1st lecture introduction
DESCRIPTION
BiologyTRANSCRIPT
Biology
Definition
• Bio – Life• Logos – study of
• Includes life and all its processes• An interdisciplinary science - Needs other
sciences to fully explain and understand
Biology as an Interdisciplinary science
http://www.engeecon.com/biology/
Describe Living Organisms
Characteristics of Life
• Organized• Acquire energy• Maintain homeostasis• Respond to environment• Reproduce and develop• Adapt
Organized•Nature always follow a certain order (process)
• Emergent properties – result of different systems working together
http://www.fanpop.com/clubs/human-anatomy/images/10358268/title/human-anatomy-photo
Acquire Energy
• Producers (Autotrophs) – creates its own energy
• Consumers (Heterotrophs) – creates energy from complex substances
AutotrophsA. Photoautotrophs
uses light to make their own food
B. ChemoautotrophsUses inorganic chemicals to make their own food
http://www.theroadtoanywhere.com/giraffe-eating-tree-serengeti-tanzania-photo/
http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2020806_2020804_2020794,00.html
HeterotrophsA. Consumer – “eats”
other organisms
B. Decomposer (Saprophyte)
http://www.phschool.com/iText/biology/chapter8/section1/content2.html
http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/krubal/rainforest/Edit560s6/www/plants/saprophytes.html
Maintain Homeostasis
• State of biological balance
http://benmorristech.com/featured/jorge-luna-podcast-8-emotional-homeostasis-part-2-of-homeostasis/
Respond•To stimuli from the environment.
•Chemotaxis – movement in response to a chemical stimulant.
http://uptondaily.com/2013/07/10/impala-jumps-into-car-full-of-tourists-to-escape-two-hungry-cheetahs/
Reproduce and Develop•Reproduce – make another organism like itself
Unicellular (prokaryotes) – mitosis or split in twoMulticellular (eukaryotes) - fertilizationIncreases diversity of life
•Develop –”grow”
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=images+of+impala&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=662&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved
=0ahUKEwjLp5ua-YjKAhUBJKYKHVr5DMAQsAQIGQ#imgrc=1aBiEzF8xNVDGM%3A
Adapt•Changes that make an organism more suited to a particular environment.
•Main cause of evolution.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/119345458849077788/
How did life start?
http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Early_Earth_Absorbed_More_Sunlight_999.html
Early Earth
• Prebiotic Earth–Pre – before–Bio- life
How Did Life Start?
• Energy was common that resulted to chemical reactions
–Radiation from the sun–Lightning bolts
• Energy “fused” elements in to organic chemicals
• Resulted to the common ancestor
Common Ancestor
?•Single Celled•Chemoautotroph•All the characteristics of life•All of life was derived from this common ancestor
Evolution
• Adaptation• Migration• Natural Selection• Genetic Drift• Mutation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite#/media/File:Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg
Stromatolite – photosynthetic cyanobacteria theorized to start the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Tree of Life
http://wordpress.mrreid.org/2011/10/26/dating-a-common-ancestor/
Levels of ClassificationDomain EukaryaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordotaClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HomonidaeGenus HomoSpecies H. sapiens
Two Domains of life
• Prokarya - single-celled organisms
• Eukarya - multicellular organisms
http://www.microregistrar.com/streptococcus-pyogenes-group-a/ http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150929-why-are-we-the-only-human-species-still-alive
Six Kingdom Systems
• Bacteria• Archaea• Protista• Plantae• Fungi• Animalia
Carl Linnaeus Started naming organisms using the binomial nomenclature.
Binomial Nomenclature uses latin words
ProkaryaBacteriaStreptococcus pyogenes
ArchaeaHalobacterium sp.
http://www.microregistrar.com/streptococcus-pyogenes-group-a/ http://evobites.com/2014/11/10/chaib_evolution_viral_life/
Eukarya
• Protista- Euglena spirogyra
• Fungi- Amanita phalloides
• Plantae- Nepenthes sp.
• Animalia - Oryctolagus cuniculus
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/
http://www.mykoweb.com/TFWNA/P-06.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher_plant
https://newevolutiondesigns.com/75-free-hd-animals-backgrounds
How did we come upon the six kingdom system?
Scientific Method
• Observation• Hypothesis• Experimentation/Observations• Conclusion• Scientific Theory
Goal of Scientific Method
• Understand our world in terms of scientific theories
–Scientific theories - concepts that join together well supported and related hypotheses
• If possible to create laws
Observation
• Nature is orderly, ergo natural laws do not change
• Use of all senses to “see” what happens
Hypothesis
• A statement based on scientific observations• Starting point of scientific investigation• Made through inductive reasoning
–Using isolated facts to make an assumption–Cause and effect reasoning
• Data that can be tested
Experiment/Observations
• Uses deductive reasoning to prove hypothesis• Based on hypothesis the scientist will create
an experimental design and may make predictions of the result.
• Control groups are always used• Results of the experiment are called data
Experiment
• Collect scientific data• Experimental design - should prove or
disprove your hypothesis–Parameters are set for reproducibility
Why reproducible?
Reproducibility
• To test the validity in different conditions• Same experiments give a larger base of
knowledge on the same subject• More studies done on the same subject can
result to the formation of scientific theories and possibly laws
Conclusion
• The result after data has been properly analyzed
Why Study Nature at All?
• Make Earth more habitable for us• Learn the "balance" of nature and co-exist
with its other inhabitants
http://www.allianceabroad.com/china/
Human Intervention without Proper Knowledge of Nature
http://www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9752/2605 http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep16b.htm
Humans are the master of animals, but is a slave to nature
Because our constant effort to control nature, not understand it may lead to our extinction as a
species
Next meeting...
• Review of basic chemistry