1QQ # 14 for 10:30

1. To what molecule would you conjugate a fluorescent label to show ONLY those synapses that use acetylcholine on a neuronal cell body and its dendrites?

2. To what molecule would you conjugate a fluorescent label to show ONLY those synapses that use EPI and NE on a neuronal cell body and its dendrites?

1QQ # 14 for 11:30

1. To what molecule would you conjugate a fluorescent label to show all the synapses on a neuronal cell body and its dendrites?

2. To what molecule would you conjugate a fluorescent label to show ONLY those synapses that use EPI and NE on a neuronal cell body and its dendrites?

Figure 6.38S 10

Figure 6.39Components of gray matter

Amygdala &Hippocampus

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How do we know the functions of various brain regions?

a) Correlations of deficits of stroke and accident victims with brain regions affected.b) Selective ablations/coolingsc) Selective electrical and chemical microstimulationd) fMRI e) Genetic knockouts

i) Dr. Hettes’s experiments on ratsii) Neurologist Wilder Penfield & Epilepsy

Analogy: experiments to discover the function of a battery in a car.

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Wilder Penfield and Epilepsy

Homunculus = representation of body partsSomatotopy = adjacent regions of the body are representedby adjacent regions in the cerebral cortex.

S 14 Somatosensory cortex = post-central gyrus

Explanation for Cervical and lumbar enlargements of spinal cord.

Spinal nerves named for vertebral level.

Using patient’s localization of symptoms with knowledge of dermatomes to determine which spinal nerve is affected by damage.

Epidural injections into region of cauda equina of Lidocaine-like agents to block action potentials in sensory and motor axons without risk of damage to spinal cord.

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12

5

5

1

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DermatomesS 3

How might this information be clinically useful?

Who cares?Surgery for

chronic back pain ShinglesShingles

Cranial NervesS 4

Challenge: Identifythe deficits associatedwith damage to agiven cranial nerve.

Vision

Hearing & Equilibrium

!!!

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Spinal

OnOld

Fat

Olympus’

Treeless

A

Top

Study the Simpler Table Distributed in Class!Be ready for a 5 Question Quiz based on that table.

Figure 6.43

Locations of neuronal cell bodies, ganglia, pharmacology of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) at skeletal muscle (nAChR)Diagram of NMJ compared to synaptic varicosities characteristic of autonomic postganglionic axons. Locations and proximities of target cells and distributions of receptors on target cells.Somatic = excitatory only at NMJ (ex. Reduced muscle tone)Autonomic= exitatory or inhibitory depending on NTs and their receptors.

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ACh & nAChR

Figure 6.44S 7

Figure 6.46

Adrenal medulla is modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes mainly EPI

Antagonist = Curare

Antagonist = Atropine

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Table 6.11S 10

EmotionalThermoregulatory

mAChR

Study the Simpler Table Distributed in Class!Be ready for a 5 Question Quiz based on that table.

Why activation of the sympathetic division has widespread effects.

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Nerves & Ganglia

Tracts, pathways, commissures

Nuclei

Control of digestive functions in quadraplegics via enteric nervous system.

12 pairs of cranial nerves31 pairs of spinal nerves

SkeletalMuscle

Vision, taste,smell, hearing,equilibrium

Touch, pain,temperature,proprioception

Smooth muscleCardiac muscleGlands

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Vessel stretch,O2, CO2, etc.

Dorsal roots = sensory (afferent)Ventral roots = motor (efferent, both somatic and autonomic)Gray matter regions of brain and spinal cord“Pinched nerves” and bulging discsAscending and descending axonal tracts in white matter not anatomically delineated.

Atlanta-Boston flightOrigin-DestinationNaming of white matter tracts…..

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