2-how is the structure related to the function?. the body contains at least 200 distinct cell types....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• 2-How is the structure related to the function?
![Page 2: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types.
• These cells contain essentially the same internal structures yet they vary enormously in shape and function.
• The human body starts as a single cell at fertilization. As this fertilized egg divides, it gives rise to trillions of cells, each built from the same blueprint
![Page 3: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Principal Tissue Types
• Epithelial (simple and stratified)• Connective• Muscular• Nervous
![Page 4: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is a tissue?
• Tissue– Groups of cells that are similar in structure and
function• Four Primary Types:
– Epithelium– Connective– Nervous– Muscle
• These tissues associate and interact to form organs with specialized functions
![Page 5: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Tissue• Definition – an aggregation of cells in which
each cooperates with all others in the performance of a given function
• Examples of general functions– Protection– Control permeability– Sensation– Production of chemicals/ secretions
![Page 6: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tissues
• Cells are organized into sheets or groups called tissues.
• There are four major tissue types found in the body: epithelial tissue (ET), connective tissue (CT), muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
• These tissues associate and interact to form organs with specialized functions.
![Page 7: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Epithelial Tissue (ET)
• Epithelia are sheets of cells that function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion.
• Epithelium is composed of tightly packed cells anchored to a basement membrane.
• It lacks blood vessels and rapidly divides.• ET are classified by cell shape and number
of cell layers.
![Page 8: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Classification of Epithelial Tissues
![Page 9: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Simple Squamous Epithelium
It consists of a single layer of thin, flat cells that fit tightly.
![Page 10: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Simple Squamous Epithelium
• consists of a single layer of thin, flat cells that fit tightly.
• functions in filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and covers surfaces.
• found in air sacs of the lung, walls of capillaries, lines blood vessels, and covers the membranes that line body cavities.
* Since it is only one layer of cells and very thin it allows diffusion of small molecules unlike stratified squamous epithelium
![Page 11: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
It consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells.
![Page 12: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
• consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells.• functions in secretion and absorption.• found on the surface of the ovaries, linings of
kidney tubules, linings of the ducts of certain glands.
![Page 13: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Simple Columnar Epithelium (Fig. 5.3)
It is a single layer of elongated, column-shaped cells.
![Page 14: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Simple Columnar Epithelium
• single layer of elongated, column-shaped cells.• functions in protection, secretion, and absorption
and can be ciliated or nonciliated.• specialized goblet cells secrete mucus.• found as lining of the uterus, stomach, and
intestines.
![Page 15: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pseudostratified Columnar ET (Fig.5.5)
It is a single layer of elongated cells that appears to be more than one layer.
![Page 16: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• often ciliated• functions in protection, secretion, and movement of
mucus and cells.• found lining the respiratory passages, trachea.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
![Page 17: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Fig. 5.6)
It consists of many layers of cells with flat cells on the outer layers.
![Page 18: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• consists of many layers of cells with flat cells on the outer layers.
• functions in protection.• found in the outer layer of the skin, linings of the
oral cavity, throat, vagina, and anal cavity.
* Since it consists of many layers it acts as a barrier which prevents entry of pathogens into the human body through the epithelium
![Page 19: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium (Fig. 5.7)
It consists of two to three layers of cubed-shaped cells.
![Page 20: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
• consists of two to three layers of cubed-shaped cells.
• functions in protection.• found in the linings of the mammary glands, sweat
glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
* see also glandular epithelium, textbook p. 138
![Page 21: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Stratified Columnar Epithelium (Fig. 5.8)
It consists of a top layer of elongated cells, and lower layers of cube-shaped cells.
![Page 22: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
• consists of a top layer of elongated cells, and lower layers of cube-shaped cells.
• functions in protection and secretion.• found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra,
and parts of the pharynx.
![Page 23: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Transitional Epithelium (Fig. 5.9a)
It consists of many
layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells.
![Page 24: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Transitional Epithelium
• It consists of many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells.
• functions in distensibility and protection.• found in the inner lining of the urinary bladder,
ureters and part of the urethra.
![Page 25: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Connective Tissues (CT)
• Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body.
• Extracellular material, a matrix, makes up the bulk of the tissue.
• Matrix is composed of fibers and ground substance.
• Connective tissue cells usually can divide.
![Page 26: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
CT Cell Types
• Mast cells or basophils release heparin, which prevents blood clotting, and histamine, which aids in the inflammatory response.
![Page 27: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CT Cell Types
• Fibroblasts secrete protein into the matrix, usually collagen which is a fibrous protein resulting in fibers.
![Page 28: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CT Cell Types
• Macrophages originate as white blood cells. They can move and phagocytize foreign particles.
![Page 29: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
CT Fibers
• White collagenous fibers, are made of thick threads of collagen. They are strong, flexible, and inelastic.
• Elastic fibers, yellow fibers, are made of bundles of elastin.
![Page 30: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Loose CT (Fig. 5.18)
• Loose CT or areolar tissue binds organs together and holds tissue fluids.
![Page 31: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Loose Connective Tissue
• Loose CT or areolar tissue binds organs together and holds tissue fluids.
• It consists of cells (fibroblasts) in a fluid-gel matrix.• It forms thin membranes found beneath the skin,
between muscles, and beneath epithelial tissue.
![Page 32: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Adipose Tissue
• Adipose tissue protects, insulates, and stores fat in droplets inside the cells.
Figure 5.19
![Page 33: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Adipose Tissue
• Adipose tissue protects, insulates, and stores fat in droplets inside the cells.
• It consists of cells (adipocytes) in a fluid-gel matrix.• It is found beneath the skin, around the kidneys,
behind the eyes, and on the heart.
![Page 34: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Reticular Connective Tissue
• Reticular connective tissue supports organs.
Figure 5.20
![Page 35: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Reticular Connective Tissue
• Reticular connective tissue supports organs.• It is composed of thin, collagenous fibers and cells
in a fluid-gel matrix.• It is found in the walls of the liver, spleen, and
lymphatic organs.
![Page 36: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Dense Connective Tissue
• Dense connective tissue binds organs together.
Figure 5.21
![Page 37: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dense Connective Tissue
• Dense connective tissue binds organs together.• It is composed thick collagenous fibers, thin elastic
fibers and fibroblasts in a fluid-gel matrix.• It is found in tendons, ligaments, and the dermis of
the skin.
![Page 38: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cartilage, a CT
• Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue.• The matrix consists of collagenous fibers in a gel-
like ground substance.• Cartilage cells, chondrocytes, are found in small
chambers, lacunae.• Cartilage is covered with a thin layer of CT, the
perichondrium.• Cartilage lacks blood vessels.
![Page 39: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Hyaline Cartilage
• It supports, protects, and provides a framework.
• It is the most common type of cartilage.
Figure 5.23
![Page 40: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Hyaline Cartilage
• It supports, protects, and provides a framework.• It is the most common type of cartilage.• It is found in the ends of bones, nose, and rings in
the respiratory passages.• Hyaline cartilage provides the embryonic model for
the skeleton.
![Page 41: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Elastic Cartilage
• It supports, protects, and provides a flexible framework.
Figure 5.24
![Page 42: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Elastic Cartilage
• It supports, protects, and provides a flexible framework.
• Its matrix contains many elastic fibers.• It is found in the outer ear and part of the larynx.
![Page 43: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Fibrocartilage
• It supports, protects, and absorbs shock during body movement.
Figure 5.25
![Page 44: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fibrocartilage
• It supports, protects, and absorbs shock during body movement.
• It is the toughest type of cartilage.• It is found between the vertebrae (intervertebral
discs), in the knee and parts of the pelvic girdle.
![Page 45: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Bone
• Bone supports, protects, provides a framework for muscle attachment.
Figure 5.26
Bone
![Page 46: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Bone
• Bone supports, protects, provides a framework for muscle attachment.
• It is composed of cells (osteocytes) in a hard calcified matrix. The osteocytes are located in layers, lamellae, organized into osteons.
• It is found in the skeleton and middle ear.
![Page 47: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Blood
• Blood transports gases, nutrients, and wastes, defends against disease, and acts in clotting. Figure 5.27
![Page 48: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Blood
• Blood transports gases, nutrients, and wastes, defends against disease, and acts in clotting.
• It is composed of cells and platelets in a fluid matrix, the blood plasma.
• It is found within the blood vessels.
![Page 49: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Muscle Tissue (MT)
There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Properties:• It is contractile (muscle fibers can shorten and
thicken).• It is excitable.
![Page 50: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Skeletal Muscle
• It attaches to bones and is controlled by conscious effort.
• It is also called voluntary muscle.
Figure 5.28
![Page 51: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Skeletal Muscle
• It attaches to bones and is controlled by conscious effort.
• It is also called voluntary muscle.• The muscle cells have many nuclei and exhibit light
and dark banding patterns called striations.• Skeletal muscles contract in response to nerve
signals.
![Page 52: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Smooth Muscle
• It appears smooth because it lacks striations.
• Smooth muscle action is not under conscious control and it is called involuntary. Figure 5.29
![Page 53: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Smooth Muscle
• It appears smooth because it lacks striations.• Smooth muscle action is not under conscious
control and it is called involuntary.• The cells are spindle-shaped with a central nucleus.• Smooth muscle is found in the stomach, intestines,
uterus, and blood vessels.
![Page 54: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Cardiac Muscle
• Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart.
Figure 5.30
![Page 55: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Cardiac Muscle
• It is found only in the heart.• The striated cells are joined end to end with a
specialized intercellular junction called an intercalated disk.
• Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.
![Page 56: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Nervous Tissue (NT)• It is
excitable, but not contractile.
Figure 5.31
![Page 57: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Nervous Tissues
• Nervous tissue is excitable like muscle tissue.• It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
neurons.• Nerve cells or neurons sense changes and transmit
signals.• Neuroglia are cells that support and bind nervous
tissue. They supply nutrients, carry on phagocytosis, and play a role in cell to cell communication.
![Page 58: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
END
![Page 59: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Picturing Mitosis and Meiosis
![Page 60: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Do Now: compare these two, how are they similar? How are they different?
![Page 61: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Mitosis Steps
1. Parent cell (duplicates / copies / replicates) its DNA
2. Cell divides into 2, DNA is divided into 2 daughter cells
![Page 62: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Mitosis
1. Parent cell (duplicates / copies / replicates) its DNA2. Cell divides into 2, DNA is divided into 2 daughter cells
![Page 63: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Meiosis Steps
1. Parent cell replicates its DNA
2. Cells and DNA divide into 2 cells.
3. Cells and DNA divide again for a total of 4 daughter cells.
![Page 64: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Meiosis creates variation
• Crossing-Over
![Page 65: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Using The List of Organelles Illustrate a functional analogy of a cell
1. Cell membrane2. Cytosol3. Cytoskeleton4. Nucleus5. DNA6. RNA7. Smooth ER8. Rough ER
9. Ribosomes10.Mitochondria11.Lysosomes12.Peroxisomes13.Golgi Apparatus
Include a key explaining your analogy.
![Page 67: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Cytoplasmic Division
• Also known as cytokinesis • Begins during anaphase• Continues through telophase• Contractile ring pinches cytoplasm in half
![Page 71: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Control of Cell Division
• Cell division capacities vary greatly among cell types• Skin and blood cells divide often and continually• Neuron cells divide a specific number of times then cease
• Chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with each mitosis provide a mitotic clock
• Cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area to volume relationship
• Growth factors and hormones stimulate cell division• Hormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle cells in uterus• Epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new skin
• Tumors are the consequence of a loss of cell cycle control
• Contact (density dependent) inhibition
![Page 72: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Tumors
• Two types of tumors:• Benign – usually remains localized• Malignant – invasive and can
metastasize; cancerous
• Two major types of genes cause cancer:• Oncogenes – activate other genes
that increase cell division• Tumor suppressor genes – normally
regulate mitosis; if inactivated they are unable to regulate mitosis
• Cells are now known as “immortal”
Normal cells(with hairlike cilia)
Cancer cells
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Tony Brain/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
![Page 73: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Stem and Progenitor Cells
• Stem cell:• Can divide to form two new stem cells
• Self-renewal• Can divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cell• Totipotent – can give rise to every cell type• Pluripotent – can give rise to a restricted number of cell types
• Progenitor cell:• Committed cell• Can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells • Pluripotent
![Page 74: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Stem and Progenitor Cells
one or more steps
Sperm
Egg
Fertilizedegg
Stem cell
Stem cell
Progenitor cell
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
Blood cells and platelets
Fibroblasts (a connective tissue cells)
Bone cells
Progenitorcell
Astrocyte
Neuron
Skin cell
Sebaceousgland cell
produces another stem cell(self-renewal)
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
![Page 75: 2-How is the structure related to the function?. The body contains at least 200 distinct cell types. These cells contain essentially the same internal](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e7c5503460f94b7e265/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Cell Death
Apoptosis:
• Programmed cell death
• Acts as a protective mechanism
• Is a continuous process