1st marking period history notes
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Notes from History Honors 1 (MP1).TRANSCRIPT
Andrew Johnson
17th president From Tennessee Never attended high school or college Son of a taylor Never elected president Administration: 1865-1869 1. Purchase of Alaska
US purchased Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars (2 cents per acre)
Russian citizens had 2 years to decide whether to stay in Alaska and become a US citizen or leave (go back to Russia)
2. Reconstruction
Johnson set 5 military districts in the south 1st district: Virginia 2nd district: North & South Carolina 3rd district: Georgia, Florida, Alabama 4th district: Mississippi, Arkansas 5th district: Louisiana, Texas
Only Tennessee was excluded 3. Freedom’s Bureau
Gave African Americans free health care, schools, and housing 4. Ku Klux Klan starts in Tennessee 5. Impeachment
Johnson fired one of his staff members in violation of the Tenure of Office Act (not allowed to get fired unless charged w/ crime)
Johnson was impeached (went on trial) Johnson survived being removed from office by 1 vote
6. 13th Amendment
No more slavery in the US or its territories (unless you were a prisoner) 7. 14th Amendment
States cannot make laws that will suppress its people States admitted into the US: Nebraska Ulysses S. Grant becomes 18th president
Ulysses S. Grant
18th president Went to West Point (Military Academy) *Longest Serving Republican* 2 terms Administration: 1869-1877 1. Treaty of Washington
Britain had to pay the US 15.5 million for warships they built during the Civil War
The US and Britain used Arbitration (By which things are discussed and compromised on) as the tool for the payout
2. Reconstruction
Continued the practice of military districts but Dismantled the Freedom’s Bureau b/c lack of funds Used military force against the KKK in South Carolina b/c of intimidation against African
Americans 3. Civil Rights Act of 1877
This act said the following: African Americans have all and equal enjoyment of the following: inns, hotels, public
conveyances, theaters, & other public places
The Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional and the law was dropped 4. Panic of 1873
3rd US Depression in history
Jay Cooke and Company (insurance) failed
Vienna (Austria) Stock Market crashes
Over-extension of railroads
Great Chicago Fire and other insurance companies failed
3 million people unemployed
Business failures totaled 500 million dollars 5. Specie Act
The beginnings of paper money
Money was backed up by silver
Now it will be backed up by gold 6. 15th Amendment
The right of citizens will not be denied by the Federal Government or by any state the right to vote (men only)
State admitted into the Union: Colorado
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president (1877-1881) Beat Tilden by bribery
Promising the South money
Ending Reconstruction
Reconstruction of education in the south
To bring one southern democrat in his cabinet Popular vote: Hayes vs. Tilden 48% 52% Electoral vote: Hayes vs. Tilden 185 184 Election was given a special panel for final approval (only George W. Bush had this type of panel in 2011 Election) Hayes won panel approval to win the Election. 1. End of Reconstruction (aka the Compromise of 1877)
Ended reconstruction and military districts
Withdrew the last union from the south
Restored white supremacy to the region 2. Civil Service Reform
Hayes did not want federal employees to take part in political campaigns
Called for a comprehensive exam
Congress did not vote in the idea 3. Chinese Immigration
Immigrated to the US to work on railroads
9% of population
At first, just cheap labor
As railroads became built, Chinese competed for other jobs
Threat to westerners and politicians
Burlingame Treaty 1868 was vetoed which bars Chinese from entering the US
Burlingame Treaty changed (amended) by Treaty of 1880 which limited restricting Chinese immigration
4. Panama Canal
The French were attempting to build a canal across Central America
US put warships off the coast of Panama to stop them
US made a commitment that stopped France from making a canal
The US would make a canal 40 years later across Panama US vs. Harris: Stopped the spying of the KKK by the federal government
James Garfield
20th president 2nd president to be assassinated Administration: 1881 1. Star Route Scandal
Politicians were pilfering(to take for your own purposes) millions of dollars of mail from post office
3 secretaries in president Garfield’s cabinet were indicted (charged) in the pilfering
No one went to jail b/c of the scandal 2. Garfield Assassination
Charles Guiteau wanted a political job
Stalked the president for weeks for any government job
Shot Garfield at a train station
Garfield was rushed to Elberon, NJ where he died
Chester Arthur becomes president
Chester Arthur
21st president Became president after the death (assassination) of James Garfield Administration: 1881-1885 1. Chinese Exclusion Act
An outright ban on Chinese from entering US for 20 years
It eventually was shortened to 10 years
This also applies to Chinese in America
The law was on the books until 1943 2. Pendleton Act: Modeled after the Chinese Civil Service laws
Everyone gets a fair chance at government jobs by taking a competitive test
Still happens today 3. Rivers and Harbors Act
Internal improvements to build bridges in the US
1st bridge built is the Brooklyn Bridge KKK: Everyone has the right to have Rallies Assemblies Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul vs. Minnesota court case Arthur was not elected into office Only 3 presidents did that: John Tyler Andrew Johnson Gerald Ford
Grover Cleveland
22nd President Born in NJ Administration: 1885-1889 1. Presidential Succession Act
The vice president will become president when the president either dies, resigns, or leaves office
2. Pension and Private Relief Act
Gives pensions to Civil War veterans
Only gives northern veterans money- not the south 3. Dawes Severalty Act
Helen Hunt Jackson “A Century Of Dishonor” treatment of Native Americans
Gave citizenship to Native Americans
BUT they had to give up native traditions and their tribes 4. Hatch Act
Creates more agricultural, technical, medical colleges 5. Interstate Commerce Act
1st regulatory (US government oversees all operations) agency
Oversees railroads to ensure safety Cleveland voted out in 1889.
Benjamin Harrison
23rd president Administration: March 1889-March 1893 1. Dependent and Disabilities Pension Act
Approved to give everyone (northern & southern) benefits for Civil War States admitted into US: North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington
LOL THAT’S IT
Grover Cleveland (again? wut)
24th President Administration: March 1893- March 1897 1st and only president to have 2 non-consecutive terms (22nd and 24th) First president from NJ First and only president to be married in White House 1. Hawaii
The US Congress wanted to make Hawaii a state. President Cleveland didn’t want to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani and take the island.
Hawaii was not annexed until 1898 2. Panic of 1893: A 4-year depression
Caused by the following:
Failure of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad
Undervalue of the gold reserves
Poor crops in the south and west
Economic lump in Europe
500,000,000 in businesses went broke (Bankrupt)
Riots broke out in NY, Chicago, and Philadelphia 3. People organized to march on Washington to get $500 to start businesses. Called the Coxey’s Army,
it failed
Panic does not end until the Spanish-American War 4. Pullman Strike: Happened during the Panic of 1893. Pullman Car Company was sharply reduced to
just 50 men from 150 man force.
Eugenee V. Debs, head of the American Railway Union, ordered the strike.
Stopped railroads from Chicago to the West Coast
Violence broke out
Cleveland sent federal troops out to stop strikes
Strike was broken out after that
Debs was arrested (later runs for president) 5. Venezuelan Boundary Dispute: The last time we nearly get into a war with England.
England owned Guyana (called British Guyana) and wanted to extend the border into Venezuela
Cleveland sent warships to protect Venezuela
Peace talks followed that was in Britain’s favor (Guyana borders extended, which is still disputed until this day.)
State admitted into the Union: Utah Court cases: Re De Debs: Upheld labor strikes Muller vs. Oregon: Limited the workday for female employees to 10 hours a day (50 hours a week)
William McKinley
25th president 2nd time NJ went republican for an election (1st was 1872 Ulysses S. Grant) Administration: 1897-1901 1. Annexation of Hawaii
McKinley reversed Grover Cleveland’s Hawaiian policy and annexed Hawaii in 1895 (wouldn’t become a state until 1950)
2. Open Door Policy
The Japanese threatened to close all Chinese ports to western commerce
McKinley authorized an open door policy (policy that would open trade despite pending war w/ Jap & Chi)
Chinese Nationalists of the I-ho T’uan (Righteous & Harmonious Society) known as the Boxers took over most of China
American, British, French, Russian & Jap forces overran the Boxers & rescued their hostages
Boxers paid each country 333 million World History 1. Opium Wars: British vs. China
Opened the door to drug trade
British wanted to push opium on Europe and wanted Chinese workers to produce more
Chinese refuse, results in war w/ Britain
Britain wins, takes Hong Kong for 100 years McKinley gets shot (assassinated) by Leon Czolgosz, an unemployed millworker & anarchist (believes in no government). He was put to death by execution (firing squad) in 1901. Spanish-American War (1898)
Americans wanted a war w/ someone (anyone)
Americans had sympathy for Cubans wanting their independence from Spain
Yellow press (journalism) exaggerated about conditions in Cuba
McKinley wanted to talk to Spain about arborous (bad) conditions w/o a war
Used diplomatic channels
William Randolph Hearst, the head of the NY Journal, intercepts letter from the Spanish Minister to the US, saying that McKinley was a bitter human being
Anti-Spanish feeling becomes apparent
USS Maine, sank in Havana Harbor (no one ever knew how) but the US people believed that it was Spain
The battle cry was “Remember the Maine”
Congress voted for war, people also protested (Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie)
Battle: Manila Bay US wins, takes Philippines
Battle of Havana US captures Cuba
Battle of San Juan Hill US takes Puerto Rico
Paris Peace Treaty:
Peace treaty between US and Spain
Ends the Spanish-American War
US takes the following territories: Guam Philippines US Virgin Islands Cuba Puerto Rico
Filipinos strike back:
Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo battled back and it took 2 years for the US to gain power again.
Philippines gains independence in 1946 US becomes world power
Theodore Roosevelt
26th president Sept. 1901- March 1909 1. Eugene V. Debs ran for president and received 402,714 votes 2. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
Great Britain gave ‘permission’ to the US to build a canal in Central America
Nicaragua first choice, but it is considered ‘too wide to build’
Panama is second choice, but it is owned by the country of Colombia
With the help of the US, Panama ‘revolts’
Panama becomes independent
Panama gives the US permission to build the canal
43,000 workers go to Panama, 20,000 die of Yellow fever
Panama Canal completed in 1914
US gave back to panama 1979 3. Conservation
Reclamation Act: Built dams to irrigate western land
Roosevelt reserved 125 million acres of national forest
68 million acres of coal
1st national wildlife refuge “Pelican Island”, Florida
1st national monument “Devil’s Tower”, Wyoming
Creates 1st national Park Service (US Department of the Interior) 4. Big Stick Diplomacy (Roosevelt Corollary)
Roosevelt issues ultimatum to other nations not to go to Latin America
Threats war if they go and conquer any Latin American country
Saying “Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far” 5. Russo-Japanese War
Russia and Japan were in 5-year war for Korea
Roosevelt mediated for peace and won Nobel Peace Prize 6. Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act
Because of unsanitary conditions in the meat industry and Upton Sinclair’s book “The Jungle”
Roosevelt signed the bill to require meat and drug inspections 7. Panic of 1907
B/c of the failure of the Knickerbocker Trust Company of New York Bank, economy crumbled
The government put money into bank
US recovered in 1908 8. Gentlemen’s Agreement
California was hostile toward Japanese
Roosevelt made an agreement with Japanese immigrants to curb immigration
Roosevelt gave Japan Korea to expand Japanese empire Another state admitted into the Union: Oklahoma Roosevelt leaves office in 1909
William Howard Taft
27th president 1909-1913 Gets stuck in bath tub 1st president to use a car One of the 2 presidents to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery (other was John Kennedy) 1st and only president to become a Supreme Court judge 1. Mann-Elkins Act
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) extends its powers to include telephone-telegraph use 2. Dollar Diplomacy: Taft used this tactic to increase the might of the US
Used military might and diplomatic influence to increase American Business Interest overseas (outsourced jobs)
First to use the term ‘outsourced’ (the outsourcing of American Businesses to other countries)
This policy was not always successful Failed attempt to put railroads in China
But sometimes it was successful Dispatched US Marines to Nicaragua to overthrow a rebellion against American Businesses US Bankers gave ‘money’ to Honduras then put businesses in that country US Businesses went to Haiti to save that country from bankruptcy
3. Anti-Trust Policy: Taft stopped 2 businesses from growing and eventually dismantled them
American Tobacco Company
Standard Oil Company (John Rockefellers Company) 4. Webb-Kenyon Interstate Liquor Shipment Act: The law prohibited liquor from entering states w/o
liquor in them (also known as dry states) States admitted into the Union: New Mexico, Arizona (Taft was the 1st president of the 48 lower states, also known as contiguous)