2. ip and mpls tunnel introduction issue 1.00
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Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
IP and MPLS Tunnel
TechnologyIntroduction
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Page1Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
With the development of the mobile network from 2G to 3G
and LTE as well, the data packet becomes the main servicein the transmission network.
The packet transmission solution can encapsulate the
various services in MPLS tunnel by PWE3 technology and
transmit them in packet mode uniformly.
The course is the basics for the further study of OptiX RTN
910/950.
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Page2Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the classification of IP addresses
Describe the basic principle of IP routing
Describe the basic concepts of MPLS
Describe the MPLS tunnel (LSP) creation procedure
Outline the MPLS OAM functions
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Contents
1. IP Overview
2. MPLS Tunnel Technology
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
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Contents
1. IP Overview
1.1 TCP/IP Protocol Overview
1.2 IP Address Introduction and Configuration
1.3 IP Routing Overview
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Page5Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
TCP/IP and OSI Model
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Conversation Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Network Layer
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer
Application Layer
TCP/IP ModelOSI Model
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Page6Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Physical
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Network
Layer
TransportLayer
Application
Layer
HTTP, Telnet, FTP,
TFTP, Ping, etc.
TCP/UDP
ARP/RARP
ICMPIP
Ethernet, 802.3, PPP,
HDLC, FR, etc.
Interfaces and
wires/cables
Provide application program
network interfaces
Establish terminal toterminal connection
Addressing and route
selecting
Physical media access
Binary data flow
transmission
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Page7Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
IP Header Format
Version
(4bits)
Header
Length
Type of Service
(8bits)
Total Length
(16bits)
Identifier
(16bits)
Flags
(3bits)
Fragmented Offset
Protocol
(8bits)
Header Checksum
(16bits)
Time to Live
(8bits)
Source IP Address
(32bits)
Destination IP Address
(32bits)
Options
(Variable Length)
88 88 88 88
32bits32bits
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Page8Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
IP Address
IP address is 32 bits long
Including network portion and a host portion.
Network portion
Uniquely identifies a physical or logical link and is common to all
devices attached to that link.
Host portion
Uniquely identifies a particular device attached to the link.
Generally, use dotted-decimal to represent it
For example: 10.1.1.1, 192.168.1.1, etc.
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Page9Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Classification of IP Address
First Octet Rule
0
Network
(7bits) Host(24bits)
1 Network(14bits) Host(16bits)0
1 Network(21bits) Host(8bits)01
1 Multicast Address01 1
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
1.0.0.0~
126.255.255.255
128.0.0.0~
191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0~
223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0~
255.255.255.255 1 01 1 1 Reserved
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Page10Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Private IP Address
Private IP Address
10.0.0.0~10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0~172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0~192.168.255.255
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Page11Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Subnet Mask
Distinguish network portion and host portion
32-bit string, represented by dotted-decimal format
Mask for class A: 255.0.0.0
Mask for class B: 255.255.0.0
Mask for class C: 255.255.255.0
255 255 255 0
192 168 1 1192 168 1 0
AndAnd
IP address
Subnet mask
IP subnet segment
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Page12Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Subnets and Subnet Masks
IP Subnet: 192.168.1.16 255.255.255.240 or 192.168.1.16/28
Subnet numbers: 2n ( n=4, 24=16)
Host numbers: 2m-2 ( m=4, 24 2 = 14)
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
IP address: 192.168.1.17
Network Part Subnet Part
(n bits)
Host Part
(m bits)
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.240
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Page13Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
IP Address Configuration
Interconnection address planning
P2P link, just 2 hosts necessary
Mask length: 30, For example: 10.1.1.0/30
Broadcast network
According to the number of hosts in this network
For example:
60 hosts in the network: 192.168.1.0/28
120 hosts in one network: 192.168.2.128/25
Device Identifier
32 bit mask length
For example: 1.1.1.1/32
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Page14Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
IP Routing
Route is the path information that guides packet forwarding
Routing table is the set of route information
R1
N, R1, M
Destination
Network N
Other Networks
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Page15Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Routing Protocol
IS-IS (Intermediate
System to Intermediate
System)
B
C
E
D
F
A
SPF calculation
Hello
Hello
HelloHello
Hello
Hello
Hell
o
A
B
Adjacency relationship
establishment
C
E
D
F
LS
LS
L S
LS
LS
LS
L
S
A
B
Flood link state information
C
E
D
F
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Page17Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. IP Overview
2. MPLS Tunnel Technology
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
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Page18Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Parse IP header
mapped to next hopParse IP header
mapped to next hop
IP header is parse at each hop, resulting in low efficiency.
It is difficult to deploy QoS and the efficiency is rather low.
All routers are expected to know all routes in the entire network.
Traditional IP Forwarding
Parse IP header
mapped to next hop
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Page19Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
ATM Switching Process
Connection-oriented
Routing depends on link layer, based on VPI/VCI or label
Ensure QoS and real-time service
Virtual Channel Connection
(VCC)
Virtual Path Connection(VPC)
VPswitching
VCswitching
VCswitching
NNI NNI
VPI = 18
VCI = 44
VPI = 1
VCI = 1
VPI = 26
VCI = 44
VPI = 20
VCI = 30
UNIUNI
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Page20Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
=
Router ATM switch MPLS Router
MPLS-Multi-Protocol Label Switching
Layer 3 routing-scalable and flexible
Layer 2 switching-high reliability and traffic engineeringmanagement
Technology Combination
+
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Page21Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Introduction
MPLSMulti-Protocol Label Switching
Multi-Protocol Support various layer 3 protocols, such as IP, IPv6, IPX, SNA
Label Switching
Label the packet, forward packets by label switching instead of IP
forwarding
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Page22Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Basic Concepts
LSR: Label Switch
Router
LER: Label Edge Router
LSP: Label Switch Path
LER
LER
LER
LERLSR LSR
LSR
MPLS domain
IP
MPLS
LSP
Non-MPLSdevice
Non-MPLSdevice
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Page23Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Basic Concepts (Cont.)
FEC----Forwarding Equivalent Class
Set of data flows with the same attributes. These data flowsare processed in the same way by LSRs during transmission.
FECs are identified by the address, service type, and QoS.
During IP forwarding through the longest match algorithm,
packets with the same destination belong to an FEC.
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Page24Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Packet
MPLS packet header locates between layer2 and layer3
L2 Header L3 Header L3 PayloadMPLS Label
Label Exp S TTL
0 19 22 23 31
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Page25Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Label Stacking
IP L1 IP IPL2 IPL2L3 IPL2L4 IPL2
MPLS Domain
MPLS nested Domain
MPLS
header
Layer2
headerIP header Data
MPLS
header
IP
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Page26Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tunnel Technology
The point to point tunnel provides the path for data
transparently transmission.
OptiX RTN 910/950 can form the tunnel by
MPLS LSP
QinQ
Tunnel
A B C D
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Page27Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS tunnel technology
LSP
Ingress Egress
Core LSR
MPLS domain
Transit Transit
LER LER
IP network IP network
Core LSR
LSP includes the static LSP and dynamic LSP.
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Page28Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Label Operations
Label operations include push, swap and pop.
Pus
hSwap
Swap Pop
LER
LER
IP
IP
L1 IP
L2 IP
L3 IP
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Page29Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Creating the Static LSP
Static LSPs are manually created by users to assign labels
for each forwarding equivalence class (FEC) .
The principle followed in manually assigning labels:
The value of the OUT label on a node is the value of the IN
label on the next node.
Ingress Transit Egress3.3.3.3/32
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Page30Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Creating the Dynamic LSP
Dynamic LSP is set up automatically by the signaling
protocol.
In OptiX RTN 910/950, RSVP allocates LSP tunnel labels.
Packet forwarding module
Create LSP
Frame
Create LSP
Message diffuse
Frame
Link State
database
TE
database
IGP routing LSP selection
Signaling
module
IS-IS routingMessage diffuse
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Page31Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Label Forwarding
In the MPLS domain, there is a static LSP to the IP host
3.3.3.3/32
A
(ingress)3.3.3.3/323.3.3.3/32
100200300
F
G I
H
E
B
(transit 1)
C
(transit 2)
D
(egress)
Eth0 Eth0 Eth2 Eth1 Eth2 Eth0 Eth3
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Page32Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Label Forwarding Table
For the former static LSP to the IP host 3.3.3.3/32, the
MPLS label forwarding table in A, B, C, D are:
Node IN interface IN label OUT interface OUT label (next hop)
A (Ingress) FEC
3.3.3.3/32
B (Transit1) Eth0 300 Eth2 200
C (Transit2) Eth1 200 Eth2 100
Eth0
push Eth0 300
D (Egress) 100 Eth3 pop
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Page33Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Label Forwarding
The MPLS forwarding for the former FEC
IngressIngress Transit1Transit1 Egress
EgressTransit2Transit2
3.3.3.3/323.3.3.3/32
100200300
IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
Push Swap Swap Pop
IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
Label:300
IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
Label:200
IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
Label:100IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3
Eth0 Eth0 Eth2 Eth1 Eth2 Eth0 Eth3
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Page34Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Node BRNC
The MPLS tunnel application in OptiX RTN 910/950:
MPLS Tunnel Application
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Page35Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS TTL Processing
Uniform Mode
MPLS DomainMPLS Domain
CECE PEPE PP PEPE CECE
IP TTLIP TTL
255255IP TTLIP TTL
254254
MPLSMPLS
TTL254TTL254
MPLSMPLS
TTL254TTL254
IP TTLIP TTL
254254
MPLSMPLS
TTL253TTL253
IP TTLIP TTL
252252
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Page36Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS TTL Processing (Cont.)
Pipe Mode
CECE PEPE PP PEPE CECE
IP TTLIP TTL255255
IP TTLIP TTL254254
MPLSMPLS
TTL100TTL100
MPLSMPLSTTL100TTL100
IP TTLIP TTL254254
MPLSMPLS
TTL100TTL100
IP TTLIP TTL253253
MPLSMPLSTTL 99TTL 99
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Page37Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Summary
Background of the MPLS
MPLS concepts: LER, LSR, LSP, FEC MPLS label structure and label stacking
MPLS tunnel technology: ingress, transit, egress, push,
swap, pop, static LSP, dynamic LSP, MPLS Label
Forwarding
MPLS TTL processing
C
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Page38Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. IP Overview
2. MPLS Tunnel Technology
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
C t t
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Page39Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
3. MPLS OAM
3.1 MPLS Tunnel Failure Detection
3.2 MPLS OAM
MPLS Pi
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Page40Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Ping
MPLS ping is used for LSP failure detection
5.5.5.5/325.5.5.5/32 4.4.4.4/324.4.4.4/32
MPLS Echo Request message (TTL:255)
MPLS Echo Request reply
1.1.1.0/301.1.1.0/30 3.3.3.0/303.3.3.0/302.2.2.0/302.2.2.0/30
Tunnel (LSP)Tunnel (LSP)
MPLS T t
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Page41Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS Traceroute
MPLS traceroute is used for LSP failure locating
1.1.1.0/301.1.1.0/30 3.3.3.0/303.3.3.0/302.2.2.0/302.2.2.0/30
5.5.5.5/325.5.5.5/32 4.4.4.4/324.4.4.4/32
Tunnel (LSP)Tunnel (LSP)
Echo Request (TTL:1)
Echo reply
Echo Request (TTL:2)
Echo reply
Echo Request (TTL:3)
Echo reply
F ti f MPLS OAM
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Page42Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Functions of MPLS OAM
MPLS OAM must realize the following functions:
MPLS OAM provides on-demand and continuous connectivity
verification of LSPs to confirm that faults do not exist on the monitored
LSPs.
If a fault occurs, MPLS OAM must detect, diagnose, and locate the
fault, notify the NMS of the fault, and take actions appropriate to the
fault type.
MPLS OAM functions must be backward compatible.
MPLS OAM has the capability to measure the availability and network
performance of an LSP and provide information for user accounting.
MPLS OAM P k t
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Page43Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MPLS OAM Packets
MPLS OAM packets can be classified into three types:
Connectivity verification packets
CVConnectivity Verification
FFDFast Failure Detection
FDI (Forward Defect Indication) packets
BDI (Backward Defect Indication) packets
Connectivity Verification Packets
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Page44Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Connectivity Verification Packets
CV Detection
For the CV detection on the egress, the egress sets a sliding
window to 3 seconds and judges the LSP status according to
the CV packet received in the sliding window.
FFD Detection
For the FFD detection on the egress, the egress sets a sliding
window as three times as the interval for sending the FFD
packet and judges the LSP status according to the FFD packet
received in the sliding window.
Backward Defect Indication
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Page45Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Packets MPLS OAM BDI Detection Case
Source LSR
Transit LSR
Transit LSR
Sink LSR
CV/FFD
14:OAM Alert
LSP Out-label
BDI
14:OAM Alert
LSP Out-label
backwar
d tunnels
Questions
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Page46Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Questions
Whats the difference between CV packet and FFD packet?
Contents
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Page47Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. IP Overview
2. MPLS Tunnel Technology
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
Ethernet Frame Structure
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Page48Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ethernet Frame Structure
Ethernet_II
DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS
Length/Type Mean
Length/T > 1500
Length/T
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Page49Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
VLAN Application
VLAN 2 VLAN 1
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
Ethernet frame
with VLAN tag 1
Ethernet framewith VLAN tag 2
Ethernet frame
without VLAN flag
DA SA TPID (8100) VLAN Ethernet Data
2 N266
VLAN Frame
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Application Scenario of QinQ
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Page51Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Application Scenario of QinQ
Summary
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Page52Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Summary
IP address classification and application
MPLS basic concepts and tunnel technologies
MPLS failure detection and OAM functions
QinQ application
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