2 cardiovascular system web
TRANSCRIPT
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Blood: Composition and Blood: Composition and FunctionFunction
I. A. Composition of Blood—I. A. Composition of Blood—Cellular Cellular
Erythrocytes: Red Blood CellsNon-nucleatedNon-nucleatedOuter portion thickOuter portion thickInner portion thinInner portion thinHemoglobinHemoglobinCarries OxygenCarries Oxygen
I. B. Composition of Blood—I. B. Composition of Blood—Cellular Cellular
Leukocytes: White Blood CellsLeukocytes: White Blood CellsLargerLargerNucleatedNucleatedVarious shapesVarious shapesFights InfectionFights InfectionPass through vesselPass through vessel
I. C. Composition of Blood—I. C. Composition of Blood—Cellular Cellular
Thrombocytes: PlateletsThrombocytes: PlateletsParts of cellsClotting
All of these parts are made in the red All of these parts are made in the red bone marrow.bone marrow.
Blood stem cells are located in the Blood stem cells are located in the ends of bones.ends of bones.
Stem cells become two different cells, Stem cells become two different cells, one forms only one type of leukocyte, one forms only one type of leukocyte, the other forms the other two the other forms the other two leukocytes, platelets, and leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes.erythrocytes.
I. D. Formation of Cellular I. D. Formation of Cellular PartsParts
PlasmaPlasma Maintains blood volume and blood Maintains blood volume and blood
pressure.pressure. Transports dissolved materialsTransports dissolved materials Originates from the fluid absorbed in Originates from the fluid absorbed in
large intestine. large intestine.
I. E. Composition of Blood—I. E. Composition of Blood—Fluid Fluid
Proteins – from liver, affect pH, blood Proteins – from liver, affect pH, blood volume, osmotic pressure, clotting.volume, osmotic pressure, clotting.
Salts – from small intestine, affect Salts – from small intestine, affect pH, metabolism, osmotic pressure.pH, metabolism, osmotic pressure.
Nutrients – from small intestine, Nutrients – from small intestine, used for metabolism.used for metabolism.
Nitrogenous waste – from liver, Nitrogenous waste – from liver, ammonia.ammonia.
I. F. Composition of Blood—I. F. Composition of Blood—Fluid Fluid
Blood GasesBlood Gases Oxygen – from lungs, for cell respirationOxygen – from lungs, for cell respiration COCO22 – from cells, waste – from cells, waste
OtherOther Hormones – from various, for chemical Hormones – from various, for chemical
communication.communication. Vitamins – from various, for metabolismVitamins – from various, for metabolism
I. F. Composition of Blood—I. F. Composition of Blood—Fluid Fluid
Formed elements (cellular)Formed elements (cellular) 45% of the blood volume45% of the blood volume
Serum (plasma and dissolved parts)Serum (plasma and dissolved parts) 55% of the blood volume55% of the blood volume
I. G. Composition of BloodI. G. Composition of Blood
II. A. Blood ClottingII. A. Blood Clotting
Clotting: Clotting: DamageDamage occurs occurs ThrombocytesThrombocytes form (or attempt) plug form (or attempt) plug DamagedDamaged cells release cells release ThromboplastinThromboplastin TpTp causes causes Prothrombin ActivatorProthrombin Activator to be to be
releasedreleased PAPA acts on acts on ProthrombinProthrombin to form to form ThrombinThrombin ThrombinThrombin acts on acts on FibrinogenFibrinogen to form to form FibersFibers FibersFibers clog cut, reinforce platelet plugclog cut, reinforce platelet plug ErythrocytesErythrocytes stop up remaining holes in plug stop up remaining holes in plug
LeukocytesLeukocytes arrive to fight infection arrive to fight infection
Present in blood
Released into blood
Made in blood
II. A. Blood ClottingII. A. Blood Clotting
Clotting: Clotting:
Damage Thromboplastin ProthrombinActivator
ProthrombinThrombin
FibrinogenFibersThrombocytes
Erythrocytes
Present in blood
Released into blood
Made in blood
II. B. Blood TypesII. B. Blood Types
Antigens located on erythrocyte Antigens located on erythrocyte membranes.membranes.
Antigens give us the blood type.Antigens give us the blood type. Plasma has antibodies opposite to Plasma has antibodies opposite to
antigens.antigens. When antigens contact antibodies of When antigens contact antibodies of
the same type agglutination occurs.the same type agglutination occurs. Hemolysis can also occur.Hemolysis can also occur.
II. B. Blood TypesII. B. Blood Types
Type Antigen AntibodyType Antigen Antibody
AA
BB
ABAB
OO
II. B. Blood TypesII. B. Blood Types
Type Give to Receive fromType Give to Receive from
AA
BB
ABAB
OO
II. C. Rh FactorsII. C. Rh Factors
+ or –+ or – Have or not have on membraneHave or not have on membrane Antibodies are made only after Antibodies are made only after
exposure and only to positive.exposure and only to positive. Mom is –, baby is +.Mom is –, baby is +. Antibodies to + are made in Mom.Antibodies to + are made in Mom. Hemolytic Disease of the newborn.Hemolytic Disease of the newborn.
III. A. ArteriesIII. A. Arteries
Take blood away from the heart.Take blood away from the heart. Very thick middle wall.Very thick middle wall. Do not collapse when cut.Do not collapse when cut. Blood pressure is high.Blood pressure is high.
III. B. VeinsIII. B. Veins
Return blood to heart.Return blood to heart. Thin middle wall.Thin middle wall. Do collapse when cut.Do collapse when cut. Blood pressure low.Blood pressure low. As they branch, As they branch,
become smallerbecome smaller Have valves to assist Have valves to assist
blood in return.blood in return.
III. C. CapillariesIII. C. Capillaries
Connections between Arterioles and Connections between Arterioles and Venuoles.Venuoles.
About the same diameter as an About the same diameter as an erythrocyte.erythrocyte.
From capillaries materials enter & From capillaries materials enter & exit the cells.exit the cells.
III. C. CapillariesIII. C. Capillaries
Osmotic Pressure: force due to salts etc. Osmotic Pressure: force due to salts etc. in the blood that brings water into in the blood that brings water into vessel.vessel.
Blood Pressure: force exerted by the Blood Pressure: force exerted by the heart in contractions.heart in contractions.
BP changes as the arteries get further BP changes as the arteries get further away from heart.away from heart.
OP remains the same.OP remains the same. Difference between BP & OP determines Difference between BP & OP determines
materials movement in or out of vessel.materials movement in or out of vessel.
III. C. CapillariesIII. C. Capillaries
Arterialend
Venous end
BP 30
Osmotic21
Osmotic21
Diff: 9Outward
BP15
Diff: 6Inward
III. C. CapillariesIII. C. Capillaries
At arterial end: nutrients, oxygen etc. At arterial end: nutrients, oxygen etc. move from vessel to cells.move from vessel to cells.
At venous end: waste, carbon dioxide At venous end: waste, carbon dioxide etc. move from cells to vessel.etc. move from cells to vessel.
But not all fluid moves into the But not all fluid moves into the vessels.vessels.
A third vessel found along vein, A third vessel found along vein, Lymphatic Vessel.Lymphatic Vessel.
III. D. Lymphatic VesselsIII. D. Lymphatic Vessels
Thin wallsThin walls Valves presentValves present Move fluid upward, gathers into Move fluid upward, gathers into
enlarged areas – Nodesenlarged areas – Nodes Eventually re-enters blood. Eventually re-enters blood. Fluid in this is called Lymphatic Fluid.Fluid in this is called Lymphatic Fluid. More in another chapter.More in another chapter.
IV. A. Heart Circulation IV. A. Heart Circulation In/Out In/Out
4 Chambers4 Chambers Two AtriaTwo Atria
Left/RightLeft/Right Two VentriclesTwo Ventricles
Left/RightLeft/Right A septum A septum
separates separates right from left.right from left.
IV. A. Into the HeartIV. A. Into the Heart
Superior and Superior and Inferior Vena Inferior Vena CavaCava Blood enters Blood enters Right AtriumRight Atrium
Tricuspid Valve is Tricuspid Valve is openopen
Blood enters the Right Blood enters the Right Ventricle, Atria Ventricle, Atria ContractContract
IV. A. Into the LungsIV. A. Into the Lungs Exits the heart Exits the heart
through the through the Pulmonary Semi-Pulmonary Semi-Lunar ValveLunar Valve
Ventricles Ventricles ContractContract
Enters Enters Pulmonary TrunkPulmonary Trunk
Into Pulmonary Into Pulmonary Veins to LungsVeins to Lungs
IV. A. Return to HeartIV. A. Return to Heart From Lungs enters From Lungs enters
Pulmonary Arteries.Pulmonary Arteries.
Enters Heart in Enters Heart in Left AtriumLeft Atrium
Bicuspid is openBicuspid is open Blood flows into Left VentricleBlood flows into Left Ventricle Atria contractAtria contract
IV. A. Into the BodyIV. A. Into the Body
Ventricles contractVentricles contract Blood flows Blood flows
through Aortic through Aortic Semi-Lunar Valve.Semi-Lunar Valve.
Blood enters Blood enters Ascending AortaAscending Aorta
Aortic ArchAortic Arch Descending AortaDescending Aorta
IV. B Vessels into the BodyIV. B Vessels into the Body
From Aortic arch:From Aortic arch: Brachiocephalic Artery: to Right Arm & Brachiocephalic Artery: to Right Arm &
HeadHead To head: Common Carotid ArteryTo head: Common Carotid Artery To Arm: Subclavian ArteryTo Arm: Subclavian Artery
Common Carotid Artery: to Left HeadCommon Carotid Artery: to Left Head Subclavian Artery: to Left ArmSubclavian Artery: to Left Arm Pulse in Common CarotidPulse in Common Carotid
In arms pulse taken in Radial ArteryIn arms pulse taken in Radial Artery
IV. B. Into the BodyIV. B. Into the Body
Descending Aorta (Thoracic Aorta): Descending Aorta (Thoracic Aorta): To organs in the thorax.To organs in the thorax.
Descending Aorta (Abdominal Aorta): Descending Aorta (Abdominal Aorta): To organs in the abdomen. To organs in the abdomen.
Aorta divides into Common IliacAorta divides into Common Iliac Right and left External Iliacs feed Right and left External Iliacs feed
right and left legs. Pulse: Femoral right and left legs. Pulse: Femoral Artery and Dorsal Pedal.Artery and Dorsal Pedal.
IV. B. From the BodyIV. B. From the Body
Blood returns through the same Blood returns through the same named veins.named veins.
Abdomen and legs return to Inferior Abdomen and legs return to Inferior Vena Cava.Vena Cava.
Arms: Subclavian Veins to Arms: Subclavian Veins to Brachiocephalic veins. Brachiocephalic veins.
Head: Jugular Veins to Head: Jugular Veins to Brachiocephalic.Brachiocephalic.
Brachiocephalics enter the Superior Brachiocephalics enter the Superior Vena Cava.Vena Cava.
IV. B. To specific organsIV. B. To specific organs
1 Common Carotid 1 Common Carotid AA
2 Jugular V2 Jugular V 3 Subclavian3 Subclavian 4 Brachiocephalic A4 Brachiocephalic A 5 Brachiocephalic V5 Brachiocephalic V 6 Aortic Arch6 Aortic Arch
IV. B. To specific organsIV. B. To specific organs
7 Coronary A7 Coronary A 8 Cardiac V8 Cardiac V 9 Superior Vena 9 Superior Vena
CavaCava 10 Inferior Vena 10 Inferior Vena
CavaCava
IV. B. To specific organsIV. B. To specific organs
12 Gastric A12 Gastric A 13 Splenic13 Splenic 14 Abdominal 14 Abdominal
AortaAorta 15 Hepatic 15 Hepatic
Portal VPortal V 16 Mesenterics16 Mesenterics 17 Renal17 Renal
IV. B. To specific organsIV. B. To specific organs
18 Inferior 18 Inferior Vena CavaVena Cava
19 Gonadal19 Gonadal OvarianOvarian TesticularTesticular
IV. B. To specific organsIV. B. To specific organs
20 Common 20 Common IliacIliac
21 Femoral21 Femoral
IV. B. ExtremitiesIV. B. Extremities
ArmsArms Axillary A: Pulse pointAxillary A: Pulse point Median Cubital V: Blood drawsMedian Cubital V: Blood draws Radial A: Pulse PointRadial A: Pulse Point
LegsLegs Great Saphenous V: used in bypassesGreat Saphenous V: used in bypasses Dorsal Ped: Pulse point (foot)Dorsal Ped: Pulse point (foot)
IV. C. Electrical ImpulsesIV. C. Electrical Impulses
S/A Node: S/A Node: impulse for atria impulse for atria to contractto contract
A/V Node: A/V Node: receives impulse receives impulse and pushes it on and pushes it on for the ventriclesfor the ventricles
IV. C. Electrical ImpulsesIV. C. Electrical Impulses
S/A Node: impulse for atria to contract=PS/A Node: impulse for atria to contract=P A/V Node: receives impulse and pushes it A/V Node: receives impulse and pushes it
on for the ventricles to contract=QRSon for the ventricles to contract=QRS
P
Q
R
S
T
T indicates recoveryT indicates recovery
IV. C. DefibrillationIV. C. Defibrillation
Stops the irregular heartbeatStops the irregular heartbeat After stopping, heart may restartAfter stopping, heart may restart Correct rhythm.Correct rhythm. Cannot be done if the person is Cannot be done if the person is
“flatlined”“flatlined” ““Shocking” does not restart a Shocking” does not restart a
stopped heart.stopped heart.
IV. D. Blood PressureIV. D. Blood Pressure
Important because arteries can only Important because arteries can only withstand a certain internal pressurewithstand a certain internal pressure
Systolic: pressure when the heart Systolic: pressure when the heart contracts.contracts.
Diastolic: pressure when the heart is Diastolic: pressure when the heart is relaxed.relaxed.
120/80 “normal BP”120/80 “normal BP”
V. A. Problems: HeartV. A. Problems: Heart
Mitral Valve Prolapse – live with, repair Mitral Valve Prolapse – live with, repair or replace, medsor replace, meds
V. A. Problems: HeartV. A. Problems: Heart
Congestive Heart Failure Congestive Heart Failure Left side does not pump as strongly Left side does not pump as strongly
as right. as right. Left atrial pressure increases, results Left atrial pressure increases, results
in edema of lungs.in edema of lungs. Meds, augment with back muscle, Meds, augment with back muscle,
transplanttransplant
V. A. Problems: HeartV. A. Problems: Heart
Irregular Heart BeatIrregular Heart Beat
V-Fib: Ventricular V-Fib: Ventricular FibrillationFibrillation
A-Fib: Atrial A-Fib: Atrial FibrillationFibrillation
V. B. Problems: VesselsV. B. Problems: Vessels
Angina – Nitroglycerin, BypassAngina – Nitroglycerin, Bypass Myocardial Infarction – prevent moreMyocardial Infarction – prevent more Hypertension – decrease salt, medsHypertension – decrease salt, meds Hypotension – increase salt & fluidsHypotension – increase salt & fluids
V. B. Problems: VesselsV. B. Problems: Vessels
Atheriosclerosis – Angioplasty (Stent)Atheriosclerosis – Angioplasty (Stent)
V. B. Problems: VesselsV. B. Problems: Vessels
AtheriosclerosiAtheriosclerosis – Bypasss – Bypass
V. B. Problems: VesselsV. B. Problems: Vessels
Plaque Plaque RemovalRemoval
Carotid ArteriesCarotid Arteries
V. B. Problems: VesselsV. B. Problems: Vessels
CVA – loss of oxygen to brainCVA – loss of oxygen to brain Difficulty feeling or moving on one side of the Difficulty feeling or moving on one side of the
body body Slurring or trouble speaking Slurring or trouble speaking Brief episode of a weakness of an arm or leg Brief episode of a weakness of an arm or leg Momentary loss of vision Momentary loss of vision Darkening of the vision in one eye Darkening of the vision in one eye A shade or curtain coming down over one eye A shade or curtain coming down over one eye Dizziness or confusion Dizziness or confusion Faint (syncope) or feeling faint Faint (syncope) or feeling faint
V. B. Problems: VesselsV. B. Problems: Vessels
Aneurysm – surgical Aneurysm – surgical correctioncorrection
V. B. Problems: VesselsV. B. Problems: Vessels
Blood clotsBlood clots Cause of MI & CVACause of MI & CVA t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) converts t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) converts
plasminogen into plasmin, dissolves all clotsplasminogen into plasmin, dissolves all clots Aspirin TherapyAspirin Therapy
Dilated/Inflammed VesselsDilated/Inflammed Vessels Phebitis – deep, prone to clotsPhebitis – deep, prone to clots Varicose Veins – superficial, valve Varicose Veins – superficial, valve
insufficiencyinsufficiency