Term

Definition

Example/Drawing

Aerobic Respiration

Transfer of energy from food molecule to ATP in presence of oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration

Transfer of energy from food molecule to ATP without the presence of oxygen

Biodiversity

Number and variety of different organisms found within an area

Cancer

Disease caused by uncontrolled cell division

Cell Differentiation

Process by which a cell changes from one cell type to another

Classification of Organisms

When scientists put organisms into groups when they have things in common

Commensalism

Relationship between species where one species benefits and the other is not affected

DNA Replication

Process of producing two identical copies of DNA from one original DNA molecule

Enzymes

Protein that increases the efficiency of chemical reactions within an organism

Evolve / Evolution

Change in genetic inheritance in a species over time

Gametes

Sex cells of an organism; egg and sperm

Germination

When a seed starts to grow into a plant

Gene Pool

All of the genes contained within a population

Genetic Drift

Changes in allele frequencies in small populations

Genetic Variation

Refers to diversity in gene frequencies

Heterozygous

Describes the alleles from each parent as different; one is dominant while the other is recessive

Homozygous

Describes the alleles from each parent as the same; either both dominant or both recessive

Meiosis

Process that involves two cycles of cell division reducing the diploid number of chromosomes in new cells by half; process that creates sex cells

Mitosis

Process that involves one cycle of cell division creating genetically identical cells

Monomer

Smallest unit or building block of a larger, more complex molecule

Mutations

A change in the DNA sequence

Mutualism

Ecological relationship between organisms where both benefit

Nucleotide

Building block of nucleic acids; made up of a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base

Parasitism

Ecological relationship between organisms where one organism benefits while harming the other

Photosynthesis

Process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms activities

Polymer

Large organic molecule made up of smaller units called monomers

Populations

Number of individuals of the same species in a community or ecosystem

Predation

Interaction where an organism hunts, captures and eats another organism

Protein Synthesis

Process in which cells produce protein molecules by assembling amino acids chains in the ribosome

Resistance / Immunity

Having the ability to defend against disease and illness

Seed Dispersal

Movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant

Sexual Selection

Mode of natural selection in which some individuals out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates

Speciation

Formation of a new species

Succession

Primary or secondary; changes in an area that allow organisms to grow and survive

Susceptibility

State of being likely to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing

Transcription

Process where a section of DNA (gene) is copied into mRNA

Translation

Process where mRNAs message is decoded by tRNA at the ribosome to make a protein

Classification

Match the following classifications with the correct qualities.

Name______________KEY_______________________________Period____________Date________________

Spring Final Exam Review Pre-AP Biology - KEY

1

__C__ 1. Domain

__A__ 2. Kingdom

__D__ 7. Genus

__B__ 8. Species

a. Includes Animalia,Plantae,Fungi,Protista, Archaea, andBacteria

b. Most specific level of organization; begins with a lower case letter and is italicized

c. Highest level of classification; divided into three groups: archaea, bacteria, eukaryote

d. Begins with a capital letter and is italicized

Use the word banks provided to label the following diagrams.

Mitosis

a. Telophase c. Metaphase e. Interphase

b. Prophase d. Two Daughter Cellsf. Anaphase

Meiosis I

a. Telophase Ic. Metaphase Ie. Interphase I

b. Prophase Id. Two Haploid Cellsf. Anaphase I

Meiosis II

a. Telophase IIc. Prophase IIe. Four Haploid Cells

b. Metaphase IId. Anaphase II

Biomolecules

1. What are enzymes and how do they affect chemical reactions?

Protein produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst for (speed up) a specific reaction.

2. What are factors that affect the reactivity of enzymes?

Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration

3. How does the digestive system help the body maintain homeostasis?

Breaks down larger biomolecules into their monomers so these nutrients can be absorbed into the bloodstream for delivery throughout the body

4. How does the respiratory system help the body maintain homeostasis?

Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body

5. How do the muscular and skeletal systems help the body maintain homeostasis?

Muscle system has three types of muscle (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) and produces movement of body limbs, controls blood distributions, aids in mechanical digestion

Skeletal system gives the body a frame and provides levers for skeletal muscle to pull against to create movement

Plants

1. What are the 2 types of tissues found in vascular plants and what do they transport?

The two types of vascular tissue in plants are xylem and phloem.

Xylem transports water (WXYZ in alphabet) from the roots to the leaves

Phloem transports food sap from the leaves to anywhere in the plant that needs/stores food

2. What is the purpose of a seed? Describe different types of seed dispersal. Why is seed dispersal important?

A seed is a plant embryo. It is packaged with food and a hard coat for protection. That way they only start germinating when they have received enough water, at the right temperature, when the soil pH is correct optimum habitat to grow successfully.

3. Explain what each type of response is and give an example of a positive and a negative response

a. Gravitropism (geotropism) movement in response to gravity

positive root growing down

negative shoot growing up away from gravity

b. Phototropism movement/growth in response to light

positive shoot/stem growing towards a light source

negative shoot/stem growing away from a light source

c. Thigmostropism movement/growth in response to touch

positive growth towards touch (example vines around and up a fence or tree)

negative growth away from touch (example roots grow away from objects they touch)

4. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?

c. Food can travel up or down the stem in the phloem.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

1. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

The process of cellular respiration is to convert glucose into an energy source of ATP that our cells can use. Our cells energy currency/source is ATP, not glucose.

There are two types of cellular respiration aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present. There are 3 steps 1. Glycolysis, 2. Krebs cycle, and 3. Electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration produces a total of 36-38 ATP.

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen. There are 2 steps 1. Glycolysis, 2. Fermentation. In the end, only 2 ATP are produced through anaerobic respiration.

2. Write out the equation for cellular respiration.

3. Draw the structure of an ATP molecule and label it, give the full name for ATP as title, AND show where energy is stored and released in the molecule.

4. There are two types of cellular respiration aerobic and anaerobic. Compare and contract each type of cellular respiration. Include how much ATP is made through out each process.

5. Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration is more efficient. It produces 36-38 ATP compared to anaerobic only producing 2 ATP.

6. What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis converts radiant/solar energy into chemical energy of glucose. The process produces glucose an energy source that in turns provides life sustaining energy to all organisms in an ecosystem. Producers are responsible for performing photosynthesis in an organelle called the chloroplast.

7. Write the equation for photosynthesis.

Ecology/ Evolution

1. Below are scenarios that describe two organisms relationship with each other. Determine which symbiotic relationship each scenario is describing and explain why.

1. As bison walk through grass, insects become active and are seen and eaten by cowbirds. The relationship neither harms nor benefits the bison.

Commensalism

1. A coyote captures, kills, and eats a rabbit.

Predation

1. Honey guide birds alert and direct badgers to bee hives. The badgers then expose the hives and feed on th