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Standards CoveredRL 7.9- Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period as a means of understanding how authors of fiction use or alter historyRL 7.2-ThemeRL 7.1/RL 7.2- Coming to Conclusions Based on the Evidence

Drawing Conclusions

Anticipatory Set Discussion: Based on what you know about expensive cars, come to a conclusion or educated guess about why people buy expensive cars.

What is a conclusion? A conclusion is when you make an educated guess about something based on the evidence and what you know and understand after you have read the entire reading. A conclusion is what the reader has to figure out. A conclusion is not out in the open or explicit information in the text.

Other Definitions of a Conclusion-Making up your mind based on evidence (from Teaching the Critical Vocabulary of the Common Core)

Quotes from a Speech Given By HitlerDirections: Choose 1 to Analyze for Pathos

Pathos ReminderPersuasion from pathos involves engaging the audience's emotions. The word is derived from the Greek for suffering or experience.Pathos Checklist The best emotions to pull out of your audience to get them to act are the following: Make your audience feel insecure about where they stand in a group and how much they belong to it. Anger. A person who desires something is especially susceptible to anger. Frustrate her ability to assuage that desire, Aristotle said, and you have an angry person. Try withholding ice cream from an angry daughter. The easiest way to stimulate anger, Aristotle went on, is to belittle that desire. People who feel themselves being cast out by the elite will go to great lengths to restore their status. Anger often arises from a sense of belittlement. You can direct an audience’s fury at someone by portraying his lack of concern over

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their problems. Show your opponent dissing your audiences’ desires. Anger gets the fastest action, which is a reason why most political advertising tries to make you mad. Rouse your audience’s group feelings by showing a rival group’s success. You get patriotic when your group is under threat. People respond emotionally to a role model they already look up to. Provide only the kind of role model your audience already admires for emulation to work. The greater the ethos the role model has, the more the audience will want to imitate that role model. Example: Michael Jordan exercised every day, so you should too. The surest way to commit an audience to an action is to get them to identify with it-to see the choice as one that helps define them as a group.

Quote 1: “The pressing question back then was: was there a way out of this deepest misery and misfortune?...One had to be clear about the fact that the German people faced a great and fateful question, and that the survival or death of our people for the rest of history depended on the answer.”Quote 2: “It is nonsense to think that a great people of sixty or seventy million is immortal. It does if it loses its desire to preserve itself.”Quote 3: “We collapsed because the overwhelming majority of citizens was pacifist, anti-national, and Marxist, unwilling to give the state what it needed to preserve itself.Quote 4: “The same Jew, as a capitalist tyrant, drove the masses to desperation, and then exploited this desperation on the other side until the masses were finally ready to be his instrument.”Quote 5: “It remains, it spreads, and harms us more and more each year. If you wonder about the current fragmentation of our people, remember this: The inner discord of the German people is the result only of mixed blood…That is the greatest danger. If this poisoning continues, we will be weaker in ten, twenty, or thirty years than we are today, weaker in a hundred years and the time will come when our people loses its high cultural standing, and we will perish from blood poisoning. Everything beautiful that we see around us is the result of the Aryan, of his spirit and industry. Only the bad is the gift of the Hebrews.”Quote 6: “The cross, however, has still another meaning: the spirit of labor on this earth, which is the spirit of Aryan idealism, not the spirit of the Jew…it is, therefore, the symbol under which we fight this world plague, this world poisoning.”

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Quotes from Speeches Given by JackDirections: Choose 1 to Analyze for PathosQuote 1: ‘What about my hunters?’‘Boys with sticks.’Jack got to his feet. His face was red as he marched away. Piggy put on his one glass and looked at Ralph.‘Now you done it. You been rude about his hunters.’…[the meeting starts]‘Yes. The beast is a hunter. Only-shut up! The next thing is that we couldn’t kill it. And the next is that Ralph said my hunters are no good’‘I never said that!‘I’ve got the conch. Ralph thinks you’re cowards, running away from the boar and the beast. And that’s not all.’…‘He’s like Piggy. He says things like Piggy. He isn’t a proper chief’ Jack clutched the conch to him.‘He’s a coward himself.’For a moment he paused and then went on.‘On top, when Roger and me went on-he stayed back.’‘I went too!’‘After.’The two boys glared at each other through screens of hair.‘I went too,’ said Ralph, ‘then I ran away. So did you.’‘Call me a coward then.’Jack turned to the hunters.‘He’s not a hunter. He’d never have got us meat. He isn’t a prefect and we don’t know anything about him. He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing. All this talk-‘‘All this talk!’ shouted Ralph. ‘Talk! Talk! Who wanted it? Who called the meeting?’Jack turned, red in the face, his chin sunk back. He glowered up under his eyebrows.…Who thinks Ralph oughtn’t to be chief? …‘I’m not going to be a part of Ralph’s lot-‘…‘I’m going off by myself. He can catch his own pigs. Anyone who wants to hunt when I do can come too’ (142-45).

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Quote 2:Demonic figures with faces of white and red and green rushed out howling, so that the littluns fled screaming.…Jack ignored him, lifted his spear and began to shout.“Listen all of you. Me and my hunters, we’re living along the beach by a flat rock. We hunt and feast and have fun. If you want to join my tribe come and see us. Perhaps I’ll let you join. Perhaps not.”…He paused and looked round. He was safe from shame or self-consciousness behind the mask of his paint and could look at each of them in turn.‘Tonight we’re having a feast. We’ve killed a pig and we’ve got meat. You can come and eat with us if you like” (160).

Quote 3: Jack spoke.‘Give me a drink.’Henry brought him a shell and he drank, watching Piggy and Ralph over the jammed rim. Power lay in the brown swell of his forearms: authority sat on his shoulder and chattered in his ear like an ape.‘All sit down’The boys ranged themselves in rows on the grass before him but Ralph and Piggy stayed a foot lower…‘Who’s going to join my tribe?’Ralph made a sudden movement that became a stumble. Some of the boys turned toward him.‘I gave you food,’ said Jack, ‘and my hunters will protect you from the beast. Who will join my tribe?’‘I’m chief, said Ralph, because you chose me. And we were going to keep the fire going. Now you run after food-‘‘You ran yourself!’ shouted Jack. ‘Look at that bone in your hands!’Ralph went crimson.‘I said you were hunters. That was your job.’Jack ignored him again.‘Who’ll join my tribe and have fun?’‘I’m chief,’ said Ralph tremulously. ‘And what about the fire? And I’ve got the conch-‘‘you haven’t got it with you,’ said Jack, sneering. ‘you left it behind. See, clever? And the conch doesn’t count at this end of the island-‘…‘Who will join my tribe?’…‘I’ll blow a conch,’ said Ralph breathlessly, ‘and call an assembly.’‘We shan’t hear it.’

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Hitler and Jack Comparison

What Hitler says in the speech that has pathos

How does the quote show pathos?

What Jack says that has pathos

How does the quote show pathos?

How are Hitler and Jack similar as leaders based on this evidence?

What conclusions can we come to about life based on this comparison? (central idea/theme)

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Comparative Text Performance Task (DOK 3)Standards CoveredRI 7.1- Inferences RI 7.9-Comparative AnalysisDirections: Read all the quotes given for Jack and all the quotes given for Hitler on the previous pages. Based on this information, check the boxes to show the claims that each leader would agree with.

Claim Hitler would Agree Only

Jack would Agree Only

Both Jack and Hitler would Agree

Neither Would Agree

Reasoning:Why do you think this?

You need to show the opposing group dissing the audience in order to be elected leader.

When you stir up people’s fear of survival, they will be persuaded by you.

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Claim Hitler would Agree Only

Jack would Agree Only

Both Jack and Hitler would Agree

Neither Would Agree

Reasoning:Why do you think this?

Stirring up the audience’s emotions is an effective persuasive move.

When you act as a provider as a leader, you are more likely to stay in power.

Show your opponent as the bad guy.

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Machiavelli’s Ideas on Leadership and Jack’s Ideas

Machiavelli’s Ideas Jack as Ruler How are Jack and Machiavelli’s Ideas About Leadership Similar?

What conclusions can we come to about life based on this comparison? (central idea/theme)

Quote 1: “In other words, the legitimacy of law rests entirely upon the threat of coercive force; authority is impossible for Machiavelli as a right apart from the power to enforce it. Consequently, Machiavelli is led to conclude that fear is always preferable to affection in subjects, just as violence and deception are superior to legality in effectively controlling them. Machiavelli observes that ‘one can say this in general of men: they are ungrateful, disloyal, insincere and deceitful, timid of danger and avid of profit…Love is a bond of obligation which these miserable creatures break whenever it suits them to do so; but fear holds them fast by dread of punishment that never passes’(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).

Quote 1: After a moment’s silence, Sam spoke in a strangled voice.‘You don’t know Roger. He’s a terror.’‘And the chief-they’re both-‘‘-terrors-‘‘-only Roger-‘ (220)

Quote 2: ‘The chief and Roger-‘‘-yes, Roger-‘‘They hate you, Ralph. They’re going to do you.’‘They’re going to hunt you tomorrow.’…‘But I’ve done nothing,’ whispered Ralph, urgently. ‘I only wanted to keep up a fire! (219).

Quote 3: ‘You got to because it’s not safe-‘‘-they made us. They hurt us-‘ (218)

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Machiavelli’s Ideas

Quote 2: “that ruler is best suited for office, on Machiavelli’s account, who is capable of varying her/his conduct from good to evil and back again ‘as fortune and circumstances dictate’ (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).

Jack as Ruler

Quote 4: The chief snatched one of the few spears that were left and poked Sam in the ribs.‘What d’ you mean by it, eh?’ said the chief fiercely. ‘What d’ you mean by coming with spears? What d’ you mean by not joining my tribe?’ (210).

Quote 5:‘He’s a proper chief, isn’t he?’Robert nodded.‘He’s going to take us hunting.’…‘He’s going to beat Wilfred.’‘What for?’Robert shook his head doubtfully.‘I don’t know . He didn’t say. He got angry and made us tie Wilfred up. He’s been’-he giggled excitedly-‘he’s been tied for hours, waiting-‘ (183).

Quote 6: “I gave you food,’ said Jack, ;and my hunters will protect you from the beast. Who will join my tribe?” (172).

How are Jack and Machiavelli’s Ideas About Leadership Similar?

What conclusions can we come to about life based on this comparison? (central idea/theme)

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Comparative Text Performance Task (DOK 3)Standards CoveredRI 7.1- InferencesRI 7.9 Comparative AnalysisDirections: Check the boxes to show the claims that each person would support.

Claim Machiavelli would AgreeOnly

Jack would Agree Only

Both Jack and Machiavelli would Agree

Neither Would Agree

Reasoning:Why do you think this?

As a leader, sometimes you need to be good and sometimes you need to be evil. The circumstances of the situation will tell you which role to play.

Punishment leads your subjects to obey you.

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Claim Machiavelli would AgreeOnly

Jack would Agree Only

Both Jack and Machiavelli would Agree

Neither Would Agree

Reasoning:Why do you think this?

Rule by fear.

The threat of punishment leads your subjects to obey you.

Ralph is a bad leader.

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Standards CoveredRL 7.9- Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period as a means of understanding how authors of fiction use or alter historyRL 7.2-ThemeRL 7.1/RL 7.2- Coming to Conclusions Based on the Evidence

Ethos/Logos in Roosevelt’s Fireside Chat & In Ralph’s Speeches

Full speech is here: http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/090339.html

Directions: Read the full Fireside Chat. Choose 1 Quote to Analyze for Ethos/Logos.

Ethos and Logos ReminderEthosEthos is Greek for character, and it refers to the credibility or trustworthiness of the speaker or writer. Ethos can be further broken down to consider the categories of trustworthiness, similarity, authority, reputation, and expertise.Ethos Checklist Have sympathy. Share your listener’s mood or align yourself with the listener’s emotions. Have the same values as your audience. Live up to what your audience values. Care about what the audience wants and not what you want from them. Meet your audience’s expectations. Make your audience feel comfortable with you by telling a story that uses sensory language or enargeia (the Greek word for sensory language), being humorous, and giving them power or choice. Agree with your audience to get them to like you. Use the language they use to get them to like you. LogosFinally, a writer or speaker can persuade through the appeal to the audience's sense of logic. Aristotle identified this as the most important means of persuasion since, "rationality is humanity's essential characteristic. It is what makes us humans and differentiates them from other animals. Ideally, reason should dominate all of people's thinking and actions, but actually, they are often influenced by passions and prejudices and customs. This is commonly called the logical appeal or logos, and it's derived from the Greek for word. There are two different types of logic used to persuade: inductive and deductive. Inductive logic leads listeners to a conclusion moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories, while deductive reasoning works the other way around, moving from the more general to the more specific.

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Quotes from a Speech Given By Roosevelt

Quote 1: “It is right, too, to point out that the unfortunate events of these recent years have, without question, been based on the use of force (or) and the threat of force. And it seems to me clear, even at the outbreak of this great war, that the influence of America should be consistent in seeking for humanity a final peace which will eliminate, as far as it is possible to do so, the continued use of force between nations.”Quote 2: You are, I believe, the most enlightened and the best informed people in all the world at this moment. You are subjected to no censorship of news, and I want to add that your Government has no information which it (hesitates to) withholds (from you) or which it has any thought of withholding from you.Quote 3: I can add to that by saying that I hope the people of this country will also discriminate most carefully between news and rumor. Do not believe of necessity everything you hear or read. Check up on it first.Quote 4: It is easy for you and for me to shrug our shoulders and to say that conflicts taking place thousands of miles from the continental United States, and, indeed, thousands of miles from the whole American Hemisphere, do not seriously affect the Americas -- and that all the United States has to do is to ignore them and go about (our) its own business. Passionately though we may desire detachment, we are forced to realize that every word that comes through the air, every ship that sails the sea, every battle that is fought does affect the American futureQuote 5: I cannot prophesy the immediate economic effect of this new war on our nation but I do say that no American has the moral right to profiteer at the expense either of his fellow citizens or of the men, the women and the children who are living and dying in the midst of war in Europe.Quote 6: Some things we do know. Most of us in the United States believe in spiritual values. Most of us, regardless of what church we belong to, believe in the spirit of the New Testament -- a great teaching which opposes itself to the use of force, of armed force, of marching armies and falling bombs. The overwhelming masses of our people seek peace -- peace at home, and the kind of peace in other lands which will not jeopardize our peace at home.Quote 7: I hope the United States will keep out of this war. I believe that it will. And I give you assurance(s) and reassurance that every effort of your Government will be directed toward that end.As long as it remains within my power to prevent, there will be no blackout of peace in the United States.

Directions: Read the quotes below that Ralph spoke. Choose 1 Quote to Analyze for Ethos/Logos.

Quote 1: “This is our island. It’s a good island. Until the grownups come to fetch us we’ll have fun’ (34). Quote 2: ‘This is what I thought. We want to have fun. And we want to be rescued’ …The passionate noise of agreement from the assembly hit him like a wave and he lost his thread. He thought again. “We want to be rescued; and of course we shall be rescued.” Voices babbled. The simple statement, unbacked by any proof but the weight of Ralph’s new authority, brought light and happiness. He had to wave the conch before he could make them hear him’ (37).

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Quote 3: He paused, with the point made. The assembly was lifted toward safety by his words. They liked and now respected him. Spontaneously they began to clap and presently the platform was loud with applause. Ralph flushed, looking sideways at Piggy’s open admiration, and then the other way at Jack who was smirking and showing that he too knew how to clap.Ralph waved the conch.“Shut up! Wait ! Listen!’He went on in the silence, borne on his triumph.‘There’s another thing. We can help them to find us. If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire’‘A fire! Make a fire!’ (38).

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Roosevelt and Ralph Comparison

What Roosevelt says in his speech that shows ethos or logos

How does this show ethos or logos

What Ralph says that shows ethos or logos

How does this show ethos or logos?

How are Roosevelt and Ralph similar as leaders based on this evidence?

What conclusions can we come to about life based on this comparison? (central idea/theme)

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Comparative Text Performance Task (DOK 3)Standards CoveredRI 7.1- InferencesRI 7.9 Comparative AnalysisDirections: Read all of the quotes for Ralph and Roosevelt. Based on those quotes, check the boxes to show the claims that each person would support.

Claim Only Roosevelt Would Agree

Only Ralph Would Agree

Both Ralph and Roosevelt would Agree

Neither Would Agree

Reasoning:Why do you think this?

As a leader, sometimes you need to be good and sometimes you need to be evil. The circumstances of the situation will tell you which role to play.

Show your audience you value what they value.

Claim Only Only Both Ralph Neither Reasoning:

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Roosevelt would agree

Ralph Would Agree

and Roosevelt Would Agree

Would Agree

Why do you think this?

Show your audience that you will give them what they want.

Show your people you will keep them safe.

Show your people you are a provider of that which is good.