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BADM 633 – Wk 13

International Business Culture

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Heinz Seeks to Tap Mexico's Taste for Ketchup Food Giant Pours It On to Promote Flagship Product in

Fast-Growing Emerging MarketWSJ – 24 Nov 2009

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Changing Demographics in a Global Economy

United States dominance in world tradeUnited States dominance in Foreign Direct

InvestmentDominance of United States multinational firmsCentrally planned economies off-limits

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Changing Demographics -cont’d

Anti-globalization debateJobsIncomeEnvironment

Spread of democracyGlobal terrorismEconomic transformation

DeregulationPrivatizationLegal systems

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What are Laws ?

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Laws

Laws are society’s values and standards that are enforceable in the courts.

Laws are society’s values and standards that are enforceable in the courts.

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What are Ethics?

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Ethics are the moral principles and values that govern the actions and decisions of an individual or group. They serve as guidelines on how to act rightly and justly when faced with moral dilemmas.

Ethics

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Business Ethics

Ethical issues in international business

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) Moral obligations Ethical perceptions across cultures

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A framework for understanding ethical behavior

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Global Competition

ETHICS – IS IT GOOD BUSINESS?

GOING GREEN

vs.

INCREASING $TOCKHOLDER EQUITY

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Rockefeller Rebellion Turns Up Heat on ExxonJohn D.'s Heirs Seek Change -- and Respect

WSJ - May 24, 2008; Page A1

Two decades ago, Neva Goodwin Rockefeller grew so tired of all the baggage that came with her fabled family name that she changed it and became plain Neva Goodwin. But now, Ms. Goodwin, 63 years old, is embracing the powerful Rockefeller name as she publicly challenges the management of Exxon Mobil Corp., successor to the oil company founded by her great-grandfather, John D. Rockefeller. As Neva Rockefeller Goodwin, she has marshaled four generations of Rockefellers to join her in a campaign to force major changes at one of the most profitable companies in the world. The battle will come to a head at Exxon's annual meeting Wednesday in Dallas. (Scheduled for 28 May.)

Some members of the family joined the fight out of a passionate belief in the threat of global warming; others were concerned that Exxon is overlooking business opportunities or risks. Many seem offended that the company appears impervious to the wishes of its shareholders, including those named Rockefeller.

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Exxon Withstands Activist Proposals

Chairman, CEO Jobs To Remain Joined; Environment Still Issue

WSJ - May 29, 2008; Page B3

DALLAS -- Exxon Mobil Corp. shareholders rejected a proposal to create an independent chairman in a heated proxy fight over the future of the giant oil company . . . The proposal to create an independent chairman, which would have stripped Chairman and Chief Executive Rex Tillerson of one of his titles, drew 39.5% of the votes cast at Wednesday's annual shareholder meeting. Support for the measure edged down from last year, when it received 40% of the votes cast.

The shareholder unrest also reflected some concerns that Exxon isn't doing enough to prepare for climate change or develop a more robust renewable-fuels strategy. (The chairman) acknowledged activists' environmental concerns without offering any concrete promises. He said Exxon must continue to generate needed energy while taking steps to "lower our environmental footprint." But he also said he didn't think non-fossil fuels would make a significant dent in global energy demand until 2050 or so.

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Global Competition

Ethics – is it good business?

 The Question:

Companies spend billions of dollars doing good works -- such as developing eco-friendly technology -- and then trumpeting them to the public. But does it pay off?

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Global Competition

Ethics – is it good business?

 The Test:

In a series of experiments, consumers were shown the same products -- coffee and T-shirts -- but one group was told the items had been made using high ethical standards and another group that low standards had been used.

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Global Competition REWARD AND PUNISHMENT

 What consumers were willing to pay for a pound of coffee based on what they were told about the company's production standards:

Ethical standards . . . . . . . . . $9.71Unethical standards . . . . . . . . 5.89Control (no information) . . . . 8.31

Source: Remi Trudel and June Cotte

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Global Competition

A MATTER OF DEGREE

 How much consumers were willing to pay for all-cotton T-shirts based on what they were told about the proportion of ethical production:

100% organic cotton . . . . . . $21.2150% organic cotton . . . . . . . . 20.4425% organic cotton . . . . . . . . 20.72Unethical behavior* . . . . . . . .17.33Control (no information) . . . . 20.04

*Production harms environment

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Global Competition

ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT

 Consumers with high ethical expectations of companies doled out bigger rewards and punishments than consumers with low expectations. What each group was willing to pay for a pound of coffee based on production standards:Consumers with high expectations:

Ethical standards . . . . . . . $11.59Unethical standards . . . . . . . 6.92

Consumers with low expectations:Ethical standards . . . . . . . $9.90Unethical standards . . . . . . 8.44

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Global Competition

 The Results:

Consumers are willing to pay a small premium for ethically produced goods. But they'll punish an unethically made product even more harshly, by buying it only at a steep discount.

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Global Competition  Six Products, Six Carbon Footprints Everybody's talking about it. But what exactly is a carbon footprint? And how is it

calculated?By JEFFREY BALL  WSJ – 06 Oct 2008

A new concept is entering the consumer lexicon: the carbon footprint.

First came organic. Then came fair trade. Now makers of everything from milk to jackets to cars are starting to tally up the carbon footprints of their products. That's the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that get coughed into the air when the goods are made, shipped and stored, and then used by consumers.

So far, these efforts raise as many questions as they answer. Different companies are counting their products' carbon footprints differently, making it all but impossible for shoppers to compare goods. And even if consumers come to understand the numbers, they might not like what they find out.

For instance, many products' global-warming impact depends less on how they're made than on how they're used. That means the easiest way to cut carbon emissions may be to buy less of a product or use it in a way that's less convenient.

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Global Competition  

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Carbon Footprints CARS -The simplest statistic in the carbon-footprinting game may be this: For every

mile it travels, the average car in the U.S. emits about one pound of carbon dioxide. Given typical driving distances and fuel-economy numbers, that translates into about five tons of carbon dioxide per car per year. The vast majority of those emissions -- 86% -- came from the car's fuel use, the study found. Just 4% of

emissions came from making and assembling the car. That means consumers can lower their footprint by buying a car with better fuel economy.

The Prius, the hybrid gasoline-and-electric car that averages 42 miles per gallon, has a lifetime carbon footprint of 44 metric The Corolla, a small sedan with 29 MPG, has a footprint of 64 tons. The Camry (23 MPG) has a footprint of 95 tons. And the 4Runner, an SUV rated at 16 MPG, has a footprint of 118 tons.

SHOES -You may think you're at one with nature going for a walk in the woods in your sturdy hiking boots. But those boots pack a lot of carbon. The big reason: the leather.

 

Timberland Co., a shoe company with an outdoorsy image, has assessed the carbon footprint of about 40 of the shoe models it currently sells. The results range from about 22 pounds to 220 pounds per pair. Each of the shoes that has been carbon-footprinted comes with a label assessing its greenhouse-gas score on a scale of zero, which is best, to 10, which is worst.

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Carbon Footprints LAUNDRY DETERGENT - The recipe for a low-carbon load of laundry: Use liquid

detergent instead of powder, wash your clothes in cool water and hang them out to dry. But consumers who care about their carbon emissions should do more than switch detergent forms, the

labels advise. Doing the wash in cooler water -- 86 degrees Fahrenheit instead of 104 degrees -- will shave the carbon footprint of each load by 0.3 pounds. That's as much of a reduction as you get from switching to liquid from powder.

The biggest way to cut the environmental impact of cleaning clothes, however, is to stop using a clothes dryer. Drying laundry outside on a line, Tesco says, will cut the carbon footprint of every load by a whopping 4.4 pounds.

JACKETS – Patagonia Inc.'s Talus jacket looks like a naturalist's dream. In fact, its carbon footprint is 66 pounds. That is 48 times the weight of the jacket itself. Over the past year the outdoor-equipment maker has computed and posted on its Web site the carbon

footprints of 15 of its products. Because most of Patagonia's products are made overseas and sold in the U.S., the company that a big chunk of the carbon footprints came from –

The fabric for the Talus is made in China, the zippers come from Japan, and the jacket is sewn in Vietnam. Yet all that transportation adds up to less than 1% of the product's total carbon footprint, Patagonia says. The majority of the footprint -- 71%, or about 47 pounds -- comes in producing the polyester, which originates with oil.

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Carbon Footprints MILK - Several studies of milk's carbon footprint are under way in the U.S. Each has come

up with a different number, largely because each is counting things differently. A recent study by National Dairy Holdings, a Dallas-based dairy, found that the carbon footprint of a gallon of

its milk in a plastic jug is either 6.19 pounds or 7.59 pounds. The difference rests in what kind of cases the jugs are placed in during transport from the milk-processing plant to the distribution center. Plastic cases, because they take more energy to produce, yield more carbon-dioxide emissions than do cardboard ones.

BEER - When New Belgium Brewing Co. set out last year to compute the carbon footprint of a six-pack of its Fat Tire Amber Ale, it figured it would find transportation was the biggest problem. That's the emission source New Belgium thinks about most often. The microbrewer has been expanding into more states, necessitating more trucking of its beer. When the numbers came in this summer, they showed that a six-pack's carbon footprint was about seven

pounds. The real surprise was where the bulk of that number came from: the refrigeration of the beer at stores. Transportation came in fourth, behind manufacturing the glass bottles and producing the barley and malt. Refrigeration poses a tougher problem. Stores selling Fat Tire aren't owned by New Belgium, so even if the brewer wanted them to stop refrigerating the beer, they might not do so. Many stores could switch from less-efficient, open-front beer chillers to more-efficient models enclosed by clear doors. But that presents its own hurdle, Ms. Orgolini notes: "People don't want to have to open the door."

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Carbon Footprints

S-o-o-o, as you can see, measuring carbon footprints is a very complex issue. It goes well beyond SUV’s vs. sub-compacts, McMansions vs. apartments/condominiums or coal vs. solar-power for electricity generation.

Regarding your personal choices, based on what we’ve have just seen, do you choose . . .

MILK or BEER ???

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FORD AND FIRESTONE:

WHO’S TO BLAME?

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Now, let’s compare and contrast this PR debacle with . . .

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Johnson & Johnson

TYLENOL

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Implications for Global Managers

The most common ethical issues that one may encounter in an international business setting are:employment practices, human rights, environmental regulations, corruption and the moral obligation of multinational

corporations.Ethics & Trust – do the hard right thing