2-3 carbon compounds teks: 9a: structures and functions of different types of biomolecues
TRANSCRIPT
2-3 CARBON COMPOUNDS TEKS:
9A: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOMOLECUES
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Carbon is found in every living creature.
Elemental carbon can be black (graphite), or hard and beautiful (diamonds).
Building block of fossil fuels (gasoline and oil)
Basis of organic chemistry
THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are
called organicorganic.
Why is Carbon (C) so Important?Why is Carbon (C) so Important?1. 1. CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in outer shell.
CarbonCarbon can form strong covalent bondsbonds with other elements to become stable.
Such as H, N H, N, P, S
Example:Example: see book p. 44see book p. 44
Why is Carbon (C) so Important?Why is Carbon (C) so Important?2. Carbon can bond to other carbon atoms Can form chains that are almost unlimited
in length C to C bonds can be single, double, or
triple covalent bonds. Chains of carbon can close upon
themselves to form rings
STRUCTURAL FORMULAS
Benzene
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
MacromoleculesMacromolecules Large organic molecules are created by the process Large organic molecules are created by the process
ofof POLYMERIZATIONPOLYMERIZATION.. Made up of smaller “building blocks” called
MONOMERSMONOMERS. (mono=one –meros=part) Monomers join to form POLYMERSPOLYMERS. (poly=many -meros= part)
4 Polymers found in living things:4 Polymers found in living things:1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Question:Question: How are Macromolecules formed?How are Macromolecules formed?
Answer:Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis
Also called “condensation reaction”“condensation reaction” Forms polymerspolymers by combining monomersmonomers by
“removing water”“removing water”.
HO H
HO HO HH
H2O
Question:Question: How are Macromolecules separated or How are Macromolecules separated or
digested?digested?
Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis Separates monomersmonomers by “adding water”.“adding water”.
HO HO HH
HO H
H2O
1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates Made of C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1 Main source of energy for organisms Also used for structural purposes Examples:Examples:
A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharide
B.B. disaccharidedisaccharide
C.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide
1. Carbohydrates1. CarbohydratesA.A. Monosaccharide (monomer: one sugar unit)Monosaccharide (monomer: one sugar unit)
Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribosedeoxyribose
riboseribose
glucoseglucose
1. Carbohydrates1. CarbohydratesB. disaccharide: two sugar unitB. disaccharide: two sugar unit
Example:Example: maltose - 2 glucose moleculesmaltose - 2 glucose molecules
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
1. Carbohydrates1. CarbohydratesC.C. polysaccharide: many sugar unitspolysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples:Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
2. Lipids2. Lipids General term for compounds which
are not soluble in waternot soluble in water. Made mostly from C and H Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats
2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides
2. Lipids2. Lipids Six functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:
1.1. Long term energy storageLong term energy storage
2.2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)Protection against heat loss (insulation)
3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock
4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss
5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)
6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)
2. Lipids2. Lipids Triglycerides:Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol 1 glycerol
(monomer)(monomer) and 3 fatty acids (monomer)3 fatty acids (monomer). H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=fatty acids
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see these
on food labels:
1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)
2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturatedsaturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
unsaturated
3. Proteins (Polypeptides)3. Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids (monomers) bonded together by peptide peptide
bondsbonds (polypeptidespolypeptides). 20 different kinds of amino acids found in nature Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:
1.1. Storage: albumin (egg white)Storage: albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory:hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions
3. Proteins (Polypeptides)3. Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure:Four levels of protein structure:
A.A. Primary Structure (1°)Primary Structure (1°)
B.B. Secondary Structure (2°)Secondary Structure (2°)
C.C. Tertiary Structure (3°)Tertiary Structure (3°)
D.D. Quaternary Structure (4°)Quaternary Structure (4°)
A. Primary Structure (1°) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.peptide bonds.
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
4. Nucleic acids4. Nucleic acids Two types:Two types:
a. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)a. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)b. ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)b. ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
Nucleic acidsNucleic acidsare composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.
4. Nucleic acids4. Nucleic acids Nucleotides (monomers):Nucleotides (monomers):
phosphate groupphosphate group
sugar (5-carbon)sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogenous basesnitrogenous bases
adenine (A)adenine (A)
thymine (T) in DNA uracil (U) RNAthymine (T) in DNA uracil (U) RNA
cytosine (C)cytosine (C)
guanine (G)guanine (G)
NucleotideNucleotide
OO=P-O O
PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup
NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
DNA - double helixDNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
Summary of the Organic Molecules