2 concept plan_myanmar workshop_final.pdf
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Singapores ExperienceLand Use Planning and Development:
Singapore-Myanmar Technical Cooperation Workshop 1416 August 2012
Seow Kah PingDirector, URA InternationalProfessional Development Group
Concept Plan
1. Background on Singapore
2. Planning History and Conditions ofSingapore (1950-70)
3. Concept Plan 1971
4. Subsequent Concept Plans
Briefing Outline
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3
23 km
43 km
Land Area: 714 km2
Population: 5.12 million
Density: 7300 pple/km2
SINGAPORECountry Profile
SmallCity-State
Limited land area
No hinterland
No natural resources
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Balancing
Competing
Land Use
Needs
IndusIndustry Water treatment & storage
Culture and Heritage
Nature and
GreeneryCommerce Housing
Concept Plan
Master Plan
Land Sales Development Control
Planning and Development Process
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Population Density
PopulationDensity
Transform
ationofSingapore
1960s PRESENT
PRESENT1960s
From 1960s till today
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TransformationofSingapore
1960s PRESENT
1960s PRESENTTOTALPOPULATION 1.64million 5.18millionLANDAREA
581.45squarekm
714.3squarekm
POPULATIONDENSITY
3 245per square km 7 257per square km
From 1960s till today
Non-
Residents
Population
Total
Population
ResidentsPopulation
Year X
63.6,%10.7%
25.7%Singapore
Citizens
Singapore
Permanent
Residents
ForeignersPopulation
X
Popu
lation(million)
From 1960s till today
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1,310 2,832
10,685
23,101
40,364
61,071
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)inbillio
ns
1960s PRESENTDPpercapita 1 310
$61, 071
GDP per
capita
From 1960s till today
Gro
ssDomesticProductpercapital
19461819
1941 19451826
Stamford
Raffles arrives
in Singaporeto establish a
trading post for the
British East IndiaCompany.
Singaporebecomes part of
the British colony
of Straits
Settlements underthe rule of the East
India Company.
Straits
Settlements
become a
crown colony
of British
Empire.
World War II
Straits Settlements
was dissolved and
Singapore
became a
Crown Colony
1867
Brief History of Modern Singapore
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1stDemocratic General Election =
First Constitution of the Republicof SingaporeLee Kuan Yew: 1stPrime Minister
Yusof Ishak: 1stHead of State, replacing
British Governor
Limited Self-Rule
Singapore ceasedto be a British
colony with the
Merger of
Federation of
Malaya
1955 1959
1963
Brief History of Modern Singapore
Today
1965Independence
Planning History of Singapore
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1822Jackson Plan 1822: The Jackson Plan adopted by Sir
Stamford Raffles
Civic/administrative area and commercial square
designated
Separate ethnic enclaves
Roads laid out in grids Guided growth of the city for 8 years. In the next
100 years, Singapore grew chaotically
Drawn by J T Thompson, who was thegovernment surveyor from 1841to 1853
1846Plan ofSingapore Town
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Map of Singapore1941
Population:
Post-war baby boom as businesses re-
started with abundant employment
Average children/family: 6-7
Population grew rapidly from 1.02m to
1.64m in a decade
Singaporein the 1950s
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Mid 1953: Population 1,120,800
Singapore in the 1950s
1951: Colonial administration amended the Singapore Improvement
Ordinance, empowering Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) to carry out
survey for the Master Plan.
1952-1955: Preparation of MP; approved on 5 Aug 1958. Covering the
period 1963-1972. Reviewed every 5years.
Planning Coordination Committee: Commissioner of Lands (chairman),
City Council, Rural Board, SIT, and survey team (under Sir George Pepler).
1 Feb 1960: Planning Ordinance laid down basic legal framework
controlling use and development of land. Chief Planner appointed (chair of
the Master Plan Committee which replaced the Planning Coordination
Committee).
1958Master Plan
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Aim to solve problems of: inadequate road systems, insufficient
open spaces, lack of social amenities, incompatible land uses andpoor housing.
Proposals:
Green belt of open space to contain urban sprawl
Decongestion of the Central city area
Decentralisation: 3 self contained new towns at Jurong,
Woodlands, and Yio Chu Kang
Improved transportation through the provision of major
arterial roads
New industrial estates
1958 Master Plan
Pop parameter: 2 mil by 1972
Major roads
Pop parameter: 2 mil by 1972
New Industrial Estates
Green belt
Green belt of open space to contain urban sprawl
Jurong
New Town
Woodlands
New Town
Yio Chu Kang
New Town
Decentralisation: 3 self contained new towns at Jurong,
Woodlands, and Yio Chu Kang
1958Master Plan
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Master Plan 1958- Strong physical bias
- Zoning for urban land uses
1958Master Plan Strong physical bias
Zoning for urban land
uses
Planning Response: Develop a long range plan
1957: Population reached 1,445,929
Rapid Population growth resulted in acute housing shortage
and Overcrowding
78.6% lived in the city
Singapore River, 1960s. Source: Singapore from the Air (Lloyd and Hoe)
Singapore in the 1960s
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Acute Housing Shortage
Dilapidated Living Condition
Overcrowding
Unemployment
Traffic Congestion in City
Inadequate Infrastructure
Challenges faced in the 1960s
Year Population
1901 230
1930 560
1957 1,450
1966 1,930
1970 2,080
Population Growth
Challenges faced in the 1960s
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Housing Stocks 1966
Detached and Semi-Detached 18,200
Shophouses and Terraced 50,900
HDB Flats 86,300
Private Flats 12,500
Attaps/Zinc Roofed Hsg 80,300
Others 5,000
Total 265,000
Dilapidated Houses 50,000
Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Acute Shortage of Housing
Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Dilapidated Living Conditions
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Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Overcrowding
Unemployment: ~ 10%
Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Unemployment
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Singapore in the 1960s:Challenge: Traffic Congestion in the City
No natural resources Withdrawal of British Base
- Loss of 20% of jobs, 18% GDP
High unemployment
-Labour unrest
-Low wages
-Rapidly increasing
population
Overdependence on entrepot
trade
- Vulnerable to international
markets
- Slow economic growth rate
Low industrial base-Mainly for domestic
consumption
-Low-end commerce
War-ravaged infrastructure
Singapore in the 1960s:Economic Problems
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1962Lorange Plan Drawn by Professor Erick Lorange(Norwegian
architect-planner)UN Town planning advisor to
Singapore on Central Redevelopment for 6
months Preliminary survey highlighted the urgent need to
revise the 1958 Master Plan
Proposed dividing the city into precincts that
could be developed independently
Land use
Land ownership and tenure
Age and quality of buildings
State of overcrowding
Other social circumstances
Pattern of existing street
and layout system
Public utilities Land values
Priority factors to precinct redevelopment:
Tanjong Pagar Rd, Neil
Rd, New Bridge Rd
-Dilapidated shophouses
- Overcrowding in slums
Rochore Rd, Beach Rd,
Arab St, Victoria St.
- Predominant private land
ownership
1962Lorange Plan
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Implementing
redevelopmentschemes:
Land acquisition
Moving and re-housing
occupants
Resettlement of shops
1962Lorange Plan
1963: Second UN Planning team consisting of Charles Abrams,
Susumu Kobe and Otto Koenigsberger helped troubleshoot
housing problems and curb urban decay.
Ring Cityconcept
(originated from the
Netherlands) ring of
towns fringing the central
catchment area.
Randstad (Netherlands) Ring City Model
Utrecht
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
The Hague
1963Koenigsberger Plan
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Pop: 1.7mil
Built up areas:40%
Central catchment area
IndustriesInner ring roadNew
Settlements
1963Koenigsberger Plan
Concept Plan
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URBANREDEVELOPMENTAUTHORITY
One-North
Strategic plan and not just aphysical land use plan
Planning horizon of 40-50 years
Planning for a countrys needs
Airport
Parks and Nature Areas
Housing
Concept Plan
- Economic:Sustain a robust and vibranteconomy
- Social:Provide a good quality of living forall
- Environmental:
Develop in an environmentallyresponsible manner
- Integrated and long-term plan tomake optimal use of our limitedland and sea resources
SUSTAINABILITY
ECONOMIC
SOCIALENVIROMENT
LAND &
SEA
LAND &
SEALAND &
SEA
Planning for Sustainability
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Macro view of land use requirements
Balance between competing needs
Ensures sufficiency of land
Enhance investor & business confidence
Benefits of having a concept plan
Population
Populationthatrequires housing
PublicHousing
LandRequirements
Private Housing
LandedHousing
CondominiumsFlats,
Apartmentsand Others
LandRequirements
Population that doesnot requires housing
Total Land Requirements
Concept Plan: Land Requirements for Housing
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State and City Planning (SCP) Singapore counterpart of the UN team.
Formed from a number of departments with Planning Department asthe nucleus.
Crook Stewarts from Sydney selected for execution of the proposal.
Planning goals:
Expansion of port and maritime industries
Future growth of manufacturing sector
Housing, recreation and infrastructure
Urban renewal and redevelopment
Adequate provision of land for the military
Develop Singapore as SEAs regional centre of trade and commerce,
air transportation, tourist centre, educational, cultural and
industrial research centre
1967UN SCP Project
4-year planning programme with the objective of preparing a long range
land use and transportation plan, and a Central Area Plan.
Pop parameter of 4 mil.
A: Ring Plan
C: East-West
grid
F: Compacted
Ring Plan
B: Finger Plan from
Copenhagen
D: Developed
from Plan C
G: Grid
1967UN SCP Project
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Concentration in the south
More than of the land publicly owned
1967Existing Land Use
Draft Concept Plan
Revised Ring Plan
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Pop parameter: 4mil
Jurong Industrial Estate
1971Concept Plan
Singaporein the 1970s
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Singaporein the 1970s
Slums were
progressively cleared &
concentration of slums at
the harbour
Acquiring land through
Land Acquisition Act
Amalgamation of smallplots of land
Sale of land for
development
Concept Plan 1971:Strategy: Slum Clearance and Revitalization of the City
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Need to house people cleared fromslums and resettled from acquired sites
Construction of high-rise public housing
- Around the city area (i.e. present-day
Chinatown)
- Outside city area
New form of housing for the people
Concept Plan 1971:Strategy: Intensification of Public Housing Project
The Singapore Improvement
Trust carried out public
housing projects but provision
was not adequate.
HDB was formed in 1960
New satellite self-contained
towns such as Queenstown
and Toa Payoh planned
and developed
Concept Plan 1971:Strategy: Intensification of Public Housing Project
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Urban Renewal Dept set up in
1967 under HDB to clear slums
and revitalise Central Area
Dept turned into a statutory board
URAin 1974 to
- Redevelop Central Area
- Resettle residents affected by
redeveloment
Concept Plan 1971:Strategy: Development of the Central Area
Planned
Population
4 million
Population in
1970
2.07 million
Housing - New high-density satellite towns along East-West corridor
Transport - Island-wide expressways
- Proposed Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system to connect
the population centers with the city and JurongCommerce - Central Business District in the South
Industry - Jurong Industrial Estate planned in the west
Infrastructure -Port to be relocated at Pasir Panjang
-Airport to be relocated to Changi
1971Concept Plan
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1971 Concept Plan
Population Parameter of 3.4 milby 1992
Ultimate Population of 4.0 mil
1981 Revised Concept PlanPopulation Paramenter of 3.7 mil
by 2030
Ultimate Population of 4.0 mil
1981Concept Plan
Population: 2.4 million2.9 million
- Fertility rate: to 1.82
- Pro-family measures
- Relaxed immigration policy in 1989
Population: 2.4 mil2.9 mil
Fertility rate: to 1.82
Pro-family measures
Singaporein the 1980s
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Population: 2.4 million2.9 million
- Fertility rate: to 1.82
- Pro-family measures
- Relaxed immigration policy in 1989
Further economic success
Unemployment rate falling to 3%
Real GDP growth averaging 8%
Singapore in the 1980s
Implementation of Proposals
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HDB Developments in the 1970s
HDB Developments in the 1980s
Public Housing Developments
HDB Developments in the 1990s
Public Housing Developments
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1961 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1973 1979 1985 1990
-The Employment
Act
-Industrial Relations
(Amendment) Act
-EDB reorganized
-JTC and DBS set up
-Taxation changes tocreate Asian Dollar
Market
-Attraction ofinward FDI
(higher value
products:
chemical,
electronics)
-The upgrading ofindustry = higher
skill equirements
Provision of
training schemes
-EDB setup- Shellopened 1stoil refinery
-Increase in
manufacturing sector
(labour-intensive
industries: textiles,
clothes, footwear)
Towards Export
Orientation
Capital-Intensive
and Higher Tech
Industries
Towards
Knowledge-based
Industries&Services
Regionalisation
GrowthStrategicEconomic
Plan
Timeline of Economic Policies & Strategies
Manufacturing of low-value products e.g clothes, textile, toys
set-up of factories equipped with electricity and water supply
JTC set up in 1968,responsible for construction and management of industrial
estates for foreign manufacturing firms
Jurong Industrial Estate under development (c. 1960s)
Source: http://herosofsingapore.blogspot.sg/
Increase in Manufacturing Sector
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Shift to Higher-Tech Industries 1970s: competitors of low-end products from HK, Taiwan, S. Korea
Shift from apparel and textile sectorsHigh value products
- Chemical, Electronics, Machinery and equipment
- Aircraft industry
- Oil Rig industry
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1967 1973 1984 1990
%
Textiles & garments
Printing & Publishing
Petroleum refineries & Products
Transport equipment
Machinery
Electrical machinery
Electrical products &components
Instrumentation equipment &photographic & optic goods
Increase in electronics
employment
Source: Perry, Kong, Yeoh (1997) Singapore- A Developmental City-State. Table. 5.1, p. 106
1961 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1973 1979 1985 1990
-The EmploymentAct
-Industrial Relations
(Amendment) Act
-EDB reorganized
-JTC and DBS set up
-Taxation changes to
create Asian Dollar
Market
-Attraction ofinward FDI
(higher value
products:
chemical,
electronics)
-The upgrading of
industry = higher
skill
requirements
Provision of
training schemes
-EDB setup- Shellopened 1stoil refinery
-Increase in
manufacturing sector
(labour-intensive
industries: textiles,
clothes, footwear)
-Economic
restructuring
-R&D,
engineering
design, and
computer
softwareservices.-Aim to be the
Regional HQ
for MNCs
Towards Export
Orientation
Capital-Intensive
and Higher Tech
Industries
Towards
Knowledge-based
Industries
&Services
Regionalisation
GrowthStrategicEconomic
Plan
Timeline of Economic Policies & Strategies
-Becoming
internationally
oriented
-Maintaining
international
competitiveness
-Creating a
conducive climate
for innovation-Developing
manufacturing
and service
clusters
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JTC Developments in the late 1960s
Industrial Developments
JTC Developments in the late 1980s
Industrial Developments
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JTC Developments in the late 1990s
Industrial Developments
Economy: Sector Output
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Source: Singapore, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Survey of Singapore
S$ 5 billion S$ 64.4 billion
Financial and
business services,
14.0%Transport and
communications,
8.8%
Manufacturing,
16.6%
Others, 60.6%
Financial and
business
services, 25.8%
Transport and
communications,
14.8%Manufacturing,
27.7%
Others, 31.6%
Economy: GDP Structure
1960 - 1992
Concept Plan 1991
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1. Plan to Facilitate Sustained Economic
Growth
2. Plan for Congestion Free City
3. Plan for High Quality Living
Environment
4. Plan to have a World Class
Infrastructure
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrusts
Strategic Thrust 1: Sustained Economic Growth
Land for New Downtown
Land for Modern High Valued Added Manufacturing
Industries
Land for Business / Science Parks
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Sustained Economic Growth
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Land for New Downtown
Expansion of the CBD
New Downtown
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Sustained Economic Growth
Land for Modern High Valued Added Added Manufacturing
Industries
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Sustained Economic Growth
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Land for Business & Science Parks
Emphasis on high-technology industries
Technological
Corridor
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Sustained Economic Growth
Strategic Thrust 2: Congestion-Free City
Integrated Land Use & Transport Planning
Decentralisation Strategy
Island-wide Road and Rail Network
Regional Balance in Job / Worker Distribution
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
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Integrated Land Use & Transport Planning
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
Decentralisation Strategy
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
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Island-wide
Road & Rail Network
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
Rail Network Expressway and Semi-Expressway Network
Regional Balance in Job / Worker Distribution
For the 5 Regions (Central, North, NE, West and East) toensure that the job/worker ratio approaches 1.0
Increase population for Central Area and employment for
North-East and East Regions
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
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Better
Housing
Mix
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
Better Quality Public Housing & Facilities
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
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Provide variety of housing
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
Island-wide
Green Network
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
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Enhance quality of life through
planning for parks, open spacesand park connectors
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
Conserve andRevitalise Historic
Areas
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
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Rejuvenating the Singapore River
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
Focus on Architecture & Urban Design
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
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Improve infrastructure
1
Reclamation of Jurong Island
After
Before
Concept Plan 1991:Strategic Thrust: World-class Infrastructure
Expansion of International Airport Expansion of Container Port
1991 Concept Plan Population Parameter of 4 mil
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Vision Towards a tropical city of excellence
Planned
Population
4 million
Population in
1970
3.05 million
Housing - Greater variety and choice in housing forms (low, medium
and high-density housing) in order to meet Singaporeans
rising aspirations and expectations
- Park connectors network to join up existing parks
Transport - Island-wide expressways
- Island-wide expressways with semi-expressways
- More extensive MRT network
Commerce Decentralizationthree regional centers: Jurong, Tampinesand Woodlands and other centres
Industry - Industrial estates outside Jurong/ Business Parks
Infrastructure -Expansion of airport and port
1991Concept Plan
Staging Year2000
Staging Year
2010
Staging Year
X
1991Concept Plan: Staging Plan
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New homes in established areas
Live close to families
Enjoy ready amenities
Bukit
Merah
Toa
Payoh
Ang Mo
Kio
Bedok
LIVENew Home in Familiar places
Density Mix low med high
Proposed 8 13 79
Today 9 13 78
LIVEHousing Density
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Population in the city will
increase from 3% to 7% Create critical mass and buzz
Close to work
Close to attractions after work
GPR in New Downtown increase to
between 6.0 and 7.0
LIVE New Homes in Familiar places
An economically vibrant city
WORKCatering to Businesses
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Build higher close to MRT stations
Sufficient land for industries
WORK: Better Use of Industrial Land
More Commercial Space in
the Central Area
Create a critical mass in
Central Area
Denser and more
comprehensive rail networkin the Central Area
WORK: Global Business Centre
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More Jobs
More Housing
Jurong and
Tuas
City Area
WORKMore Jobs Closer to Home
Woodlands
Jurong EastTampines
More jobs in the Regional Centres
LIVEMore Jobs closer to Homes
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2011S$299.6 billion
(at 2005 market price)
*Others:Construction,
Wholesale &
Retail, Trade,
Accommodation
& Food Services
1960
S$ 5 billion1992
S$ 64.4 billion
Financial and
business services,
14.0%
Transport and
communications,
8.8%
Manufacturing,
16.6%
Others
60.6%
Financial and
business services,
25.8%
Transport and
communications,
14.8%
Manufacturing,
27.7%
Others,
31.6%
Financial and
business services,
26.0%
Transport andcommunications,
12.0%
Manufacturing,
21.0%
Others,
41.0%
Leisure opportunities
in the Central
Catchment
PLAYMore Recreation Choices
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Connecting Parks and
Activities to your Home
PLAYMore Recreation Choices
New Orbital
and Radial
lines
ExtensiveRoad Network
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Long Term
Islandwide Rail
Network
ExtensiveRoad Network
Conservation of Buildings
Focus on Identity: Our Built Heritage
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Vision Towards a thriving world-class city in the 21stcentury
Planned
Population
5.5 million
Population in 2000 4.03 million
Housing - High-density housing with amenities close-by
- More new housing in established existing towns
- Better housing environment in the west
Transport - More extensive MRT network
Commerce -Greater flexibility for businesses (New Business Zone and
New White Zone)
Industry -Move towards high-valued industries e.g. electronics,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biomedical sciences andengineering
- Intensification of Industries and businesses close to train
stations
Infrastructure - Expansion of port and airport
2001Concept Plan
Take a long-term view
Adopt an integrated approach
Support business needs
Have an open, transparentsystem
Be flexible and responsive
Key Planning
Principles
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Thank You