2. medical anthropology
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MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGYCULTURAL CONCEPT OF BODY - MIND
CULTURAL CONCEPT OF HEALTH
Dr. Tuti Wahmurti A. Sapiie, dr., SpKJ (K)Dr. Tuti Wahmurti A. Sapiie, dr., SpKJ (K)
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ANTHROPOLOGY
The Branch of science concerned with origin and development of humans in all theirs physical, social, and culture relationships.
The study of human beings :
direct observation of their activities and their products.
contribution to the better understanding of the complex
process involved in the biological and development of
mankind.
(Sadock & Sadock, 2005 ; Goetz PW et al., 1990)
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MEDICAL ANTHOROPOLGY (1)
is a specialized sub-discipline of social anthropology, focused on the
cross cultural study of social and cultural responses to health, illness
and healing, and
the comparative study of medical and therapeutic systems.
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MEDICAL ANTHOROPOLGY (2)
In the simple description we can say that medicare anthropologystudying how illness is traditionally perceived and cured around the
world.
There are 2 terms : illness & disease
Distinction between illness and disease :
In the Western people usually do not make a distinction between
illness and disease.
In non western cultural tradition :
Disease : is an objectively measurable pathological condition of
the body e.g. tooth decay, measles, a broken bone
Illness : is a feeling of not being normal or healthy.
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MEDICAL ANTHOROPOLGY (3)
Illness may be due to :
a disease
a feeling of psychological / spiritual imbalance
Perception of illness are highly culture related, while disease usuallyis notIt is important for health professionals who treat people from other cultures to understand :
What their patients believe can cause them to be ill
What kind of curing methods they consider effective as wellas acceptable
U nderstanding a cultures perception of illness is also useful indiscovering major aspects of their world view.
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CULTURE (1)
C ulture refers to meanings, values, and behavioral norms that are
learned and transmitted (in the dominant society and within social
groups) through contact with family, friends, classmates, teachers,significant persons, and the media :
It results
in personal sense of belonging to ones own society and in a native
identity.
(Sadock & Sadock, 2003 ; Favazza A, 2005)
There are many definitions of culture, one of them is :
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CULTURE (2)
C ulture is conceptualized as a totality composed of a complex system
of symbols possessing subjective dimentions (values, feelings, and
ideals) and objective dimentions (beliefs, traditions, and behavioral
norms) articulated into laws and rituals.
C ulture powerfully influences cognition, feelings, and self concept as
well as the diagnostic process and treatment decisions.
(Sadock & Sadock, 2003)
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MIND BODY PERSPECTIVE (1)
Throughout the centuries philosophers from all over the world havedebated and theorized about the mind-body connection
The diversity of the theories spans all over the world, comingfrom diverse culture.
Many of theories that emerge were and still are closely linkedto the religions and cultural aspects of the societies from
which they came from
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MIND BODY PERSPECTIVE (2)
The east is the birthplace of several philosophies and religionsthat are based upon the interconnection of body and soul.
In India, Karma tends to look forward the continuity of the soul
over many lifetimes.It look at the consequences of ones
mental and bodily actions. These consequences can beimmediate or emerge in the next lifetime or even severallifetimes later.
Zen follows traditional eastern thought : does not see thedistinction between the mind the body, instead sees them asbeing one in the same
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MIND / BODY MEDICINE (1)
M ind / body medicine may soon revolutionioze modern health care.
The new mind / body medicine extend beyond the parameters of
psychoneuroimmunology to include the fields of psychology and
physics in a new science of consciousness, a view which sees
energy as the underlying pattern of the universe.
A basic premise in mind / body medicine : chronic stress and lack of
balance contribute to illness; relaxation, positive methods of coping
with stress & restoration of balance health.
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MIND / BODY MEDICINE (2)
This view bears similarities to many Asia philosophies see thathuman being as part of an interconnected, universal energy field.
These Eastern traditions have for centuries believed that
consciousness plays an essential role in governing physical andpsychological health.
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MIND / BODY MEDICINE (3)
N o two people are alike, so even if they have the same disease thepaths to recovery may be different.
C onversely the same disease can be the result of different factors
with different people.
Although these principles have been recognized in traditionalC hinese M edicine, Ayurvedic M edicine, and others, it is a relativelynew concept in Western M edicine.
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CULTURAL CONCEPT OF HUMAN BODY (1)
C ulture exert a great influence on the birth, development, and death of thehuman body, such as :
1. Body modification rituals :
Participants believe that the rituals promote health, heals pathologicalconditions, maintain social stability, enhance spirituality, and provide for
religions salvation.
2. C ultural concept of human body is also expressed in child rearing
practices.
(Favazza A, 2005)
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CULTURAL CONCEPT OF HUMAN BODY (2)
3. In a certain culture there are some taboos, e.q. incest taboos,
dietary preferences and food processing
4. Problem associated with the drinking of alcohol depend greatly on
culture
5. The certain traditional stance that birth control is sinful
(Favazza A, 2005)
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In all human societies, beliefs and practices relating to ill &
health are a central feature of the culture
CULTURAL CONCEPT OF HEALTH (1)
M atter is neutral, molecules are meaningless until they are
personally interpreted, explained, and accepted as reality throughthe culture process.
H ealth and illness are cultural categories based on universal
biological events and culturally diverse bodily experiences that may
be interpreted and acted differently
(Favazza A, 2005)
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O ften health & illness are linked to beliefs and misfortune
(accidents, interpersonal conflicts, natural disasters, crop failures,
theft and loss), of which ill-health is just one form. Sometime they
blamed on supernatural forces
CULTURAL CONCEPT OF HEALTH (2)
A woman somewhere in the world experiences an enduring anddifficult-to-control sense of apprehensive, tense muscle, anddifficult falling asleep her reaction to this complex of experiences depends greatly on her culture.
Sound of ringing ears someone is talking about him / her
(Favazza A, 2005)
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The values and customs associated with ill-health are part of a wider
culture, that can not be studied in isolation from it.
O ne cannot really understand how people react to illness, death or other mis-fortunes without an understanding of the type of culture.
CULTURAL CONCEPT OF HEALTH (3)
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DEFINITION of HEALTHin human being
The extend of individuals continuing physical, emotional, mental,
and social ability to cope with his / her environment.
The conception of good health :
M ust involve some allowance for change in the environment.
Bad health can be defined as the presence of disease good
health as its absence of continuity disease.
(Goetz PW et al.,1990)
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MENTAL HEALTH
The successful performance of mental functions, in term of
thought, mood, and behavior that results in productive activities,
fulfilling relationship with others, and the ability to adapt tochange and to cope with adversity.
(Shahrokh N C & H ales RE, 2003)
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CULTURAL CONCEPT OF MENTAL HEALTH
Behavior is determined by interplay among a persons environment,
life experiences, and biological endowment.
C ulture is the matrix within which these psychological, social, and
biological forces operate and become meaningful to humans.
C ulture is not a thing that a person has, but rather is an ongoing
process created by shares interpersonal experiences that reversible
throughout a society and affect its institutions and the daily life of its
members.
(Favazza A, 2005)
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SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGE
When social life is dynamic, then the culture is also dynamic.
The important concepts of socio-cultural change are as follows :
L earning process of the member of the society where he / she lives occurs
by : internalization, socialization, and enculturation.
Cultural evolution
The geographically spread of culture : acculturation, assimilation,
innovation, discovery and invention.
Among those the learning procces is important to discuss
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The Learning Process (1)
I nternalization process :
a long process since a person born, till he / she almost die, where
he / she is learning to plant in his / her personality the feelings,
psychological-needs, passions, emotions that are needed for the
whole life.
To activate all in his / her personality, it should be stimulated by the
physical and socio-cultural environment.
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The Learning Process (2)
S ocialization Process :
the socialization process is connected with the learning process of culture in case of the social-system. A person who is learning thepatterns action within the social communication with other persons
surround him / her that have several social roles in every day life.
Enculturation Process (institutionalization) :
a person have to learn and adapt his / her mind and behavior intocustoms, norms and other rules within his / her culture.
Ex : small presents brought from a journey.
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CULTURAL EVOLUTION
The continuous growth of the culture from simple to
complex forms and from homogeneous to heterogeneous
qualities.
It is presumed to be an ongoing process of cultural
evolution.
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A CHANGING WORLD
We cannot separate the local actions from the larger social setting
that extend around the globe.
Globalization is an in here phenomenon that is affecting our intimate
and personal lives in many diverse ways.
It is fundamentally changing the nature of our everyday experiences:
personal aspects, family, gender roles, sexuality, personal identity,
interactions with others and our relationships to work.
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T H A N K Y O UT H A N K Y O U