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Rome’s Mediterranean Empire753 BCE – 600 CE

Early Rome• Present Day Italy• Draining of swamp b4

600 BCE – future site Roman Forum

• Latin speech of culture common of indigenous population

• Etruscan immigrants arrive in 7th Century BCE

Republic of Farmers• 753 BCE – 31 BCE

• Agriculture key economic activity

•Land ownership Land ownership determined wealth, social standing, etc.

• Council of Elders = large land owners– Dominated politics,

senatorial class

Introduction of Roman Introduction of Roman RepublicRepublic

• Republic of Farmers – 7 Kings,

• last = tyrant • overthrown by

Brutus – establish res publica res publica (Republic)

Roman Roman RepublicRepublic• 507 BCE – 31 BCE

• Not democracy – power w/ assembly– Highest power =

2 counselscounsels over the senate

•SenateSenate = wealthy landowners, self perpetuating, life time service

Roman Roman RepublicRepublic•Social

inequality Conflict of Orders – fights B/T upper class (Patricians) and lower class (Plebeians)

• Plebeians would refuse to Plebeians would refuse to work and sometimes leave to work and sometimes leave to gain social/political influence gain social/political influence

• 12 Stone Tablets 12 Stone Tablets (published laws)(published laws)

• TribunesTribunes: lower class group : lower class group (elected) who could veto acts (elected) who could veto acts passed by the Senatepassed by the Senate

• Elite able to sidestep some Elite able to sidestep some reforms by expanding elite reforms by expanding elite to encompass some to encompass some Plebeians Plebeians

Roman Roman RepublicRepublic

• Basic unit of society = Basic unit of society = family, leader – oldest family, leader – oldest male (paterfamilias)male (paterfamilias)

• Patron/Client Patron/Client RelationshipsRelationships wealthy & influential wealthy & influential person bound to a person bound to a lesser family/individuallesser family/individual– Patron = legal Patron = legal

advice, protection, advice, protection, loans, etc.loans, etc.

– Client = support in Client = support in battle, work land, battle, work land, support politicallysupport politically

• Women-childlike under the eyes of the law – always under male• Overtime gained status – married but under dad (able to gain

freedom upon death of father)• Inequality accepted and reinforced by systems of mutual benefits

• Pax deorum Pax deorum – contract B/T gods and state, Romans tried to maintain the peace w/ gods

Expansion of Roman Republic• Why?? Greed, State

Structure reinforced expansion, Fear

• Land owning men had to serve in military – Sophisticated armor

• Conquered ppl offered economic, political, and legal privileges of Rome– Military service

required in return

Expansion of Roman Empire

• 264-202 BCE 2 battles against Carthaginians, Rome = conquered W. Mediterranean (1st overseas provinces)

• 200-146BCE Rome vs. Hellenistic Kingdoms

• 59-51 BCE conquered Celtic ppl of Gaul (France) under Julius Caesar – 1st European break

Expansion of Roman Empire

• @ 1st didn’t extend citizenship to far away provinces – elite groups given autonomy

• Roman Senator sent to govern = Provincial Administrator – eventually failed B/C officials were not good and selected B/C of connection and not ability

Decline of the Decline of the RepublicRepublic• When landowning peasants were fighting –

farms turned into latifundialatifundia or large farms/estates by upper classes

•LatifundiaLatifundia shifted production to wine B/C create bigger profit, but at What Cost??– Cities depend on imported grain

• Peasants couldn’t find work (B/C cheaper slaves) decline in peasant farmers shortage of military (landowners)

• Property less, poor men accepted into the army loyalty w/ army leader not state civil wars & factions

Roman Principate• Octavian/Augustus

(63 BCE-14 CE) kept up pretenses but completely altered power – military dictator, began Roman Principate

• Ruthless & manipulative –aligned w/ equitesequites (Italian merchants & land owners)

• The center of political action in the The center of political action in the Roman Republic wasRoman Republic was

• a.a. the Council of Nobles.the Council of Nobles.

• b.b. annually elected civic officials.annually elected civic officials.

• c.c. the Senate.the Senate.

• d.d. the Plebeian Council.the Plebeian Council.

• e.e. the Congress of Monarchs.the Congress of Monarchs.

• The center of political action in the The center of political action in the Roman Republic wasRoman Republic was

• a.a. the Council of Nobles.the Council of Nobles.

• b.b. annually elected civic officials.annually elected civic officials.

• c.c. the Senate.the Senate.

• d.d. the Plebeian Council.the Plebeian Council.

• e.e. the Congress of Monarchs.the Congress of Monarchs.

• Which statement is true about Roman women?

• a. They were equal to Roman men.

• b. They had no say in family matters.

• c. They exercised influence over husbands and sons.

• d. They were required to provide ten years of military service.

• e. They were powerless and virtually slaves in their own homes.

• Which statement is true about Roman women?

• a. They were equal to Roman men.

• b. They had no say in family matters.

• c. They exercised influence over husbands and sons.

• d. They were required to provide ten years of military service.

• e. They were powerless and virtually slaves in their own homes.

• Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to Roman expansion?

• a. aggressive fans of war in Rome.

• b. the short term of office of the Consuls in the senate

• c. the desire to acquire buffer zones protecting them from attack by enemies.

• d. the mandate to impose their religion on neighboring regions.

• e. the presence of a large, well maintained army.

• Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to Roman expansion?

• a. aggressive fans of war in Rome.

• b. the short term of office of the Consuls in the senate

• c. the desire to acquire buffer zones protecting them from attack by enemies.

• d. the mandate to impose their religion on neighboring regions.

• e. the presence of a large, well maintained army.

• For a period of over 60 years, Rome fought a war of expansion with which people?

• a. Lebanon.

• b. Israel.

• c. Carthage.

• d. Persia.

• e. Scythians.

• For a period of over 60 years, Rome fought a war of expansion with which people?

• a. Lebanon.

• b. Israel.

• c.c. Carthage.Carthage.• d. Persia.

• e. Scythians.

• During the Republic, Romans managed their imperial territories by

• a. brutal domination and conquest, enslaving local populations.

• b. establishing a system of satrapies and using local leaders to enforce Roman power.

• c. nonoccupation and little interaction other than tax collection.

• d. establishing a provincial administration and sending a Roman senator to oversee matters.

• e. dispatching the army to occupy the area and bring the locals into line.

• During the Republic, Romans managed their imperial territories by

• a. brutal domination and conquest, enslaving local populations.

• b. establishing a system of satrapies and using local leaders to enforce Roman power.

• c. nonoccupation and little interaction other than tax collection.

• d.d. establishing a provincial administration and establishing a provincial administration and sending a Roman senator to oversee matters.sending a Roman senator to oversee matters.

• e. dispatching the army to occupy the area and bring the locals into line.

Succession & Role of Emperors

• Not hereditary, theoretically senate chose but actuality = military

• 2 CE ruler select adopt a son that is mature and able to succeed

• Role of Emperors deified after death (complete abandonment of republic), wrote new laws (supplement 12 tabs)

Empire State Structure• Urban Empire

administered thru cities, urban ppl benefited most

• Upper class lived in townhouses on hill centered around atrium

• Lower classes lived in cramped slums

• City/town structure mimicked Rome

Empire State Structure• Landownership – end of conquest caused decrease in

slaves moved towards tenant farming – lived and farmed the land in return gave up portion of crops

• Wealth concentrated in cities• City ppl wealthy off of commerce – pax romana

peaceful trade of resources and goods throughout empire– Also allowed spread of culture RomanizationRomanization

• Empire gradually extended citizenship in return for 26 years military service, good service, etc.

• Extension of citizenship led transition into commonwealth – eventually intellectuals and emperors from other places

Rise of ChristianityRise of Christianity• Judaea under Roman control 6 CE• Roman/Jewish tensions – Jews wait for liberator• Jesus – upset Jewish authority who turned him over to

the Romans, sentenced to die• Followers (apostles) believed he was the messiah and

sought to spread his teachings & their beliefs• Initial split Jews that followed apostles & belief JC

was messiah & those that retain traditional Jewish beliefs

• Paul established Christian communities

Rise of ChristianityRise of Christianity• Christians grew

slowly & appealed to disenfranchised groups – developed hierarchy of priests

• Persecuted by Romans B/C monotheism doesn’t allow emperor worship

Technology• Easiness & safety of

travel helped the expansion of Christianity & commerce

• Engineering experts roads, bridges, arches, fortifications, etc.

– AqueductsAqueducts underground conduits that move water from source to city

3rd Century Crisis• 235-284 CE235-284 CE economic,

political, & military problems nearly cause collapse of Empire

• Frequent change of rulers = instability – Rise of Germanic tribes

• Inflation, decline of municipal aristocracy, population shift out of cities

Constantine•DiocletianDiocletian saved Rome from destruction –

fixed prices, froze professions– Caused the creation of a black market

• Eventual successor = ConstantineConstantine believed Christian God helped him win a crucial battle – issued Edict Edict of Milanof Milan: end persecution of Christians and allowed freedom of worship

• Major impact in history ppl began converting B/C Christians had advantage over nons when seeking political offices

• Moved capital to ByzantiumByzantium – Constantinople

Byzantine & Byzantine & GermansGermans

• Split B/T E & W parts of Empire Grks in West under influence of Germanic ppl – East known as Byzantine Empire (from Constantine name)

• 335 CoCouncil of Nicaeauncil of Nicaea resolve disputes over Christian doctrine – next several centuries continued to argue about theology

• Christianity progressed through the cities B/C rural ppl stuck with polytheism

Byzantines & Germans• Religion didn’t interfere w/

expanding the empire – Justinian took back N. Africa from Germans

• Compiled 1000 yrs of –

Corpus Juris Civilis Corpus Juris Civilis (Body if Civil Law)

• W & E officially split after 395 – eventual decline of Rome, last Roman empire in 476

Decline of Rome• 530 Rome in shambles

– W fragmented in Germanic kingdoms

• Rome lost importance but retained seat of patriarch of Roman church – Pope

• Latin language evolved into romantic languages

The Origins of Imperial China:The Origins of Imperial China:221 B.C.E-220 C.E.221 B.C.E-220 C.E.

The Qin Unification of China, 221–207 B.C.E.

• By 221 B.C.E., the Qin-first Chinese “empire.”

• Success due to:

a. defending against “barbarian” neighbors,

b. the adoption of Legalist methods

c. ambition of Shi Huangdi and his advisors.

• Qin established strong Qin established strong centralized state by:centralized state by:a. a. eliminating rival centers eliminating rival centers of authority of authority b. b. establishing establishing primogenitureprimogeniturec. c. creating a strong creating a strong bureaucracy. bureaucracy.

Also standardized law, Also standardized law, measurements, coinage, measurements, coinage, and writing. and writing.

Suppressed Confucianism.Suppressed Confucianism.

• Qin sent a large military force to drive nomads north.

• Constructed connections and extensions to walls built earlier to defend the kingdoms, the ancestor of the Great Wall of China.

• Shi Huangdi’s attack on the nomads inadvertently united the fragmented nomads under the Xiongnu Confederacy,

• To fill their military and labor needs, the Qin government instituted an oppressive program of compulsory military and labor services.

Shi Huangdi died in 210 B.C.E.

Tomb guarded by a terracotta clay army of seven thousand soldiers. His son secured the throne but proved to be weak

Qin rule was over by 206 B.C.E.

The Long Reign of the HanThe Long Reign of the Han 202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.

Gaozu (the throne name of Liu Bang) -peasant who defeated all other contestants for control of China, -established the Han dynasty.

The Han political system used both Confucian philosophy and Legalist techniques.

To ease their transition and help the economy, the Han:•reduced taxes and government spending•collected and stored surplus grain for times of shortage. Gaozu restored the system of feudal grants

Confrontation with the Xiongnu confederacy policy of appeasement (annual gifts)

Emperor Wu(r. 141–87 B.C.E.) Expanded the empire into areas as far as northern Vietnam, Manchuria, and North Korea.

Instead of appeasing the Xiongnu, he built his military to fight the northern nomads.

Wu’s reign -expansion of Chinese territory into the northwest and the foundations of the Silk Road,

The state also adopted Confucianism, using Confucian scholars as officials of the government, who in turn expected exemplary ethical behavior from their rulers.

The Long Reign of the HanThe Long Reign of the Han 202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.

The family-basic unit of society.

Male Dominated

Ancestors were thought to take an active interest in the affairs of the current generation

Were routinely consulted, appeased, and venerated.

Chinese SocietyChinese Society

During the Western Han period (202 B.C.E.–8 C.E.)

capital-Chang’an.

Chang’an was an easily defended walled city with easy access to good arable land. The population in 2 C.E. was 246,000. Other cities and towns imitated the urban planning of Chang’an

During the Eastern Han (23–220 C.E.) capital-

LuoyangLuoyang

The elite of Chang’an lived in elegant multistoried houses arranged on broad, well-planned boulevards. They dressed in fine silks, were connoisseurs of art and literature, and indulged in numerous entertainments. The common people lived in closely packed houses in largely unplanned, winding alleys.

Local officials were supplied by a class of Local officials were supplied by a class of moderately wealthy, educated local landowners moderately wealthy, educated local landowners whom historians refer to as the gentry. The gentry whom historians refer to as the gentry. The gentry adopted Confucianism as their ideology and adopted Confucianism as their ideology and pursued careers in the civil service, most often pursued careers in the civil service, most often paying to have their sons trained in the same paying to have their sons trained in the same profession. Merchant families also tended to be profession. Merchant families also tended to be based in cities. Chinese men were required to give based in cities. Chinese men were required to give two years of military service and often spent their two years of military service and often spent their time stationed on distant frontier posts.time stationed on distant frontier posts.

New Forms of Thought and BeliefNew Forms of Thought and Belief

• Relative to technological innovations, the Relative to technological innovations, the Han era saw the development of the Han era saw the development of the watermill, a usable horse collar, paper, watermill, a usable horse collar, paper, horse breeding to supply cavalry forces, horse breeding to supply cavalry forces, and a reliable crossbow trigger. and a reliable crossbow trigger.

• The Qin and Han also built thousands of The Qin and Han also built thousands of miles of roads to facilitate army movement miles of roads to facilitate army movement and a network of canals connecting and a network of canals connecting northern and southern river systems.northern and southern river systems.

The Chinese believed in a number of nature spirits whom they worshipped and tried to appease.

Daoism, which emphasized the search for the dao, or “path,” emphasized harmony with nature. Because Daoism tended to question tradition and reject hierarchy, charismatic Daoist teachers led a number of popular uprisings during the last decades of the dynasty.

BuddhismBuddhism was introduced to China in the first century C.E., probably spread by merchants on the Silk Road. Because Buddhism called for monks to withdraw from families and abstain from sex, it came into conflict with Confucian beliefs in family and procreation of children to maintain the cult of ancestors, leading to its gradual reshaping for acceptance in Chinese culture.

The Han Empire was undermined by a number of factors:The Han Empire was undermined by a number of factors:

•First, the imperial court was plagued by weak First, the imperial court was plagued by weak leadership and court intrigue.leadership and court intrigue.• Second, nobles and merchants built up large Second, nobles and merchants built up large landholdings at the expense of the small farmers, landholdings at the expense of the small farmers, and peasants sought tax relief, reducing revenues and peasants sought tax relief, reducing revenues for the empire. for the empire. •Third, the system of military conscription broke Third, the system of military conscription broke down and the central government had to rely on down and the central government had to rely on mercenaries whose loyalty was questionable.mercenaries whose loyalty was questionable.

Decline of the Decline of the HanHan

These factors, compounded by These factors, compounded by factionalism at court, official factionalism at court, official corruption, peasant uprisings, and corruption, peasant uprisings, and nomadic attacks, led to the fall of the nomadic attacks, led to the fall of the dynasty in 220 C.E. China entered a dynasty in 220 C.E. China entered a period of political fragmentation period of political fragmentation that lasted until the late sixth that lasted until the late sixth century.century.

Decline of the Decline of the HanHan

Compare the Compare the administration of administration of government , social government , social structure and structure and culture in Han culture in Han China and the China and the Roman EmpireRoman Empire..