Sources of history and Major approach to History 

1. James Rennell first surveyor general of Bangal, 1767 (Survey of India began scientific mapping) 2. Abbe Duboi's - Hindu manner and Customs; Bishop herber's journal  3. James Burnes - Narrative of visit to court of Sinde 4. Alexander Burnes - Travels into Bokhra5. CJC Davidson - Diary of travels and adventure in upper India 6. John Butler - Travels and adventure in the province of Assam (All above British)7. Patana Kalam - Painting, under patronage of East India Company

Advent of the Europeans in India 

1. Portuguese in India 

Background 1. 1453 - Constantinople fall to Ottoman Turk 2. Muslim rural monopoly over Red sea route and land3. Europe - Renaissance - Economic development - Prosperity - Demand for luxury goods

increased 4. Idea to find route to India became obsession for Prince Henry of Portugal (Navigator) [Pope

Nicholos 5 gave right to navigate to prince]5. Portugal and Spain, Treaty of Tordesilas 1494 [Atlantic line divide, Portugal east of Cape Verde

island]6. In 1487 Borthholomew Diasa tried but end at rounding cape of good hope 7. First to enter India and last to leave 

Vasco Da gama 1. 1498 - Arrival of three ship under Vasco Da Gama, led by Gujarathi pilot Abdul Majid2. zamorin (Samuthiri) - Hindu ruler of Calicut, welcomed Vasco Da Gama [Arab of Malbar

Apprehension]3. Role of muslim middleman reduced (around 10 times more profit in pepper)4. Came back in 1501 - Zamorin declined offer to exclude Arab rulers - Rupture with Zamorin 5. Factory at Cannanore 

Pedro Alvarez Cabral 1. 1500 - Established factory at Calicut2. Conflict with Arab - Advantageous treaty with local rulers of Cochin and Cannanore3. 1503- First Portuguese fort at Cochin (Not linked to Pedro probably)

Francisco De Almeida 1. 1505 - King appointed him as governor in India for three year (equipped with forces), Second

fort at Cannanore 2. Task to consolidate Portuguese position in India and destroy Muslim trader by seizing Aden,

Mallacca and Ormuz 3. Naval Battle of Diu (1509) - Portuguese defeated by ally forces of Gujarat navy, Zamorin and

Egyptian navy4. Avenged defeat by crushing both the navies 5. Blue Water Policy (Cartaze system) - Make Portuguese master of Indian ocean  

Alfonso de Albuquerque1. Real founder of Portuguese power in East (Strong hold in Red sea, Malabar and Malacca)2. Introduced permit system (Advantage of unavailability of timber in red sea region)

3. Acquired Goa from Sultan of Bijapur (1510)4. Abolition of Sati 5. Encouraged to take local wives (Settlement approach)6. Introduced new crops like Tobacco and cashew nut7. Bitter persecution of Muslim a serious drawback of his policy

Nino Da Cunha1. 1529 - Governor 2. 1530 - Shifted capital to Goa 3. Attempted to increase power in Bangal (Hooghly)4. Conflict with Bahadur Shaha of Gujarat (killed him)

Favorable condition for Portuguese 1. Divided north 2. Bahamani kingdom was breaking 3. Poor naval strength of Indian kings 4. Canon placed on Portuguese ships 

Administration 1. Head viceroy (three years term)2. Vedor da fazenda - Responsible for revenue 

Religious policy 1. Zeal to promote Christianity 2. Intolerant towards towards Muslim3. Initially tolerant towards Hindu but later prosecuted 4. Religious relation with Akbar 5. Capture of Mughal ship and Muslims led to conflict with Jahangir 6. Slave trade (Hindu and Muslim) - Seizure of girl from Mumtaz Mahal - 1632 Mughal Seize of

Hoogly Downfall 

1. Religious policy 2. Hoogly used for piracy 3. Forceful conversion to Christianity 4. Rise of Marathas as neighbors 5. Unfair and dishonest trade practices (piracy, robbery) [Hooghly as base for piracy in BoB]6. Discovery of Brazil7. Loss of importance of Goa with fall of Vijaynagar empire 8. Rise of Dutch and British 

Significance of Portuguese 1. Emergence of Naval power 2. System of drilling group of infantry on Spanish model3. Organizational skill in creation of royal arsenals, dockyard, regular system of pilots was

noteworthy 4. Art of silversmith and goldsmith flourished in Goa5. Church construction 

2. Dutch in India 

Dutch Settlement 1. 1605 - First factory in Masulipattanam 2. Captured Nagapatnam from Portuguese3. Factories on Coromandal coast, UP, Bihar, Bangal, Gujarat 

4.  Pulicat (1609), Surat (1616), Bimilpatanam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Baranagar, Kasimbazar, Balasore, Patana, Nagapatanam (1658), Cochin 

Anglo Dutch Rivalry 1. Amboyana (Indonesia) massacred by Dutch initiated rivalry2. Compromise in 1667 by which British withdrawal of claim on Indonesia and Dutch retirement

from India (main motive trade hence Indonesia was more lucrative)3. Anglo Dutch war 1672 - Capture of British ships in Bay of Bengal 4. English retaliation in the Hoogly war of 1759 which crushed Dutch ambition in India (Battle of

Bidara/ Chinsura) 

3. British in India 

Charter of Queen Elizabeth  1. 1600 - Exclusive right for trading into East Indies 2.  Initially 15 years monopoly later extended indefinitely 

Footholds in West and South 1. 1609 - Captain Hawkins in Darbar of Jahangir2. 1611 - Factory at Masulipattanam 3. 1612 - defeated Portuguese in Surat - Jahangir impressed - Permission for factory in Surat 4. Permission to set up factory at Agra, Ahmdabad and Bharooch 5. 1662 - Bombay gifted to Charls II by King of Portugal (Western presidency from Surat to

Bombay in 1687)6. Goldan Farman by Sultan of Govalconda - 1632, privilege to trade at port of Govalconda 7. 1639 - Chandrgiri ruler permission, St. George factory Madras 

Footholds in Bangal 1. 1651 - Shaha Shauja allowed English trade in Bangal 2. 1667 - Aurangazeb farman for granting permission of trade in Bengal 3. Mughal raid on Hoogly later 1691 factory at Sutanuti4. 1696 - Rebel of Zamindar Shobha Singh - Fortification of Sutanuti factory  (1700 - Fort William)5. Charles Eyer was first president of eastern presidency

Farrukshiyar's Farman (1715)1. In Bangal - Import export excluded from additional custom duties 2. Permitted to issue dastaks for transportation of goods 3. Permitted to rent more land around Culcutta 4. Hyderabad - Freedom from duties in trade5. Surat - With annual payment excepted from all duties 6. Coins minted at Bombay to have currency throughout Mughal empire  7. Farrukhsiyar introduced revenue farming in Bengal.

Merging of two English companies 1. English revolution 1688 2. Rival company in the opposition of monopoly 3. Under pressure of parliament and crown merger in 1708 (United company of merchant of

England trading to east Indies)

4. The French in India 

Foundation 1. Last to came (Minister Colbert of Louise 14)2. French EIC - 1664, 50 years monopoly 

3. 1667 - Factory at Surat by Caron4. 1669 - Factory at Masulipattanam 5. Permission from Shahist Khan to establish township at Chandernagore (near Culcatta)6. 1674 - Pondicherry (Famncois Martin)7. 1693 - Dutch captured Pondicherry, but in 1697 by treaty of Ryswick restored8. French company was backed by Reunion and Madagaskar 9. Joseph Dupleix was the originator of subsidiary alliance (Hyderbad)

French - English Rivalry Background 

1. Reflects traditional rivalry (Started with Austrian war of succession and ended with Seven years war)

2. Politically unstable south India3. Decline of Hyderbad as signal of decline of Muslim Expansionism 4. Trade conflicts 

First Carnatic (name of Coromandel coast) War (1740 - 48)1. Immediate Cause - English navy seized French ships, French retaliated by seizing Madras2. Result - Treaty of Aiz La Chapelle, Madras handed over to British and French got their

territories in North America 3. Significance - Remembered for battle of St. Thomas (Madras), Small French army defeated large

forces of Nawab of Carnatic (Eye opener that small discipline force can defeat large Indian army)Second Carnatic War (1749-54)

1. Background - Dupleix sought to increase French power and political influence 2. Immediate Cause - Death of Nizam ul Mulk, Accession of Son of Nizam (English) opposed by

Grandon of Nawab of Carnatic (French)3. Result - Dupleix recalled due to heavy financial losses, Godeheu adopted policy of negotiation,

French and British agreed to not interfere in native prince (Fear of repercussion in America prompted French to end hostility)

4. Implication -  Indian authority started becoming dependent on European powerThird Carnatic War (1758 - 63)

1. Background -  Seven years war 2. Causes - French army captured fort St. David and Vizianagaram3. Battle of Wandiwash - 1760, Lost of Jinji and Mahe, won by British4. Result - Treaty of peace of Paris (restored territories to France) , French political influence

disappeared5. Significance - Clear indication about fall of India in hands of European no matter who won  

Causes English Success 1. Private company vs Controlled by state 2. Superior English navy 3. English had Calcutta, Bombay and Madras while French only had Pondicherry 4. French subordinated commercial interest to territorial ambition (Issue of funding)5. Superiority of commander in British camp (Dupleix was not man of action)

5. The Danes 

1620 factory at Tranquebar, Better known for missionary activities 

6. Why English Succeeded over others? 

1. Capitalistic vs Feudal mindset (Company structure)2. Election vs Nomination of board of directors 3. Naval superiority  (Learned from Portuguese)4. Early industrial revolution5. Military skill and discipline 6. Stable government in Britain 7. Lesser zeal of religion 8. Use of debt market (Worlds first central bank to sell debt bond)

India on the eve of British Conquest

1. Panipat

Battle of Panipat1. First Babar vs Ibrahim Lodi 2. Second Akbar vs Hemu 3. Third Maratha vs Ahmad Shaha Abdali [To avenge expulsion of Timur Shah, Ahmad Shah Abdali

invaded India] Why Panipat ?

1. Plain terrain suitable for cavalry2. Strategic location for Delhi3. Easier for logistic and advantage of insulating capital 4. Because of grand trunk road easier for conqueror to find their way there 5. Less monsoon 6. Artisans or Smiths of this region were expert in making warfare related material  

2.  Mughal Empire 

Important events and emperor 1. Jahandar shah - introduced izara system to improve financial situation, abolished Jaziya2. Maratha vs Muhmad shah, Maratha invaded Delhi, 1737 3. Battle of Karnal - 1739, Nadir Shaha imprisoned Muhmad Shaha4. Farukshiyar killed by Sayyad brothers with help Martaha (First time Mughal emperor killed by

noble)5. Alamgir II - Battle of Plassey 6.  Shaha Alam II - Panipat & Buxar 7. Akbar II - Gave title Raja to Rammohan Rai, Stop minting Mughal coins8. With legal terms on 1st November 1858 Mughal regime came to end 

Cause of Decline1. Incapable rulers after Aurangazeb 2. Zamindar helped nobles to carve out independent kingdoms 3. Jahagirdari crisis4. Stagnation of trade, industry and scientific development 5. Rise of regional aspiration6. With absence of law of succession, war of succession 7. Vast empire, inefficient administration 8. Religious policy of Aurangazeb 9. Deccan policy of Aurangazeb

10. Advent of europeans 

3. Socio - Economic Condition 

Agriculture 1. Technically backward 2. Reward for peasant were inadequate (Worst in British era)

Trade and Industry 1. Large export (India sink of precious metal)2. Ship building industry started flourishing (Not compare to British)

Status of Education 1. Traditional 2. Over reliance on ancient learning (Original thoughts discouraged)3. Elementary school - Hindu - Pathshala; Muslim - Maktabas (Confined to reading, writing and

arithmatic)4. Children from lower caste attended school but female presence was rare5. Madarsha for higher Arabic and Persian learning 6. Chatuspatis or Tol for higher education  for Hindu

Social Set-Up1. Aming Hindus many caste, many sects and Caste councils  2. Patriarchal society 3. Among muslims nobles divided as Irani, Afgani, Hindustani, Shia Sunni 4. Sharif Muslim - noble, preist, scholars ; Ailaf - Army affairs 5. Religious conversion major divisive force 6. Upper caste women remained at home while lower caste worked in fields 7. Purdah, Sati, Child marriage, polygamy existed8. Dowry widespread in Bengal and Rajasthan 9. life of widow miserable  (Parashuram bhau tried to promote widow remarriage)

10. Prevalence of slaves, Hereditary (But marriage among them allowed and children were free citizen)

Development in Art, Architecture and Culture 1. Bada Imambara - 1784, Lucknow, Asaf Ud Daula 2. Sawai Jai Sing - Pink city of Jaipur and five astronomical observation, Time table called Jij

Muhammad Shahi to study astronomy3. Rajputana, Kangara painting became prominent 4. Growth of Urdu language and poetry 5. Heer Ranjha composed by Waris shaha (Punjabi literature)6. Tamil language enriched by Sittar poetry 

Expansion and Consolidation of British Power 

1. Causes of British Success in India 

1. Superior Arms, Military and Strategy 2. Better military discipline and regular salary 3. Civil discipline and fair selection system (Indians nepotism and caste based)4. Brilliant leadership and support of second line leaders 5. Strong financial back up 

6. Nationalist pride 

2. British Conquest of Bangal 

Bangal on the eve of British Conquest 1. 60% of Import of Britain from Asia came from Bangal 2. 1700 - Murshid Kuli Khan 3. Bangal isolated from invasion of Maratha4. All governor resented special privileges enjoyed by British (Chief cause of conflict)

The Battle of Plassy (1757)Causes

1. Rampant misuse of privileges of British, affected Nawab's finance 2. British fortified Culcutta without Nawab's permission 3. English suspect that Siraj will reduce trade privileges 4. Siraj attacked and seized English fort in Culcutta 5. Propagated black hole tragedy 

The Battle 1. Clive, Mir Jafar, Jagath Seth (banker) alliance (Victory decided before the battle )2. Conspiracy led defeat of strong force of Nawab by hands of handful force of Clive3. Siraj captured and murdered 

Significance 1. Mir Jafar gave large some of money and Jamindari of 24 Paraganas 2. Established British military supremacy 3. Sovereignty of British over Culcutta recognized 4. Start of British rule in India 

Mir Kasim and treaty of 17601. Jafar conspiracy with Dutch against Clive2. Dutch defeat 3. Company to get half share of Chunam trade in Sylhet4. 5 lakh towards financing company war in South India 5. Cede to company Burdwan, Midanpur and Chitgaon6. Company's Friend Kasim's Friend and Company's Enemy Kasim's and vice versa7. Result - Jafar resigned in favor of Kasim  

Steps taken by Mir Kasim 1. Shifted capital from Murshidabad to Munger (To distant from Culcutta)2. Reorganize bureaucracy and enhance skill and efficiency of army 

The Battle of Buxar (1764)Causes 

1. Kasim belied expectation of Company 2. Misuse of dastak created tension 3. Kasim decided to abolish duty; British protested for having preferential treatment 4. Confederacy of Kasim, Nawab of Awadh and Mughal emperor 

The Battle 1. Major Hector Munro army defeated combine army of Mughal, Awadh and Kasim2. English won great victory over north India 3. Mir Jafar again made Nawab 4. Midanpore, Burdwan and Chittagong to English for maintenance of army 5. Duty free trade for British in Bengal (Except 2% duty on salt)

The treaty of Allahabad 1. Shaha Alam agreed to reside at Alahabad under company protection & Farman to grant diwani

of Bangal Bihar and Orissa to EIC2. Awadh made a buffer state against Afgan and Maratha, Nawab as a friend of company 

Dual governance in Bangal 1. Introduced by Robert Clive2. Diwani and Nijamat (Police and Judiciary) under British [Nijamat via right to nominate deputy

Subhdar]3. Administrative failure (Warren hasting did away with dual governance in 1772)

3. British Conquest of Mysore 

Hyder Ali 1. Started as horseman in Wodeyar army2. Politically and Financially unstable Mysore - 1761 - Hyder Ali became defacto ruler3. Arm factory at Dindigul with help of French4. Training of army on western line

First Anglo- Mysore War (1767 - 1769)1. 1766 treaty of British with Nizam of Hydrabad2. Nizam, Maratha and English allied together (But Haider used diplomatic skills)3. Treaty of Madras - Humiliating treaty for British 

Second Anglo Mysore War (1780 - 1784)Cause

1. Haider accused British of non observance of Madras treaty 2. Via Mahe French war material brought to Mysore3. American civil war4. English tried to capture Mahe 

Course of War 1. Anti English alliance with Maratha and Nizam 2. Haider defeat at Porto Novo but regrouped and defeated English

Treaty of Manglore1. Tipu concluded 2. Each party gave back territories 

Third Anglo Mysore War (1790 - 1792)Cause 

1. Tipu declared war against Travancore2. English supported Travancore

Treaty of Srirangapatnam 1. Near half of the territory of Mysore taken by victor (British + Maratha + Nizam)2. War damage of 3 Cr Rupees taken from Tipu3. Tipu's two son has hostages for payment of money 

Fourth Anglo Mysore War (1799)1. Wellesely was concerned about Tipu's friendship with French 2. Chargsheet against Tipu that he was plotting against British 3. Nizam and Maratha helped British 4. English won, Tipu died 

5. A boy from Wodeyar dynasty placed on throne and Subsidiary Alliance imposed (1831 - William Bentinck took control on ground of misgovernance; 1881 - Lord Rippon restored Kingdom)

Tipu Sultan 1. Well educated 2. Organised army on European line3. Built a Naval force4. Patron of Science and Technology (Pioneer of rocket science in India; wrote military manual

explaining functioning of rocket)5. Introduced sericulture6. Great lover of democracy and great diplomat 7. Gave support to French in setting up Jacobin Club (Became member)8. Tree of liberty in Seringpatam 9. Reported as destroyer of Hindu temple but Sanctioned funds to repair Temple at Sringeri 

10. Despised the use of Palanquins

4. British Conquest of Maratha

First Anglo Maratha War (1775-1782)Causes 

1. Death of Madhavrao 2. Treaty of Surat, 1775 - Raghunathrao ceded Salesette and Bassein to English & portion of Surat

and Bharuch revenue, In return British provided 2500 soldiers 3. Treaty of Purandar -  Culcutta council rejected Surat treaty, Bombay council rejected this 4. Nana Phadanvis violated treaty 

Course of war 1. Maratha used Scorched earth policy (burning farmland and poisoning wells)2. English surrendered in 17793. Treaty of Wadgaon signed 

Treaty of Salbai (1782)1. Warren Hasting rejected treaty of Wadgaon 2. Defeated Shinde at Sipri 3. Treaty guaranteed peace for 20 years4. Peshwa should not support any European 5. English enjoyed trade privileges as before  

Second Anglo Maratha War (1803-1805)Causes 

1. Bajirao II as Peshawa 2. Death of Nana Phadanvis in 18003. Peshawa killed brother of Jaswantrao Holkar, Holkar defeated armies of Peshawa and Shinde

Treaty of Bassein (1802)1. Signed by Bajirao II with English 2. Peshawa accepted subsidiary alliance 3. Shinde (Treaty of Surajianjangaon) and Bhosale (treaty of Devgaon) also concluded separate

subsidiary treaty 4. Holkar accepted treaty of Rajpurghat

Significance of treaty of Bassein 1. Company troops in Ponna, Strategic advantage of evenly spread company troops2. Gave English key of India

Third Anglo Maratha war (1817-1819) [Bhima Koregaon]Causes 

1. Charter act of 1813 Company monopoly ended (Except tea and trade with China) (Hence more need of resources)

2. English charged Maratha giving shelter to Pindaris3. British action against Pindaris seen as challenge to Maratha sovereignty 4. Bajirao II made a last bid by rallying Maratha chief

Result 1. Treaty of Poona with Peshawa, Gwalior with Shinde and Mandasor with Holkar2. Peshwaship abolished 3. Pratap Sing ruler of Satara; Bajirao II at Bithur near Kanpur

Why Maratha lost?1. Inept, Selfish leadership 2. Defective nature of Maratha state (No spread of education, No organisation, No unification,

Religio national movement)3. Loose political set up 4. Inferior military system (Though artillery department at Poona it hardly functioned efficiently)5. Unstable Economic policy 6. Superior English Diplomacy 7. Progressive British outlook vs Varna System

5. British Conquest of Sindh 

Talpura Amir1. British factory at Thatta, Sarfaraj khan force to close down this factory 2. 1783 Talpuras under Mir Fateh Ali Khan established control over Sindh 3. Char yar (brother) divided kingdom among themselves4. Amir ordered British to quit SIndh in 1800 

Treaty of Eternal Friendship 1. 1807 Alliance of Tilsit with Alexander I of Russia joined Napolean 2. One condition of alliance combine invasion of India by land route3. British wanted Barrier between Russia and British India4. Treaty with Amir, both side agreed to exclude French from Sindh (1820 Excludes American) 

Treaty of 18321. No English would settle in Sindh, Passport required for traders2. Free passage through Sindh for British traders & use of Indus (no warship)3. Old treaties confirmed 

Lord Auckland ad Sindh 1. Looked at Sindh from perspective of saving India from Russian invasion and counteracting

influence over Afgan (Amir were not strong as Ranjeet, consolidation in SIndh was needed)2. 1838 tripartite treaty gave right to British to intervene between Sindh and Punjab 3. Sindh accept subsidiary alliance in 18394. 1843 Sindh merged in British India (Afgan war on soil of Sindh -> charged Amir with treasonable

charges -> treaty -> revolt -> Annexation)

6. Conquest of Punjab 

Consolidation of Punjab under Sikh

1. Murder of Banda Bahadur -> Sikh's divided into Bandai (liberal) and Tat Khalsa (orthodox)2. Kapur Sing Faijalpurajja organised Sikh as Dal Khalsa3. Weakness of Mughal -> Dal Khalsa consolidated as Misl (12 important)4. Ranjeet Sing of Shukarchakiya Misl [Ranjeet code J&K]5. Ranjeet sing exploited political turmoil of region (Ruthless policy of blood and iron)

Treaty of Amritsar (1809)1. English and Ranjeet Singh2. River Sutlaj as boundary line 

Punjab after Ranjeet Singh 1. His son was not efficient2. Power Struggle

First Anglo Sikh War (1845-46)Causes

1. Anarchy after death of Ranjeet Singh2. Increased British troop near border3. Sikh army crossed Sutlaj

Treaty of Lahore 1. British resident at Lahore2. Kashmir sold to Gulab Singh to pay war indemnity3. As Sikh not satisfied with treaty, later treaty of Bhairowal

Second Anglo Sikh War (1848-1849)Cause 

1. Humiliating treaties 2. Revolt by Mulraj and murder of English officer (over replacing him as governor)

Result 1. Surrender of Sikh army2. Annexation of Punjab 3. 1853 Punjab under Chief Commissioner4. Gave two side mutual respect for each other fighting power 5. Then after Sikh to fight loyally on British side (Even in revolt of 1857)

7. Extension of British Paramountcy through administrative policy 

The policy of ring fence 1. Warren Hasting [Contemporary to Nepolean]2. Creating buffer zone to defend companies territory, eg. Awadh 3. State brought under ring fence, were assured of military assistance under external aggression at

their own expenseSubsidiary Alliance 

1. Lord Wellesely (1798-1805)2. State compelled to accept permanent British army within its territory & to pay for maintenance3. Posting of British resident in court4. State can't employ other European without permission5. Can't go for war or negotiation without consulting governor general 6. Started with fear of Napolean expedition7. Made Indian ruler weak and irresponsible  8. First state Hyderabad (1798 and 1800)

9. Stages - First - Help with troops; Second - Making a common cause; Third - Ask for money and not men; Fourth - High fixed fee or else cede territory 

Doctrine of Lapse1. Adopted son can be heir to private property but not state (Said to be based on Hindu law,

Ranjit Singh annexed few)2. Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) [Not originator but too many cases arose]3. 7 states annexed by Dalhousie under doctrine of lapse [Satara, Sambalpur, Jhanshi, Nagpur]4. Bhagat and Udaipur given back [Rule of law]5. Awadh annexation for maladministration [Dalhousie was hesitating but court of director

ordered; Political blunder led to revolt of 1857]

8. Relation of British India with neighboring countries 

Anglo Bhutanese relation1. Frequent raids by Bhutanese2. British were forced to surrender passes leading to Assam 3. Bhutanese forced to surrender passes on annual payment of subsidies [Productive area of tea,

1865]

Anglo Nepalese relationTreaty of Sagauli (1816)

1. Nepal accepted British resident2. Ceded Garwal and Kumaon 3. Gorakhas joined British Indian army in large number4. Titaliya Treaty with Sikkim gave the land to Sikkim that snatched away from Nepal

Anglo Burmese relationFirst Burma war (1824-1826)Treaty of Yandabo

1. Cede coastal province of Arakan and Tenasserim 2. Abandon claims on Assam, Jantia3. Accepted British resident

Second Burma War (1852) - To get hold on timber resources Third Burma War (1885)

1. Invasion and annexation of Upper Burma by Dufferin 2. Burma separated from India in 1935

Anglo Tibetian relation - Treaty of Lhasa (1904) [Fear of Russian arms] (Anglo Russian convention 1907, In Tibet two powers would not negotiate without mediation of China) Gorkha contingent under Colonel Younghusband on a special mission to Tibet to oblige Tibetans to come to an agreement. 

Anglo Afghan relation Forward policy of Auckland - Company had to take initiative to protect boundary from Russian invasion [Spirited forward policy - Lytton]Anglo Afghan War (1839-1842)

1. Tripartite treaty of 1838 [Shaha Shauja, Sikh and British] [Involve a Sindh angle]2. Dost Amir surrendered and Shaha Shauja made Amir3. Afghan didnt accept Shaha Shauja

4. Settlement with Dost Muhammad John Lawrence's policy of masterly inactivity - Peace and non interference Lytton (Conservative) and the policy of proud reserve - Aimed at having scientific frontier and safeguarding sphere of influenceSecond Anglo Afghan war (1870-1880)Treaty of Gondamark (1879)

1. Amir conduct foreign policy with consultation of British India2. Permanent British resident3. Ripon - Afghan kept as buffer state (1921 independence in foreign policy)

North west frontier 1. Durand line between Afghan and British territories, 18932. Peaceful policy of Curzon 

People's Resistance Against British Before 1857 

1. Causes of peoples uprising 

1. Land revenue settlement, Heavy burden of taxes, eviction of peasants2. Loss of tribal people's hold over agriculture forest land3. Devastation of handloom industry 4.  Destruction of indigenous industry  5. Jamindar lost control over land (and hence priest, peasant and other)

2. Civil Uprisings 

Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800)1. Bihar and Bangal2. Famine of 1770 [Immediate cause restriction on pilgrims visiting holy places ]3. Raided companies factories and treasuries4. Equal participation of Hindu and Muslim 5. Successful in establishing an independent government in Bogra and Mymensingh. 6. Manju Shaha, Chirag Ali, Musa Shah, Bhawani Pathak7. Debi Chaudhurani's participation recognized as women participation8. Bankim Chandr Chatopadhyay novel Anandmath and Debi Chaudhurani 

Revolt of Midanapore and Dhalabhum (1766-1774)1. Bangal2. Damodar Singh and Jagnath Dhal main leaders 3. Jamindar - Ryot relation disturbed because of new land revenue system

Revolt of Moamarias (1769-99)1. Assam2. Low cast peasant who followed teaching of Aniruddhadeva challenges authority of Ahom king3. King took help from British

Civil uprising in Gorakhpur, Basti and Bahraich (1781)

1. Utter Pradesh2. To meet war expense appointment of Hannary as Izardar (Revenue officer, Secret mission to

check if how much surplus money was accessible in practice)3. Zamindar revolted 4. Hennary dismissed and Izara removed

Revolt of Raja of Vijayanagarm (1794)1. Northern Circas2. Joint mission to to oust French from Northern Circas3. After death of Anand Raju, Vijayramraju 4. Demand of British for money and to disband his troop5. Subjects supported Vijayramraju  

Revolt of Dhundia in Bednur (1799-1800)1. Karnataka2. Dhundia wagh converted to Islam by Tipu and put into jail3. After release carved out a state against British4. Get killed fighting against Wellesley 

Resistance of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (1797; 1800-05)1. Violation of treaty which accepted independence of Kotayam2. English appointed uncle of Pazhassi and gave him a revenue target3. Peasant exploitation to meet revenue target4. Mass resistance led by Raja (Got killed)

Civil Rebellion in Awadh (1799)1. Wajir ali khan replaced by Saddat Ali Khan2. Massacre of Banares - Wajir Ali's guard killed European and attacked magistrate of Banares3. Wajir Ali put in confinement 

Uprising in Ganjam and Gumsur (1800; 1835-37)1. Eastern Orrisa2. Strikara Bhanj a zamindar refused to pay revenue3. His son Dhananjay Bhaj rose to revolt after his death followers resisted4. Doora Bisayi formidable leader arrested and Zamindar of Gumsur forfeited

Uprising in Palamau (1800-02)1. Chotanagpur region Jharkhand2. Bhukhan Singh was leader

Poligars Revolt (1795-1805)1. Tinnevelly, Ramnathpuram, Sivagiri, Madurai and North Arcot2. Kattabomman Nayakan3. Company forces defeated by Veerpandiya Kattabomman4. Raja of Pudukottai's agreement with British -> Kattabomman, Subramania Pillai hanged5. Poligars imprisoned in fort of Palamcotta escaped, rebels took control of many forts6. Poligars of North Arcot rebelled as they were deprived of collecting Kaval fees (hereditary police

office)

Uprising in Bhiwani (1809) - Jat of Hariyana

Diwan Velu Thampi's revolt (1808-1809)1. Travancore2. Kundara Proclamation - Thampi openly call to take arm against British

Disturbance in Bundelkhand (1808-1812)1. Present MP & UP2. Lakshman Dawa killedar of Ajaygarh fort3. Darya Singh killedar of Kalanjar & Gopal SIngh military adventurer 4. To suppress - policy to binding hereditary chieftains (Contractual obligation known as

Ikarnamahs)

Parlakimedi Outbreak (1813-14)1. Ganjam, Odisha2. Narayan Deo, Gajpathi Deo

Kutch or Cutch Rebellion (1816-1832) - Gujarat, Rao Bharmal, conciliatory policy 

Rising at Bareilly (1816) 1. Imposition of police tax2. Mufti Muhmad and his followers, Religious Jehad

Upsurge in Hathras (1817)1. Aligarh and Agra 2. Dayaram and Bhagwat Singh 

Paika Rebellion (1817)1. Traditional landed militia of Odisha2. Bakshi Jagbandhu Bidyadhar, Mukund Deva and Dinbandhu Santra3. Succeeded in getting large remission (Suspension of sale of estate of defaulter at discretion)

Waghera Rising (1818-1820)1. Badoda 2. Led by Okha Mandal3. Peace treaty

Ahom Revolt (1828)1. Assam2. Led by  Gomdhar Konwar, Narendr Gadadhar singh and Kumar Rupchand3. Restoration of kngdom 

Surat Salt Agitation (1840) 1. Against raising salt duty, Attacks on European2. Government withdrew additional salt duty

Kolhapur revolt (Gadkaris revolt, 1844)1. During administrative reorganisation of Kolhapur, Gadkari disband2. Occupied Samangarh and Bhudargarh

Savantvadi revolt (1844) - Phond Savant, Subana Nikam, Daji Lakshman and Har Sawant Dingnekar

Wahabi Movement 1. Islamic revivalist movement founded by Syed Ahmed of Rai Barelly [ Shah Waliullah confused]

2. Bihar, Bangal and Punjab3. Teaching of Abdul Wahab of Saudi and Shaha Waliullah of Delhi 4. Advocated return to pure Islam 5. Dar ul Harb (land of Kafir) to be converted to Dar ul Islam 6. Jehad against Sikh kingdom of Punjab (English dominion target)

Kuka movement (1840)1. By Bhagat Jawahar Mal (Sian Saheb) in western Punjab (After him Baba Ram Singh(founded

namdhari Sikh sect)) 2. From religious purification movement to political movement3. Abolition of caste; discouraging consumption of meat, alcohol and drugs; inter caste marriage;

widow remarriage4. Advocated wearing hand woven cloth and boycott English laws and products (Swadeshi and

non co operation) 5. Kuka Revolt 1872

3. Peasant movement with religious overtone 

Narkelberja uprising 1. Mir Nithar Ali or Titu Mir2. Muslim peasant against Hindu land lords (later merged with Wahabi movement)

The Pagal Panthis 1. Semi religious group of Hajong and Garo tribes, founded by Karam Shah (Bangal)2. Kasam shaha son Tipu rose against Zamindar

Faraizi Revolt 1. Muslims sect founded by Haji Shariat Allah (Son of Dadu Mian) of Faridapur (East Bangal)2. Advocated radical religious, social and political change  (merged with Wahabis)

Moplah uprising 1. Malbar, Kerala 2. Hike in revenue demand and reduction in field size

4. Tribal Revolt 

Causes  Mainland 

1. Affected joint membership and hence social fabric 2. Influx of non tribals because of extended agriculture3. Restricted timber use, grazing and shifting cultivation4. Exploited by moneylenders, police and traders5. Christian missionaries interfered in tribal customs 

North Easter Frontier 1. Revolts often favor in political autonomy or complete independence2. Movement were not forest based or agrarian revolt3. Continued longer time4. Desanskritisation movement also spread  (Meitei movement to denounce malpractices of neo

vaishnavite)

Characteristics 1. Not all outsiders seen as enemy (Poor or profession having socially and economically supportive

role)

2. Resentment against imposition of laws by foreign government3. Led by Massiaha like figure4. Fought with outdated arms

Important tribal movements of mainlandPahariyas Rebellion 

1. Pahariyas of Raj Mahal Hills (Jharkhand) 2. Led to peace, British declared their area as Damni Kol area

Chuar Uprising (Revolt of Jangal Mahal)1. Midanpore and Bankura (Bangal)2. Sham Ganjan, Durjan Singh and Madhab Singh3. Brutally suppressed  

Kol Mutiny (1831)1. Issue of transfer of land from Kol to outsider2. Chotanagpur 3. Buddho Bhagat and others killed or burnt thousands of outsiders

Ho and Munda uprising 1. Raja Pratap organised Ho tribals of Jharkhand, joined by Mundas2. Against new revenue policy and entry of Bangalis in their region3. In 1900 Birsa Munda led rebellion 

The Santhal rebellion1. Rajmahal hill (Bihar)2. Rebel against Zamindar3. Sidhu and Kanhu important leaders

Khond uprising 1. Extending from Tamilnadu to Bangal & Orissa2. Bhakra Bisnoi opposed suppression of human sacrifice, new taxes and entry of Zamindar in their

areaKoya revolts

1. Eastern Godavari track (Modern Andhra)2. Thomma Sora and Raja Annatayar rebel against oppression by police and moneylenders, denial

of their customary and forest rightsBhil Revolts 

1. Maharashtra and Southern Rajasthan2. Famine, economic distress and misgovernment 3. Govind Guru helped Bhil of South Rajsthan for Bhil raj 

Koli rising - Against unemployment and dismantling their fortsRamosi Rising 

1. After annexation of Maratha lost their livehood2. Rose under Chittur Singh, Umaji Naik and his supporter Bapu Trimbakji Sawant 3. Pacifist policy even recruited some of them  

Note : Adivasi Mahsabha was formed in 1937

Important tribal movements North East Region Khasi Uprising (1833)

1. EIC wanted to build road linking Salhyt and Brhamputra valley so influx of outsider2. Garo, Khasi, Khaptis and Singphos organised themselve under Tirath Singh 3. To drive away stranger 

Singphos rebellion (1843)1. Assam Burma border 

2. Nirang Phidu led 

5. Sepoy Mutinies 

Causes1. Discrimination in payment and promotions2. Mistreatment by British officials3. Refusal to pay foreign allowances when fighting in remote area4. Religious objection (Canning's general service enlistment act 1856 ordering all recruits to

serve inside and outside the country)Important mutinies 

1. Vellore Mutiny of 1806 (Against interference in social and religious practices)2. Mutiny of 47th native infantry 1824 (Crossing sea)3. Revolt of Grenadier company, Assam 18254. Mutiny in Solapur 1838

6. Weakness of people's uprising 

1. Localised, different time and different region2. Semi feudal leadership, traditional outlook3. Not because of national impulse but to protect personal rights4. Outdated arms 5. No unified nationalist sentiments, hence pacified easily 

The Revolt of 1857

1. Major Causes 

Economic1. New land revenue policy, heavy taxes hence involvement of moneylenders (Status issue for

Zamindar)2. Eviction of peasants 3. Annexation of state led to cut off of patronage for artisans 4. British policy discouraged handicraft to promote British goods5. One way free trade6. Increased pressure on land and agriculture

Political 1. Company's greed policy created suspicion in all states 2. Right of succession denied to Hindu prince3. Succession of Mughal prince 'Faquirudin' accepted conditionally 

Administrative causes1. Rampant corruption 2. Foreign and alien look in the eyes of Indians 

Socio Religious Causes 1. Racial overtone & Superiority Complex2. Activities of Christian missionaries 

3. Attempt of socio religious reforms like Abolition of Sati, Widow remarriage and women education

4. Decision to tax Mosque and temple land 5. Religious disability act 1856 which modified Hindu custom (Changing religion will not debar son

from inheriting property)Influence of outside event

1. British lost in First Afghan war, Punjab wars, Crimean war 2. Psychological repercussions of above war

Discontent among Sepoys 1. Restriction on wearing caste or sectarian mark 2.  general service enlistment act 1856 3. Would not be given foreign allowances when serving Punjab and Sindh4. Annexation of Awadh, home of many Sepoy5. Subordinate treatment6. Sepoys were peasant in uniforms, hence effect of ruler distress  

2. Beginning and spread of revolt 

The Spark 1. Report of mixing bone dust in Atta2. Cartridge of new en-field rifle had to be bitten off (Reportedly made up of cow and pig)

Start 1. 19th NI of Behrampur mutiny2. Mangal Pande - 34th NI, fired at sergeant major of his unit at Barrackpore3. Began at Meerut on May 10, 1957, killed their officers and set off for Delhi after sunset

Bahadur Shah as Symbolic head1. Bahadur Shaha wrote letter to all rulers of India to join 2. Bengal army rose in revolt

Civilians involvement 1. Supported by peasantry, artisans, shopkeeper, day laborers, zamindar, priest, civil servants2. Peasant took advantage to destroy books of moneylenders 3. Attack on police stations, tehsil, law court

Storm centers and leaders of the revolt 1. General Bakht Khan led revolt of Bareilly troops and brought them to Delhi2. Kanpur - Nana Saheb (Adopted son of Bajirao II)3. Begum Hajarath Mahal - Lucknow 4. Bareilly - Khan Bahadur 5. Bihar - Kunwar Singh6. Maulavi Ahmadullah - Faizabad7. Rani Laxmibai - Jhanshi (Raja Gangadhar rao), joined by Tatya Tope8. Rani Laxmibai marched towards Gwalior but Shinde took side of British 9. Shah Mal - Baghpat

Suppression of revolt1. Great house of Mughal completly extinguished [Delhi : Willoughby, John Nicholson, Hudson]2. Nana Saheb fled to Nepal [Kanpur : Sir Colin Campbell, Huge Wheeler]3. Tatya Tope put to death 4. June 1858 Jhansi captured by Hugh Rose5. Lucknow : Henry Lawrence, Inglis, Henry Havelock, James Outram, Colin Campbell6. Banares : James Neil

7. End of 1858 entire India under control

3. Why the revolt failed? 1. All India participation was absent (probably because earlier revolt suppressed)2. All classes did not join (Educated saw backward looking, Moneylender, Big Zamindar's class interest)3. Poor arms and equipment (Role of electric telegraph)4. Uncoordinated and poorly organized5. No unified ideology (Modern nationalism was unknown)  

4. Hindu Muslim Unity Factor 

1. Respected each others sentiment (Immediate banning of cow slaughter)2. Laxmibai had solid support of Afghan soldiers3. Demonstrated that people and politics before 1857 were not communal

5. Nature of Revolt1. British Historian - Unpatriotic, selfish Sepoy mutiny with no native leadership and popular support2. Localised, restricted and poorly organised 3. Savarkar - First planned war of independence

6. Consequences 

1. Act passed in 1858, Declared queen as sovereign of British India & appointment of secretory of

state for India. Company rule abolished 2. Queen's proclamation, 1858 - Darbar of Alahabad, Announced by lord Canning, Governor

general acquired additional title viceroy, Some positive promises3. Era of annexation ended4. British to respect dignity of local prince5. Indian state accepted paramountcy of British crown6. Freedom of religion7. Equal and impartially protection under law8. Equal opportunity in government service (Indian civil services act 1861)9. Indian soldiers reduced, Effort to kept army away from civilians 

10. Separate army unit on the basis of caste/creed/religion    11. All higher army post and Artillery unit reserved for Europeans 12. Army Amalgamation scheme / Linked Battalion Scheme13. Complete non interference in traditional fabric of India (Era of reform came to end)14. Divide and rule policy 15. Autocratic rule 

7. White Mutiny 1861 

1. Before revolt two armies Queen's army and EIC troops2. Company troops received extra allowances (Operation other than home territory)3. Presidency were to transfer allegiance to Queen4. Finally free and clear release with free passage home accepted 

8. Significance of revolt

1. Shortcoming of administration and army rectified promptly 

2. Educated youth did not believe in violence and believed in orderly approach3. Helped in Indian freedom struggle 

Socio Religious Reform movement : General features 

1. Factors giving rise to desire for reforms 

Impact of British Rule 1. Scientific outlook2. Enlightenment movement in Europe3. Rising tide for nationalism and democracy 4. Spread of education 5. Impact of western idea 

Religious and Social Ills 1. Magic and superstition 2. Unhealthy influence of priest on population

Depressing position of women1. Attempt to kill female infants2. Child marriage3. Practice of polygamy 4. Sati

The caste problem1. Untouchability 2. major obstacle in spreading nationalism & democracy 

2. Social and ideological bases of reform 

Middle class (But not grown with trade like European) Intellectual criteria

1. Rationalism (replace faith with rationality), religious universalism and humanism 2. Humanitarian morality 3. Secularism

3. Fight for betterment of position of women 

Customs1. Hindu women can't inherit property, Muslim could but only half as of men2. Voice against degrading customs3. Abolition of Sati - Efforts of Raja Rammohan Roy, The regulation of 1829 declared it illegal and

punishable (First Bangal, later in 1830 extended to Bombay and Madras)4. Bangal regulation of 1795 & 1805 declared female infanticide illegal and equivalent to murder

(1870 act compulsory registration of birth & verification of female infant after few years)Widow remarriage 

1.  Hindu widow remarriage act 1856 legalized widow marriage (Vidyasagar cited Vedic text)2. Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded Widow remarriage Association 3. Karsondas Mulji - Started Satya Prakash in Gujarati advocated widow remarriage4. DK Karve himself married widow 

Child Marriage1. Child marriage act 1872 (Act was not applicable to Hindu & Muslim)2. Efforts of BM Malbari - Age Consent Act 1891 (Forbid marriage of girl below 12 years)3. Sarda Act 1930 pushed age to 18 & 14 for boys & girls respectively 

Girls Education 1. Culcutta female juvenile society 18192. Bethune school 1849, first fruit for powerful movement for women 3. Pandit Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar - Pioneer of women education4. Jagnath Shankar Seth, Bhau Daji - Girls school in Mahrashtra5. Charle's Woods despatch on education (1854) laid great stress on female education6. DK Karve 1916 - Indian Women University 7. Lady Hardinge medical college Delhi8. Dufferin Hospital 18809. All India women conference 1927 [Presided by Maharani Chimnabai Saheb Gaekwar of Baroda;

AIWC second conference established All India women education fund]Women's Organisation 

1. 1910 Sarala Devi Chaudhurani convened the first meeting of Bharat Stree Mahamandal in Alahabad

2. 1904 Ramabai Ranade founded Bharat Mahila Parishd (Ladies Social Conference) in Bombay3. Pandita Ramabai - Arya Mahila Samaj - Pleaded for women education - Result was Lady

Dufferin College for medical education 4. 1925 - National Council of Women (Cornelia Sarabji India's first lady barrister)5. All India Woman Conference by Margaret Cousins 1927, First women organisation with

Egalitarian approach

4. Struggle against caste based exploitation

Factors that helped to mitigate caste based discrimination 

1. British rule without intention created certain condition that undermined cast consciousness2. Social reform movements also strove to undermine caste based exploitation3. National movement took inspiration from the principles of liberty and equality (1932 All India

Harijan Sangh)4. With increasing education opportunity stirring among the lower caste 5. Narayan Guru in Kerala - One religion, One caste, One god for mankind (Sahadaran Ayyapam

changed one with no)6. Mahad Satyagrah - 19277. Ambedkar established Bahishkrut hitkarani Sabha - 1924 

A General Survey of Socio Cultural reform movements

1. Brahmo Samaj

Raja Rammohan Roy 1. Father of Indian Renaissance & Maker of modern India 2. Monotheism, wrote Gift to monotheist (1809)3. Translated Vedas and 5 Upanishadhas into Bangali 4. 1814 Atmiya Sabha to propagate monotheist ideas of Vedanta, Campaign against idolatry, caste

rigidities, & meaningless rituals5. Percepts of Jesus (1820)

6. Advocacy to incorporate faith of Christianity in Hinduism 7. Brahmho sabha in 1828, later renamed Brahmo Samaj (to purify Hinduism and spread

monotheism, no definite stand on doctrine of Karma)8. Raja Radhakant organised Dharma Sabha to counter Brahmo Samaj 9. Denied ultimate authority of scriptures 

10. Criticized caste system 11. Campaign against Sati (Due to his effort it declared as crime in 1929)12. Attacked polygamy, degraded status of widow & demanded right to inherit property for women13. Support effort of David Hare to found the Hindu College in 181714. 1825 Vedanta College [Bith Indian learning and western social and physical science]15. A linguist and bold supporter of freedom of press16. Condemned oppressive practices of Zamindar 17. Called for reduction in export duties 18. Demanded Indianisation of superior service and Separation of judiciary from executives &

judicial equality19. Calcutta Unitarian Committee was formed by Raja Rammohan Roy, Dwarkanath Tagore and

William Adam, Devendrnath Tagore

1. Earlier to Brahmo Samaj Tagore headed Tattvabodhini Sabha and propagated thoughts through Tatvbodhini Patrika (1839)

2. Opposed Christian missionaries and conversion Keshav Chandra Sen

1. Instrumental in popularising movement2. organised the young men of the Samaj under the Sanghat Sabhas  3. Debendrnath did not like some of his idea like inter caste marriage, inclusion of teaching of all

religion hence dismissed from post of Acharya4. In 1866 founded Brahmo Samaj of India (Tagor's Adi Brahmo Samaj)5. After returning from England, he established the 'Indian Reform Association 6. To educate girls and women, he opened the Normal School for girls and the Victoria Institution

for women in 1871.  7. Associated with Special Marriage Act 1872 [Legalized civil marriages between castes for the first

time]8. In 1878 disgusted followers of KC Sen created Sadharan Brahmo Samaj (Anand Mohan Bose,

Shibchandr Deb & Umesh Chandr Dutta)9. In 1881, Keshab Chandra Sen established NabaBidhan (New Dispensation) meaning new

universalist religion after having differences within BrahmoSamaj.10. He was also part of Indian reform association to legalize Brahmo marriage and to fix minimum

age of marriage.  Significance

1. Attacked superstition  2. Condemned Hindu prejudice against going abroad  3. Work for abolition of Purdah 4. Discouraged child marriage, sati and polygamy 5. Attacked castism 6. But influence not beyond Calcutta 

2. Prarthana Samaj 

1. In 1867 by Atmaram Pandurang in Bombay 2. Popularity because of Ranade's work3. Precursor of Prarthana Sabha was Paramhansa Sabha4. Monotheist, more concerned about social reforms than religious 5. Attached to Bhakti Cult 6. disapproval of caste system 7. women's education8. widow remarriage9. raising age of marriage for both 

10. Along with karve Ranade founded Widow remarriage movement as well as Widow home association 

3. Young Bangal Movement and Henry Vivian Derozio (Associated with Hindu college)

1. Henry (Anglo Indian) inspired to think freely and rationally, question all authority, oppose decadent tradition and custom

2. Perhaps first nationalist poet of modern India3. Limited success (Society not ready for radical ideas & lacked link with masses)

4. Ishwar Chandr Vidyasagar 

1. Believe in high moral values, was deep Humanist 2. Opened Sanskrit college for non Brahmin 3. Introduced western thoughts in Sanskrit College 4. 35 girls school 5. Supporter of Widow remarriage (Which result in legalisation of widow remarriage)6. Shome Prakash ewspaper was started by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar he also wrote a book Bahu

vivah 

5. Balshastri Jambhekar

1. Pioneer of social reform through journalism 2. Darpan, 1832 (Father of Marathi journalism)3. In 1840 started Digdarshan (History + Scientific subject )4. First professor of Hindi at Elphinston College & director of Colaba observatory 

6. Paramhansa Mandali 

1. Founded in 1849 in Maharashtra by Dadoba Pandurang and Mehtaji Durgaram2. Closely linked with Manav Dharm Sabha 3. Monotheist4. Food cooked by lower caste people was taken by members 

7. Satyashodhak Samaj

Jyotirao Phule1. Founded Satyshobhak in 1873

2. Used symbol of Raja Bali opposed to Ram3. Books - Sarvajank Satyadharm and Gulamgiri 4. Complete abolition of caste and socio economic inequalities5. Home for widow in 1854

8. Gopalhari Deshmukh (Lokhitwadi)

1. Wrote for weekly Prabhakar as Lokhitwadi 2. Supported social and religious equality 3. Started weekly Hitechhu & played role in founding periodicals Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash &

Lokhitwadi

9. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 

1. Educationalist and social reformer2. Criticised false glorification of past and blind dependence on tradition3. Co founder of New English School, Deccan Education society and FC4. Editor of Kesari later started Sudharak [Associate editor of Sudharak was GK Gokhale]

10. The Servants of India Society 

1. Founded by Gopal Krishn Gokhale in 19052. Prepare cadre of selfless workers 3. 1911, Hitavada began to publish 

11. Social Service League 

1. By Narayan Malhar Joshi in Bombay [Founder of All India trade union congress - 1920]2. to secure for the masses better and reasonable condition of life and work

12. vivekanand

1. Rankrishn Mission founded by vivekanand in 1897 (Narendrnath Datta)2. Teaching of Ramkrishn Paramhans (Gangadhar Chatopadhya)3. Neo Hinduism 4. Vivekananda Called upon his countryman to imbibe spirit of liberty, equality and free thinking5. Speech at Parliament of religions held at Chicago, 18936. Advocated juncture of Hinduism and Islam 7. Idol worship 

13. Arya Samaj 

1. Founded in 1875 By Dayanad Saraswati or Mulshankar in Bombay (Later headquarter at Lahor)2. Dayanand views published in his famous book Satyarth Prakash 3. Gave slogan back to Vedas [Infallibility of Vedas]4. Casteless, classless India with Aryan religion & free from Foreign rule   5. believed in theory of karma6. Attacked principle of Niyati and Hindu orthodoxy 7. Against idol worship 

8. Subscribed to Vedic notion of Chaturvarna [Not by birth but occupation]9. Dayanand Anglo Vedic college established at Lahore (1886)

10. Mahtma Party [Gurukul, Dayanad Sarasvati] vs College party [Lala lajpat Rai, Non veg as personal choice, Favored English education], Arya Samaj split in 1893

11. Gurukul founded Kanya Mahavidyalay in 1896 and sponsered education for widows 12. Shuddhi movement

14. Seva Sadan

1. Behramji Malbari founded Seva Sadan in 1908 2. Age of consent act3. Malbari acquired and edited Indian Spectator 

15. Dev Samaj 

Founded in 1887 at Lahor by Naryan Agnihotri Called for idol social behavior Spoke against child marriage

16. Dharm Sabha 

Founded by Radhakant Deb in 1830Status Quo [opposed abolition of Sati however favored girls education]

17. Bharat Dharm Mahamandal 

Orthodoxy Pandit Madan Mohan Maliviy prominant figure in orthodoxy

18. Radhaswami Movement 

Shiv Dayal Saheb founded this movement in 1861No beliefs in temples

19. Shree Narayan Guru Dharm Paripalana Movement 

By Shree Naryan Guru in Ezhavas of Kerala Aruvipurram Movement Registered in 1903 under Indian companies act 

20. Vokkaliga Sangha - Anti Brahmin Movement in 190521. Justice Movement - P Tyagraja, To Secure jobs and representation of Non Brahmin in legislature of

Madras22. Self Respect movement - EV Ramaswamy Naicker, Wedding without Brahman23. Temple Entry Movement 

TK Madhavan editor of Deshabhimani took issue with Travancore administration Vaikom Satyagrah in Kerala 

24. Indian Social Conference 

MG Ranade and Raghunath Rao Social reform cell of INC

25. Ahmadiyya Movement 

Sect of Islam Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Based on liberal principle Opposed JihadSeparation of Mosque and State Like Bahaism suffered from Mysticism 

26. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement

Religion should be adopted with timeZealous educationalist Started Mohameddan Anglo oriental college At Aligarh 1875 (AMU) [theodore beck associated with this]Opposed Purdah and polygamy Opposed political activities by MuslimMagazine Tahabid Ul AkhlaqLiberal movement

27. The Deoband School (Darul Uloom)

Orthodox Muslim movementJehad against foreign ruleWelcomed formation of INCFatwa against Sayed Ahmed KhanShibli Numani favored English education 

28. Parasi Reform Movement

Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha [by Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, S. S. Bengalee and K. R. Cama] [Careful about Malbari baba] Rast Goftar newspaper Removal of Purdah

29. Sikh Reform Movement 

Singh Sabha Movement 1. Modern western education to Sikh (Khalsa School)2. Everything against Gurus teaching rejected

Akali Movement 1. Gurudwara Reform movement 2. Liberating Gurudwara from Udasi Mahant

30. The Theosophical Movement

Founded by Madem Blavatsky & MS Olcott in New York (1875)Allied with Hindu RenaissanceMovement became popular with election of Annie Besant (1907)Besant laid foundation of Central Hindu College in Banares (1893) [Nucleas of BHU in 1916]Gave false sense of pride in outdated tradition & hence gave self respect to Indians 

31. Significance of reform Movement 

Positive Aspects 1. Liberation of individuals2. Weeding out corrupt elements, religious practices and beliefs3. Cultural root to middle class 

4. Fostered Secular outlook5. Encouraged social climate for modernization6. Ended India's cultural isolation from rest of the world7. Evolution of national conscience 

Negative Aspects 1. Narrow Social base (Urban poor ignored)2. Indirectly encouraged Mysticism and pseudo scientific approach3. Overemphasized on religious and philosophical aspect of culture while undermining secular and

moral aspect4. Hindus confined their praise to ancient Hindu history and Muslim to medieval history created

communal consciousness  5. Historical process of evolution of composite culture arrested to some extent 

Beginning of Modern nationalism in India

1. Factors in growth of modern nationalism 

French Revolution and worldwide upsurge of Nationalism Indian RenaissanceUnderstanding of contradiction in Indian and Colonial interest Political, Administrative and Economic unification of India (Railway, law, telegram, etc) [First telegraph 1850 Diamond Harbour to Culcutta and First Railway Thane to Mumbai 1853]Western thought of education (English language)Press and literatureRediscovery of India's past (Psychological boost)Racial arrogance of rulers [Lytton policy to reduce ICS age to 19 years(1876); Delhi Darbar (1877) when country was in famine (1877); Vernacular press act (1878), Arms Act (1878);]Ilbert bill controversy - 1884, Abolish judicial disqualification, Rippon had to modify bill Rise of middle class

2. Political Associations before the INC

Demands - Administrative reforms, spread of education, Association of Indian in administrationPolitical Associations in Bangal

1. Bangbhasha Prasarika Sabha - 1836, Associates of Raja Rammohan Roy2. The Zamindari Association 3. The Bangal British India Society - 18434. British Indian Association - 2+3, 1851 by Raja Radhakant Deb with Debendrnath Tagore,

Published newspaper Hindu patriot [Some demands accepted in Charter act of 1853]5. East India Association - Organized by Dadabhai Nauroji in London, 1866 6. Bombay Association - first political organization in Bombay Presidency; founded by Jagannath

Shankarshet [Dadabhai Nauoroji associated] 7. The Indian League - Sisir Kumar Ghosh, 18758. Indian Association of Culcutta - Indian national association, In 1876 by Surendrnath Banarjee

& Anand Mohan Bose, Protested against reduction of age limit in ICS (1877), Merged with INC in 1886

Political Association in Bombay 1. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha - In 1867 by Ranade [petition (1875) to the House of Commons

demanding India's direct representation in the British parliament]2. Bombay Presidency association - In 1885 by KT Telang, Pherozshah Mehta

Madras Mahajan Sabha -  M Viraraghavachari, B Subramaniyam Iyer and P Ananda Charulu (1884)

Indian National Congress

1. Foundation

A.O. Humes, In 1885 first Session of INC at Bombay @ Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College Bombay (Presided by Womesh Chandr Banarejee)In 1890 Kadambini Ganguly, first women graduate of Culcutta university addressed congress session Safety Valve theory 

1. Lala Lajpat Rai believed in safety valve2. Bipin Chandra - Congress leader used Hume as lightning conductor 

Aims and Objectives 1. Democratic National Movement2. Politicise educated youth3. Develop and propagate anti colonial idology4. Present popular demand before government5. Develop a feeling of national unity among people

[Note : Dadabhai Nauroji planned INC session in London (1890)]

2. Era of Moderate (1885-1905)

Approach 1. Public demand to be presented to the government through resolution, petition, meetings, etc2. Method of prayer and petition if failed, Constitutional protest  (3 P)3. Believed political connection with Britain is in India's interest, time is not ripe to direct challenge

BritishContribution

1. Economic critique of Britain imperialism (Able to create public opinion that British policies are behind economic backwardness of India)

2. Demanded encouragement for modern Industry through tariff, reduction in land revenue, abolition of salt tax, reduction in military expenditure

3. Constitutional reforms, Indian Council Act 1892 (dissatisfaction, No taxation without representation)

4. Effective use of legislative assembly to criticize government 5. campaign for Indianisation of service on Economic, Political and Moral ground6. Criticism o aggressive foreign policy7. Defence of civil right

[Note : Early nationalist lacked political faith in masses]

3. Officials encouraged Sayed Ahmed Khan and Raja Shiv Prasad Singh of Banares to organize United Indian patriotic organisation to counter Congress 

Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909)

1. Growth of militant nationalism 

Why militant nationalism grow? 1. Recognition of true nature of British rule

2. 1897 - Natu brothers deported without trial, Tilak imprisoned 3. 1904 - Official secrecy act curbed freedom of press4. 1904 - Indian universities act ensured greater government control over universities 5. Growth of confidence and self respect6. Growth of education and unemployment7. The defeat of Italian army by Ethiopian (1896); The Boer wars (1902); Japan's victory over Russia

(1905) also8. Emergence of Japan as industrial power9. Reaction to increasing westernisation

10. Dissatisfaction with achievements of moderates  11. Reactionary politics of Curzon 12. Partition of Bengal13. Existence of militant school of thought14. Trained leadership properly channelized energy of youth 

2. The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement 

Partition of Bengal1. 1903 - Decision to partition Bengal made public 2. Administrative reason given3. Stated that it would help in development of Assam, if it came under direct jurisdiction of

government (Some extent true)4. Real motive to weaken Bengal (Divide on religion and language)

Anti Partition Campaign under moderates1. Surendrnath Banarjee, KK Mitra and Prithwischchandr Ray2. Ignoring public opinion government announced partition in July 19053. August 7 1905, passage of Boycott resolution and proclamation of Swadeshi movement @

Calcutta townhall4.  Day of partition observed as day of mourning (people fasted, bathed in Gnaga, walked bare

foot singing Vande Mataram)5. Amar shonar Bangla composed by R Tagore6. People tied Rakhi each other 

Congress Position1. Condemned partition 2. Support partition and Swadeshi movement3. Militant nationalist want to take movement outside Bengal and full fledged political struggle

attaining Swaraj (Moderate not willing to go that far)4. Congress session of Culcutta (1906, headed by Dadabhai) declared goal as Swaraj

Movements under Extremist leadership1. Extremist call for passive resistance in addition to Swadeshi and boycott 2. Boycott of government schools, colleges, service, courts, legislative council, municipalities, titles

etc3. Boycott and public burning of foreign goods4. Public meeting and procession5. Forming corps of volunteer of Samitis (Swadesh bandhab Samiti or Barisal Samiti of Bengal -

Ashwini Kumar Datta)6. Use of festivals and melas7. Self reliance or Atma Shakti was encouraged 8. Bengal National College set up with Arbindo Ghosh as principal 

9. August 15 1906 the national council of education was set up (Swadeshi education )10. Bengal institute of technology was set up11. Swadeshi enterprise 12. In TN Subramaniam Bharati wrote Sudesh Geetam13. Indian Society of Oriental Art 190714.  Barisal Conference (attended by the likes of Sri Aurobindo ) participants in 1906

Extent of mass participation

1. Participation of student were visible2. Now onwards women played great role3. Most upper and middle class muslim stayed away or supported partition under Nawab

Salimullah of Dacca (All India Muslim League propped in 1905 under leadership of Aga Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul mulk)

4. Labor unrest5. All India participation

Annulment of Partition1. 1911, Also decided to shift capital to Delhi (Associated with Muslim glory to please Muslim)2. Bihar Orissa taken out of Bangal, Assam made a separate province

Evalution of movement1. Failed to create effective organisation or a party structure2. Arbindo Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal retired from politics3. Remained confined to upper and middle class4. Encompassed art, literature, science and industry 5. Different perception of Swaraj6. Tilak opposition to age of consent bill7. Pal and Arbindo spoke of Hindu nation, which alienated Muslim 8. Rise of patriotism 

[Modern India page 278, difference in Moderates and Extremist for mains] The Surat Split 

1. 1905 Banares session INC presided by Gokhale (Compromise)2. 1906 Session presided by Dadabhai, Culcutta (Swaraj as goal, Swaraj mentioned first time)3. Moderates were encouraged by Council reform 4. Extremist wanted 1907 session to be held at Nagpur, moderate choose Surat to exclude Tilak5. Rasbihari Ghosh as presided Surat session, 19076. Split takes place, Congress dominated by moderates  

Government Repression 

1. Massive attack on extremist 2. Seditious meeting act 19073. Indian newspaper (Incitement to offence) act 19084. Criminal law amendment act 19085. Explosive substance act 19086. Indian press act 19107. Tilak tried of sedition (sent to Mandale for 6 years)8. Lajpat Rai left abroad

3. The Morley Minto Reforms 

Policy of carrot and stick1906 Simla Deputation led by Aga Khan demanded separate electorateGokhale went to England to demand self governance [Provisions of act done in polity]

First Phase of Revolutionary activities (1907-1917)

1. Why the surge of revolutionary activities?

Youngster not ready to retreat after decline of open phaseLeadership failure failed to tap revolutionary energies of youthGovernment repression left no peaceful avenues

2. The revolutionary Programme

Opted to follow footstep of Russian or Irish nationalistIndividual heroic action

3. A Survey of revolutionary activities

Bengal 1. 1902 in Midanpore by Janendrnath Basu & in Culcutta The Anushilan Samiti founded by

Promotha Mittar 2. 1906 Barindr Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendrnath Datta started weekly Yugantar3. Rasbihari Bose and Sachin Sanyal started secret society 4.  1907 attempt on life of Sir Fuller by Yugantar5. In 1908 at Muzaffarpur Prafull Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempted murder of Kingsford6. Barindr Kumar Ghosh (Death penalty then life imprisonment) and Aurobindo Ghosh (acquitted)

tried in Alipore Conspiracy case (Manicktolla bomb conspiracy or Muraripukur conspiracy) [Ullaskar Datta bomb maker]

7. 1908 Barrah Dacoity by Dacca Anushilan under Pulin Das (East Bengal)8. 1912 - Bomb throne at viceroy Harding by Rasbihari Bose and Sachin Sanyal [Delhi conspiracy]9. German Plot - 1915, Zimmerman plan, World war 1, Bagha Jatin or Jatin Mukharjee shot dead

4. Maharashtra 

1. 1879 - Ramoshi peasant forces by Vasudeo Balwant Fadake2. 1897 - Rand murdered by Chapekar Bandu (Damodar and Balkrishn)3. 1899 - Mitra Mela started by Savarkar merged with Abhinav Bharat (1904) [After Mazzinis

young Italy]4. 1909 - Anant Kanhere murdered Jackson in Pune (Abhinav Bharat) [Savarkar life imprisonment]

5. Punjab - Anjuman i Mohisban i Watan - In Lahor by Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit singh with its journal Bharat

Mela 6. Revolutionary Activities Abroad 

1. Indian Home Rule Society / India House -Shyamji Krishn Varma, London, 1905 (Journal The Indian Sociologist)

2. 1909 - Madanlal Dhigra assassinated Curzon Wyllie 3. Madame Bhikaji Cama operated from Paris and Geneva (started the ‘Free India Society

and Journal Bande Mataram) [unfurl the national flag at the international Socialist Conference in Stuttgart]

4. Paris Indian Society - Madam Bhikaji Cama; Opened as a branch of the Indian Home Rule Society

5. Virendrnath Chattopadhyaya chose Barlin as base (1915, Birlin Committee for Indian independence, German plan)

6. The Ghadr 

1. Pre Gadhar : Swadesh Sewak Home at Vancouver and United India House at Seattle2. Weekly newspaper the Ghadr at San Francisco3. In 1913 Organised by Lala Hardayal, Ramchandr Bhawan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba,

Barkatullah, Bhai Premchand4. Komagata Maru incidence intended to bring revolution in India (February 21 1915 date

of revolution) 5. Gadhar movement failed because of treachery 6. Rasbihari Bose fled to Japan7. Sachin Sanyal transported for life8. Defence of India act 1915 passed to curb Gadharite9. Militant Secular Nationalist movement

7. 1915 - Mutiny in Singapore (5th Light infantry and 36th Sikh Batalian Under Jamadar Chisti Khan, Abdul Ghani and Subhedar Daud Khan)

8. Berlin Committee for Indian independence - 1915, by Virendrnath Chatopadhyay, Bhupendrnath Dutta and Lala Hardayal

First World War and Nationalist Response 

1. Moderates supported war2. Extremist including Tilak Supported war efforts3. Revolutionaries decided to utilize opportunity4. Home Rule League Movement

Movement1. Annie Besant, Tilak, GS Khaparde, S Subramania Iyer (Renounced Knighthood), Joseph Baptist

and Jinah2. Home rule along the line of Irish home rule3. Besant News paper - Campaign through New India and Commonweal 4. 1915 - Congress accommodated extremist (No approval to Home rule)5. Tilak League - April 1916, First meeting Belgaum, Poona Head Quarter, Operated in

Maharashtra, Karataka, Central province and Berar, had six branches [Indian Home rule league]

6. Besant League - September 1916 in Madras, Covered rest of India including Bombay city, 200 branches, loosely organised, George Arundale, CP Ramaswamy, BW Wadia [All India home rule league]

7. Anglo Indians and most of the Muslim & Non Brahmin from south did not join [Fear of rule of high caste Hindu]

8. Besant arrested in 1917  and released after 3 months9. Tilak had to go abroad in conncetion with libel case against Valentine Chirol whose book India

unrest had featured Tilak responsible for agitational politics 10. 1920 Gandhi accepted presidentship of All India Home rule and changed name to Swaraj Sabha

(Later league joined INC)Positive Gains

1. Organisational link between town and the country 2. Created generation of ardent nationalist3. Prepared the masses for Gandhian politics4. Montford reforms were influenced by home rule5. Influenced moderate extremist reunion

5. Lucknow Session of INC 1916 

Presided by moderate Ambika Charan MujumdarRe admission of extremist Death of Gokhale and Pherojshah Mehta who opposed extremist, facilitated reunion

6. Lucknow Pact of Muslim League and Congress (1916)

Why change in league attitude? 1. Britain refusal to help Turkey in wars in Balkans and with Italy (1911)2. Annulment of partition of Bengal3. Refusal to set up university at Aligarh with power to affiliate colleges4. Younger member trying to outgrow limited political outlook of Aligarh (Being anti imperialist)5. 1912 Muslim League session decided to work with other groups for self government suited for

India Pact

1. Agreed to present joint constitutional demand2. Congress accepted separate electorate position (Major landmark in evolution of two nation

theory) [Lucknow pact was just expanded version of Morley Minto reform]Note : 1916 Muslim League session was in Lucknow

7. Montague's statement of August 1917

August Declaration of 1917 Progressive realisation of responsible government as an integral part of British Empire (Demand for home rule not seditious now onwards)No specific time frame was given The government alone was to decide nature

Emergence of Gandhi (1869-1948)

1. Nationalist Resurgence 

Post world war hardshipHigh expectation of political gainParis peace conference and intention of imperialist forcesImpact Russian Revolution 

2. Montford reform done in polity3.  Making of Gandhi

South Africa 1. 1898 went to S Africa2. 1914 returned to India3. Set up Natal Indian Congress and started Indian Opinion4. 1906 - Satyagrah against registration certificate5. Campaign against restriction on Indian migrants6. Campaign against poll tax and invalidation of marriage7. Protest against Transvaal immigration act [Viceroy Harding condemned]8. 1910 - Tolstoy farm 

Experience in S Africa 1. Realize masses had immense capacity to participate and sacrifice2. Able to unite Indians belonging to different religion and classes3. Leader have to take decisions unpopular with their enthusiastic supporter4. Own style of leadership and politics (Satyagrah)5. Ends could not justify means 

4. Gandhi in India

Champaran Saryagrh (1917)1. First civil disobedience 2. Rajkumar Shukla 3. Tinkathia system(3/20)4. Planter left Champaran within a year5. JB Kriplani, Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar-ul-Haq, Mahadeo Desai, and Narhari Parekh.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)1. First hunger strike against discontinuation of the Plague Bonus2. Anusaya Sarabhai president of Ahmedabad mill owners association (founded in 1891)3. Anusaya went to Gandhi (Ahmedabad textile labor association 1920)4. Issue sent to tribunal (35% hike given) 

Kheda Satygrah (1918)1. First non co operation2. Drought, Gandhi ask farmers not to pay taxes3. Patel participation4. Compromise with farmers 5. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Indulal Yagnik, Shankarlal Banker, Mahadev Desai, Narhari Parikh,

Mohanlal Pandya and Ravi Shankar Vyas 

5. Rowlatt act Satyagrah, Jalianwala Bagh Massacre 

Rowlatt Act (Sideny Rowlatt)

1. Extension to defence India regulation act2. Passed by imperial council in March 19193. Anarchial and Revolutionary crime act (Rowlatt commission recommendation)4. Stricter control of the press 5. Activist should deported or imprisoned without trial (Even possession of seditious newspaper)6. All the elected members resigned

Satyagrah against Rowlatt act - First mass strike 1. Gandhi called for mass protest at all India level2. Gandhi organized Satyagrah Sabha in Bombay3. Observance of nationwide hartal along with fasting, prayer, civil disobedience and courting

arrest 4. Masses found direction, now they can act instead of giving verbal expression 5. A group of liberals like Sir D.E. Wacha, Surendranath Banerjee, T.B. Sapru and Srinivas Sastri

opposed Gandhi's move of starting Satyagraha. [Annie Besant also opposed saying nothing in the act  to resist civilly]

Jalianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919)1. Saifudin Kirchlew and Dr Satypal arrested 2. Englishmen and women missionary beaten up by crowd 3. Dyer proclamation to not gather and not leave city4. Open fire on crowd (1650 bullets and 1000 were killed)5. Tagore renounced knighthood 6. Gandhi gave up title Kesar i Hind (Given for his work in Boer war) [while title Kaiser i Hindi

adopted by Queen in 1876]7. Gandhi withdrew Satyagrah 8. Nanak Singh's poem Khooni Vaishaki 9. Udhas Singh later assassinated Michael O Dwyer (Lt governor)

Hunter Committee (Disorder inquiry committee)1. Three Indians in committee 2. Report condemned Dyre's action (Upheld by Army council) (but let off the Lieutenant Governor,

Michael O’Dwyer)3. Lack of notice was an error4. There had been no conspiracy 5. Did not impose any penal or disciplinary action (Government had passed Indemnity act to

protect its officer)6. House of lord passed motion in support of Dyre7. Clergy of golden temple led by Arur Singh honoured Dyre declaring him a Sikh 

Congress view on Jalianwala Bagh1. Appointed non official committee (M Neharu, Gandhi, CR Das, Abbas Tyabji, MR Jaykar)2. Said no justification to place martial law in Punjab 

Non Co operation movement and Khilfat

1. Background

Alarming economic situation after world war 1 Rowlatt Act and Jalian wala Bagh Massacre Failure of Montford reforms to satisfy demands of Indian, Diarchy failed

Surendra Nath Banerjee and liberals left the Congress to form Indian Liberal Federation in 1919.Lucknow pact Domination of radical nationalist muslim over Aligarh school

2. The Khilafat Issue

After world war 1 Turkey dismembered and Khalifa removed from power (May 1920 Sevres treaty) 1919 Khilaafat Committee under Ali brother (Shaukat and Muhmad), Maulana Azad November 1919 All India Khilafat conference (Call to boycott British goods)

3. Congree Stand over Khilfat

Tilak opposed co operation with Muslim over religious issue Gandhi was able to get approval from congress for political action programme (Felt golden opportunity to unite Hindu and Muslim) Muslim League also supported Congress's political action

4. Course of movement

1. Feb 1920 - Joint Hindu Muslim deputation to the viceroy to redress Khilafat issue2. June 1920 - All party conference at Allahabad approved programme and ask Gandhi to lead3. 31 August 1920 - Movement formally launched4. September 1920 - Special session at Calcutta, INC approved non co operation5. During the movement, participants were supposed to work for Hindu Muslim unity & for

removal of untouchability6. December 1920 - INC Session at Nagpur endorsed non co operation, 15 member CWC was set

up, Provincial congress committee on linguistic basis, ward committees organised, entry fee reduced

7. Jinah, Besant, BC Pal left Congress as they believed in constitutional struggle8. Surendrnath Banarjee founded Indian National Liberation Federation

5. Spread of movement

1. Around 800 national school and colleges cropped up (Jamia at Aligarh, Kashi, Gujrath, Bihar Universities)

2. SC Bose became principal of National College at Calcutta3. Lawyers gave up practice4. Burning of foreign cloths, import fell by half5. Picketing of liquor shop and tody shop6. Tilak Swaraj Fund over subscribed7. 1921 - visit of Prince Wales invited strike and demonstration8. Women gave of Purdah and donated ornaments9. Hindu Muslim unity (Despite Mopilla uprising)

10. Gandhi allowed to address muslim women (Only men who is not blind folded)

6. Government response

Public meeting was banned Press was gagged Most of the leaders were arrested

7. Last phase of movement

1. 1921 - Ahmedabad Session, presided by CR Das (Acting president Hakim Ajmal Khan), appointed Gandhi the sole authority of issue

2. 1922 - Gandhi threatened to launch Civil disobedience from Bardoli (Demand of leader release & freedom of press)

3. Chauri Chaura Incident - 1922, crowd torched the police station, 22 policemen get killed 4. 1922 - Gandhi arrested and 6 years of Jail

8. Why Gandhi Withdrew ?

1. A violent movement could easily be suppressed2. People have not learned method of non violence3. Movement was showing signs of fatigue4. It is not possible to sustain a movement for a log time5. Government seems to be in no mood of negotiation6. Khilfat question lost relevance (Mustafa Kamal Pasha)

9. Evaluation of Movement

1. Brought Muslim in national politics but at the same time communalised the national politics2. Nationalist sentiments reached every corner of nation3. Politicised and activation of masses. Masses lost fear of colonial rule 

Emergence of Socialist ideas and Revolutionary activities 

1. Swarajist - Advocated entry into legislative councils2. INC Gaya Session - 1922, defeat of Swarajist proposal by no changers 3. Congress Khilfat Swarajya / Swarajist Party - CR Das president and  Motilal Neharu as Secratory [First

mooted idea of constituent assembly]4. September 1923 - Swarajist were allowed to contest election as a group within Congress  5. Belgum Session 1924 - Gandhi presided (first and last), Swarajist will work in council as integral part of

Congress6. Split among Swarajist on the line of communist and responsivist (Lala Lajpat Rai, madan Mohan Malviy,

NC Kelkar) vs non responsivist (Death of CR Das further weakened Swarajist) 7. Lahor Congress Session, 1929 -  Swarajist walked out as a result of INC resolution on Purn Swaraj8. Vithalbhai Patel elected president of central legislative assembly (1925)9. Public Safety Bill 1928 - Defeated by Swarajist [power to deport undesirable Europeans]

10. Emergence of new forces 

Marxist and Socialist ideas 1. Neharu and Bose2. Advocated Purn Swaraj3. 1920 - Communist party of India at Tashkent (MN Roy and Abani Mukharjee; MN Roy first

elected leader) 4. 1924 - Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case (SA Dange)

5. 1929 - Meerat Conspiracy Case, arrested for organizing an Indian railway strikeActivism of Indian Youth - 1928 - Jawarhlal presided over All Bengal Student's ConferencePeasant Agitation - 1928, Bardoli Satyagrah (Vallabhai Patel) [Maxwell-Broomfield commission to inquire into the taxation]Trade Unions - All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) - 1920, Lala lajpat RaiCaste Movements 

1. Justice party @ Madras2. 1925 - Self respect movement under Periyar3. Mahars under Ambedkar4. Unionist party under Fazl-i-Hussain

11. Revolutionary activities 

Reason Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and Pather Dabi by Sharatchandr Chatterjee motivated youngsters Marxist revolution Withdrawal of non co operation  Punjab 

1. Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and pather Dabi by Sharatchandr Chatterjee motivated youngsters2. Hindustan Republican Army - Founded un 1924 by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandr

Chatterjee and Sachin Sanyal 3. Kakori Robbery - 1925, HRA, Bismil, Asfaqulla, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri hanged4. Hindustan Socialist Republican Army - In 1928 HRA renamed under leadership of Chandr

Shekhar Azad5. Death of Lala Lajpat Rai in 1928, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru shot dead Saunders6. 1929 - Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta thrown bomb in central assembly to protest

against public safety bill and Trade dispute bill 7. Jatin Das - Died in 64 day fast against condition of Jail 8. Feb 1931 - Azad died in police encounter @ Alahabad9. 23 March 1931 - Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Rajguru hanged (lahore conspiracy case)

10. Philosophy of Bomb book by Bhagwaticharan Vohra11. Nawajawan Bharat Sabha - 1926, Helped by Bhagat Singh, Open political wing of revolutionist 

Bengal1. Death of CR Das -> Congress broke into twp fraction -> JM Sengupta (Anushilan Samiti backed)

& Bose (Yugantar backed)2. 1924 - Assassination of attempt of Charles Tegart by Gopinath Saha 3. Indian Republic Army Chitgaon Branch, Chitgaon raid - April 1930, Surya Sen, Ananth Singh,

Ganesh Ghosh, Lokenath Baul, Pritilata Waddedar (died in raid), Kalapna Dutt4. Santi Ghosh and Suniti Chandheri (School girls) - 1931, shot dead district magistrate 5. Bina Das - 1932, fired point blank at governor 6. Group action against individual action (Against 1909 activities)7. Neharu arrested under sedition as he praised heroism of revolutionist

Simon Commission and Neharu Report (Against challenge of Lord Brikenhead)

1. Simon commission - 1927, statutory in nature, all white, 7 member 2. Lee Commission - Raj's failure to recruit enough British officers3. Mudiman Commission - Deadlock within diarchic dispension4. Linlithgow commission - Crisis of Indian agriculture5. INC Session 1927 - Madras, presided by MA Ansari decided to boycott the commission, Complete

independence as a goal of congress resolution passed (Snap resolution) 6. Muslim league had two sessions, Caclutta Session decided to oppose commission (Jinah), Lahor session

supported government7. Simon Commission Report 

Proposed abolition of dyarchyEstablishment of representative government in publicRejected parliamentary responsibility at centerGovernor should have discretionary power in relation to internal security and administrative powersGOI should have complete control over high courtsNo universal franchise Separate electorate rejected for SC but reserved seats (with endorsement from governor)Upper house (Consultative council)Burma should be separated from India

8.  Neharu Report

1928, All parties conference appointed Neharu committeeRecommendation 

1. Dominion status2. Rejection of separate electorate (Joint electorate with reservation of seats)3. Linguistic provinces4. 19 Fundamental rights (Universal adult suffrage, equal right for women)5. Responsible government at center and provinces6. Governor general will act on advice of executive council responsible to parliament7. Secularism and Full protection to cultural and religious interest of Muslim8. Residual power with center

Delhi proposal of Muslim League (1927, accepted by INC in Madras session)1. Joint electorate2. 1/3 rd representation in Central Legislative Assembly3. Representation in Punjab and Bengal in proportion to population4. three new muslim majority provinces5. 2,3,4 Rejected hence Jinah's 14 point in March 1929

Hindu Mahasabha1. Rejected Muslim majority provinces and reservation in Punjab and bangal2. Unitary structure

[Jawaharlal and Bose jointly set up Independence of India League]At All parties conference 1928 amendment was proposed by Jinah (rejected hence 14 point in March 1929)[Note : Jinha in favor of provincial autonomy and true federalism]

CDM and Round table conference 

1. INC Culcutta Session, 1928 - 1 year to government to accept dominion status else complete independence and CDM

2. Irwin's Declaration - 1929, promised round table conference3. Delhi Manifesto 

1929RTC to formulate a constitution to implement dominion statusMajority of congress in RTCAmnesty for political prisoners[Irwin rejected demands]

4.  Lahore INC Session, 1929 

Purn Swaraj, Presided by Neharu (backing of Gandhi 15/18 provincial committee opposed Neharu) RTC to be boycottedCWC authorised to launch CDM26 Jan 1930, purn swaraj diwasNewly adopted tricolor flag of freedom hoisted

   5. Gandhi's eleven demand, 1930

Reduce expenditure on army and administration by 50%Reforms in CID Reduce rupee-sterling exchange ratioTextile protectionReserve coastal shipping for Indians

6. Dandi March, 1930

Boycott and civil disobedience Kamaldevi Chattopadhya persuaded Gandhi not to restrict protest to men [Hence first time large women participation] Gandhi vow to not enter Sabarmati ashram till Swaraj is achieved  Local leaders should be obeyed after Gandhi's arrestGandhi arrested when he announced raid of Dharasana salt works (Later Sarojini Naidu and Manilal lead raid) Satyagrah at different places  C Rajagopalachari - TiruchirapalliVedraaniayam - Tanjore K Kellapan - Vaikom Satyagrah @ Malbar [Against untouchability and ban on temple entry]P Krishn Pillai - Calicut (Communist defended flag)Gopal Bandhu Chaudhari - OrrisaChandrprabha Saikiani - @ Assam defy forest lawsIn patana Nakhas pond was choose to make salt under Ambika Kant Sinha (Physical constrain of making salt hence chaukidar tax agitation)Assam - Student strike against Cunningham circularKhan Abdul Gaffar Khan - Badshah Khan, Frontier Gandhi, Peshawar,  first Pushto political monthly Pukhtoon, Khudai Khidmat (red shirts or SUrkho Posh)Rani Gaidinliu - Spiritual Naga leader of Manipur, raise revolt against foreign rule Extent of mass participationMovement was liberating experience for Women

Less Muslim participation

7. Gandhi Irwin Pact (Delhi pact)

Release of political prisoner (not included violence)Remission of all finesReturn of land Lenient treatment of servant who resigned Right to make salt for personal consumptionWithdrawal of emergency condition and right of peaceful picketingTo suspend CDMTo participate in next RTC[Commutation of Bhagat Singh sentence rejected]Was it retreat? -> No -> Mass movement are short living, Signs of exhaustion, capacity to make sacrifice is limited 

8. Karachi INC Session, 1931 

President Saradar Vallabhbhai Patel Admired bravery of Bhagat SIngh, Sukhdev and RajguruGandhi Irwin pact endorsedPurn Swaraj reiterated (Defined Swaraj for masses)Resolution on fundamental right (Adult franchisee and free primary education) and national economic program  [Drafted by P Neharu]

9. Round Table Conferences (Chaired by Ramsay Macd)

First, 19301. First conference between British and Indian as equals2. Princely States, Muslim League (Aga Khan 3, leader of British-Indian delegation), Hindu

Mahasabha, Sikh, Liberals, Depressed class, Justice party, Labor, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians and Europeans, Landlords, universities, Burma 

3. Federation agreed  Second, 1931 - Gandhi attended from Congress, Industries also participatedThird, 1932 - Joint select committee of British parliament was formed (Draft of GOI Act 1935)

10. December 1931, CDM Resumed, 1932 Gandhi arrested 11. Congress organisation was banned at all level 12. 1934 withdrawal of CDM 13. Communal award - announced in 1932 (Lothian committee) [Muslim, Europeans, Sikh, Indian Christian,

Anglo Indians, women (Except NWFP), SC and Marathas in Bombay]14.  Poona Pact - 1932, not a separate electorate but reserved seats for SC15. All India anti untouchability league - 1932, Gandhi (weekly magazine Harijan)16. Harijan Sewak Sangh - Gandhi, 1932 [Earlier Depressed class league, Ambedkar left]17. 1934 - Defeat of temple entry bill18. Gandhi not in favor to mix untouchability with inter caste marriage or inter caste dining19. Ideological difference in Gandhi and Ambedkar [Spectrum 407 for mains]20. Struggle Truce Struggle strategy Gandhi; Nehru advocated Struggle Victory strategy  21. 1934 AICC meeting @ Patana set up a parliamentary board to fight election under agis of Congress itself 22. 1934 - Gandhi's resignation from Congress

Congress rule in provinces

1. GOI Act 1935 done in polity 2. Full agreement in Congress over fighting election under GOI Act 1935 (Differences over what to do after

election to form government or not) [Left (obstructionist strategy) vs Right (Promote constructive work)]3. INC Lucknow session, 1936 & Faizpur (First rural session), 1937- INC decided to fight election

(postpone decision on office acceptance) [Gandhi did not attend single election meeting]4. Congress Performance in election - 716/1161, Majority in all provinces except Bengal (largest party),

Asam (LP), Punjab, Sindh and NWFP (LP) 5. Gandhi's Advice - Hold office lightly not tightly, Not to work as British intended6.  Work under Congress ministries 

Laws giving emergency power repealedBan on organisation and books liftedNews paper taken out of black listPolitical prisoners releasedKM Munshi used CID against communist and Socialist [Anti labor Bombay traders dispute act 1938]Laws related to land reforms, debt relief, land tenures, forest grazing, etcMeasures for welfare of Dalit Attention given to primary, technical and higher educationSubsidies to Khadi Encouragement to indigenous industriesPrison reformsNational planning committee under Bose (1938) [Rani Laximibai Rajwade women planning commission]

7. 1939 - Outbreak of WWII, Congress ministries resigned 8. Pirpur committee - 1938, established by Muslim League, report on atrocities supposedly committed by

Congress government

Nationalist Response in the wake of WW II

1. INC Session, Haripura - 1938, Bose presided (Advocated Roman script for Hindi), Resolution to give moral support to those who are agitating against the governance in princely state [Gandhi withdrew peoples movement on the ground of violence] 

2. INC Session, Tripuri - 1939, Bose defeated Pattabhi Sitaramayya, CWC nominated committee, Govind vallabh Pant resolution on Gandhian policies accepted, Greeting to China and medical mission

3. Bose resign in 1939 and Rajendr Prasad is elected as president 4. Forward Block  - May 1939,  Bose [New party within congress]5. Disciplinary action against Bose, debarred from holding elected post for 3 years [For going against AICC

resolution]6. Bose vs Gandhi ideological difference [435, Mains perspective] 7. 1944 Broadcast from Rangoon Bose called Gandhi father of nation8. Calcutta Congress Session 1930 - Bose volunteer guard of honor 9. 1938 - National planning commission; National women planning commission [Laxmibai Rajwade was

head]10. Laxmi Swaminathan Sehgal headed Rani Laxmibai regiment of INA11. October 21 1943 Bose proclaimed provincial government [Assumed title supreme commander ] 12. Nai Talim - Gandhian School13. Second World War and Nationalistic Response 

Congress Offer (Rejected by Linlithgow)Support to war on Condition of (i) Constituent assembly after war(ii) Immediately responsible government at center CWC meeting at WardhaGandhi - unconditional support to allied forces Bose and Socialist - No sympathy for either side; ideal time to snatch freedom Jawaharlal -  No participation, no taking of advantage (Adopted by CWC Wardha meeting, Gandhi accepted) Linlithgow's StatementBritain's war aim is resist aggression All interest group are to be consulted before amending GOI act 1935Consultative committee is to be formed for advising functions[In 1940 declared that dominion status of westminister type is goal of British after war]Congress responseNo support to war Ministries in provinces resigned No immediate mass struggle to be launched Ramgarh Session, 1940 - India would accept complete independence and nothing less Pakistan Resolution, Lahore 1940 - Grouping of geographically continuous area in a independent state where Muslim are in majority 

14. August offer  (1940)

Dominion status as objectiveExpansion of viceroy council with majority of IndiansConstituent assembly after war (No adoption without consent of minority) ResponseCongress rejected offerMuslim League welcomed veto assurance and re iterated partition as only option to avoid deadlock

15. 1941 - Viceroy council expanded with 8/12 Indians (Except Home, Finance, Defence); National Defence council with advisory nature

16. 1940 - Congress launched individual Satyagrah; Vinoba Bhave first and Neharu second (Delhi Chalo Movement); 25k convicted 

17. 1941 - CWC offered co operation if full independence given after war; Gandhi declare Nehru as political successor

18. 1942 - Japan occupies Rangoon and whole south east Asia 19.  Stanford Cripp's Mission (1942) [Sent by Wisten Churchill]

Proposal 

1. Dominion status with free to decide its relation with commonwealth or other international body2. Constituent Assembly [Concrete plan & Solely in Indian and not like mainly mentioned in August

offer]3. Any provinces not willing to join could have separate constitution and union (blue print of

partition)

4. From congress P Neharu and Maulana Azad negotiated  Why Cripp's mission failed?

1. Dominion status2. Representation of princely state by nomination and not election3. Right to secede (Hindu Mahasabha also criticized)4. Absence of any plan of immediate transfer of power5. Muslim league criticized idea of single Indian Union6. Muslim league did not like machinery to create constituent assembly 7. Depressed class thought that partition will left them on mercy of Hindu8. Gandhi called it post dated cheque

Quit India Movement, Demand for Pakistan and the INA

1.  Quit India Movement (1942)

Why? 1. Cripps mission failed2. Prepare masses for possible Japanese invasion3. Wartime hardship4. Racist approach of Britain 5. British retreat in South East Asia

The Quit India Resolution

1. 1942, CWC Meeting Wardha, Proposed by Jawaharlal and seconded by Patel (Approved by AICC meeting at Bombay)

2. Ratified at Congress meeting at Gowalia tank, Bombay (August 8 1942)3. Gandhi leader of struggle 

Gandhi's General Instruments 

1. Government Servant - Do not resign but allegiance to Congress2. Soldiers - Do not leave but don't fire on countryman 3. Student - if confident leave studies4. Peasant - If Zamindar pro government do not pay rent 5. Princes - Accept sovereignty of people 6. Princely state people - Support state only if it is anti government 7. Do or Die 

Spread of movement 

1. August 9, 1942 all top leaders were arrested 2. CWC, AICC, Congress provincial committees declared unlawful under Criminal law amendment

act 19083. Assembly of public meeting prohibited4. Aruna Asaf Ali presided session and hoisted flag5. Strike, flag hoisting on public building and attacked symbol of authority6. Underground activities, Under ground radio at Bombay by Usha Mehta7. Parallel governments - Ballia of UP under Chittu Pandey; Tamluk of Bengal (Jatiya Sarkar

organized vidyut vahini an armed force); Satara under Nana Patil

Extent of mass participation 

1. Youth, women, workers, peasants (absence of anti Zamindari violence), government officials, Muslims (No communal clashes)

2. Communist did not join, Muslim league opposed, Hindu Mahasabha boycotted, princely state showed low key response.

3. March 23, 1943 Pakistan day was observed    Government Response 

1. Although martial law was not applied repression was severe 2. Military took over many cities 

Gandhi Fast, 1943 - to condemn violence of state 

2. The Famine of 1943 - Man made, War main reason, South west Bengal, 1.5-3 Million people perished3. Rajagopalchari formula, 1944  [The Way Out]

Formula for Congress - League co operationLeague to endorse demand for independenceLeague to co operate with Congress forming provisional government at centerPlebiscite in Mulsim majority area of NW & NE IndiaIn case of partition common center for defense, communication and commerceObjections Congress to accept two nation theory (League demand that only Muslim to vote in plebiscite)Savarkar condemned plan

4. Desai Liaquat pact

Congress and League nominee to have equal representation in Central executive20% seats reserved for minority

5. Wavell plan 

1945 Congress leaders released from JailThe plan

1. In executive council with exception of viceroy and commander in chief all members to be Indian 2. Hindu Muslim equal participation3. Council act as interim government under framework of GOI act 1935 (Not responsible)4. Negotiation on a new constituent assembly once war is won 

Muslim League stand - All muslim nominee from league, veto in executive councilCongress Stand - Rejected being completely Hindu party  Wavell's mistake - Announced breakdown of talks thus gave league a virtual veto 

6.  The Indian National Army 

Bose 1. passed ICS but resigned in 19212. Anti compromise conference - In 1940 at Ramgarh , joint effort of Forward block and Kisan

Sabha3. 1941 - Bose escaped from house arrest and reached Peshawar with help of Bhagat Ram4. With help of Hitler Mukti Sena was formed 5. People of Germany gave them name Netaji

Origin and first phase of INA1. Mohan Singh - Malaya, Idea of creating POW army  [Only idea]2. Japanese handed over POW to Mohan Singh [Hence first established in Japan]3. INA will take action on call of INC or people of India4. Army to check Japanese occupation of India and to check Japanese atrocity on Indians in South

East Asia5. Difference between Japanese and Mohan SIngh; Mohan Singh taken to custody

Second phase 1. Rasbihari Bose founded Indian club of Tokyo2. Rasbihari decided to put INA under Indian independence league (Created in 1942 at Tokyo)

[Dont confuse with Independence of India league]3. July 1943 - Rasbihari transferred control to Subhash Chandr Bose (Singapore)4. October 21, 1943 - Bose formed provisional government for free India at Singapore with HC

Chatterjee (Finance), MA Aiyar (Broadcasting), Lakshmi Swaminathan (Women); Give me blood slogan at Malaya

5. Rani Jhanshi Regiment 6. Provisional government declared war on Britain7. January 1944 - INA Head quarter shifted to Rangoon 8. November 6 1943 - Andaman Nicobar given to INA (renamed Shahid Deep & Swaraj Deep)9. INA Battalion commanded by Shaha Nawaj participated in Imphal campaign (Discrimination

from Japanese army)10. March 18 1944 - Azad Hind Fauz crossed Indian border and stood on Indian soil  (upto Kohima

and Imphal)11. Moirang in Manipur - Malik of Bahadur group hoisted INA flag 12. August 15 1945 -  INA surrendered with Japanese13. August 18 1945 - Bose died in plane crash at Taiwan  

Post war Scenario 

1. July 1945 - Clement Attlee became PM of Britain2. USA and USSR both favored freedom for India3. Congress election campaign and INA trials 

Repression of Quit India movement Trial of INA soldiersINC Session, 1945 - Resolution to support INA cause INA Agitation High pitch and intensity Wide geographical and social spread Three upsurges  1945 Culcutta over INA trials 1946 Culcutta over 7 years sentence of Rashid Ali1946 Bombay strike by royal Indian navy rating (HMIS Talwar) [Sadly Maratha battalion rounded up ratings and confine them to barracked]Impact of upsurges

Patel and Jinah persuded INA ratings to surrender [with assurance that national parties will prevent victimisation] Cabinet mission plan Congress StrategyDid not officially supported upsurges because of timing and tactics

4. Election Result

Congree got 57/102 seats in central assembly  [League 30 reserved seats]Congress Majority in provinces except Bengal, Sindh and Punjab (Unionist (Sir Chotu Ram)-Congress-Akali Coalition) [NWFP & Assam claimed by League got majority of congress]

5. The Cabinet Mission  (1946, Chairperson Pethick Lawrence)

Why British withdrawal seems imminent now?

1. Success of nationalist forces2. Demoralisation of bureaucracy and loyalist3. Limitation of British strategy of conciliation and repression4. RIN revolt5. Entirely official rule was impossible6. To maintain good future Indo British relation

Plan1. Rejection of Pakistan2. Grouping of provincial assemblies in three section3. Three tier executive and legislature (Center, provinces and section)4. Constituent assembly (voting in three groups Sikh, Muslim and Hindu)5. Federal structure (Residual power to state with full autonomy)6. Princely state free to have arrangement with successor government or British government7. After first election provinces free to come out of group and after 10 years provinces free

to consider group or union constitution 8. Interim government9. Congress thought grouping is optional, League thought it is compulsory (Mission clarified it is

compulsory)Acceptance and rejection of Plan League and Congress accepted the plan July 29, 1946 - League withdrew its acceptance and called for direct action [Because of Nehraru statement over long term plan]Patel was totally in favor 

6. Interim government 

September 2, 1946 - Nehru led government sworn Wavell over ruled ministers over issue of release of INA soldiersOctober 1946 - League joined and followed obstructionist policy Government

1. Viceroy and Governor-General of India: The Viscount Wavell (Britain)2. Commander-in-Chief: Sir Claude Auchinleck (Britain)3. Vice President of the Executive Council: Jawaharlal Nehru (INC)4. Home Affairs, Information and Broadcasting: Vallabhbhai Patel (INC)5. Agriculture and Food: Rajendra Prasad (INC)

6. Commerce: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (All-India Muslim League)7. Education and Arts: C. Rajagopalachari (INC)8. Defence: Baldev Singh (INC) 9. Finance: Liquat Ali Khan (All-India Muslim league)

10. Health: Ghazanfar Ali Khan (All-India Muslim League)11. Industries and Supplies: C. Rajagopalachari (INC)12. Labour: Jagjivan Ram (INC)13. Law: Jogendra Nath Mandal (All-India Muslim League)14. Posts and Air: Abdur Rab Nishtar (All-India Muslim League)15. Railways and Communications: Asaf Ali (INC)16. Work, Mines and Power: C.H. Bhabha     (INC)

[Note : Idea of separate Pakistan was proposed by Rahamat Ali and developed by poet Iqbal]

Independence with partition 

1. Atlee's statement 

Deadline of June 30, 1948 for transfer of powerPower may be transferred to one center or in some areas to existing provincial governmentMountbatten to replace Wovell 

2. March 10, 1947 - Neharu stated that Cabinet mission was best solution, only real alternative was partition of Punjab and Bengal

3. April 1947 - Kripalani, Congress president communicated with viceroy, rather than having battle let them have Pakistan provided you allow partition of Punjab and Bengal

4. Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947) 

Punjab and Bengal provincial assembly to take decision on partition (Hindu Muslim separately)If partition, two dominion and two constituent assemblies (Balkan plan)Sindh to take its own decisionReferendums in Syleht and NWFP (Both decided in favor of Pakistan)Independence for princely state ruled out they will either join India or PakistanIndependence for Bengal ruled outAccession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled outBoundary commission [Congress accepted dominion status  (To control situation )]

5.  India Independence act, 1947

Each dominion to have governor general [India - Mountbatten and Pakistan - Jinah]Constituent assembly given power of legislature (Counsil of state and Assmbly dissolved)Dominion to be carried in accordance with GOI act 1935 

6. Radcliffe boundary commission [Mc Mohan line India China - 1914]

Administrative and judicial development 

1. Administrative Service

Cornwallis role (1786-93) - Tried to check corruption and implemented promotion through seniority 

[Created covenanted public service]Wellesely role - Fort William college for training of new recruits (disapproved by court of director instead EIC at London)Charter Act 1853 - Open competitive system Indian Civil Service Act 1861 - Exam held in England in English based on classical learning of Greek and Latin (1863, Satyendranath Tagore)Statutory Civil Services - Lytton, 1878, 1/6 th post filled by Indians of high familiesAitchison Committee on Public Service 1886 -  By Dufferin, Recommended classification in Imperial, Provincial and subordinate and raising age to 23 [as well abolition of classification as covenanted and uncovenanted]1893 - Resolution to hold simultaneous exam in England and India, resolution never implementedMontford Reforms - Simultaneous exam in England and IndiaLee Commission, 1924 - PSC to be established 

2. Police System 

Institution of Faujdar and Amils abolished in 1770 (Restored by Warren Hasting in 1774)1791 - Cornwallis organised regular police1808 - Mayo appointed SP for each division and spies (goyendas) to helpBentick (1828-35) - Abolished office of SP, collector head of police, Recommendation of Police commission 1860 -> Indian Police act 1861 -> IG head in province, SP British did not create All India Police Services1902 - Police commission recommended CID in state and CBI in center 

3. Military System

Commission of 1859 & 1879 insisted in 1/3 rd white army Indians not allowed in high tech departments till WWIISandhurst committee 1926 - Visualized 50% Indians in army till 1952 Isolation of soldiers 

4. Development of Judiciary 

Warren Hasting  District Diwani Adalat in district (civil) appeal to Sadar Diwani AdalatDistrict Fauzdari Adalat (criminal) -> Sadar Nizamat Adalat Cornwallis  District Fauzdari Adalat abolished and circuit court established Collector responsible with only revenue function with no magisterial function Bentick  SC English replaced Persian In lower court Persian or vernacular language1833 - Law commission under Macaulay for codification of Indian laws [CPC(1859), IPC(1860), CrPC(1861)] 1860 - Europeans provided no privileges except criminal cases1865 - SC & Sardar Adalats merged into three HC1935 - Federal court (set up in 1937)

5. Chief commissioner and Lt governor were appointed by Viceroy while governor by crown  6. Local bodies

The Lottery Committee (1817) - Setup after Lord Wellesely Minute of 1803; Funds for town improvement were raised through public lotteries.Between 1864-1868 - Nominated local bodies formedMayo's Resolution -  Financial decentralisation Rippon resolution of 1882 - Father of local self governance, Non officials in majority, Non official chairpersonRoyal Commission on decentralization 1908 Government of India resolution 1915Resolution of May 1918 - Local bodies to be made representative with real authority Montford reforms - Self government transferred subject (but lack of fund)GOI act 1935 - Act passed in provinces to give more authority to local bodies 

Survey of British policies in India (Judiciary is missing)

1. Administrative 

Divide and RuleHostility towards educated youthAlliances with zamindarsUnder developed social services (First demand of labor reforms from Lancashire !!)[Indian Factory act 1881 - Dealt with child labor, 7+ age, 4 holidays in month for child & 9 hours][Indian Factory act 1891 - 9+ age, 7 hours & 11 hours for women, weekly holiday for all][Above laws not applicable to British plantation, breach of contract was criminal offence]Restriction on Freedom of pressWhite racism

2. British Social and cultural policy - To make India big market transformation needed, later status quo 3. British Foreign policy in India - Keep European powers at arm length & promote British economic and

commercial interest4. Curzon - Princes rule state as agent of British 5. Economic Impact of British rule in India 

1813 law by Britain parliament to prohibit ships below 350 tonnes1814 Indian build ship refused to considered British registered vehicles which could have trade with America and EuropeFirst cotton textile mill - 1853, Cowasjee Nanabhoy (First jute mill 1855)Indian Steel industries were forced to produce high standard steel as well restriction on import  Poverty and UnBritish rule in India - Dadabhai Nauroji RC Dutta - Economic History of India Opposition to foreign capital One way free trade Stages of colonialism in IndiaFirst : Mercantilism (1757-1813), No large scale British import instead large export (Forced to produce for company at uneconomic compulsion)Second : Colonialism of free trade (1813- 1860); India as a market of final goods and exporter of raw material;  Third : Era of foreign investment and international competition for colonies; 

Development of Indian press

1. James Augustus Hickey - 1780, The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta general advertiser2. Early regulation

Censorship of press act, 1799 - Wellesley, relaxed by lord Hasting Licensing regulation, 1823 - Acting governor general John Adms, Ram Mohan Roy's Mirat ul Akbar had to stop publishingPress act 1835 or Metcalf act - Liberator of Indian pressLicensing act 1857 - Government reserved right to stop publication of any printed materialRegistration act, 1867 - Regulative not restrictive, replaced Metcalf act 

3. Vernacular press act, 1878 (The gagging act)

(i) DM can call any publisher of vernacular newspaper to enter into bond with government undertaking not to cause disaffection against government or antipathy between different religion, caste(ii) Publisher could also required to deposit security (iii) No appeal in court of law(iv) Amrita Bazar Patrika turned English over night(v) Later pre censorship clause was removed and press commissioner appointed to provide authenticated inforamtion(vi) Rippon repealed it in 1882

4. Surendrnath Banarjee - 1883, First Indian journalist to he imprisoned 5. Newspaper (Incitement to offence) act 1908 - Empowered magistrate to confiscate property (Tilak

tried) 6. Indian press act, 1910 - Local government empowered to demand a security at registration from printer,

submit two copies of each issue to local government at free of charge7. Indian press act 1931 - Provincial government get power to suppress propaganda of CDM 

Development of Education 

1. Culcutta Madrasah - Warren Hasting, 17812. Banares Sanskrit College - Jonathan Duncan, 17913. Fort William College - Wellesley, 18004. Charter act 1813 - 1 lakh rupees  5. Culcutta College 1817 - English education in western humanities and science (By educated Bengalis)6. General Committee of Public Instruction - 1823; responsibility to grant the one lakh of rupees for

education. 7. Orientalist - Anglicist controversy - General committee on public instruction8. Lord Macaulay's minute - 1835, In favor of Anglicist, English medium alone, downward filtration theory

[blue print]9. Efforts of James Thomson - NW province, developed a comprehensive scheme of village education, train

for PWD10. Charles Wood's dispatch, 1854 

Magna Cara of British education in IndiaAsk GOI to assume responsibility for education of masses (As a result Department of education in all provinces)

hierarchy (primary -> Anglo vernacular high schools -> affilated district colleges -> affiliating universities at presidency town of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras) [Universities set up in 1857]English for higher studies & vernacular medium at school levelstress on female, vocational and teachers trainingSecular education in government institution Recommended system of grant and aid to encourage private enterpriseBethune school, 1849 - JED Bethune, Culcutta, education of women [Vishwar Chand Vidyasagar associated with this]Pusa agriculture institute (Curzon) & IIT Roorkee (1847)

11. Hunter Education commission 1882

Mostly confined in primary and secondary education recommendationPrimary education Vernacularspecial care requiretransfer of control to newly created district and municipal boards,  Secondary education Two divisions - literary (leading to universities) & vocational (commercial career)Drew attention for inadequate facility for women and recommendation of its spreadPunjab university (1882); Allahabad university (1887)

12. In 1889 Scheme of national Education was formulated by Satish Chandra Mukharjee  13. Indian universities act, 1904

Based on Raleigh commission 1902 recommendationUniversities to giver more attention to study and research Number of fellows and period in office reduced (most were nominated)Government veto for universities senate regulation also could amend or pass regulation on its ownStricter condition for affiliation of private colleges 5 lakh rs per annum for five years for improvement of higher education and universities

14. 1906 - Badoda introduced compulsory primary education15. Government resolution on education policy 1913 - refused to take responsibility of compulsory

education but accepted policy of removal of illiteracy and urged provinces for compulsory primary education

16. Saddler university commission, 1917-1919 

Set up to study problem of Culcutta university Improvement of university education requires improvement of secondary educationSchool course should cover 12 years In universities after intermediate than metricSeparate board of secondary and intermediate There should be less rigidity in framing universities regulationUniversity -> Cetralised, unitary, residential body rather than scattered affiliated colleges  Female education, applied, scientific, technological, teachers training, professional and vocational colleges should be extendedGovernment recommended Saddler report to provincial government

17. Hartog committee, 1929

Emphasis on primary education (but no need of hasty compulsory education) Deserving to higher other to vocational

universities admission should be restricted

18. Sergeant plan of education, 1944 (Detergent for illiteracy)

Pre primary education Free universal and compulsory elementary education (Detergent for illiteracy)High school education for selected [Two type academic and vocational]University course after higher secondary  (3 years)adequate commercial, technical and art educationabolition of intermediate course stress on teachers training, physical education, education for physically and mentally handicap [Bold scheme but no methodology of implantation]

19. Wardha Scheme of basic education, 1937 - Zakir Hussain committee, learning through activity, mother tongue and compulsory, handicraft

20. 1853 - Dalhousie in favor of vernacular education 

Peasant movement 

1. Indigo Revolt, 1859 - fraudulent contract, Digambar vishwas and Bishnu Vishwas of Nadia (W Bengal), 1860 Ryot could not be compelled to grow Indigo, Use of social boycott and legal machinery 

2. Pabna agrarian league - Yusufshahi paragana of Bengal, rent strike, legal resistance, 1885 Bengal tenancy act [Bankim Chandra Chatterjea and R.C. Dutt supported]

3. Deccan riots, 1874 - moneylenders, bad harvest and increase in land revenue, social boycott movement, Agrarian riot, Deccan agriculturist relief act 1879

4. Kisan Sabha, 1918 - Gauri shankar Mishra and Indra Naryan Dwivedi, UP, Baba Ramchandran  (Awadh Kisan Sabha 1920)

5. Eka Movement, 1921 - Pay recorded rent on time, not leave when evacuated, abide by Panchyat decision, no help to criminals, refused to do forced labor [Hardoi and Sitapur of UP headed by Madari Pasi]

6. Mapilla revolt, 1921 - Malbar, Communal overtone7. Bardoli Satyagrah, 1926 -  Patel, women gave him title Sardar (Refuse to pay rent) [Kunvarji Mehta and

Keshvaji Ganesh learned tribal dilect and developed Kaliparaj literature]8. The All India Kisan Congress/ Sabha, 1936 - Swami Sahajanad Saraswati [ N.G. Ranga general secretory,

P Neharu greeted session], Lucknow (Later split in communist and non communist) [1936 Faijpur joint session with Congress]

9. India Peasants institute, 1933 -Andhra, NG Ranga 10. Tebhag movement, 1946 - Bengal, Call to implement Floud commission implementation  (2/3rd share

instead 1/2 to bargardar) 11. Telangana movement - Biggest peasant guerrilla war of modern India 

The movement of working class 

1. Earlier nationalist specially moderates indifferent to labours cause 2. 1870 - Sasipada Banarjee started workingmen's club and newspaper Bharat Shramjeevee (Worker of

Brahmo Samaj)3. 1878 - Sorabjee Shapoorjee Bengalee - Tried to get a bill (passed in Bombay legislature)4. 1880 - Narayan Meghajee Lokhande started news paper Deenbandhu and set up Bombay mill and

millhands association5. 1899 - Strike by great Indian peninsular railway 

6. AITUC, 1920 - Lala Lajpat Rai (First to link capitalism with imperialism) 7. Trade union act, 1926 - Recognised trade union as legal association [Immunity from civil and criminal

prosecution for legitimate activities but put some restriction on political activities]8. TDA, 1929 - strike illegal in public utility services unless one month advance notice, forbade political

activities of coercive nature, Compulsory appointment of court of inquiry ad consultation boards for settling industrial disputes 

9. All India trade union Federation - NM Joshi 1931 

The Indian States

1. Butler Committee/ Indian state committee - 1927, Paramountcy must remain supreme; State should not be handed over to Indian government in British India without consent of state; [Paramountcy left undefined]

2. After independence VP Menon Secretary and Sardar patel minister of ministry of state 3. Junagarh - Plebiscite4. Kashmir - Instrument of accession - October 19475. Hyderabad - November 1949 by Army action  6. Dadara Nagar Haveli, Goa, Diu & Daman - Portuguese7.  Pondicherry, Mahe, Karakal, Yemen - French 

Mock Test 

1. Federation of Indian chamber of commerce and industry - 1927, recognized by British and general public as representation of Indian capitalist class

2. All India State peoples conference (1927) -  Balwantrai Mehta, Maniklal Kothari and GR Abhyankar. Jawaharlal Nehru became the president of this organization in 1939.  

3. Madras Native Association - 1852; Gazalu Laxmi Narasu Chetty 4. After kamagata Maru Shore Committee‘ was set up under the leadership of Husain Rahim, Sohan Lal

Pathak and Balwant Singh, funds were raised and protest meetings were organized5. Ali Muhammad Khan - founded the state of Rohilkhand6. Bahadur Shaha granted Maratha Sardeshmukhi but failed to grant Chauth 7. Bahadur Shah had tried to conciliate the rebellious Sikhs by making peace with Guru Gobind Singh and

giving him a high mansab 8. Resolution recommending abolition of landlordism was accpted by CWC in 19459. During Swadeshi movement capitalist shown opposition to boycott movement, even during non

cooperation movement some were in opposition however capitalist largely supported  CDM 10. The Kittur uprising, led by Chinnava, 1824 (The British prevented the adopted son of the chief of Kittur (in

Karnataka) from assuming power by taking over the administration, that resulted in form of revolt.);11. Gandhiji formed the Passive Resistance Association to conduct the campaign against certificates of

registration12. Congress Socialist Party - 1934, Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Minoo Masani13. William Bentinck raised the status and powers of Indians in the judicial service by appointing them as

Deputy Magistrates, Subordinate Judges and Principle Sadar Amins. Before this, they were appointed in lower courts as magistrates to try petty cases.

14. Bardoli taluq had been selected in 1922 as the place from where Gandhiji would launch the civil disobedience campaign, but events in Chauri Chaura had changed all that and the campaign never took off

15. Kashmir and Hyderabad signed Standstill Agreement (Desire of independent status)

16. Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act. [Planned by John SHore]

17. Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed in 1820.18. Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick. 19. Pherozeshaha Mehta, with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, G.K. Parekh, Balachandra Krishna and D.A. Khare took

the unprecedented step of organizing the first walk-out in India‘s legislative history ( against the bill introduced in Bombay which take away the peasant‘s right of ownership of land) 

20. In the Madras Presidency, Bharathmatha Association was started by Nilakanta Bramachari. 21.  The Rowlatt Act along with the Press Act was repealed on the recommendations of the Repressive Laws

Committee in 1922 22. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was the youngest to preside over Congress in 1923. He again presided over the

congress in 1940. 23. The Permanent Settlement system was introduced in 1793 by the then Governor General Lord Cornwallis

on the recommendations of John Shore. 24. Dr. B R Ambedkar established in Bombay a 'Amityaja sangh' and Samta samaj sangh, All India

Scheduled Castes Federation and the Independent Labour Party. 25. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded by Mahatma Gandhi, 26. March 1935, the All India Depressed Classes League, with Jagjivan Ram, a nationalist Dalit leader from

Bihar, as the President 27. INC Session Kanpur in 1925, Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman to become the president of the

Congress.28. The Calcutta session of 1917 -  presided over by Annie Besant29. Justice Party launched an active campaign against the 'Brahman' Congress and its noncooperation

programme and rallied in support of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. 30. Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha was formed in 1836 by associates of Raja Rammohan Roy 31. Under Khurki system, the British planters used to pay some money to the farmers (Raiyyat) by mortgaging

their lands and houses and compelling them to sow indigo. 32. To reach out to the followers of all religions and to remove the fears of the minorities a rule was made at

the 1888 session that no resolution was to be passed to which an overwhelming majority of Hindu or Muslim delegates objected. 

33. Code of Hindu Laws – was prepared by Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, an English Orientalist. The Code of Gentoo law was published during the tenure of Warren Hastings.

34. AIWC, along with Women‘s Indian Association and the National Council of Women in India, submitted a Memorandum to the First Round Table Conference regarding the status of women in the Indian Constitution. The essential points were equal rights and obligations of all citizens, no disability to any citizen with regard to employment or exercise of trade, adult suffrage, women to fight elections on equal terms with men and no reservation of seats for women nor nominations or co-options.

35. SN Banarjee - was sent to jail for two months for contempt of court, and not for sedition, in 1883 for an editorial he wrote in his newspaper, the Bengalee, criticising a judgment of the Calcutta High Court in sharp terms.

36.  In 1866 a great famine struck many parts of India but its impact was felt in Odisha. The Government under Viceroy John Lawrence appointed George Campbell Commission to investigate the causes of famine and to recommend measures to prevent recurrences in future. [ held government system responsible for famine]

37. Latika Ghosh founded the Mahila Rashtriya Sangha with an aim of engaging women in political activism (1928)

38. Sarojini Naidu received Kaiser-i-hind medal by the British government for her work during the plague epidemic in India, which she returned after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. [Founded Women’s Indian Association with Dr Annie Besant]

39. Transformation of Dress Code of Mahatma Gandhi on September 22, 1921 in Madurai after seeing scantily clad peasants and poor people working in the farms and doing other manual work.

40. Annual Kaliparaj conferences were held in 1922 and in 1927. Gandhiji, who presided over the annual conferences. Kunverji Mehta and Keshavji Ganeshji learnt the tribal dialect, and developed a ‘Kaliparaj literature’ 

41. "Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha" was established in the year 1918 by Mahatma Gandhi 42. Sarla Devi Chaudhrani founded Bharat Stree Mahamandal, India's first all- India women association. 43. Bakasht Tenants had no occupancy rights and they were subjected to continuous ejections. [Bihar; Kisan

Sabha protest 1937-1939] 44. George Yule was the first European to preside Congress session at Allahabad in 1888 45. Chatfield Committee was set up to suggest a plan for modernising and streamlining Indian defence.

(1930) 46. The first Muslim organisation in Bengal was the Mohammedan Association or the Anjuman-iIslami 47. The idea of Pakistan was first conceived by Rahmat Ali (Choudhary) 48. Day of Deliverance (Youm-e-Nijat) - resignation of Congress Ministries in 1939 49. Gandhi addressed the application of Satyagraha in caste reform more than once, but he never led a

Satyagraha campaign over the question of untouchability. 50. The Congress, for the first time at its Nagpur Session in 1920, enunciated its policy towards the peoples‘

movement in the Princely States. 51. The "Delhi Pact" was endorsed by the Chamber of Princes on 1 April 1932. This projected federation as a

constitutional demand of the princes of India, but with some safeguards. 52. Sardar Vallabhai Patel  - Satyagraha in Nagpur in 1923 against a law banning the raising of the Indian

flag. 53. New Lamps for Old, authored by Aurobindo Ghosh was originally published in 1893 54. Members of Gokhale‘s Servants of India Society were not permitted to become members of the Home

rule League 55. Jan gan man first sung on December 27, 1911 at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress.

[Original Bengali assembly adopted Hindi version]56. Adams report - 1835; Collecting facts voluntarily regarding indige nous education in Bengal at the request

of Lord William Bentinck.57. Durgesh Nandini was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1862-1864 in Bangla. 58. Captain William Sleeman was appointed by Lord William Bentick (1828-35) to suppress the thugs. 59. Abanindranath Tagore - leader of the Revivalist Movement in the field of modern Indian painting in

Bengal. 60. The Life Divine - Aurobindo; Sadhana - Tagore 61. Whitley chaired the Royal Commission on Labour in India, which reported in 1931. 62. Oudh Commercial bank - first Bank of limited liability managed by Indians and founded in 1881 [PNB

1995] 63. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was the first graduate of the Calcutta University. 64. Fort Williams was built in Kochi by the Dutch. (1714) 65. Fort William, Calcutta (1781); Fort St George, Chennai (1644); Fort St David, Madras(1670) by British 66. Fort St Angelo, Kerala (1505) by the Portuguese. 67. Court fees were abolished by Cornwallis. [Reason to increase in letigation in Zamindari] 68. Sir William Wedderburn and W.S. Caine had set up the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893 to agitate

for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons. 69. Indian railway - the policy of the railway companies to import almost all that was needed by them; 5%

guarantee scheme; preferential freight charge 70. Hind Swaraj - Mahatma Gandhi; he wrote in Gujarati on board S.S. Kildonan Castle during his return

voyage from London to South Africa in 1909

71. The Charter Act of 1833 for the first time laid down that no Indian citizen was to be denied employment under the Company on the basis of religion, colour, birth, descent, etc.

72. EV Ramaswamy Naicker organized the "Dravida Nadu Conference" in 1936 (Supported separate Pakistan) 73. Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green

banner (Swaraj flag designed during No Co operation movement, originally white was not added) 74. 'Phulaguri Dhawa (1861)' - was triggered by a ban imposed on opium cultivation and proposed taxation

on betel leaf and nut; Assam 75. Sarabandi - 1922; No campaign tax in Gujarat led by Vallabhbhai Patel 76. Badruddin Tyabji  was the first Muslim president of INC in 1887 at Madras. 77. INC session 1920 - Ahmedabad; Hasarat Mohani proposed complete independence as goal [Mohani

presided over 1921 ML session in Lucknow]78. Syed Ameer Aliestablished a branch of the League in London in 1908, 79. Atma Sakti Cult - Tagore 80. Ahrar movement - Founded in 1910 under the leadership of Maulana Muhammad Aliu ,hussain imam,

mazar-ul-haq ,Hakim ajmal khan and Jafar ali khan for active participation of the muslims in the national movement.

81. Rajkot Satyagraha -  against the breach of the charter of Liberty of the people by the local ruler Thakore Saheb [1939 Gandhiji]

82. Madam Bhikaji Cama - unfurled the National Flag at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, a city in Germany (not in Paris) on 21st August, 1907. [She was parasi and served as private secretary to Dadabhai Nauroji]

83. Gokhale rejected the title of Knighthood and refused to accept a position in the Council of the Secretary of State for India

84. “Freies Indien” or “Free Indian Legion” - SC Bose raised army [Initially raised as part of the German Army]

85. The “Bombay Manifesto” - signed in 1936 openly opposed the preaching of socialist ideals [Against Neharu]

Books 

1. M.K. Gandhi (Mahattma Gandhi) – Young India, Harijan, Navjivan, Hindu Swarajya, My Experiments With Truth

2. Bal Gangadhar Tilak – Kesri, The Maratha, Gita Rahasya3. Jawahar Lal Nehru – Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, Meri Kahani4. Maulana Abdul Kalam Aazad – Al Hilal, India Wins Freedom, Gubare Khatir5. Lala Lajpat Rai – Unhappy India, Autobiographical writing 6. Dr. Rajendra Prasad – India Divided7. Lala Hardayal – Hints For Self Culture8. Surendra Nath Banarji – Bangali, A Nation In Making9. Veer Savarkar – War Of Indian Independence

10. Ravindra Nath Tagore – Geetanjali (Nobel Prize Winner Book), Home and The World, Gora, Hungry Stones, Chandalika, Visarjan; The Cult of the Charkha [1925, critique on the Gandhian ethic of "charkha-spinning". ]

11. Madan Mohan Malviya – Abhyuday, Hindustan, Leader12. Gopal Krishna Gokhle – Nation13. Keshav Chandra Sen – Indian Mirror, Vaam Bodhini14. Dinbandhu Mitra – Neel Darpan15. Arvind Ghosh – Karmyogi, Yugantar, Savitri, Life Divine, Essays On Gita, Bande Matram, New lamps for

old 

16. Muhammad Iqbal – Tarane Hind, Baange Dara17. Annie Besant – Commonweal, New India18. Subhash Chandra Bose – Indian Struggle19. Paranjape – Kaal20. Muhammad Ali – Comred, Hamdard21. Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Samvad Kaumudi, Precept of Jesus, A Gift of Monotheists22. Ishwarchadra Vidyasagar – Som Prakash23. Motilal Nehru – Independent24. Dada Bhai Naurauji – Rust Guftgur, Poverty And Un British Rule In India25. Shishir Kumar Ghosh – Amrit Bazar Patrika Tarak Nath Das – Free Hindustan26. Shachindra Sanyal – The Revolutionary27. Dayanand Sarswati – Satyarth Darpan Bhogaraju28. Pattabhi Sitaramayya – History Of Congress29. Valentine Chirol – Indian Unrest30. Chittaranjan Das – India For Indians31. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay – Anand Math, Devi Chaudharani, Sitaram32. Bhartendu Harishchandra – Bharat Durdasha33. Shivanand – Divine Life (The life divine is of Arbindo)34. Nayantara Sahgal – A Voice Of Freedom 35. Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan - Causes of the Indian Mutiny  36. J.P.Narayan - To all fighters of freedom, Why Socialism  37.  Lord Curzon -  Problems of the East 38.  Lord Hardinge -  My Indian Years 39. RC Dutta -  Economic History of India40. Swami Dayanand -  Satyarth Prakash 41. MN Roy - Communist Vanguard (Journal) 42. Faiz Ahmad Faiz - Subh-e Azadi (Dawn of freedom) was written in August, 1947 after the partition of

India

Looking back into History 

1. the 25th Anniversary of ASEAN-India Dialogue Relations under the theme of "Shared Values, Common Destiny”;

2. 1953 Government of India sets up first backward classes commission headed by Kaka Kalelkar.3. 1943 - The Japanese attack the Port of Kolkata4. 30 December 1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at Port Blair.5. 15 June – Kushal Konwar, Indian National Congress President of Golaghat, First martyr of Quit India

Movement. 6. 125th Anniversary of Swami Vivekanand’s Chicago speech