todavía muy lejos. Eso sí, no está ni estará exento de obstáculos y problemas con los que lidiar y aprender a superar, demostrando así la madurez del medio. Pero de eso hablaremos próximamente...

www.eurogamer.es

The International, an annual Dota 2 tournament.

Esports (also known as eSports, e-sports, competitive gaming, electronic sports, or progaming in Korea) is a term for organized multiplayer video game competitions, particularly between professional players. The most common video game genres associated with electronic sports are real-time strategy, fighting, first-person shooter, and multiplayer online battle arena.

Tournaments such as The International Dota 2 Championships, the League of Legends World Championship, the Battle.net World Championship Series, the Evolution Championship Series, the Intel Extreme Masters, provide both live broadcasts of the competition, and cash prizes to competitors.

Although organized competitions have long been a part of video game culture, competitions have seen a large surge in popularity from the late 2000s and early 2010s. While competitions around 2000 were largely between amateurs, the proliferation of professional competitions and growing viewership now supports a significant number of professional players and teams,[1] and many video game developers now build features into their games designed to facilitate such competition.

The genre of fighting games and arcade fighters have also been popular in amateur tournaments, although the fighting game community has often distanced themselves from the eSports label.[2] In 2012, the most popular titles featured in professional competition were the multiplayer online battle arena games Dota 2, League of Legends, and the real time strategy game StarCraft II.[3] Shooting games like Counter Strike and Call of Duty have enjoyed some success as eSports, although their viewer numbers have remained below those of their competitors.[4]

Geographically, eSports competitions have their roots in Germany (2015) developed countries.[original research?] South Korea has the best established eSports organizations, officially licensing pro-gamers since the year 2000.[5] Official recognition of eSports competitions outside South Korea has come somewhat slower. In 2013, Canadian League of Legends player Danny "Shiphtur" Le became the first pro-gamer to receive a United States P-1A visa, a category designated for "Internationally Recognized Athletes".[6][7][undue

weight? – discuss] Along with South Korea, most competitions take place in Europe, North America and China. Despite its large video game market, eSports in Japan is relatively underdeveloped, which has been attributed largely to its broad anti-gambling laws.[8] In 2014, the largest independent eSports brand, Electronic Sports League, partnered with the local eSports brand Japan Competitive Gaming to try and grow eSports in the country.[9]

In 2013, it was estimated that approximately 71,500,000 people worldwide watched competitive gaming.[10] The increasing availability of online

streaming media platforms, particularly Twitch.tv, has become central to the growth and promotion of eSports competitions.[11] Demographically, Major League Gaming has reported viewership that is approximately 85% male and 15% female, with 60% of viewers between the ages of 18 and 34.[12] Related this appreciable male majority, female gamers within the industry are subject to significant sexism and negative stereotypes.[13] Despite this, some women within eSports are hopeful about the general progress in overcoming these problems.[14][15]

Contents

[hide]

1 History o 1.1 Early history (1972–1989) o 1.2 Esports goes online (1990–1999) o 1.3 Rise of global tournaments (2000 onwards)

2 Classification as a sport 3 Games 4 Video game design

o 4.1 Spectator mode o 4.2 Online o 4.3 Local area network

5 Tournaments o 5.1 Local Prized Events

6 Teams and associations 7 Ethics in eSports

o 7.1 Performance-enhancing drugs o 7.2 Player exploitation o 7.3 Economics o 7.4 Women in eSports

8 Media coverage o 8.1 Internet live streaming o 8.2 Television

9 See also 10 References 11 External links

History[edit]

Early history (1972–1989)[edit]

Attendees of the 1981 Space Invaders Championship attempt to set the highest score.

The earliest known video game competition took place on October 19, 1972 at Stanford University for the game Spacewar. Stanford students were invited to an "Intergalactic spacewar olympics" whose grand prize was a year's subscription for Rolling Stone.[16] The Space Invaders Championship held by Atari in 1980 was the earliest large scale video game competition, attracting more than 10,000 participants across the United States, establishing competitive gaming as a mainstream hobby.[17]

In the summer of 1981, Walter Day founded a high score record keeping organization called Twin Galaxies.[18] The organization went on to help promote video games and publicize its records through publications such as the Guinness Book of World Records, and in 1983 it created the U.S. National Video Game Team. The team was involved in competitions, such as running the Video Game Masters Tournament for Guinness World Records [19] [20] and sponsoring the North American Video Game Challenge tournament.[21]

During the 1970s and 1980s, video game players and tournaments begun being featured in popular newspapers and magazines including Life and Time.[22] One of the most well known classic arcade game players is Billy Mitchell, for his listing as holding the records for high scores in six games including Pac-Man and Donkey Kong in the 1985 issue of the Guinness Book of World Records.[23] Televised eSports events aired during this period included the American show Starcade which ran between 1982 and 1984 airing a total of 133 episodes, on which contestants would attempt to beat each other's high scores on an arcade game.[24] A video game tournament was included as part

of TV show That's Incredible!,[25] and tournaments were also featured as part of the plot of various films, including 1982's Tron.[26]

Esports goes online (1990–1999)[edit]

In the 1990s, many games benefited from increasing internet connectivity, especially PC games. For example, the 1988 game Netrek was an Internet game for up to 16 players, written almost entirely in cross-platform open source software. Netrek was the third Internet game, the first Internet team game,[27] the first Internet game to use metaservers to locate open game servers, and the first to have persistent user information. In 1993 it was credited by Wired Magazine as "the first online sports game".[28]

Large eSports tournaments in the 1990s include the 1990 Nintendo World Championships, which toured across the United States, and held its finals at Universal Studios Hollywood in California. Nintendo held a 2nd World Championships in 1994 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System called the Nintendo PowerFest '94. There were 132 finalists that played in the finals in San Diego, California. Mike Iarossi took home 1st prize. Blockbuster Video also ran their own World Game Championships in the early 1990s, co-hosted by GamePro magazine. Citizens from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Chile were eligible to compete. Games from the 1994 championships included NBA Jam and Virtua Racing.[29]

Television shows featuring eSports during this period included the British shows GamesMaster and Bad Influence! the Australian gameshow A*mazing, which would show two children competing in various Nintendo games in order to win points.

Tournaments established in the late 1990s include the Cyberathlete Professional League (CPL) and QuakeCon. PC games played at the CPL included the Counter-Strike series, Quake series, and Warcraft.

Rise of global tournaments (2000 onwards)[edit]

Esports tournament prize amounts, 1998–2014.[30]

The growth of eSports in Korea is thought to have been influenced by the mass building of broadband internet networks following the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[31]

In the second decade of the 21st century, eSports has grown tremendously, incurring a large increase in both viewership and prize money.[32][33] Although large tournaments were founded before the 21st century, the number and scope of tournaments has increased significantly, going from about 10 tournaments in 2000 to about 260 in 2010.[11] Many successful tournaments were founded during this period, including the World Cyber Games, the Intel Extreme Masters, and Major League Gaming. The proliferation of tournaments included experimentation with competitions outside traditional eSports genres. For example, the September 2006 FUN Technologies Worldwide Webgames Championship featured 71 contestants competing in casual games for a $1 million grand prize.[34]

In April 2006 the G7 teams federation were formed by seven prominent Counter-Strike teams. The goal of the organization was to increase stability in the eSports world, particularly in standardizing player transfers and working with leagues and organizations. The founding members were 4 Kings, Fnatic, Made in Brasil, Mousesports, NiP, SK-Gaming, Team 3D.[35] The organization only lasted until 2009 before dissolving.[36]

The 2000s was also the peak[citation needed] of televised eSports. Television coverage was best established in South Korea, with StarCraft and Warcraft III competitions regularly televised by dedicated 24-hour cable TV game channels Ongamenet and MBCGame.[37] Elsewhere, eSports television coverage was sporadic. The German GIGA Television covered eSports until its shutdown in 2009. The United Kingdom satellite television channel

XLEAGUE.TV broadcast eSports competitions from 2007 to 2009. The online eSports only channel ESL TV[38] briefly attempted a paid television model re-branded GIGA II from June 2006 to autumn 2007. The French channel Game One broadcast e-sport matches in a show called Arena Online for the Xfire Trophy.[39] The United States channel ESPN hosted Madden NFL competitions in a show called Madden Nation from 2005 to 2008.[40] DirecTV broadcast the Championship Gaming Series tournament for 2 seasons in 2007 and 2008.[37] CBS aired prerecorded footage of the 2007 World Series of Video Games tournament that was held in Louisville, Kentucky, US.[41] The G4 television channel originally covered video games exclusively, but broadened its scope to cover technology and men's lifestyle, though has now shutdown.[37]

The popularity and emergence of online streaming services have helped the growth of eSports in this period, and are the most common method of watching tournaments. Twitch, an online streaming platform launched in 2011, routinely streams popular eSports competitions. In 2013, viewers of the platform watched 12 billion minutes of video on the service, with the two most popular Twitch broadcasters being League of Legends and Dota 2.[42] During one day of The International, Twitch recorded 4.5 million unique views, with each view watching for an average of 2 hours.[43]

The modern eSports boom has also seen a rise in video games companies embracing the eSports potential of their products. After many years of ignoring and at times suppressing the eSports scene, in 2014 Nintendo hosted an invitational Super Smash Bros. for Wii U competitive tournament at the 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) press conference. It was streamed online on Twitch.[44] Halo developers 343 Industries announced in 2014 plans to revive Halo as an esport with the creation of the Halo Championship Series and a prize pool of $50,000 USD.[45] Both Blizzard Entertainment and Riot Games have their own collegiate outreach programs with their North American Collegiate Championship.[46][47] Since 2013 universities and colleges in the United States such as Robert Morris University Illinois and the University of Pikeville have recognized electronic sports players as varsity level athletes and offer athletic scholarships.[48]

Physical viewership of eSports competitions and the scope of events have increased in tandem with the growth of online viewership.[49] In 2013 the Season 3 League of Legends World Championship was held in a sold-out

Staples Center.[50][dubious – discuss] The 2014 League of Legends World Championship in Seoul, South Korea had over 40,000 fans in attendance and featured the band Imagine Dragons, and opening and closing ceremonies in addition to the competition.[51]

Classification as a sport[edit]

Further information: Sport § Definition

Labelling video games as sports is somewhat controversial. While some point to the growth in popularity of eSports as justification for designating some games as sports, others contend that video games will never reach the status of "true sports".[52] However popularity is not the only reason identified: some have argued that "careful planning, precise timing, and skillful execution"[53] ought to be what classifies an activity as sport, and that physical exertion and outdoor playing areas are not required by all traditional or non-traditional 'sports'. In a 2014 technology conference, when asked about the recent buyout of popular game streaming service Twitch, ESPN president John Skipper described eSports as "not a sport - [they're] a competition."[54][55][56][57][58][59] In 2013 on an episode of Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel the panelist openly laughed at the topic.[60] In addition, many in the fighting games community maintain a distinction between their competitive gaming competitions and the more commercially connected eSports competitions of other genres.[61] Video games are sometimes classified as a mind sport.[62]

Games[edit]

Main article: List of eSports games

A number of games are popular among professional competitors. The tournaments which emerged in the mid-1990s coincided with the popularity of fighting games and first-person shooters, genres which still maintain a devoted fan base. In the 2000s, real-time strategy games became overwhelmingly popular in South Korean internet cafés, with crucial influence on the development of eSports worldwide. After 2010 with the release of Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne mod Defense of the Ancients, multiplayer online battle arena games became popular as esports.

Competitions exist for many titles and genres, though currently the most popular games are Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, League of Legends, Dota 2, Smite, Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft and StarCraft II.[3] Hearthstone has also popularized the digital collectible card game (CCG) genre in the electronic sports community since its release in 2014.[63]

Video game design[edit]

See also: Video game design

While it is common for video games to be designed with the experience of the player in game being the only priority, many successful eSports games have been designed to be played professionally from the beginning. Developers may decide to add dedicated eSports features, or even make design compromises to support high level competition. Games such as Starcraft II,[64] League of Legends,[65] and Dota 2[66] have all been designed, at least in part, to support professional competition.

Spectator mode[edit]

In addition to allowing players to participate in a given game, many game developers have added dedicated observing features for the benefit of spectators. This can range from simply allowing players to watch the game unfold from the competing player's point of view, to a highly modified interface that gives spectators access to information even the players may not have. The state of the game viewed through this mode may tend to be delayed by a certain amount of time in order to prevent either teams in a game from gaining a competitive advantage. The practice of using a stream to achieve an unfair advantage is commonly called "ghosting".[67][68] Games with these features include Call of Duty,[69] Starcraft II,[70][71] Dota 2,[72] League of Legends,[73] and Counter-Strike.[74]

Online[edit]

A very common method for connection is the Internet. Game servers are often separated by region, but high quality connections allow players to set up real-time connections across the world. Downsides to online connections include increased difficulty detecting cheating compared to physical events,

and greater network latency, which can negatively impact players' performance, especially at high levels of competition. Many competitions take place online, especially for smaller tournaments and exhibition games.

Since the 1990s, professional teams or organized clans have set up matches via Internet Relay Chat networks such as QuakeNet. As eSports has developed, it has also become common for players to use automated matchmaking clients built into the games themselves. This was popularized by the 1996 release of Blizzard's Battle.net, which has been integrated into both the Warcraft and StarCraft series. Automated matchmaking has become commonplace in console gaming as well, with services such as Xbox Live and the PlayStation Network. After competitors have contacted each other, the game is often managed by a game server, either remotely to each of the competitors, or running on one of the competitor's machines.

Local area network[edit]

Additionally, competitions are also often conducted over a local area network or LAN. The smaller network usually has very little lag and higher quality. Because competitors must be physically present, LANs help ensure fair play by allowing direct scrutiny of competitors. This helps prevent many forms of cheating, such as unauthorized hardware or software modding. The physical presence of competitors helps create a more social atmosphere at LAN events. Many gamers organize LAN parties or visit LAN centres, and most major tournaments are conducted over LANs.

Individual games have taken various approaches to LAN support. In contrast to the original Starcraft, Starcraft II was released without support for LAN play, drawing some strongly negative reactions from players.[75] League of Legends was originally released for online play only, but announced in October 2012 that a LAN client was in the works for use in major tournaments.[76] In September 2013, Valve added general support for LAN play to Dota 2 in a patch for the game.[77]

Tournaments[edit]

See also: List of eSports tournaments

Players at the 2013 Intel Extreme Masters in Katowice, Poland

Esports tournaments are almost always physical events in which occur in front of a live audience. The tournament may be part of a larger gathering, such as Dreamhack, or the competition may be the entirety of the event, like the World Cyber Games. Competitions take several formats, but the most common are single or double elimination, sometimes hybridized with group stage. Competitions usually have referees or officials to monitor for cheating.[78]

Although competitions involving video games have long existed, eSports underwent a significant transition in the late 1990s. Beginning with the Cyberathlete Professional League in 1997, tournaments became much larger, and corporate sponsorship became more common. Increasing viewership both in person and online brought eSports to a wider audience.[1][79] Major tournaments include the World Cyber Games, the North American Major League Gaming league, the France based Electronic Sports World Cup, and the World e-Sports Games currently held in Hangzhou, China.

For well established games, total prize money can amount to millions of dollars a year.[80][81] Often, game developers provide prize money for tournament competition directly,[80] but sponsorship may also come from third parties, typically companies selling computer hardware, energy drinks, or computer software. Generally, hosting a large eSports event is not profitable as a stand alone venture.[82] For example, Riot has stated that their headline League of Legends Championship Series is "a significant investment that we're not making money from".[83]

There is considerable variation and negotiation over the relationship between video game developers and tournament organizers and

broadcasters. While the original StarCraft events emerged in South Korea largely independently of Blizzard, the company decided to require organizers and broadcasters to authorize events featuring the sequel StarCraft II.[84] In the short term, this led to a deadlock with the Korean e-Sports Association.[85]

Ultimately, an agreement was reached in 2012.[86] Currently, Blizzard requires authorization for tournaments with more than $10,000 USD in prizes.[87] Riot Games offers in-game rewards to authorized tournaments.[88]

Esport competitions have also become a popular feature at gaming and multi-genre conventions. Riot games hosted their 2014 League of Legends European Regionals live at Gamescom, and hosted the North American counterpart at PAX.[89][90]

Local Prized Events[edit]

This section requires expansion. (July 2015)

Further information: LAN Party

Small local prized events also exist. Small offline gaming competitions are commonplace and when placed with PC games are common called Lan parties. Riot Games has a program to allow local tournament organizers to provide in game prizes like RP and a tournament-exclusive skin, Triumphant Ryze.[91]

Teams and associations[edit]

Professional gamers, or "pro gamers", are often associated with gaming teams and/or broader gaming associations. Teams include Evil Geniuses, Fnatic, Titan and Natus Vincere. In addition to prize money from tournament wins, players may also be paid a separate team salary. Team sponsorship may cover tournament travel expenses or gaming hardware. Prominent eSports sponsors include companies such as Razer.[92] Associations include the Korean e-Sports Association, the International eSport Federation (IeSF) and the United Kingdom eSports Association, a member of IeSF.

Ethics in eSports[edit]

Pro gamers are usually obligated to behave ethically, abiding by both the explicit rules set out by tournaments, associations, and teams, as well as following general expectations of good sportsmanship. For example, it is common practice and considered good etiquette to chat "gg" (for "good game") when defeated.[93] Many games rely on the fact competitors have limited information about the game state. In a prominent example of good conduct, during a 2012 IEM Starcraft II game, the players Feast and DeMusliM both voluntarily offered information about their strategies to negate the influence of outside information inadvertently leaked to "Feast" during the game.[94] Players in some leagues have been reprimanded for failure to comply with expectations of good behavior. In 2012, professional League of Legends player IWillDominate was banned from competing for a period of one year following a history of verbal abuse.[95] In 2013, StarCraft II progamer Greg "Idra" Fields was fired from his team for insulting his fans on an internet forum.[96] League of Legends players Mithy and Nukeduck received similar penalties in 2014 after behaving in a "toxic" manner during matches.[97]

There have been serious violations of the rules. In 2010, eleven StarCraft: Brood War players were found guilty of fixing matches for profit, and were ultimately fined and banned from future competition. Two teams were denied prize money for collusion during the 2012 MLG summer championship.[98] In 2012, Azubu Frost was fined $30,000 for cheating during a semifinal match of the world playoffs.[99] Dota 2 player Aleksey "Solo" Berezin was suspended from a number of tournaments for intentionally throwing a game in order to collect $322 from online gambling.[100] In 2014, four high-profile North American Counter-Strike players, namely Sam "DaZeD" Marine, Braxton "Swag" Pierce, Joshua "Steel" Nissan and Keven "AZK" Lariviere were suspended from official tournaments after they had been found guilty of match-fixing. The four players had allegedly profited over $10,000 through betting on their fixed matches.[101]

Performance-enhancing drugs

Reports of widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in eSports are not uncommon, with players discussing their own, their teammates' and

their competitors' use and officials acknowledging the prevalence of the issue.[102][103][104][105] Players often turn to stimulants such as Ritalin, Adderall and Vyvanse, drugs which can significantly boost concentration, improve reaction time and prevent fatigue.[102] Selegiline, a drug used to treat Parkinson's disease, is reportedly popular because, like stimulants, it enhances mood and motivation. Conversely, drugs with calming effects are also sought after. Some players take propanolol, which blocks the effects of adrenaline, or Valium, which is prescribed to treat anxiety, in order to remain calm under pressure.[103][104] According to Bjoern Franzen, a former SK Gaming executive, it is second nature for some League of Legends players to take as many as three different drugs before competition.[106] In July 2015 Kory "Semphis" Friesen, admitted that he and his Cloud9 teammates were all using Adderall during a match against Virtus Pro in the ESL Katowice 2015 Counter-Strike: Global Offensive tournament, and went on to claim that "everyone" at ESEA League tournaments uses Adderall.[105]

The unregulated use of such drugs poses severe risks to competitors' health, including addiction, overdose, serotonin syndrome and, in the case of stimulants, weight loss.[102][103] Even over-the-counter energy drinks which are marketed specifically toward gamers have faced media and regulatory scrutiny due to deaths and hospitalizations.[107] Accordingly, Adderall and other such stimulants are banned and their use penalized by many professional sporting bodies and leagues, including Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Although International e-Sports Federation (IeSF) is a signatory of the World Anti-Doping Agency, the governing body has not outlawed any PEDs in its sanctioned competitions.[102] Action has been taken on the individual league level, however, as at least one major league, the Electronic Sports League, has made use of any drugs during matches punishable by expulsion from competition.[108]

The Gaming league known as ESL has started to ban PEDs after a player admitted to using adderall during a match.[citation needed]

Player exploitation

There has been some concern over the quality of life and potential mistreatment of players by organizations, especially in South Korea. Korean organizations have been accused of refusing to pay competitive salaries,

leading to a slow exodus of Korean players to other markets. In an interview, League of Legends player Bae "Dade" Eo-jin said that "Korean players wake up at 1pm and play until 5am", and suggested that the 16 hour play schedule was a significant factor in causing burnout.[109] Concerns over the mental health of players intensified in 2014 when League of Legends player Cheon "Promise" Min-Ki attempted suicide a week after admitting to match fixing.[110]

To combat the negative environment, Korean League of Legends teams were given new rules for the upcoming 2015 season by Riot Games, including the adoption of minimum salaries for professional players, requiring contracts and allowing players to stream individually for additional player revenue.[111]

Economics[edit]

This section requires expansion. (May 2015)

League of Legends Championship Series and OnGameNet League of Legends Champions Korea League offer guaranteed salaries for players.[112] Despite this, online streaming is preferred by some players, as it is in some cases more profitable than competing with a team and streamers have the ability to determine their own schedule. The International awards 10 million dollars to the tournament winners, however teams that do not have the same amount of success often do not have financial stability and frequently break up after failing to win.[113]

Women in eSports[edit]

The number of female viewers has been growing in eSports, and in 2013 30% of eSports enthusiasts were female, an increase from 15% in the previous year. However, despite the increase in female viewers, there is a dearth of female players in high level competitive eSports. The top female players that are involved in eSports mainly get exposure in female-only tournaments, most notably Counter-Strike, Dead or Alive 4, and StarCraft II.[114] All female eSports teams include the Frag Dolls and PMS Clan.

The first professional female Starcraft 2 player, Kim "Eve" Shee-yoon, was the subject of controversy in 2011 when her team manager stated that she had been selected for "her skills and looks."[115]

Canadian StarCraft II Zerg player Sasha "Scarlett" Hostyn first gained notoriety in the open qualifiers of IGN ProLeague 4, where she defeated top-tier Korean players.[116] She is well known for being one of the few non-Korean players who can play at the same skill level as male Korean players.[117]

Team Siren, an all-female League of Legends team, was formed in June 2013. The announcement of the team was met with controversy, being dismissed as a "gimmick" to attract the attention of men.[118][119] The team disbanded within a month, due to the negative publicity of their promotional video, as well as the poor attitude of the team captain towards her teammates.[120][121]

Accusations of sexism in professional eSports have been commonplace, and one Hearthstone competition was open only to male players, although the host of the tournament maintained that this was in accordance with the IeSF's guidelines as was only meant to avoid possible conflicts with the rules down the line. Following the coverage of the event, the male-only tournament was opened to female players.[122] In 2012, Street Fighter x Tekken player ArisBakhtanians commented on the lack of female players in the community, saying "sexual harassment is part of a culture, and if you remove that from the fighting game community, it's not the fighting game community." He later apologized for his comments.[123]

Media coverage[edit]

StarCraft match televised on MBCGame in Seoul, South Korea

The main medium for electronic sports coverage is the Internet. Coverage of eSports by general news organizations is generally sparse; most reports come from news organizations with a technology or video games focus. Esports Heaven, Esports Nation[124] (ESN), and ESFI World[125] are among the few independent news organizations specifically dedicated to electronic sports. Other typical sources for information include video game developer's websites, websites of professional teams, and independent community websites.

Electronic sports tournaments commonly utilize commentators or casters to provide live commentary of games in progress, similar to a traditional sports commentator. For popular casters, providing commentary for electronic sports can be a full-time position by itself.[126] Prominent casters for StarCraft II include Dan Stemkoski and Nick Plott.

Internet live streaming[edit]

Many eSports events are streamed online to viewers over the internet. Dreamhack Winter 2011, for example, reached 1.7 million unique viewers on twitch.tv.[127] With the shutdown of the Own3d streaming service in 2013, Twitch is by far the most popular streaming service for competitive gaming. However, newcomers like Hitbox and Azubu are growing fast and getting more attention.[128][129] While coverage of live events usually brings in the largest viewership counts, the recent popularization of streaming services has allowed individuals to broadcast their own game play independent of such events as well. Individual broadcasters can enter an agreement with Twitch or hitbox in which they receive a portion of the advertisement revenue from commercials which run on the stream they create.[130]

Another major streaming platform is Major League Gaming's MLG.tv.[131] The network, which specializes in Call of Duty content but hosts a range of gaming titles, has seen increasing popularity, with 1376% growth in MLG.tv viewership in Q1 of 2014.[132] The 2014 Call of Duty: Ghosts broadcast at MLG's X Games event drew over 160,000 unique viewers.[133] The network, like Twitch, allows users to broadcast themselves playing games, though only select individuals can use the service. Currently, MLG.tv is the primary streaming platform for the Call of Duty professional scene; famous players

such as NaDeSHoT have recently signed contracts with the company to use its streaming service exclusively.[134]

YouTube also relaunched its livestreaming platform with a renewed focus on live gaming and eSports specifically.[135]

For The International 2014, coverage was also simulcast on ESPN's streaming service ESPN3.[136]

Television

Especially since the popularization of streaming in eSports, organizations no longer prioritize television coverage.[citation needed] Ongamenet continues to broadcast as an eSports channel in Korea, but MBCGame was taken off the air in 2012. Riot Games' Dustin Beck has stated that "TV's not a priority or a goal",[137] and DreamHack's Tomas Hermansson has said "eSports have a proven record to be successful on internet streaming only."[sic][138]

On the night before the finals of The International 2014 in August, ESPN2 broadcast a half-hour special profiling the tournament.[136] In 2015 ESPN2 broadcast Heroes of the Dorm, the grand finals of the Heroes of the Storm collegiate tournament, with the first-place team winning full tuition paid for by Blizzard.[139]

TV 2, the largest private television broadcaster in Norway, broadcasts eSports across the country. TV 2 partnered with local Norwegian organization House of Nerds to bring a full season of eSports competition with an initial lineup of Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, League of Legends, and StarCraft 2.