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PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

Urban and Site Planning

1. Which is not included in the elements of human settlements?a. Manb. Networkc. Nature

d. Community2. This is the golden era of urban design in the U.S. characterized with a

totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a network ofparks, and clusters or focal buildings or building blocks of civiccenters.a. New Townsb. Garden City Movementc. Broadacred. City Beautiful

3. These are centrally located parks with a service radius from 0.8 to 3.0kilometers designed for both active and passive recreation.a. Neighborhood parkb. Municipal park

c. Playlotd. Community park4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

a. A total separation of vehicles and pedestrians is harmful for thedevelopment of a lively and active street.

b. Increasing competition for the drivers attention has turned roadwaysigns into swirls of conflicting graphics and verbiage.

c. A street has a three-dimensional form which inhibit certainactivities and make others possible.

d. According to Alberti, if the city is noble and powerful, streetsshould be designed winding, rather than straight and broad, becausethis carries the air of greatness and majesty.

5. Responsible in the reconstruction of Paris which imposed a new patternof broad boulevards and great parks on the previous labyrinth street

pattern.a. Le Corbusierb. Sir Barlowc. George Hausmannd. Daniel Burnham

6. Recommended maximum distance of commercial center to residential zonesas per HLURB planning standards.a. 1200 metersb. 800 metersc. 1000 metersd. 900 meters

7. What type of street has high velocity and higher volume of traffic flow?a. Collector street

b. Main streetc. Arterial streetd. Corner street

8. An urban ecology process that occurred as early as the late 19th centuryin England and was attributable among others to the railway system, amobile middle class and the tendency to establish housing estates/modeldwellings was:a. Suburbanizationb. Gentrification

c. Sprawl

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d. Urbanization9. What would result in overload storm water when an urban area

experiences severe storms?a. Landslideb. Surface water floodingc. Clogged sewer linesd. Erosion

10. A street pattern used in highly mountainous sites following thecontours of the topography.

a. Cul-de-Sacb. Loopsc. Meanderingd. Geometric

11. It mandates the protection of selected areas under the direction of thePAMB that is locally constituted and chaired by the DENR.a. Forestry Codeb. LGCc. EIAd. NIPAS

12. Promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact,vibrant, mixed-use communities of the same components as conventionaldevelopment, but assembled in a more integrated fashion, in the form ofcomplete communities.

a. Gentrificationb. Yuppificationc. New Urbanismd. New Town Development

13. A map that shows the spatial allocation of built-up areas categorizedas residential, commercial, institutional, parks and open spaces,industrial and others.a. Base mapb. General land use mapc. Urban land use mapd. Topographic map

14. The maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to avail of agood service beyond which people will look to another center.

a. Market area analysisb. Core peripheryc. Market ranged. Hierarchy of services

15. Major and minor routes of circulation which people use to move about.a. Pathwaysb. Districtsc. Edgesd. Landmarks

16. The larger the population of a city, the more likely its economy allowsfora. Increased self-sufficiencyb. Environmental protectionc. Higher demand for indigenous products

d. More specialization17. The sole regulatory body for housing and land use development. It is

charged with encouraging greater private sector participation in low-cost housing through liberalization of development standards,simplification of regulations and decentralization of approvals forpermits and licenses.a. NHMFCb. UDHA

c. HLURB

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d. HUDCC18. An in-design land use evaluation method for planning areas that retain

important natural environmental features. The outcome of the valuationdepends to a large extent on expert judgment based on scientificknowledge.a. Market Forecastsb. Carrying Capacity Analysisc. Committed Lands Analysisd. Land Suitability Analysis

19. Parking lots should be located in an area where slope is below ____otherwise grading is to be done.a. 3%b. 5%c. 7%d. 10%

20. A variable of urban decoration where the environment is to have anunderstandable simple pattern of signs and clues.a. Rhythmb. Unityc. Harmonyd. Balance and symmetry

21. Where can we find the highest level policy statements on environmentalprotection?

a. RA 5454b. Constitutionc. PD 1151d. LOI 90

22. It is best for linear construction such as roads, paths, and utilitytrenching.a. Contour Area Methodb. Borrow Pit Method/Grid Methodc. Average End Area Methodd. Grading by Cut

23. The type of street pattern wherein the site is divided into square orrectangular blocks.a. Geometric

b. Gridironc. Linear or ribbond. Combination

24. What site planning strategies are conductive to minimizing energy costsand adverse impacts of development?a. Minimize site disruption, protect natural drainage ways and other

critical natural resourcesb. Respond to local climatic conditions, and minimize water,

fertilizer, and maintenance needs, as well as add significantbiomass to the landscape

c. Minimize disruption of natural areas, extension of services, andtransportation needs

d. All of the choices25. Patrick Geddes coined his team to mean the conglomeration of town

aggregates, describing the waves of population to large cities followedby overcrowding and slum formation.a. Broadacreb. Backflowc. Amorphicd. Connurbation

26. It shall refer to a town deliberately planned and built which provides,in addition to houses, employment, shopping, education, recreation,culture and other services normally associated with a city or town.a. Garden City

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b. PUDc. Neighborhood unitd. New Town

27. A plan that has been formulated to check immediate problems of acommunity on a short-term basis.a. Action-orientedb. Comprehensive planningc. CLUPd. Sectoral planning

28. He wrote the book Image of the Citya. Freidman and Douglasb. Ebeneezer Howardc. Kevin Lynchd. Unwin Raymund

29. The elements of the human settlements.a. Nature, man, society, shells, networksb. Nature man, society, networks, hamletc. Nature, man, community, hamlet, networksd. Nature, man, community, shells, networks

30. Which of the following statements is true?a. Operable windows allow the natural ventilation to reduce the

operation period of A/C System during the mild seasonb. Based on a given climatological-condition, a logical planning-design

response is unimportant.c. Fungi rarely thrive in warm humid regions.d. The need and benefits of protecting the natural environment can be

considered minor consideration in site selection or planning.31. Secondary roads include:

a. Minor roadb. Boulevardc. Avenued. All of the choices

32. Under the Water Code of the Philippines, the use of banks of rivers,lakes, streams and shores of seas, throughout their entire length musthave an easement of _____ in agricultural areas/rural areas where thebuilding of structures of any kind is prohibited.

a. 10 metersb. 40 metersc. 20 metersd. 3 meters

33. An overlay method of mapping natural determinants used to determine thesuitability of a particular site for prospective land uses.a. Site suitabilityb. Site analysisc. GISd. Sieve-mapping

34. Which of the following statements is true?a. An isolated building is surrounded by structures.b. The physical well-being and attitudes of people are directly

affected by climate, and these in turn prescribe the planning needs.

c. Combining cut-and-fill is considered the most expensive gradingmethods.

d. Monotony is not a common problem for roads using modified grids.35. A type of restoration technique that preserves the object without

direct intervention on its materials; has something to do withpreventing or avoiding agents of degradations of the objects fabric,function, form (appearance), intrinsic values and attributes.a. Anastylosisb. Substitutionc. Static restoration

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d. Quasi-restoration36. Radbum represented a dramatic advance in community planning. It

introduced the following except one.a. Houses were oriented towards the streets.b. Introduced the concept of the residential superblock.c. Introduced a hierarchy of roadways.d. Deliberately separated pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

37. A survey technique used in moderate to large scale projects involvingunderstanding the genius loci as a key to charting the direction for

future development.a. Historical analysisb. Permeability analysisc. Visual surveyd. Townscape analysis

38. Places and objects that are associated with an event, achievement,characteristics or modification that present a turning point or stagein Philippine history.a. National monumentsb. Cultural propertiesc. National landmarksd. Shrines

39. The prominent visual feature of a city and seen at great distances. Tohelp define orientation and identify the area.

a. Pathwaysb. Edgesc. Landmarksd. Districts

40. Recommended maximum distance of residential area to health facilitiesas per HLURB planning standards.a. 3 to 4 kmb. 4 to 5 kmc. 0.5 to 2 kmd. 2 to 3 km

41. It combined the advantages of the town by way of access and all theadvantages of the country by the way of the environment without any ofthe disadvantages of either.

a. New Urbanismb. New Townsc. Garden Citiesd. Neighborhood Unit

42. A clearance issued to a project that is allowed under the provisions ofthe Zoning Ordinance as well as other standards, rules and regulationson land use.a. Varianceb. Zoning clearancec. Locational clearanced. Deed restrictions

43. A special type of bar chart that shows the distribution of a populationby age and sex.a. Population projection

b. Population densityc. Population implosiond. Population pyramid

44. Early pioneer of the concept of nodal region. Promoter of Garden CityMovement.a. Lewis Mumfordb. Ebeneezer Howardc. UnwinRaymundd. Barry Parker

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45. Refers to all cities regardless of their population density and tomunicipalities with a population density of at least 500 persons perhectare.a. Highly urbanized cityb. Independent cityc. Component cityd. Urban area

46. Refers to an area with at least 200,000 people and income of P50M ormore.

a. Metropolitan areab. Highly-urbanized cityc. Component cityd. Independent component city

47. Conditions of the site are the basis for harmony between the buildingsand site. The building and large part of its success depends on itsharmonious relation with nature.a. Deferenceb. Geometric contrastc. Extensiond. Accent

48. What is the first university town?a. Viennab. Paris

c. Karlsruhed. Versailles

49. He is the author of the 10-volume treatise de Arkitektura whichrelates experience of Roman architecture and town planning.a. Leonardo da Vincib. Nicoletusc. Vitruviusd. Hipodamus

50. Built the first Garden City Letchworth in 1920.a. UnwinRaymund/Barry Parkerb. Lewis Mumfordc. Freidman and Douglasd. Abercrombie

51. Acknowledged as the oldest city in the history of settlementsa. Babylonb. Eriduc. Constantinopoled. Damascus

52. Acknowledged as the oldest continually inhabited city in the worlda. Babylonb. Eriduc. Damascusd. Athens

53. Roman forum designed with formalisma. Freedom Forumb. Triumphal Forumc. Republican Forum

d. Imperial Forum54. The first noted urban planner because of his design of the city of

Miletusa. Vitruviusb. Hippodamusc. Damascusd. Paleo

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55. The first city that signified the rise of the church, with the churchbeing an integral part of its urban designa. Romeb. Constantinoplec. Madridd. Versailles

56. Leader of the reform movement during the Industrial Revolutiona. Robert Owenb. Ebenezer Howard

c. James Oglethorped. Soria Y Mata57. The military towns of Spanish settlements

a. Laws of the Indiesb. Puebloc. Presidiod. Missions

58. Acknowledged as the icon of middle class suburbanization during the1950sa. Projects 1 to 8b. PhilAm-Life Homesc. Forbes Parkd. Quezon City

59. Largest in land area among Metro Manilas cities

a. City of Manilab. Caloocan Cityc. Quezon Cityd. Muntinlupa City

60. Among Kevin Lynchs elements of the city, these are defined as lateralreferences that are not coordinate axesa. Pathsb. Edgesc. Nodesd. Districts

61. Defined as intensive foci from which the observer is travelinga. Pathsb. Edges

c. Nodesd. Districts62. Most dominant element for most persons image of the city

a. Pathsb. Edgesc. Nodesd. Districts

63. Responsive environments that focus on details, with a wide vocabularyof visual cues possessa. Legibilityb. Varietyc. Visual appropriatenessd. Personalization

64. The shape of urban cities formed by two corridors of intense

development crossing the centera. Radio-centricb. Rectilinearc. Articulated sheetd. Linear

65. Determines current housing needsa. Housing to be replacedb. Housing for new family formationc. Housing for new family formationd. All of the above

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66. Describes the housing shortage or backloga. Difference between number of acceptable housing & number of familiesb. Housing for new family formationc. Housing produced minus existing housingd. All of the above

67. Type of urban ecological process in land use planning patterning incities or communities defined as the entrance of a new populationand/or facilities into an occupied areaa. Succession

b. Concentrationc. Invasiond. Decentralization

68. In the increase of urban population, which of the following factorsindicates excess of in-migration over out-migration?a. Natural increaseb. Concentrationc. Net Migrationd. Reclassification

69. Factors indicating Net Migrationa. Excess of births over deathsb. Excess in young populationc. Excess of in-migration over out-migrationd. Rural areas having achieved urban status

70. Urban design control that allows builders and developers more space ifthey provide desirable features such as plazas, arcades, and other openspacesa. Flexible zoningb. Incentive zoningc. Cluster zoningd. Land use planning

71. The largest and simplest function of a citya. Economicb. Governmentc. Housingd. Transportation

72. Intersections that separate lanes of traffic by use of islands

a. Channelizationb. Rotariesc. Clover leafsd. Diamonds

73. Basic subdivision designa. Grid ironb. Radial on grid ironc. Curvilineard. Radial super blocks

74. What major problem brought about the discipline of city planning?a. Physical chaosb. Urban growthc. Land valued. Crime

75. What part of basic data and planning studies in a comprehensivedevelopment plan describes the physical setting of the community orregion?a. Economic base studyb. Land use survey and inventoryc. Man-made featuresd. History and geography

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76. The urban model of growth and development that presents the emergenceof self-sufficient sectorsa. Concentric zone modelb. Sector modelc. Multiple nucleic modeld. Urban realms model

77. Density control method that regulates the proportions between the builtarea of the building and the lot areaa. Number of occupants per square meter

b. Number of occupants per floorc. Floor area ratiod. Floor space index

78. A general term to describe the idea of consciously renewing the outwornareas of towns and citiesa. Historic preservationb. Urban renewalc. Adaptive reused. Urban gentrification

79. A mixed use community with an average 670 meters distance of a transitstop and commercial core areaa. Transit oriented developmentb. Traditional neighborhood developmentc. Planned unit development

d. New urbanism80. A group of architects, planners, and urban designers formed to educate

citizens worldwide of the benefits of new urbanisma. The Council of New Urbanismb. The Congress for New Urbanismc. The New Urbanism Movementd. The Association of New Urbanists

81. According to the new theory of New Urbanism, neighborhoods must have adiscernible center within a five minute of walk of all dwellings, andequivalent toa. 200 to 300 metersb. 300 to 500 metersc. 600 to 700 meters

d. Approximately 1 kilometer82. Minimum width of sidewalks, according to New Urbanism principlesa. 1.20 metersb. 2.00 metersc. 2.50 metersd. 3.00 meters

83. Which of the following indicates good site planninga. Maximized land use/spaceb. Controlled environmental hazardsc. Efficient maintenanced. All of the above

84. The document issued by the DENR Secretary certifying that based on therepresentations of the proponent and the preparers, as reviewed andvalidated by the EIARC, the project will not pose negative impact to

the environmenta. ECCb. EISc. EMPd. EENT

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85. One of the key housing agencies of HUDCC that concentrates on theproduction aspect of housinga. HLURBb. NHMFCc. NHAd. HIGC

86. One of the funding agencies of Housing, locally known as the Pag-ibigFunda. GSIS

b. SSSc. HDMFd. 143 Fund

87. An urban design control that is used to limit height and building bulk,creates setbacks and open space, and ultimately generate a relativelyuniform urban fabric, computed as the ratio of the total floor area andthe lot areaa. Building Codeb. Floor Space indexc. Floor Area ratiod. Land Zoning

88. The salient provision of this law requires developers of propsedsubdivision project at least 20% of the total subdivision area or totalsubdivision project cost for socialized housing

a. RA 7279b. RA 9266c. RA 1432d. RA 1680

89. The wet and dry market is its main feature with quasi-residentialcommercial or mixed use developmenta. Central Business Districtb. Town Centerc. Neighborhood Centerd. Minor CBD

90. Refers to the acquisition of land at values based on existing use inadvance of actual need to promote planned development and socializedhousing programs.

a. Land investingb. Land bankingc. Land swappingd. Land assembly

91. Refers to the process of land acquisition by exchanging land foranother piece of land of equal value, or for shares of stock in agovernment or quasi-government corporation.a. Land investingb. Land bankingc. Land swappingd. Land assembly

92. Refers to the acquisition of lots of varying ownership throughpurchase or expropriation for the purpose of planned and rationaldevelopment and socialized housing programs without individual boundary

restrictions.a. Land investingb. Land bankingc. Land swappingd. Land assembly

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93. Refers to those areas declared as such under existing statutes and

pertinent executive issuances.

a. Idle landsb. Blighted landsc. Areas for priority developmentd. Component lands

94. Refers to the areas where the structures are dilapidated, obsolete and

unsanitary, tending to depreciate the value of the land and prevent

normal development and use of the area.

a. Idle landsb. Blighted landsc. Areas for priority developmentd. Component lands

95. Refers to non-agricultural lands in urban and urbanizable areas on

which no improvements, as herein defined, have been made by the owner,

as certified by the city, municipality or provincial assessor.

a. Idle landsb. Blighted landsc. Areas for priority developmentd. Component lands

96. A tract or a parcel of land registered under RA 496 which is

partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual lot with

or without improvements thereon, and offered to the public for sale, in

cash or in installment terms.

a. Condominium Projectb. Subdivision Projectc. Economic and Socialized Housingd. Open Market Housing

97. The entire parcel of real property divided or to be divided primarily

for residential purposes into condominium units including all

structures thereon.

a. Condominium Projectb. Subdivision Projectc. Economic and Socialized Housing

d. Open Market Housing98. Constructed and financed by the private sector as a business venture

and sold at prevailing market prices and interest.

a. Condominium Projectb. Subdivision Projectc. Economic and Socialized Housingd. Open Market Housing

99. Housing project for moderately low income families with lower interestrates and longer amortization periods.a. Condominium Projectb. Subdivision Projectc. Economic and Socialized Housingd. Open Market Housing

100. As per NSO, what structure is 3 or more units, intended for residentialuse only, usually consisting of 3 or more housing units?

a. Single Houseb. Duplexc. Multi-Unit Residenced. Medium-Density Residence

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History of Urban Planning

IDEAL SIZE OF A CITY = 10,000 20,000 (by Aristotle)

HIPPODAMUSGridiron LayoutCity in the form of GridPIRAEUS, Athens Harbor

NEOPOLIS New TownPALEOPOLIS Old Town

URBAN DESIGN

GREEK Sense of finiteRomans Political Power & Organization

USE OF SCALE

GREEK based on Human MeasurementsRomans Proportion that would relate to the Parts of the BuildingSettlements Rectilinear & Circular

MODULE

GREEK use of HouseRomans use of Street

FORMA Latin word meaning Open Space or Market PlaceAdministrative & Corporate Heart of RomeREPUBLICAN FORUM Roman ForumDesigned by VitruviusProportion 3:2 (Length to Width)Small Area, 6 acresArchitectural Masses, Full of Odd CornersCuria Senate House

IMPERAIL FORUM Urban SpaceArchitectural or Urban Masses were made Subordinate to SpacesComposed of Piazas formed by ColonnadesColonnade serve as Transition (Spacious, Open, Sense of Openness)

ANCIENT GREECE

AcropolisAgora

ANCIENT ROME

Republican ForumImperial Forum

MEDIEVAL ERA

Decline of RomeUrban Settings Military Strongholds, Castles, Monasteries

RENAISSANCE ERA

Ideal CitiesAccomplishments of Early Renaissance Public Works & Civil Improvement ofProjectsLeon Battista Alberti Foremost, TheoreticalRebuilding the Ferrara 1ST Modern CityPalazzo Diamenti Most Famous Structures

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Biaggio Rosetti Earliest Modern Urban DesignersLeonardo Da Vinci Sketched a City Straddling RiverProposed Movable HousesAnticipated the Greenbelt ConceptSatellite Town for Workers

REBUILDING LONDON

Several Designers :Christopher Waren

John Evelyn Robert HookeValentine KnightJohn Gwynn Produced The Plan of London (1716)

INDUSTRIAL TOWNS

Tony Garnier - French ArchitectUne Cite Industrielle (1901- 1904)Anticipated the Modern Day ZoningPlan is incredibly DetailedDon Arturo Soria Y MataLa Ciudad LinealStalingrad (Planned Linear City)Created Madrids 1st Streetcar & Telephone System

THE CONVENTIONISTS & PARK MOVEMENT

George Perkins MarshFounder of Modern ConservationMan & Nature

Frederick Law OlmstedPioneer of American Park SystemCentral Park in New YorkCities planned for generations aheadMaintain sufficient breathing space

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

Ebenezer HowardGarden City ConceptTomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social ReformLetchworth 1st Garden City

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHConnurbationThe Wave of the Population Inflow to Large CitiesWave of Backflow

CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

Golden Age of Urban Design (Termed the City Beautiful Era)Worlds FairAs a Civic Art

As Urban Renewal OperationsCivic Centers ( City Hall, Country Courthouse, Library, Museum & Plaza)Public Works ( Bridges, Rivers, Colleges & Universities, Railroads)City as a WholeDaniel Burnham Make No Little Plans, They have no Magic to stir MansBlood

ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNINGEliel SaarinenLe Corbusier

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Une Ville ContemporainePlan Voisin (Neighborhood Plan)Le Plan de ParisSpokesman International MovementChandigrah, India Designed Entire City

Louis Khan Central Philadelphia

Kenzo Tange Plan for Tokyo

Circulation as a Determinant of Urban Form

Frank Lloyd Wright Disappearing CityBroadacres every Family on acrelandChanged SchemeFull Mile High Skyscraper

Constantine Dioxadis Arch TransitionEkistics Grid System for Recording Planning Data & Ordering Planning ProcessEkistics Science of Human Settlement

The Concepts of City and Urban Planning

Definitions of the term City and Urban abound and attempts at synthesis

appear in the literature every now and then. But none of these definitions

can claim to be the official or standard one simply because definitions

vary from country to country in the Philippines, for example, the official

definition of urban areas as developed by the National Statistics Office

(NSO) is as follows:

In their entirety, all cities and municipalities have a population density ofat least 1,000 persons per square kilometer

Poblacion or central districts of municipalities and cities which have apopulation density of at least 500 persons per square kilometers

Poblacion or central districts (not included in 1 and 2) regardless ofpopulation size, which have the following:

Street pattern, i.e. network of streets in either parallel or right angle;At least six establishments (commercial, manufacturing, recreational, and/orpersonal services); and

Any of the three of the following:A town hall, church or chapel with religious services at least one a month;A public plaza, park or cemetery;A market place, or building where trading activities are carried out at leastonce a week;A public building like a school, hospital, puericulture and health centers orlibrary.Barangays, having at least 1,000 inhabitants, which meet the conditions setforth in 3 above, and where the occupation of inhabitants is predominantlynon-agricultural.

The impracticality of adopting a worldwide standard definition has led to the

established practice of adopting the particular countrys definition of

urban when cross-country comparisons are being made (Pernia 1993,2).

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Nevertheless, the following definition of city or urban by Hartshorn is worth

quoting:

"A concentration of people with a distinctive way of life in terms of

employment patterns and lifestyle[with] a high degree of specialized land

uses and a wide variety of social, economic and political institutions that

coordinate the use of facilities and resources (Hartshorn 1992,3)

From the above definition a number of operative phrases, which characterizean urban area, can be identified and which find correspondence in the

Philippine definition:

Concentration of people. Various countries have adopted different minimumpopulation sizes to designate as urban, ranging from a low of 200 as in thecases of Denmark and Sweden, to a high of 30,000 as in Japan (Hartshorn 1992,quoting UN sources). In the Philippines, concentration is expressed (andrightly so) in terms of density, and, to a lesser degree, population size(criteria 1,2 and 4).

Distinctive employment patterns. In contrast to rural occupations, urbanproduction activities are dominated by manufacturing and services, or

secondary and tertiary sectors. The Philippines census definition reflectsthis observation by considering a barangay as urban when more than half oftotal employment, therein is accounted for by non-agricultural activities(criterion 4)

Distinctive Lifestyle. Compared to his rural counterpart, the urban dwellerexhibits a faster pace of living because he/she operated in an environmentthat demands more discipline, firmer scheduling, and more precise deadlines.This is the only feature not captured in the NSO definition.

Specialized land uses. There is a discernible segregation of residential,industrial, commercial, and institutional uses in urban areas. Segregationand spatial structuring of land uses are achieved in part through the design

of the circulation system. Or conversely, the street pattern has evolved fromthe necessity to link together spatial segregated land-use areas.

Wide Variety of institutions. The presence of economic, social, religious,cultural and administrative buildings and institutions are sufficientcondition to make an area urban.

Under RA 7160 (LGC 1991), the requisites for the creation of a city are:

A minimum income of 20 million pesos, andAny of the following:Minimum land area of 10,000 hectares, orA minimum population of 150,000.

Local Government Code (1991) further classifies Philippine cities using thesame variables of income and population size:

Highly urbanized city A population of not less than 200,000 and an incomeof 50 million pesosComponent City a population and income below those of a highly urbanizedcityIndependent City a chartered city with a population and income below thoserequired for a city but whose charter makes it independent from the province.

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OVERBOUNDED CITIES town or cities classified as completely urban may still

contain a sizable rural hinterland and a town that is classified as rural

does have an urban core or Poblacion.

UNDERBOUNDED CITIES when cities or towns overstep their legal boundaries and

their built-up areas extend beyond their city limits.

True-bound Cities cities whose urban areas fit their legal boundaries.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND URBANISATION

Urban development pertains to the process of occupation and use of land or

space for such activities as residential, industrial, commercial, and the

like, necessary to carry out the functions of city life.

Urbanization. Urban development entails the building and rebuilding of more

or less permanent structures over land that is withdrawn or converted from

its original use, resulting in the creation of a built environment where

people in large numbers tend to move and concentrate themselves.

Urban area or urban space is the built environment that is thus adapted as

human settlement with a high degree of concentration.

Cities or urban areas, which are the product of urban development process,

perform at least three main functions:

Providing an environment for a peculiar type of human settlements,Providing the locus of, and conditions for faster economic growth, andFacilitating the integration between these two functions.

State Intervention derives justification from a number of social, economic

and environmental conditions arising from the following:

The failure of the market mechanism to provide for social goods and to deal

satisfactorily with negative externalities of urban activities.There is inequality in almost every respect and the market tends to reinforcethese inequalities.Strong social classes, usually the land owning classes, dominate the weakerclasses.

Government policies and actions can be grouped under any or a combination of

the following functions of the state:

As supplier or provider of public or social goods and services; only when:There is an existence of natural monopoliesWhen decreased cost is attained by enlarged scale of productionWhen externalities are created by market transactionsWhen goods provided are pure public goods

When merit goods are involved.As regulator or facilitator of the operations of the market;As an arbiter between contending social groups or classes; andAs social engineer.

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EVOLUTION AND TRENDS

The Legacy of the past:

The ancient world: Fertile Crescent 4000 BC

Urban planning @ the development of city-kingdoms at Assyria by the Sumerians

The Greeks Athens, the Parthenon

The medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Periods

The Industrial City-reform movements, the garden city conceptThe Americas

Models of Urban Development in the Philippines:

Prototypes of Urban development:

MODEL I Urban development through influx of Population

Squatter ResettlementInsurgency victimsVictims of natural calamitiesPersons displaced by major infrastructure projects

Alternatives to resettlement

MODEL II Urban Growth through inflow of capital

Remittances from OCWsInvestment in local tourist potentialsLocation of major institutionsLocation of regional government centers

MODEL III Urban growth through agricultural modernization

MODEL IV Urban growth through Industrial location expansions

MODEL V Cities in towns and social equity Issues

MODEL VI Metropolitanization

THE NEED FOR PLANNING

Shaping the pattern of growth to achieve a sensible and attractive land-use

pattern

Avoiding both oppressively dense development or overly scatteredand fragmentary development

Encouraging a pattern of development that gives residents ready

access to recreational, cultural, school, shopping and other

facilities Having a street pattern that is convenient to use and through

which traffic flows without excessive congestion. An adequate

road system with utility facilities.

Separating incompatible land uses and activities.

Providing a system of pathways so that pedestrian and bicycle

traffic is separated from automobile traffic.

Providing housing for the lower-income residents

Preserving historic buildings and other landmarks

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Implementing street improvements and other changes to help

downtown

businesses compete successfully with establishments in outlaying

areas.

Creating conditions that encourage existing industry to remain

and expand and new firms to locate within the community.

Guide and manage development to minimize environmental damage

Improving region wide sewage disposal and water systems

Coordinating between the planning efforts of the various

municipalities in the region to avoid duplication of capital

faculties and interference effects.

THE PLANNING/ POLICY-MAKING/ MANAGEMENT CYCLE

The cycle of activities involved may include the following:

Survey and analysis

Estimation of current and projected needs

Survey of existing situation

Analysis of economic and development potentials

Evaluation of results of past interventions (feedback) Responses from the public

Development of strategies and policies

Clarification of goals and objectives

Identification of key issues/problems

Identification of alternative strategies/policies

Analyzing costs and benefit alternatives

Identification of the likely consequences of adopting the variousalternative courses of action

Prioritization of alternatives

Selection of alternatives which achieve the optimum balancebetween goal achievement and resource utilization

Implementation

Identification of implementing agencies

Mobilization of the necessary resources

Specification and coordination of activities

Specification of programs and projects

Preparation of program budgets

Specification of terms for implementation

Specification of performance measures and targets

Supervision of routine operations and maintenance functions

Monitoring and evaluation

Regular monitoring of performance against targets

Ex-post evaluation of performance and impact

Feedback of results into previous stages through an effectiveinformation system

INSTRUMENT OF URBAN PLANNING & MANAGEMENTThe following could be categorized in terms of function: regulatory

mechanisms, fiscal mechanisms (taxation & subsidies), and direct public

provision or ownership. They could also be categorized in terms of subject

area or elements: land/land use, public services and infrastructure.

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Public ownership of land (including open-market, land

acquisition, compulsory acquisition, land nationalization)

Legal regulations of private land ownership/tenure.

Legal powers to control private use and development of land

Legal powers and fiscal penalties to control public nuisances

(pollution, etc)

Legal control over vehicles and transportation.

Government provision of infrastructure

Government construction of housing

Government construction of other public buildings and facilities.

Direct government provision of public services (water, refuse

collection, transport, etc) or contracting of these services from

other agencies/private sector

Regulation of private provision of public services (transport,

commercial activities, etc)

Taxation of land and land development

Recovery of costs of public services from beneficiaries

Subsidies for public or private provision of public services.

CHOICES AND CONFLICTS

Major areas of potential conflicts:

Between politicians.

Politicians/administrators

Administrators/professionals

Between administrators

Between professionals

External consultants/internal

Between departments

Central government/local government

Statutory body and voluntary body Donor agency/national government

Public authorities/community

Within communities.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PERFORMANCE

Improving standard of living has been achieved

There is Distribution and equity

Environmental sustainability is enforced

Fundamental rights, freedoms and personal needs are considered

There is Effectiveness and the ability to implement

Conflicts and uncertainty are resolved

CAPITAL FACILITIES PLANNING

Capital facilities is the single most powerful tools to shape the

communitys development and implement the comprehensive development plan.

This includes roads, bridges, schools, parking structures, public

buildings water supply, waste disposal facilities, sewer and solid waste

systems.

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Strategies:

Making projection and forecasts of population needs and economicconditions

Analysing future revenue and expenditure requirements

Evaluatiing costs and benefits associated with alternativeinvestments

Assessing various fiscal policies and methods of financing

capital facitilities

Planning Framework Considerations:

External factors that may influence public programs

Total public service needs and demands

An inventory of the present capital facilities of the community

An evaluation of the present and future plans of variousgovernment levels and private enterprises for the provision ofpublic facilities and services.

Forecasting Community Growth and Change

Population projects are the fundamental component in forecasting

capital facility requirements Economic projects assists in estimating future traffic flows,

water and sewage disposal requirements, etc.

Land use Studies determines the type of development, and landsuitability.

REVENUE ANALYSIS

Revenue analysis separates sources of revenue into categories

like property tax, fees and licenses projected over a number of

years.

Evaluation Criteria

Fiscal impacts. Explicit consideration of initial cost ofdevelopment and subsequent cost for operation, maintenance andrepairs of the capital facility. Other fiscal impacts:

Changes in revenue. Capital projects may generate new revenuesfor the locality.

Impact on energy requirements. Estimated changes in energyrequirements should be included as part of the projectsoperating and maintenance cost impacts.

Legal liability are potential costs of undertaking a project suchas for flood damages resulting in the diversion of a naturalstream course.

Health and safety effects. Data on the estimated number of

persons affected and the severity of effect should be provided on: Reductions/increase in traffic accidents

Elimination of health hazards arising from sewer problems or poorwater quality

Long-term health hazards like asbestos in public buildings.

Community Economic effects. Economic effects should include thelikely impact of the project on:

Property values

Tax base

Employment opportunities

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Personal income

Business income

Stabilization or revitalization on declining neighborhoods

Quality of life and quality of service. Beneficial and adverseeffects on the quality of life environmental, aesthetic andsocial considerations. Although perhaps not resulting in majorhealth problems, the potential for noise, air or water pollutionshould be taken into account. Increased travel times and otherinconvenience to the public should also be evaluated.

Disruption and inconvenience. Some projects can involve lengthydisruptions of service and inconvenience to users. Repairs orconstructionof bridges, streets, water and sewer lines caninvolve rerouting of traffic, temporary interruption of services,or even relocate households

Distributional effects. Capital projects can deliver financialgains or losses to individuals or firms. Where appropriate, thesecosts and benefits should be broken down by: age groups, economicstatus, neighborhood or districts, residential or commercialareas, handicapped persons, etc.

Project feasibility. Projects should be evaluated on:

Compatibility and compliance with the comprehensive plan

Degree of public support for or opposition to the project Implications of project deferral. Impacts to deferring theprojects:

Costs

Beneficiaries

Availability of inter-governmental assistance

Risk and uncertainty.

Cost estimates

Effects of the quality of service

Inter-jurisdictional relations. Special coordination may berequired if the project has significant adverse or beneficialeffects on other jurisdictions or agencies that serve the samearea.

Advantages accruing from other proposals. If two or more projectscould be undertaken together at a lower cost than if doneseparately, the combined effort might rate at a higher priority.

URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Transportation planning is a process that has as its goal the

determination of needed improvements or new facilities in order to meet

transportation needs of a specific region or areas. A comprehensive

process encompassing travel demand, facility construction, and

comprehensive needs assessment.

Theoretical Foundations of Transportation Planning

Land use. Difference of patterns of land development result invarying demands for transportation: conversely, the type oftransportation systems configuration influences the pattern ofland development. The urban environment, transportation systemsand land use patterns all interact with changes in one produceschanges in other parts.

Delivery of Goods and Services. Transportation is the result of aderived demand attributable to the need for goods and services inspecific places at specific times.

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URBAN ECOSYSTEM ANALYSISPlants, animals, soils, and water are functional elements of the cityor suburban landscape, just as in rural forest areas or wild lands.These natural resources perform important services for the urbanenvironment and even provide cost savings to cities. Urban EcosystemAnalysis (UEA) is a process developed by AMERICAN FORESTS for measuringthe dollar value of urban ecology. The analysis maps local ecology andestimates the economic value of important ecosystem services such as

Storm water runoff reduction,Air pollution reduction and

Energy conservation.

Environmental Planning

PHYSICAL PLANNING shall mean the rational use of land for developmentpurposes.

Factors to Study:

Land Use Planning

Planning Principles

Ecological Balance

Preservation/Conservation

Urban Land Use Planning

Physical Infrastructure Development

SOCIAL PLANNING refers to those activities concerned with planning,development, and management of social services, facilities required by

specific population groups, community, town, city, province, region, or

nation.

Factors to Study:

Demography

Education

Housing

Health Services

Social Welfare Services

Protective Services

Sports and Recreation

ECONOMIC PLANNING refers to those activities concerned with upliftingthe quality of life and income levels of the population through assessment of

advantages from economic activities in either agriculture, industry, tourism,

services, etc.

Factors to Study:

Commerce

Industry

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Tourism

Agriculture

P. D. 1308: Environmental Planning Practice (March 2, 1977)

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING refers to activities concerned with the

management and development of land, as well as, the preservation,conservation, and rehabilitation of the human environment.

Scope of Practice:

Development of a community, town, city, or region.

Development of a site for a particular need such as housing, education,etc.

Land Use and zoning plans for the management and development,preservation, conservation, control, and rehabilitation of theenvironment.

Pre-investment, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies.

Theories in Urban and Regional Planning

PLANNING DEFINITIONS. Planning in general is a thinking and social

process. Intellectual thought processes (thinking aspect) as well as

policies and actions (social aspect) are needed to bridge the gap between

what is likely and what is desired.

Other specific definitions of planning include:

A process for determining appropriate future action through a sequenceof choices (Davidoff & Reiner, 1962)

A process of preparing a set of decisions for action in the future

directed at achieving goals by preferable means (Dron, 1963) An orderly sequence of actions which is designed to achieve a statedgoal (Hall, 19??)

A sequence of actions which are designed to solve problems in thefuture (Glasson, 1974)

Foresight in formulating and implementing programs and policies(Hudson, 1979)

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PLANNING PROCESSWhatever the purpose may be, the planning process generally includes a set of

activities that remain invariant across different planning philosophies a

sort of general format to follow.

To illustrate, several examples are presented:

Example 1Problem Structuring

Identification and Evaluation of Alternative Responses

Implementation

Monitoring and Evaluation

From Thomas Saaty, 1985

Example 2

Identification of a Problem

Formulation of Goals

Identification of Objectives and Targets

Determination of Constraints and Opportunities

Projection for Future Situation

Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Courses of Action

Implementation of Preferred Plan

Monitoring and Evaluation

From John Glasson, 19??

Example 3

Data

Description

Desires

Designs

Decision

Deed

From Britton Harris, 19??

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SYSTEMS PLANNING derived from the science of cybernetics: cyberneticswas identified by Norman Weiner in 1948, an American mathematician and

thinker.

Concerned with urban and regional systems viewing them as complex interactingsystems.The planning or controlling system and the system which it seeks to control.

Three leading British exponents of cybernetics-based planning:George ChadwickAlan WilsonBrian McLoughlin

COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING evolved from a physical planning model from the1920s to 1930s as exemplified by British planner Patrick Geddess S-A-P and

Ebenezer Howards Garden City.

Ceased to be the universal planning standard by 1970.

GROWTH POLE/CENTER THEORY

Francis Perroux Growth Pole

Boudeville (1966) Growth CenterConcept of Leading IndustriesConcept of Propulsive FirmsAlbert Hirshman PolarizationGunnar Myrdal Backwash and Spread EffectsScale EconomiesAgglomeration Economies

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY. By Walter Christaller, 1933. Explains the sizeand function of settlements and their relationship with their hinterlands.

Hierarchy of Services hierarchical arrangement of centers and functionsbased on service activities from low order to high order services found onlyin major urban centers.

Market Range maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to avail of agood or service beyond which people will look to another center.Threshold Population minimum population necessary to support a service.

CORE-PERIPHERY.

By John Friedmann. Unbalanced growth results to dualism North and South,growing points and lagging regions.Dualistic economies.Toffler technological apartheid.

DEPENDENCY THEORY.

Development of First World derived from underdevelopment of Third World, neo-colonialism.Advocated by Latin American economists and planners like Cesar Furtado.

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY. Generally, an economic theory that attemptsto incorporate the location factor into the theory of the firm and tries to

explain the existing structure of industrial location and changes in that

structure.

Least Cost Approach. Minimization of total costs (transport and productioncosts) in site selection. Supply-oriented.

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Market Area Analysis. Optimum location is the site of maximum profit, onethat affords greatest access to market and serve greatest demand. Demand-oriented.Profit Maximizing Approach. Cost and demand factors of location combined.Cost reducing and revenue increasing.

STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH. By Walt w. Rostow, 1960. The Stages ofEconomic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto.

A neo-classical theory on economic growth and development. A take-offtheory, wherein there are five stages of economic development:

1. Traditional Society basically an agricultural society characterized bylow productivity, low technology. Power is concentrated in the hands of thelanded elite, and value system is oriented towards fatalism.2. Preconditions for Take-Off transitional period when a society preparesitself for take-off, new and higher functions due to modern science.Investments are used for social overhead capital and infrastructure.3. Take-Off development of one or more leading manufacturing sectors.Start of self-sustaining growth. Profits are reinvested.4. Drive to Maturity the automobile age, modern technology andtechniques, growth of urban population, white-collar workers.

5. Age of High Mass Consumption increasing purchasing power of theconsumer, service/tertiary sector become dominant. Welfare state.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (DOXIADIS)

Nature the natural physical environment.Man an individual, Homo Sapiens biological needs (oxygen, nutrition),sensation and perception (five senses), emotional needs (satisfaction,security, sense of belonging), moral values.

Society a group of individuals sharing the same culture, values, norms,mores, and traditions.

Shells buildings, the built component housing, hospitals, schools, town

halls, commercial establishments, recreational facilities, industrialbuildings, etc.

Networks links within the settlement and with other settlements,transportation systems, communication systems, water supply systems, powerand electrical systems, etc.

HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS

A hamlet, a neighborhood, a small village.A community, a town.A city, an urban area.A metropolis.A conurbation a composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.A megalopolis merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10million or more, a 20th century phenomenon.

CITY vs. URBAN

City as defined by RA 7160, a minimum income of P20 M, at least 10,000 has.In land area or minimum population of 150,000, a political or legal statusgranted by the government.Highly Urbanized City at least 200,000 people; income of P50M or more.Component City population & income below that of highly urbanized city.

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Independent Component City a chartered city with a population and incomebelow those required for a city but whose charter makes it independent fromthe province.Urban Area as defined by NSO: in their entirety, all cities andmunicipalities with a density of at least 1000/sq km; central districts(poblaciones) of municipalities and cities with a density of at least 500/sqkm; central districts, regardless of population size, exhibiting a streetpattern or street network, at least 6 establishments, a town hall, church orchapel, public plaza, park, cemetery, market; and barangays having at least

1000 people and meeting the previous conditions.

INTERNAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES

CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (Monocentric). By E. W. Burgess, a University of

Chicago sociologist, in 1925. The city grows in a radial expansion from the

center to form a series of concentric zones or circles such as in Chicago.

CBD (Core, Loop).Zone of Transition.Homes of Factory Workers.Residential Zone of High Class Apartment Buildings or Single-Family Dwellings.Commuters Zone.The process of invasion and succession explains the successive rings.

SECTOR THEORY. By Homer Hoyt, an economist, in 1939. Hoyt examined thespatial variations in household rent in 142 American cities.

Rent patterns are not in the form of successive circles but appear as

sectors. High rent residential sectors are most important in explaining city

growth as it pulls the growth of entire city in the same direction, usually

outward along transport routes.

MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric). Developed by two geographersChauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945. Cities tend to grow around not one

but several distinct nuclei.

The process is historical due to certain highly specialized activities,

certain unrelated functions which repel each other, etc.

INVERSE CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY. The preceding three theories applyprimarily to cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many cities in the LDCs

follow somewhat different patterns this is a reversal of the concentric

zone pattern.

THE IMAGE OF THE CITY. A collective image map or impressions map of a

city, a collective picture of what people extract from the physical reality

of a city.

There are five basic elements which people use to construct their mental

image of a city:

Pathways major and minor routes of circulation to move about, thecity has a network of major routes and a neighborhood network of minor

routes; a building has several main routes which people use to get to

it or from it. An urban highway network is a network of pathways for a

whole city.

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Districts A city is composed of component neighborhoods ordistricts; its center, uptown, midtown, its in-town residential areas,

trainyards, factory areas, suburbs, college campuses, etc. Sometimes

they are considerably mixed in character and do not have distinct

limits like the midtown in Manhattan.

Edges the termination of a district is its edge. Some districtshave no distinct edges at all but gradually taper off and blend into

another district. When two districts are joined at an edge they form a

seam. A narrow park may be a joining seam for two urban neighborhoods.

Landmarks the prominent visual features of the city; some are verylarge and are seen at great distances; some are very small and can only

be seen up close (street clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a

park). Landmarks help in orienting people in the city and help

identify an area.

Nodes a center of activity; distinguished from a landmark by virtueof its active function; it is a distinct hub of activity. Times Square

in New York City is both a landmark and a node.

These five elements of urban form are sufficient to make a useful visual

survey of the form of a city. They are the skeletal elements of city form.

PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS

Regional Planning

NEDA National Economic

Development

Authority

NLUC National Land UseCommittee

RDC Regional Development

Council

PDC Provincial

Development Council

PLUC Provincial Land Use

Committee

Sanggunian Panlalawigan

Urban Planning

HUDCC Housing and Urban

Development

Coordinating Council

HLURB Housing & Land UseRegulatory

Board

RLUC Regional Land Use

Committee

M/CDC Municipal/City

Development Council

BDC Barangay

Development Council

Sanggunian Panglunsod/Bayan

Barangay Council

HLURB (HOUSING AND LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD) the planning,regulatory and quasi-judicial instrumentality of government for land use

development.

Town Planning and Zoning Assistance ProgramProvide technical assistance in CLUP preparation.Identification and zoning of site for socialized housingRatification of land use plans and zoning ordinances

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Real Estate Management Program

Formulation of design standards and guidelines of subdivisions and

condominiums

Issuance of Permits and Licenses

Land Use Enforcement Plan

Monitoring of all projects issued permits by LGUs and HLURB

DZA supervision

Adjudication of complaintsPLANNING the key to orderly and rational land development in any local

government unit, i.e. a city or municipality.

CLUP (Comprehensive Land Use Plan) prescribes the development pace,direction and strategies for the optimum use of land resources in a community

as well as its role in provincial and national development.

CONCEPTS RELATED TO LAND USE

REVERSIBLE USES cases when the inherent features and characteristics of

the land have not been considerably altered or modified such that the soil

horizon, landform, and structure remain intact so that the land can be

reverted to its former use or original condition.

IRREVERSIBLE USES when land is subject to applications which broughtabout changes, alteration or modifications so much so that it preempts the

original use or it is physically impossible to restore the land to its

previous state or condition.

MULTIPLE LAND USES combining different land uses, whether reversible orirreversible, in an orderly and desirable pattern because:

Land is finite and supply is finiteDemand is ever increasingCompetition is thereLand can indeed have more than one use and uses can be combined in differentways.

COMPATIBLE AND INCOMPATIBLE LAND USES a related concept of multipleuses of land is the compatibility of uses. Some land uses are innately

incompatible while others are completely compatible. Compatible uses can

coexist harmoniously and effectively in an orderly management.

HIGHEST AND BEST USE OF THE LAND

The use of land which generates the maximum profit without negativeconsequences especially on the environmentLand should be used in such a manner consistent with its natural qualities tomaximize its productivity and also adhere to the principles of sustainabledevelopment.Simply put, it is utilizing land in a manner that is beneficial to both manand environment.

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MAPS/MAPPING a graphical representation of a place or particularphenomena or themes in an area. It is a convenient visual form of spatial

data, their distribution and relationships.

MAPS/MAPPING a reduced and simplified model of reality containinggeographic information. It is a graphic depiction of all or part of a

geographic realm where the real-world features have been replaced with

symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.

URBAN LAND USE MAP COLOR CODES

Category

RESIDENTIAL

By dwelling type

COMMERCIAL

Wholesale, Retail (Gen. Merchandise),

Services (Auto Repair, Hotels, etc.)

INDUSTRIAL

Manufacturing, Fabricating, Assembly,Industries, etc.

INSTITUTIONAL

Schools, Church, Protective Services,

Government Buildings, etc.

PARKS/PLAYGROUNDS

Golf Courses, Race Tracks, Country Club,

etc.

INFRASTRUCTURE/ UTILITIES

Railroad, Land Transport, Water

Transport, Air Transport, etc.

BUILT-UP AREAS

Cluster of at least 10 structures or ifactivity occupies sizable land

AGRICULTURE

Cropland, Riceland, etc.

AGRO-INDUSTRIAL

Piggery, Poultry

FOREST

Production Forest, Wildlife, Watershed,

National Parks

MINING/QUARRYING

GRASSLAND/PASTURE

SWAMPLAND/MARSHES

OTHER LAND USE

Cemeteries, Dumpsite, Landfill,

Reclamation, Idle Vacant Lots, etc.

Color

YELLOW

RED

VIOLET

BLUE

GREEN

GRAY

YELLOW

LIGHT GREEN

LIGHT

VIOLET

DARK GREEN

BROWN

OLIVE GREEN

AQUA

APPROPRIATE

COLORS

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SITE: CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES (By Kevin Lynch)

Every site is a unique interconnected web of things and activities that

imposes limitations and offers possibilities.

A site or project/planning area varies in size, location, and

characteristics. A site in its own right is a living, changing community of

plants and animals. Such a community also has its own interests that shouldbe conserved, preserved or protected.

Knowledge of the site is vital in planning especially in mitigating competing

or conflicting interests between potential users and existing occupants to

avert natural disasters such as severe erosion, water intrusion, flooding, a

drop in the water table, etc.

The site and its intended purpose are closely interrelated. Understanding

the site to define or establish the essential character or nature of the site

or the spirit of the place to maintain, to some degree, a continuity of the

preexisting conditions within the locale.

A sufficient knowledge and understanding of the nature of the site would make

the planner much conscious and sensitive to the sites distinct character and

closely knit complexity as to be worthy of his interest, concern, and even

his affection.

Understanding the site has two branches one oriented to the users and the

other to the site itself.

SITE INVENTORY and ASSESSMENT

Involves a thorough assessment of the natural environment and the associatedphysical characteristics of the site and its surroundings.Such factors are found above, below, and on the ground, for they make up thenature of the site.Knowing these factors and their interrelationships enables one to determinesite constraints (threats) and potentials (opportunities).Knowledge of constraints and threats can mitigate or minimize potentialdamage or adverse effects that site development may cause on the ecologicaland social fabric within the site or within the general vicinity of the site.Knowledge of the potentials and opportunities of the site can clarify,reveal, or enhance the nature of the site as well as the plan or design.

PREPARING A SITE PROFILE. Site inventory and assessment require the

collection of comprehensive and structured sets of data descriptive of thegeophysical, biological, and social environment in the site and around the

site. A site profile is the outcome of this activity.

For planners, site profile provides information on the status and

characteristics of the various aspects of the environment which are

indicative of the potentials and weaknesses of a particular area.

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TYPES OF SUBDIVISION

Subdivision Project a tract or a parcel of land registered under RA 496which is partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual lotwith or without improvements thereon, and offered to the public for sale, incash or in installment terms.Condominium Project the entire parcel of real property divided or to be

divided primarily for residential purposes into condominium units includingall structures thereon.

Economic and Socialized Housing housing project for moderately low incomefamilies with lower interest rates and longer amortization periods.

Open Market Housing constructed and financed by the private sector as abusiness venture and sold at prevailing market prices and interest.

SHELTER NEEDS CATEGORY

New housing units needed to answer the requirements of future generations

New units to cover for housing backlog

Upgrading need

TYPES OF DENSITIES

Low Density less than 150 persons per hectare of residential area

Medium Density 151 to 250 per ha.

High Density more than 250 per ha.

INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS

Potable waterPower and electricity and adequate power distribution systemAccess to primary roads and transport facilitiesA.O. 353: GUDELINES FOR PROTECTION OF AREAS NON-NEGOTIABLE FOR CONVERSION

RA 7279: The Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992

Affordable Cost refers to the most reasonable price of land and shelter based

on the needs and financial capability of Program beneficiaries and

appropriate financing schemes.

Areas For Priority Development refers to those areas declared as such under

existing statutes and pertinent executive issuances.

Blighted Lands refers to the areas where the structures are dilapidated,

obsolete and unsanitary, tending to depreciate the value of the land and

prevent normal development and use of the area.

Consultation refers to the constitutionally mandated process whereby the

public, on their own or through peoples organizations, is provided an

opportunity to be heard and to participate in the decision-making process on

matters involving the protection and promotion of its legitimate collective

interests, which shall include appropriate documentation and feedback

mechanisms.

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Idle Lands refers to non-agricultural lands in urban and urbanizable areas on

which no improvements, as herein defined, have been made by the owner, as

certified by the city, municipality or provincial assessor.

Improvements refers to all types of buildings and residential units, walls,

fences, structures or constructions of all kinds of a fixed character or

which are adhered to the soil but shall not include trees, plants and growing

fruits, and other fixtures that are mere superimpositions on the land, and

the value of improvements shall not be less than 50% of the assessed value ofthe property.

Joint Venture refers to the commitment or agreement by two or more persons to

carry out a specific or single business enterprise for their mutual benefit,

for which purpose they combine their funds, land resources, facilities and

services.

Land Assembly or Consolidation refers to the acquisition of lots of varying

ownership through purchase or expropriation for the purpose of planned and

rational development and socialized housing programs without individual

boundary restrictions.

Land Banking refers to the acquisition of land at values based on existing

use in advance of actual need to promote planned development and socialized

housing programs.

Land Swapping refers to the process of land acquisition by exchanging land

for another piece of land of equal value, or for shares of stock in a

government or quasi-government corporation.

Land Use Plan refers to the rational approach of allocating available land

resources as equitably as possible among competing user groups and for

different functions consistent with the development plan of the area and the

Program.

On-Site Development refers to the process of upgrading and rehabilitation of

blighted and slum urban areas with a view of minimizing displacement of

dwellers in said areas, and with provisions as provided thereof.

Professional Squatters refers to individuals or groups who occupy lands

without the express consent of the landowner and who have sufficient income

for legitimate housing.

Resettlement Areas refers to areas identified by the appropriate national

agency or by the local government unit with respect to areas within itsjurisdiction, which shall be used for the relocation of the underprivileged

and homeless citizens.

Security of Tenure refers to the degree of protection afforded to qualified

Program beneficiaries against infringement or unjust, unreasonable and

arbitrary eviction or disposition, by virtue of the right of ownership, lease

agreement, usufruct and other contractual arrangements.

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Slum Improvement and Resettlement (SIR) Programrefers to the program of the

National Housing Authority of upgrading and improving blighted squatter areas

outside of Metro Manila pursuant to existing statutes and pertinent executive

issuances.

Small Property Owners refers to those whose only real property consists of

residential lands not exceeding 300sqm in highly urbanized areas and 800sqm

in other urban areas.

Socialized Housing (same as A.O. 353 Defn)

Squatting Syndicates refers to groups of persons engaged in the business of

squatter housing for profit or gain.

Underprivileged or Homeless Citizens refers to the beneficiaries of this Act

and to individuals or families residing in urban and urbanizable areas whose

income falls within the poverty threshold as defined by NEDA and who do not

own housing facilities.

Urban Areas refers to all cities regardless of their population density andto municipalities with a population density of at least 500 persons per

square kilometer.

Urbanizable Areas refers to sites and lands which, considering present

characteristics and prevailing conditions, display marked and great potential

of becoming urban areas within the period of five years.

Zonal Improvement Program (ZIP) refers to the program of the NHA of upgrading

and improving blighted squatter areas within the cities and municipalities of

Metro Manila pursuant to existing statutes and issuances.