1.a political law, public international law [project 1938]

8/19/2019 1.a POLITICAL LAW, Public International Law [Project 1938]

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1.am, 15%, POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW, Public International Law !ro"ect 1#$&

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

I. Public International Law-is the body of legal rules, hi!h a""ly betee#so$ereig# states a#d su!h other e#tities as ha$e bee#

gra#ted i#ter#atio#al "erso#ality%

II. DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN PRIVATE INTERNATIONALLAW AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pri$ate I#ter#atio#al La Publi! I#ter#atio#al La

&'%(issued by a "oliti!alsu"erior for obser$a#!e by

those u#der its authority

&'%(is #ot i)"osed u"o# butsi)"ly ado"ted by states as

a !o))o# rule of a!tio#a)o#g the)sel$es%

&*%(!o#sists )ai#ly ofe#a!t)e#ts fro) the

la)a+i#g authority ofea!h state

&*%(Is deri$ed #ot fro) a#y

"arti!ular legislatio# butfro) su!h sour!es asi#ter#atio#al !usto)s,

i#ter#atio#al !o#$e#tio#sa#d the ge#eral "ri#!i"les of

la

&%( regulates the relatio#sof i#di$iduals a)o#g

the)sel$es or ith theiro# states

&%(A""lies to the relatio#si#ter se of states a#d other

i#ter#atio#al "erso#s

&%($iolatio#s of )u#i!i"alla are redressed through

lo!al ad)i#istrati$e a#d .udi!ial "ro!esses

&%(/uestio#s of "ubli!i#ter#atio#al la are

resol$ed through state-to-state tra#sa!tio#s ra#gi#gfro) "ea!eful )ethods li+e#egotiatio#s a#d arbitratio#to the hostile arbitra)e#t of

for!e li+e ar%

&0%(brea!hes of )u#i!i"alla ge#erally e#tail o#lyi#di$idual res"o#sibility

&0%(Res"o#sibility fori#fra!tio#s of i#ter#atio#alla is usually !olle!ti$e i#the se#se that it atta!hes

dire!tly to the state a#d #otto its #atio#als

A. DOCTRINE OF INCORPORATION Art. II, Sec. 2 1987 Phil. Constitution1 The

Phili""i#es re#ou#!es ar as a# i#stru)e#t of#atio#al "oli!y, ado"ts the ge#erally a!!e"ted"ri#!i"les of i#ter#atio#al la as "art of the la of thela#d a#d adheres to the "oli!y of "ea!e, e2uality,

.usti!e, freedo), !oo"eratio#, a#d a)ity ith all#atio#s%

&EF! PACo(

B. DOCTRINE OF TRANSFOR"ATION# the ge#erally a!!e"ted rules of i#ter#atio#al la

are #ot "er se bi#di#g u"o# the state but )ust first bee)bodied i# the legislatio# e#a!ted by the la)a+i#gbody a#d so tra#sfor)ed i#to )u#i!i"al la% O#ly

he# so tra#sfor)ed ill they be!o)e bi#di#g u"o#the state as "art of its )u#i!i"al la%

B. PACTA SUNT SERVANDA

3 i# I#ter#atio#al la, treaties a#d e4e!uti$e agree)e#tsare e2ually bi#di#g !o))it)e#ts of the !o#tra!ti#g states u#derthe )a4i) pacta sunt servanda% E$ery state has the duty to!arry out i# good faith its obligatio#s arisi#g fro) treaties orother sour!es of i#ter#atio#al la, a#d it )ay #ot i#$o+e"ro$isio#s i# its !o#stitutio# or its las as a# e4!use for failureto "erfor) this duty%

$% In ca&e o' irreconcilable con'lict between a treat( an) a *unici+al con&titution! w,ic, &,oul) +re-ail

A:'% 5ro) the $ie"oi#t of the orld, i#ter#atio#al la ought to

"re$ail to a$oid i#ter#atio#al e)barrass)e#t a#d to "re$e#t!harges of I#ter#atio#al deli2ue#!y% The 6tate )usta!!ordi#gly u"date its )u#i!i"al !o#stitutio#%

* 5ro) the $ie"oi#t of the 6tate itself, it ould see) that )ost!o#stitutio#s &i#!ludi#g our o#( "ro$ide that a treaty )ay bede!lared u#!o#stitutio#al by a 6tate7s o# #atio#al !ourts8

though of !ourse it should also be e$ide#t that the de!isio# of a#atio#al !ourt, hile bi#di#g o# )u#i!i"al authorities ould ha$eNO i#ter#atio#al effe!t, for i#deed it is a settled "ri#!i"le ofi#ter#atio#al la that a so$ereig# !a##ot be "er)itted to set u"its )u#i!i"al la agai#st a !lai) fou#ded o# i#ter#atio#al la%

III. BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW%

A. Law o' Nature- there is a #atural a#d u#i$ersal "ri#!i"le ofright a#d ro#g, i#de"e#de#t of a#y )utual i#ter!ourse or!o)"a!t%

B. Po&iti-i&t T,eor(- the bi#di#g for!e of i#ter#atio#al la is

deri$ed fro) the agree)e#t of so$ereig# states to bebou#d by it% It is #ot a la of subordi#atio# but of!oordi#atio#%

C. Eclectic T,eor(- "ro"oses that both the la of #ature a#dthe !o#se#t of 6tates ser$e as basis of i#ter#atio#al la8 tothe effe!t that the syste) of i#ter#atio#al la is based o#the di!tate of right reaso# as ell as the "ra!ti!e of states%

IV. $. W,( i& Public International Law ob&er-e)

A% 6tates obser$ed Publi! I#ter#atio#al La be!ause of their

'% belief i# the reaso#able#ess of the La ofNatio#s

*% fear of bei#g u#!o#$e#tio#al% fear of re"risal fro) other states

V. Function& o' Public International Law%

A% the )ai#te#a#!e of i#ter#atio#al "ea!e a#d order8B% the "rote!tio# of 6tate rights a#d of fu#da)e#tal hu)a#rights thru sa#!tio#s, both "ea!eful a#d !oer!i$e8C% the e!o#o)i!, so!ial, !ultural a#d te!h#ologi!al de$elo")e#tof states a#d su!h other e#tities as )ay be "ossessed of a#i#ter#atio#al "erso#ality%

$% I' a Fili+ino ac/uire& law'ull( a +arcel o' +ri-ate lan) an) laterbeco*e& an A*erican citi0en! w,at ,a++en& to ,i& owner&,i+o-er t,e lan)

A1 The "erso#7s o#ershi" o$er the la#d !o#ti#ues but the la#d,e4!e"t i# the !ase of hereditary su!!essio# )ay be tra#sferred o#ly


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to i#di$iduals, !or"oratio#s or asso!iatio#s 2ualified toa!2uire or hold la#ds of the "ubli! do)ai#%

VI. Source& o' International Law%

A. Pri*ar(%

1. Treatie&- the ge#eral rule is that the

treaty to be !o#sidered a dire!t sour!eof i#ter#atio#al la, it )ust be!o#!luded by si9able #u)ber of statesa#d thus refle!t the ill or at least the!o#se#sus of the fa)ily of #atio#s%

2. Cu&to*- a "ra!ti!e hi!h has gro#u" betee# states a#d has !o)e to bea!!e"ted as bi#di#g by the )ere fa!t of"ersiste#t usage o$er a lo#g "eriod ofti)e% Custo) is disti#guished fro)usage i# that the latter hile also alo#g established ay of doi#g thi#gs by

states, is #ot !ou"led ith the!o#$i!tio# that it is obligatory a#d right%

3. 4eneral Princi+le& o' Law- )ostlyderi$ed fro) the la of #ature a#d areobser$ed by the )a.ority of statesbe!ause they are belie$ed to be gooda#d .ust &e%g% "res!ri"tio#, esto""el,!o#se#t, res judicata a#d pacta sunt servanda(%

B. Secon)ar( Source&%

1. Deci&ion& o' international tribunal&2. Writin5& an) teac,in5& o' t,e *o&t,i5,l( /uali'ie) +ublici&t&

• E6 AE$UO ET BONO 7 this is the basis for a

de!isio# by a# i#ter#atio#al tribu#al o# thegrou#ds of .usti!e a#d fair#ess%

• AN4AR8 - the right of a belligere#t state, i# ti)e

of ar, to )a+e use of the "ro"erty of #eutralstates, lo!ated ithi# the territorial .urisdi!tio# ofthe belligere#t, u"o# "ay)e#t of reaso#able a#d

.ust !o)"e#satio#%

• BLOC9ADE # the isolatio# by a arri#g #atio# of

a# e#e)y area &as a harbor( by troo"s or arshi"s to "re$e#t "assage of "erso#s orsu""lies%

PART TWO

I. INTERNATIONAL CO""UNIT8 7 body of .uridi!ale#tities hi!h are go$er#ed by the la of #atio#s%

II. A SUBECT of i#ter#atio#al la is a# e#tity that hasrights a#d res"o#sibilities u#der that la% It has a#i#ter#atio#al "erso#ality i# that it !a# dire!tly assert rightsa#d be held dire!tly res"o#sible u#der the la of #atio#s%

A# OBECT of i#ter#atio#al la, is )erely i#dire!tly $ested ith rights a#d obligatio#s i# the i#ter#atio#al s"here &e%g%,a 5ili"i#o "ri$ate !iti9e# is ge#erally regarded #ot as asub.e!t but as a# ob.e!t(%

III. A STATE )ay be defi#ed as a grou" of "eo"le li$i#g together i#a defi#ite territory u#der a# i#de"e#de#t go$er#)e#t orga#i9ed for"oliti!al e#ds a#d !a"able of e#teri#g i#to i#ter#atio#al relatio#s%

:The state is a legal !o#!e"t, the nation is o#ly a ra!ial or eth#i!!o#!e"t%

:The ter) ;nation7, stri!tly s"ea+i#g, as e$ide#!ed by its ety)ology

&nasci , to be bor#(, i#di!ates a relatio# of birth or origi# a#d i)"lies a!o))o# ra!e, usually !hara!teri9ed by !o))u#ity of la#guage a#d!usto)s%

:The State &or #atio#( should "ossess the folloi#g ele)e#ts i# orderto be regarded as a# i#ter#atio#al "erso#1

1. a "er)a#e#t +o"ulatio#2. a defi#ed territory3. 5o$er#)e#t:. &o$ereig#ty or i#de"e#de#!e

&P 4IST(

IV. 4OVERN"ENT is defi#ed as the age#!y through hi!h the illof the state is for)ulated, e4"ressed a#d reali9ed%

$. I& t,e Vatican or ;ol( See a State

A% ati!a# City as

!reated by the Latera# Treaty of 5eb% ', '?** betee# Italya#d the @oly 6ee% As of a#uary ', '??, o$er '== states

)ai#tai# di"lo)ati! relatio#s ith the >ati!a#, a#u#de#iable "roof of its ide a!!e"ta#!e

:A# i#de"e#de#t state )ay be neutrali0e) through agree)e#t ithother states by $irtue of hi!h the latter ill guara#tee its i#tegritya#d i#de"e#de#!e "ro$ided it refrai#s for) ta+i#g a#y a!t that illi#$ol$e it i# ar or other hostile a!ti$ity e4!e"t for defe#si$e"ur"oses%

:Pe#di#g deter)i#atio# of hether or #ot the belligere#t !o))u#ityshould be fully re!og#i9ed as a state, it is treated as a# i#ter#atio#al"erso# a#d be!o)es dire!tly sub.e!t to the las of ar a#d

#eutrality%

V. INTERNATIONAL AD"INISTRATIVE BODIES

:Certai# Ad)i#istrati$e Bodies !reated by agree)e#t a)o#g states)ay be $ested ith i#ter#atio#al "erso#ality he# to !o#ditio#s!o#!ur, to it1

'% That their "ur"oses are )ai#ly #o#-"oliti!al8*% That they are auto#o)ous, i%e%, #ot sub.e!t to the !o#trol of a#y

state &e%g% ILO, I5, 5AO(

A. UNITED NATIONS

:A)e#d)e#ts to the !harter shall !o)e i#to for!e for all )e)bers ofthe UN he# they ha$e bee# ado"ted by a $ote of *rds of the)e)bers of the De#eral asse)bly a#d ratified i# a!!orda#!e iththeir res"e!ti$e !o#stitutio#al "ro!esses by *rds of the )e)bers ofthe UN, i#!ludi#g all the "er)a#e#t )e)bers of the 6e!urity Cou#!il%

• DO"ESTIC URISDICTION CLAUSE

3 Nothi#g !o#tai#ed i# the "rese#t !harter shall authori9ethe UN to i#ter$e#e i# )atters hi!h are esse#tially ithi# thedo)esti! .urisdi!tio# of a#y state or shall re2uire the )e)bers to


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sub)it su!h )atters to settle)e#t u#der the "rese#t!harter8 but this "ri#!i"le shall #ot "re.udi!e the a""li!atio#of e#for!e)e#t )easures%

$% Can t,e 4eneral A&&e*bl( a)*it an a++licant 'or*e*ber&,i+ wit,out t,e 'a-orable reco**en)ation o't,e Securit( Council

A1 Art% "ar * of the UN !harter states1The ad)issio# of a#y su!h state to )e)bershi"

i# the UN ill be effe!ted by a de!isio# of the De#eralAsse)bly u"o# the re!o))e#datio# of the 6e!urityCou#!il%F

• SUSPENSION OF "E"BERS

:A )e)ber of the UN agai#st hi!h "re$e#ti$e ore#for!e)e#t a!tio# has bee# ta+e# by the 6e!urity Cou#!il)ay be sus"e#ded fro) the e4er!ise of its rights a#d"ri$ileges% It is effe!ted by *rds of those "rese#t a#d$oti#g i# the De#eral Asse)bly u"o# the fa$orable

re!o))e#datio# of at least a )e)ber of the 6e!urityCou#!il, i#!ludi#g all its "er)a#e#t )e)bers% Thesus"e#sio# )ay be lifted alo#e by the 6e!urity Cou#!il,also by a 2ualified )a.ority $ote%

• E6PULSION OF "E"BERS

:A )e)ber hi!h has "ersiste#tly $iolated the "ri#!i"les!o#tai#ed i# the !harter )ay be e4"elled by *rds of those"rese#t a#d $oti#g i# the De#eral Asse)bly u"o# there!o))e#datio# of the 6e!urity Cou#!il by a 2ualified)a.ority $ote%

B. OR4ANS OF T;E UNITED NATIONS

'% The 4ENERAL ASSE"BL8 3 is the )ostre"rese#tati$e of the orga#s of the UN% It !o#sistsof all the )e)bers of the Orga#i9atio#, ea!h of

hi!h is e#titled to se#d #ot )ore tha# 0re"rese#tati$es a#d 0 alter#ates as ell as su!hte!h#i!al staff as it )ay #eed%

? *e*ber&! but inclu)in5 all t,e +er*anent*e*ber&. ;owe-er! no *e*ber! +er*anent or not! i&allowe) to -ote on /ue&tion& concernin5 t,e +aci'ic&ettle*ent o' a )i&+ute to w,ic, it i& a +art(%

@C,aracteri0ation of a 2uestio# is !o#sidered a #o#-"ro!edural)atter i# the 6e!urity Cou#!il%

% The ECONO"IC AND SECURIT8 COUNCIL% The TRUSTEES;IP COUNCIL0% The INTERNATIONAL COURT OF USTICE- .udi!ial orga#

of the UN% The Court is !o)"osed of '0 )e)bers ho areele!ted by absolute )a.ority $ote i# the De#eral Asse)blya#d the 6e!urity Cou#!il% No to of the) )ay be #atio#als ofthe sa)e 6tate% All 2uestio#s are de!ided by a )a.ority of the

.udges "rese#t, the 2uoru) bei#g #i#e he# the full !ourt issitti#g%

J% The SECRETARIAT- the !hief ad)i#istrati$e orga# of the UN,headed by the 6e!retary-De#eral% The 6e!retary-De#eral is!hose# by the De#eral Asse)bly u"o# the re!o))e#datio#

of the 6e!urity Cou#!il% O#e of his duties is to bri#g to theatte#tio# of the 6e!urity Cou#!il a#y )atter, hi!h i# hiso"i#io# )ay threate# i#ter#atio#al "ea!e a#d se!urity%

• OPTIONAL URISDICTION CLAUSE 7 Art. 36 1! Statute

o" the International Court o" #ustice

The .urisdi!tio# of the Court !o)"rises all !ases that the"arties refer to it a#d all )atters s"e!ially "ro$ided for i# the Charterof the UN or i# treaties a#d !o#$e#tio#s i# for!e%

PART T;REE

I. T;E PRINCIPLE OF STATE CONTINUIT8

5ro) the )o)e#t of its !reatio#, the state !o#ti#ues as a .uristi! bei#g #otithsta#di#g !ha#ges i# its !ir!u)sta#!es, "ro$idedthat they do #ot result i# the loss of a#y of its esse#tial ele)e#ts&"eo"le, territory, go$er#)e#t, so$ereig#ty(% O#!e its ide#tity as a#i#ter#atio#al "erso# has bee# fi4ed a#d its "ositio# i# thei#ter#atio#al !o))u#ity established, the state !o#ti#ues to be thesa)e !or"orate "erso# hate$er !ha#ges )ay ta+e "la!e i# itsi#ter#atio#al o"eratio# a#d go$er#)e#t% &5e#i!+(

II. SUCCESSION OF STATES 7 ta+es "la!e he# o#e stateassu)es the rights a#d so)e of the obligatio#s of a#other be!auseof !ertai# !ha#ges i# the !o#ditio# of the latter% The "oliti!al las ofthe for)er so$ereig# are auto)ati!ally abrogated a#d )ay berestored o#ly by a "ositi$e a!t o# the "art of the #e so$ereig#% But#o#-"oliti!al las, su!h as those deali#g ith fa)ilial relatio#s, aredee)ed !o#ti#ued u#less they are !ha#ged by the #e so$ereig# orare !o#trary to the i#stitutio#s of the 6u!!essor 6tate% All the rights ofthe "rede!essor state are i#herited by the su!!essor state but this is#ot so here liabilities are !o#!er#ed% The 6u!!essor 6tate, i# fa!t,!a# deter)i#e hi!h liabilities to assu)e a#d hi!h to re.e!t solelyo# the basis of its o# dis!retio#%


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III. SUCCESSION OF 4OVERN"ENTS 7 o#ego$er#)e#t re"la!es a#other either "ea!efully or by $iole#t)ethods% As far as the rights of the "rede!essorgo$er#)e#t are !o#!er#ed, they are i#herited in toto by thesu!!essor go$er#)e#t% Regardi#g the obligatio#s,disti#!tio# is )ade a!!ordi#g to the )a##er of theestablish)e#t of the #e go$er#)e#t%

The rule is that here the #e go$er#)e#t as orga#i9edby $irtue of a !o#stitutio#al refor) duly ratified by a"lebis!ite, the obligatio#s of the re"la!ed go$er#)e#t arealso !o)"letely assu)ed by the for)er% Co#$ersely, herethe #e go$er#)e#t as established through $iole#!e, asby a re$olutio#, it )ay lafully re.e!t the "urely "erso#al or"oliti!al obligatio#s of the "rede!essor go$er#)e#t but #otthose !o#tra!ted by it i# the !ourse of offi!ial busi#ess%

PART FOUR

I. RECO4NITION 3 is a "oliti!al a!t of the e4e!uti$e bra#!h of thego$er#)e#t herei# a!+#oledge)e#t of the !lai)s togo$er#)e#tal authority of foreig# e#tities is )ade a#d thelegal !o#se2ue#!es floi#g fro) su!h a!+#oledge)e#t isad)itted%

II. OBECTS OF RECO4NITION%

'% 6tate*% Do$er#)e#t% belligere#t !o))u#ity

:I# e$ery !ase, it is i)"orta#t that the a!t !o#stituti#gre!og#itio# shall gi$e a !lear i#di!atio# of a# i#te#tio#1

'% to treat the #e state as su!h8*% to a!!e"t the #e go$er#)e#t as ha$i#g authority to

re"rese#t the state it "ur"orts to go$er# a#d to)ai#tai# di"lo)ati! relatio#s ith it8

% to re!og#i9e i# the !ase of i#surge#ts that they aree#titled to e4er!ise belligere#t rights%

III. RECO4NITION OF STATES

:The re!og#itio# of a #e state is the free a!t by hi!h o#e or )ore states a!+#oledge the e4iste#!e o# adefi#ite territory of a hu)a# so!iety "oliti!ally orga#i9ed,i#de"e#de#t of a#y e4isti#g state, a#d !a"able ofobser$i#g the obligatio#s of i#ter#atio#al la, a#d by hi!hthey )a#ifest therefore their i#te#tio# to !o#sider it a)e)ber of the i#ter#atio#al !o))u#ity%

IV. RECO4NITION OF 4OVERN"ENTS

:The re!og#itio# of the #e go$er#)e#t of a6tate hi!h has bee# already re!og#i9ed is the free a!t by

hi!h o#e or se$eral states a!+#oledge that a "erso# ora grou" of "erso#s is !a"able of bi#di#g the state hi!h

they !lai) to re"rese#t a#d it#ess their i#te#tio# to e#teri#to relatio#s ith the)%

V. T;REE 9INDS OF DE FACTO 4OVERN"ENTS1

'% that hi!h is established by the i#habita#ts ho rise i#re$olt agai#st a#d de"ose the legiti)ate regi)e8

*% that hi!h is established i# the !ourse of ar by the i#$adi#gfor!es of o#e belligere#t i# the territory of the other belligere#t,the go$er#)e#t of hi!h is also established8

% That hi!h is established by the i#habita#ts of a state hose!ede therefro) ithout o$erthroi#g its go$er#)e#t%

:U#der the TOBAR or WILSON Princi+le, hi!h as e4"ressed i# a

treaty of the Ce#tral A)eri!a# Re"ubli!s i# '?= at the suggestio#of 5oreig# )i#ister Tobar of E!uador a#d reiterated i# '?' by Pres%Woodro Wilso# of the U6, re!og#itio# shall #ot be e4te#ded to a#ygo$er#)e#t established by re$olutio#, !i$il ar, !ou" d7etat or otherfor)s of i#ter#al $iole#!e u#til the freely ele!ted re"rese#tati$es ofthe "eo"le ha$e orga#i9ed a !o#stitutio#al go$er#)e#t%

:A si)ilar i#hibitio# as a""lied by the STI"SON Princi+le agai#stgo$er#)e#ts established as a result of e4ter#al aggressio#% It asi#!u)be#t u"o# the )e)bers of the League of Natio#s #ot tore!og#i9e a#y situatio#, treaty or agree)e#t, hi!h )ay be broughtabout by )ea#s !o#trary to the !o$e#a#t of the League of Natio#s orto the Pa!t of Paris%

:U#der the ESTRADA Doctrine, the e4i!a# go$er#)e#t de!laredthat it ould, as it sa fit, !o#ti#ue or ter)i#ate its relatio#s ith a#y!ou#try i# hi!h a "oliti!al u"hea$al had ta+e# "la!e a#d i# so doi#git does #ot "ro#ou#!e .udg)e#t, either "re!i"itately or a posteriori ,regardi#g the right of foreig# #atio#s to a!!e"t, )ai#tai#, or re"la!etheir go$er#)e#ts or authorities%

VI. DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN RECO4NITION DE URE ANDRECO4NITION DE FACTO%

Re!og#itio# de .ure Re!og#itio# de fa!to

'% relati$ely "er)a#e#t '% "ro$isio#al*% $ests title i# thego$er#)e#t to its"ro"erties abroad

*% does #ot $est title i# thego$er#)e#t to its"ro"erties abroad

% bri#g about fulldi"lo)ati! relatio#s

% li)ited to !ertai# .uridi!al relatio#s

VII. EFFECTS OF RECO4NITION OF STATES AND4OVERN"ENTS% '% 5ull di"lo)ati! relatio#s are established e4!e"t here the

go$er#)e#t re!og#i9ed is de "acto.

*% The re!og#i9ed state or go$er#)e#t a!2uires the right to sue i#the !ourts of the re!og#i9i#g state%

VIII. RECO4NITION OF BELLI4ERENC8

:Belligere#!y e4ists he# the i#habita#ts of a state rise u" i# ar)sfor the "ur"ose of o$erthroi#g the legiti)ate go$er#)e#t%

I6. DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN BELLI4ERENC8 ANDINSUR4ENC8%

Belli5erenc(In&ur5enc(

'% )ore serious a#d ides"read tha# i#surge#!y

'% i#itial stage ofbelligere#!y

*% dire!ted by a !i$ilgo$er#)e#t

*% dire!ted by )ilitaryauthorities

% there are settled rulesregardi#g its re!og#itio#

% usually #ot re!og#i9ed


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6. CONDITIONS FOR T;E RECO4NITION OFBELLI4ERENC8%

'% There )ust be a# orga#i9ed !i$il go$er#)e#t dire!ti#gthe rebel for!es8

*% The rebels )ust o!!u"y a substa#tial "ortio# of theterritory of the state8

% The !o#fli!t betee# the legiti)ate go$er#)e#t a#d

the rebels )ust be serious, )a+i#g the out!o)eu#!ertai#8

% The rebels )ust be illi#g a#d able to obser$e thelas of ar%

:U"o# re!og#itio# by the Pare#t 6tate, the belligere#t!o))u#ity is !o#sidered a se"arate state for the "ur"osesof the !o#fli!t it is agi#g agai#st the legiti)atego$er#)e#t% Their relatio#s ith ea!h other shall,the#!eforth a#d for the duratio# of the hostilities, bego$er#ed by the las of ar, a#d their relatio#s ith otherstates shall be sub.e!t to the las of #eutrality% The "are#tstate shall #o lo#ger be liable for a#y da)age that )ay be

!aused to third states by the rebel go$er#)e#t%

6I. RI4;TS OF A STATE%

'% right of e4iste#!e a#d self-defe#se*% the right of so$ereig#ty a#d i#de"e#de#!e% right of e2uality% right of "ro"erty a#d .urisdi!tio#0% right of legatio# or di"lo)ati! i#ter!ourse

A. T;E RI4;T OF E6ISTENCE AND SELF#DEFENSE%Re/ui&ite&%'% Prese#!e of a# ar)ed atta!+ 3 the )ere a""rehe#ded

da#ger or a#y dire!t threat to the state does #ot, byitself alo#e, arra#ts the e)"loy)e#t by the state ofa#y for!e agai#st a sus"e!ted or "ote#tial e#e)y%

*% The right )ay be resorted to o#ly u"o# a !learshoi#g of a gra$e or a!tual da#ger to the se!urity ofthe state%

% The self-defe#si$e )easures )ust be li)ited by#e!essity a#d +e"t !learly ithi# it%

• A44RESSION is the use of ar)ed for!e by a

state agai#st the so$ereig#ty, territorial i#tegrityor "oliti!al i#de"e#de#!e of a#other state, or i#a#y other )a##er i#!o#siste#t ith the !harter ofthe UN%

• Article 3! UN C,arter

A#y of the folloi#g a!ts, regardless of a de!laratio# of arshall, sub.e!t to a#d i# a!!orda#!e ith the "ro$isio#s ofArti!le *, 2ualify as a# act o' a55re&&ion1

a( The in-a&ion or attac by the ar)ed for!es ofa 6tate of the territory of a#other 6tate, or a#y )ilitaryo!!u"atio#, hoe$er te)"orary, resulti#g fro) su!hi#$asio# or atta!+ or a#y a##e4atio# by the use of for!e ofthe territory of a#other 6tate of "art thereof8

b( Bo*bar)*ent by the ar)ed for!es of a 6tateagai#st the territory of a#other 6tate8

!( The bloca)e of the "orts or !oasts of a 6tateby the ar)ed for!es of a#other 6tate8

d( A# atta!+ by the ar)ed for!es of a 6tate o#the la#d, sea or air for!es, or )ari#e a#d air fleets ofa#other 6tate8

e( The use of ar)ed for!es of o#e 6tate hi!h are ithi#the territory of a#other 6tate ith the agree)e#t of the re!ei$i#g6tate, i# !o#tra$e#tio# of the !o#ditio# "ro$ided for i# the agree)e#tor a#y e4te#sio# of their "rese#!e i# su!h territory beyo#d theter)i#atio# of the agree)e#t8

f( The a!tio# of a 6tate i# alloi#g its territory, hi!h it has"la!ed at the dis"osal of a#other 6tate, to be used by that other

6tate for "er"etrati#g a# a!t of aggressio# agai#st a third 6tate8

g( The se#di#g by or o# behalf of a 6tate of ar)ed for!eagai#st a#other 6tate of su!h gra$ity as to a)ou#t to the a!ts listedabo$e, or its substa#tial i#$ol$e)e#t therei#%

• INDEPENDENCE 7 freedo) fro) e4ter#al !o#trol i#

the !o#du!t of e4ter#al a#d i#ter#al affairs

• SOVEREI4NT8 7 is the su"re)e "oer of the state to

!o))a#d a#d e#for!e obedie#!e8 it is the "oer to hi!h, legally s"ea+i#g, all i#terests are "ra!ti!ally

sub.e!t a#d all ills subordi#ate%


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to "ro$ide for the #eeds of the "o"ulatio# butshould #ot be so e4te#si$e as to be diffi!ult toad)i#ister or defe#d fro) e4ter#al aggressio#%

• TERRITOR8 "A8 BE AC$UIRED B8%

'% dis!o$ery a#d o!!u"atio#*% "res!ri"tio#% !essio#% sub.ugatio#0% a!!retio#

• TERRITOR8 "A8 BE LOST B8%

'% aba#do#)e#t or dereli!tio#*% !essio#% sub.ugatio#% "res!ri"tio#0% erosio#J% re$olutio#% #atural !auses

• DISCOVER8 AND OCCUPATION is a# origi#al

)ode of a!2uisitio# by hi!h territory #otbelo#gi#g to a#y state, or terra nullius, is "la!edu#der the so$ereig#ty of the dis!o$eri#g state%The territory #eed #ot be u#i#habited "ro$ided it!a# be established that the #ati$es are #otsuffi!ie#tly !i$ili9ed a#d !a# be !o#sidered as"ossessi#g #ot the rights of so$ereig#ty but o#lyrightsof habitatio#%

Re/ui&ite&% =1.?Po&&e&&ion =2.?a)*ini&tration

:O"e# seas a#d outer s"a!e are res co$$unes a#d #otsus!e"tible to dis!o$ery a#d o!!u"atio#%

• The INC;OATE TITLE OF DISCOVER8

"erfor)s the fu#!tio# of barri#g other states fro)e#teri#g the territory u#til the la"se of areaso#able "eriod ithi# hi!h the dis!o$eri#gstate )ay establish a settle)e#t thereo# a#d!o))e#!e to ad)i#ister it8

Gis!o$ery alo#e, ithout a#y subse2ue#t a!t, !a##ot at the"rese#t ti)e suffi!e to "ro$e so$ereig#ty o$er the Isla#d ofPal)as, o# ia#gas =I&lan) o' Pal*a& Ca&e?

Title as dee)ed a!2uired by 5ra#!e o$er a# isla#d it had

for)ally !lai)ed but had #e$er ad)i#istered% If a territory,by $irtue of the fa!t that it as !o)"letely u#i#habited, is,fro) the first )o)e#t he# the o!!u"yi#g state )a+es itsa""eara#!e there, at the absolute a#d u#dis"uted"ossessio# of that state, fro) that )o)e#t the ta+i#g of"ossessio# is !o#sidered a!!o)"lished a#d the o!!u"atio#is for)ally !o)"leted =Cli++erton I&lan) Ca&e?.

• DERELICTION 3 territory is lost by dereli!tio#

he# the state e4er!isi#g so$ereig#ty o$er it"hysi!ally ithdras fro) it ith the i#te#tio# ofaba#do#i#g it altogether%

%&o Conditions'a% A!t of ithdraalb% i#te#tio# to aba#do#

• PRESCRIPTION 3 it re2uires lo#g, !o#ti#ued

a#d ad$erse "ossessio# to $est a!2uisiti$e title i#the !lai)a#t% 6ig#ifi!a#tly, hoe$er, there is asyet #o rule i# i#ter#atio#al la fi4i#g the "eriod of

"ossessio# #e!essary to tra#sfer title to the territory fro)the for)er to the subse2ue#t so$ereig#%

• CESSION 3 is a )ethod by hi!h territory is tra#sferred

for) o#e state to a#other by agree)e#t betee# the)%&sale, do#atio#, barter or e4!ha#ge a#d testa)e#tarydis"ositio#(

• SUBU4ATION 3 territory is dee)ed a!2uired by

sub.ugatio# he#, ha$i#g bee# "re$iously !o#2uered oro!!u"ied i# the !ourse of ar by the e#e)y, it is for)allya##e4ed to it at the e#d of that ar%

• ACCRETION 3 is a )ode of a!2uiri#g territory based o#

the "ri#!i"le of accessio cedat principali % It is a!!o)"lishedthrough both #atural or artifi!ial "ro!esses%

a% gradual a#d i)"er!e"tible de"osit of soil o# the !oasts of the!ou#try through the a!tio# of the ater

b% re!la)atio# "ro.e!ts!% for)atio# of isla#ds

6II. CO"PONENTS OF TERRITOR81'% Terre&trial )o*ain 3 la#d )ass*% "ariti*e an) 'lu-ial )o*ain 3 !o#sists of the bodies of ater

ithi# the la#d )ass a#d the aters ad.a!e#t to the !oasts ofthe state u" to a s"e!ified l i)it%

• TERRITORIAL SEA3 )ay be des!ribed as the belt of

aters ad.a!e#t to the !oasts of the state, e4!ludi#g thei#ter#al aters i# bays a#d gulfs, o$er hi!h the state!lai)s so$ereig#ty a#d .urisdi!tio#% Traditio#ally, thebreadth of the territorial sea as re!+o#ed at #auti!al)iles, or a )ari#e league, fro) the lo-ater )ar+%

• CONVENTION ON T;E LAW OF T;E SEA =1>>:? 3 the

#e !o#$e#tio# "ro$ides a)o#g others for a u#ifor)breadth of 12 *ile& for the territorial sea, a !o#tiguous9o#e of '* )iles fro) the outer li)its of the territorial sea,a# e!o#o)i! 9o#e or "atri)o#ial sea e4te#di#g *== )ilesfro) the lo-ater )ar+ of the !oastal state%

• The ARC;IPELA4O DOCTRINE1 Art% ' 6e!% ', '?K

Phili""i#e Co#stitutio# 3 The aters arou#d, betee# a#d!o##e!ti#g the isla#ds of the ar!hi"elago, regardless oftheir breadth a#d di)e#sio#s, for) "art of the i#ter#al

aters of the Phili""i#es%

% T;E AERIAL DO"AIN 3 is the airs"a!e abo$e the terrestrialdo)ai# a#d the )ariti)e a#d flu$ial do)ai# of the state, to a#u#li)ited altitude but #ot i#!ludi#g outer s"a!e%

6III. RI4;T OF INNOCENT PASSA4E%

• PASSA4E )ea#s #a$igatio# through the territorial sea for

the "ur"ose of1'% Tra$ersi#g that sea ithout e#teri#g i#ter#al aters or!alli#g at a roadstead & used for loadi#g, u#loadi#g,a#!hori#g( or "ort fa!ility outside8

*% Pro!eedi#g to or fro) i#ter#al aters as a !all at su!h roadstead

or "ort fa!ility%

• INNOCENT PASSA4E 3 #ot "re.udi!ial to the "ea!e, good

order, or se!urity of the !oastal state%

Passage shall be !o#ti#uous a#d e4"editious% @oe$er, "assagei#!ludes sto""i#g a#d a#!hori#g but o#ly i#sofar as the sa)e arei#!ide#tal to ordi#ary #a$igatio# or are re#dered #e!essary by "orce$ajeure or distress or for the "ur"ose of re#deri#g assista#!e to"erso#s, shi"s, or air!raft i# da#ger or distress%


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6IV. URISDICTION is the authority e4er!ised by a stateo$er "erso#s a#d thi#gs ithi# or so)eti)es outside itsterritory, sub.e!t to !ertai# e4!e"tio#s%

• PERSONAL URISDICTION 3 the "oer

e4er!ised by a state o$er its #atio#als%

• DOCTRINE OF INDELIBLE ALLE4IANCE 3 a

"erso# is #ot alloed to re#ou#!e his #atio#ality%

• T;E STATE CANNOT E6ERCISE

URISDICTION EVEN WIT;IN ITS TERRITOR8OVER%

'% 5oreig# states, heads of states, di"lo)ati!re"rese#tati$es, a#d !o#suls to a !ertai# degree%

*% 5oreig# state "ro"erty, i#!ludi#g e)bassies,!o#sulates, a#d "ubli! $essels e#gaged i# #o#-!o))er!ial a!ti$ities%

% A!ts of state%

% 5oreig# )er!ha#t $essels e4er!isi#g the rights ofi##o!e#t "assage or arri$al u#der stress%

0% 5oreig# ar)ies "assi#g through or statio#ed i# itsterritories ith its "er)issio#

J% 6u!h other "erso#s or "ro"erty, i#!ludi#gorga#i9atio#s li+e the UN, o$er hi!h it )ay, byagree)e#t ai$e .urisdi!tio#%

6V. "ARITI"E AND FLUVIAL URISDICTION

:Ci$il, !ri)i#al a#d ad)i#istrati$e .urisdi!tio# is e4er!isedby the flag state o$er its "ubli! $essels, here$er they )aybe, "ro$ided they are #ot e#gaged i# !o))er!e%

:Regardi#g foreig# )er!ha#t $essels do!+ed i# a lo!al "ortor bay, .urisdi!tio# is e4er!ised o$er the) by the !oastalstate i# !i$il )atters, but !ri)i#al .urisdi!tio# is deter)i#eda!!ordi#g to the E#glish rule or the 5re#!h rule%

• EN4LIS; RULE 3 the !oastal state shall ha$e

.urisdi!tio# o$er all offe#ses !o))itted o# board

o# su!h $essels, e4!e"t o#ly here they do #ot!o)"ro)ise the "ea!e of the "ort & e follo thisrule i# the Phil%(

• FRENC; RULE 3 the flag state shall ha$e

.urisdi!tio# o$er all offe#ses !o))itted o# boardsu!h $essels, e4!e"t o#ly here they!o)"ro)ise the "ea!e of the "ort%

• CONTI4UOUS ONE 3 i# a 9o#e of the high

seas !o#tiguous to its territorial sea, the !oastalstate )ay e4er!ise the !o#trol #e!essary to1

a% Pre$e#t i#fri#ge)e#t of its !usto)s, fis!al,i))igratio# or sa#itary regulatio#s & C 3 5I6 3 R(

ithi# its territory or territorial sea8b% Pu#ish i#fri#ge)e#t of the abo$e regulatio#s ithi# its

territory or territorial sea%

:The !o#tiguous 9o#e also e4te#ds '* )iles, but fro) theouter li)its of the territorial sea%

• T,e CONTINENTAL S;ELF re'er& to%

a% the seabed a#d the subsoil of the sub)ari#e areas ad.a!e#t tothe !oast but outside the area of the territorial sea, to a de"th of*== )eters or, beyo#d that li)it, to here the de"th of thesu"er.a!e#t aters ad)its of the e4"loitatio# of the #aturalresour!es of the said areas8 a#d

b% to the seabed a#d subsoil of si)ilar areas ad.a!e#t to the !oastsof isla#ds%

• The E6CLUSIVE ECONO"IC ONE or the

PATRI"ONIAL SEA, e4te#ds *== #auti!al )iles fro) the!oast or the baseli#es% All li$i#g a#d #o#-li$i#g resour!esfou#d therei# belo#g e4!lusi$ely to the !oastal state%

• The OPEN SEAS or the ,i5, &ea& are res co$$unes a#d

a$ailable for the use of all states for "ur"oses of#a$igatio#, flyi#g o$er the), layi#g sub)ari#e !ables orfishi#g%

:Pirates are e#e)ies of all )a#+i#d a#d )ay be !a"tured o# theo"e# seas by the $essels of a#y state, to hose territory they )ay bebrought for trial a#d "u#ish)e#t%

:U#der the las of #eutrality, the "ubli! $essels or air!raft of abelligere#t state )ay $isit a#d sear!h a#y #eutral )er!ha#t $essel o#the o"e# seas a#d !a"ture it if it is fou#d or sus"e!ted to be e#gagedi# a!ti$ities fa$orable to the other belligere#t%

• DOCTRINE OF ;OT PURSUIT- If a# offe#se is !o))itted

by a foreig# )er!ha#t $essel ithi# the territorial aters ofthe !oastal state,its o# $essels )ay "ursue the offe#di#g$essel i#to the o"e# sea a#d u"o# !a"ture bri#g it ba!+ toits territory for "u#ish)e#t% To be laful, the "ursuit )ustbe begu# before the offe#di#g $essel has left the territorial

aters, or the !o#tiguous 9o#e of the !oastal state ith

res"e!t to $iolatio# of rights e#for!eable thereo#%oreo$er, the "ursuit )ust be !o#ti#uous or u#abated8otherise, it ill be dee)ed to ha$e !ooledF a#d !a# #olo#ger be resu)ed%

6VI. AERIAL URISDICTION

No foreig# air!raft, !i$il or )ilitary, )ay "ass through the aerialdo)ai# a state, ithout its !o#se#t%

6VII. FIVE AIR FREEDO"S1

'% the freedo) to fly a!ross foreig# territory ithout la#di#g8

*% the freedo) to la#d for #o#-traffi! "ur"oses8% the freedo) to "ut do# traffi! origi#ati#g i# the 6tate of the

air!raft8% the freedo) to e)bar+ traffi! desti#ed for the 6tate of the

air!raft80% the freedo) to e)bar+ traffi! desti#ed for or to "ut do# traffi!

origi#ati#g i# a third 6tate%

It is the 6tate of registratio# of the air!raft that has .urisdi!tio# o$eroffe#ses a#d a!ts !o))itted o# board hile it is i# flight or o$er thehigh seas or a#y other area outside the territory of a#y state%

:No ot,er &tate *a( eerci&e uri&)iction o-er &uc, aircra'tece+t w,en%

'% the offe#se has effe!t o# the territory of su!h state8*% the offe#se has bee# !o))itted by or agai#st a #atio#al or

"er)a#e#t reside#t of su!h state8% the offe#se is agai#st the se!urity of su!h state8% the offe#se !o#sists of a brea!h of a#y rules or regulatio#s

relati#g to the flight or )a#eu$er of air!raft i# for!e i# su!h state8


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0% the e4er!ise of .urisdi!tio# is #e!essary to e#sure theobser$a#!e of a#y obligatio# of su!h state u#der a)ultilateral i#ter#atio#al agree)e#t%

6VIII. E6TERRITORIALIT8- refers to the e4e)"tio# of"erso#s a#d "ro"erty fro) the lo!al .urisdi!tio# o# thebasis of i#ter#atio#al !usto)%

6I6. E6TRATERRITORIALIT8- refers to the e4e)"tio#of "erso#s fro) the lo!al .urisdi!tio# o# the basis of treatyor !o#$e#tio#%

PART FIVE

I. WAR- ar)ed !o#te#tio# betee# the "ubli! for!es ofstates or other belligere#t !o))u#ities, i)"lyi#g thee)"loy)e#t of $iole#!e a)o#g the "arties as a )ea#s ofe#for!i#g their res"e!ti$e de)a#ds u"o# ea!h other%

:War )ay also e4ist e$e# ithout the use of for!e as he#a state for)ally refuses to be go$er#ed by the las of

"ea!e i# its relatio#s ith a#other state e$e# if a!tualhostilities ha$e #ot ta+e# "la!e betee# the)%War is outlaed% I# o#ly to i#sta#!es is the used of for!ealloed, to it1'% i# the e4er!ise of the i#here#t right of self-defe#se8*% e#for!e)e#t a!tio# that )ay be de!reed by the

6e!urity Cou#!il%

II. CO""ENCE"ENT OF WAR


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:Belligere#t o!!u"atio# does #ot result i# tra#sfer orsus"e#sio# of the so$ereig#ty of the legiti)ate go$er#)e#talthough it )ay be at the )o)e#t u#able to e4er!ise it%

:Pri$ate "ro"erty of )u#i!i"alities a#d of i#stitutio#sdedi!ated to religio#, !harity a#d edu!atio#, a#d the artsa#d s!ie#!es, e$e# he# state-o#ed, shall be treated as

"ri$ate "ro"erty, a#d their destru!tio# is e4"resslyforbidde#%

• US POSTLI"INIU"- i)"orts the rei#state)e#t

of the authority of the dis"la!ed go$er#)e#to#!e !o#trol of the e#e)y is lost o$er theterritory affe!ted%

VIII. DEFINITION OF TER"S1

'% A FLA4 OF TRUCE- is a hite flag !arried by a#i#di$idual authori9ed by o#e belligere#t to e#ter i#to!o))u#i!atio#s ith the other% The bearer, or

parle$entaire, is e#titled to i#$iolability as lo#g as hedoes #ot ta+e ad$a#tage of his "ri$ileged "ositio# to!o))it a# a!t of trea!hery% @oe$er, the otherbelligere#t is #ot obliged to re!ei$e o flag of tru!e%

*% CARTELS- are agree)e#ts to regulate i#ter!ourseduri#g ar o# su!h )atters as "ostal a#d telegra"hi!!o))u#i!atio#, the re!e"tio# of flags of tru!e, a#d thee4!ha#ge of "riso#ers% A !artel shi" is a $essel saili#gu#der a safe-!o#du!t for the "ur"ose of !arryi#ge4!ha#ged "riso#ers of ar &POWs(%

% PASSPORT- a ritte# "er)issio# gi$e# by the

belligere#t go$er#)e#t or its authori9ed age#t to thesub.e!ts of the e#e)y state to tra$el ge#erally i#belligere#t territory%

% SAFE#CONDUCT- a "ass gi$e# to a# e#e)y sub.e!tor to a# e#e)y $essel alloi#g "assage betee#defi#ed "oi#ts% This is gi$e# either by the belligere#tgo$er#)e#t or by the !o))a#der of the area ithi#

hi!h it is effe!ti$e%

0% SAFE4UARD- a "rote!tio# gra#ted by a !o))a#di#goffi!er either to e#e)y "erso#s or "ro"erty ithi# its!o))a#d%

J% LICENSE TO TRADE- a "er)issio# gi$e# by the!o)"ete#t authority to i#di$iduals to !arry o# tradee$e# though there is a state of ar%

% SUSPENSION OF AR"S- a te)"orary !essatio# ofthe hostilities by agree)e#t of the lo!al !o))a#dersfor su!h "ur"oses as gatheri#g of the ou#ded a#dthe burial of the dead%

K% AR"ISTICE- the sus"e#sio# of all hostilities ithi# a!ertai# area &lo!al( or i# the e#tire regio# of the ar&ge#eral( agreed u"o# by the belligere#t go$er#)e#ts,

usually for the "ur"ose of arra#gi#g the ter)s of the"ea!e%

GI6TINCTION6 BETWEEN ARI6TICE ANG6U6PEN6ION O5 AR61

Ar*i&tice Su&+en&ion o' Ar*&

'% the "ur"ose is "oliti!al '% The "ur"ose is )ilitary

*% )ay be !o#!luded by the!o))a#ders-i#-!hief of the

*% ay be agreed u"o# bythe lo!al !o))a#ders

belligere#t go$er#)e#ts

% it is usually i# riti#g % it )ay be oral

?% CEASE-FIRE a# u#!o#ditio#al sto""age of hostilities by orderof a# i#ter#atio#al body li+e the UN 6e!urity Cou#!il for the"ur"ose of e)"loyi#g "ea!eful )ea#s of settli#g the differe#!esbetee# the belligere#ts%

'=% TRUCE- so)eti)es used i#ter!ha#geably ith ar)isti!e but is#o ge#erally regarded as a !ease-fire ith !o#ditio#s atta!hed%

''% CAPITULATION- the surre#der of )ilitary for!es, "la!es ordistri!ts i# a!!orda#!e ith the rules of )ilitary ho#or%

• CRI"ES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW &e4!er"t fro)

Pri#!i"les of the Nure)berg Charter a#d udg)e#t(1

=a.? Cri*e& a5ain&t +eace

i% "la##i#g, "re"aratio#, i#itiatio# or agi#g ofa ar of aggressio# or a ar i# $iolatio# ofi#ter#atio#al treaties, agree)e#ts orassura#!es8

ii% "arti!i"atio# i# a !o))o# "la# or!o#s"ira!y for the a!!o)"lish)e#t of a#y ofthe a!ts )e#tio#ed u#der &i(%

&b%( War Cri*e& &e%g ill-treat)e#t of POWs, "lu#der of "ri$ateor "ubli! "ro"erty(

&!%( Cri)es agai#st hu)a#ity &e%g% "erse!utio# o# "oliti!al,ra!ial or religious grou#ds(

• Co*+licit( in t,e co**i&&ion o' a& cri*e a5ain&t

+eace! a war cri*e! or a cri*e a5ain&t ,u*anit( i& a cri*e un)er International law.

PART SI6

I. RI4;T OF LE4ATION- right of di"lo)ati! i#ter!ourse

II. ACTIVE RI4;T OF LE4ATION- the right to se#d e#$oys orestablish di"lo)ati! )issio#

III. PASSIVE RI4;T OF LE4ATION- the right to re!ei$e su!he#$oys or )issio#s

:Gi"lo)ati! relatio#s are #or)ally !o#du!ted through the head ofstate, the foreig# se!retary or )i#ister a#d the )e)bers of thedi"lo)ati! ser$i!e%

:The head is the e)bodi)e#t of or at least re"rese#ts theso$ereig#ty of his state% @e is e#titled to !ertai# i))u#ities a#dho#ors befitti#g his status%

:The foreig# se!retary is the i))ediate re"rese#tati$e of thehead ofstate a#d dire!tly u#der his !o#trol as su!h, he !a# )a+e bi#di#g

de!laratio#s o# behalf of his state o# a#y )atter falli#g ithi# hisauthority & e%g% re!og#itio# of states or go$er#)e#ts a#d thesettle)e#t of i#ter#atio#al !lai)s agai#st the state(%

IV. DIPLO"ATIC ENVO8S%

&'%( A)bassadors or #u#!ios a!!redited to heads of state%&*%( E#$oys, )i#isters or i#ter#u#!ios a!!redited to heads of

state%


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&%( Char()s d*a""aires a!!redited to )i#isters forforeig# affairs%

:The di"lo)ati! !or"s is a body !o#sisti#g of the differe#tdi"lo)ati! re"rese#tati$es ho ha$e bee# a!!redited tothe sa)e lo!al or re!ei$i#g state% It is headed by a do+endu corps, ho, by traditio#, is the oldest )e)ber ith thehighest ra#+ or, i# Catholi! !ou#tries, the Pa"al Nu#!io%

The a""oi#t)e#t of di"lo)ats is #ot )erely a )atter of)u#i!i"al la be!ause the re!ei$i#g state is #ot obliged toa!!e"t a#y re"rese#tati$e ho is persona non (rata to it%

• PERSONA NON 4RATA- i# I#ter#atio#al La

a#d di"lo)ati! usage , a "erso# #ot a!!e"table&for reaso#s "e!uliar to hi)self( to the !ourt orgo$er#)e#t to, hi!h it is "ro"osed to a!!redithi) i# the !hara!ter of a# a)bassador or)i#ister%

V. A4REATION- by )ea#s of hi!h i#for)al i#2uiries are

addressed to the re!ei$i#g state regardi#g a "ro"oseddi"lo)ati! re"rese#tati$e of the se#di#g state% It is o#ly

he# the re!ei$i#g state )a#ifests its a(r)$ent or!o#se#t, also i#for)ally, that the di"lo)ati! re"rese#tati$eis a""oi#ted a#d for)ally a!!redited%

• %he envo+ is (enerall+ ar$ed &ith the "ollo&in(

papers'

'% A LETTER OF CREDENCE &lettre de creance(-this gi$es the #a)e of the re"rese#tati$e, hisra#+, the !hara!ter a#d ge#eral ob.e!t of his)issio#8 it also !o#tai#s a re2uest for fa$orable

re!e"tio# a#d full !rede#!e8 it is sealed, but thea)bassador is fur#ished se$eral !arbo# !o"ies&or "hoto!o"ies thereof(%

*% A DIPLO"ATIC PASSPORT &this authori9es histra$el a#d des!ribes both his "erso# a#d hisoffi!e(8

% INSTRUCTIONS- s"e!ial di"lo)ati! age#tsre!ei$e a do!u)e#t of ge#eral full "oers & pleins

pouvoirs( ith authority to #egotiate o#e4traordi#ary or s"e!ial busi#ess8

% CIP;ERCODE SECRET 9E8- &for!o))u#i!atio# ith his !ou#try(%

DIPLO"ATIC FUNCTIONS%

'% Re"rese#ti#g the se#di#g state i# the re!ei$i#gstate%

*% Prote!ti#g i# the re!ei$i#g state the i#terests ofthe se#di#g state a#d its #atio#als%

% Negotiati#g ith the go$er#)e#t of the re!ei$i#gstate%

% As!ertai#i#g by all laful )ea#s !o#ditio#s a#dde$elo")e#ts i# the re!ei$i#g state a#d re"orti#gthereo# to the go$er#)e#t of the se#di#g state%

0% Pro)oti#g frie#dly relatio#s betee# the se#di#ga#d re!ei$i#g states a#d de$elo"i#g theire!o#o)i!, !ultural a#d s!ie#tifi! relatio#s%

VII. DIPLO"ATIC I""UNITIES AND PRIVILE4ES%

1. PERSONAL INVIOLABILIT8- the "erso# of adi"lo)ati! age#t shall be i#$iolable% @e shall #otbe liable to a#y for) of arrest or dete#tio#% There!ei$i#g state shall treat hi) ith due res"e!ta#d shall ta+e all a""ro"riate ste"s to "re$e#ta#y atta!+ o# his "erso#, freedo) or dig#ity%

2. I""UNIT8 FRO" URISDICTION- the iplo$aticConvention "ro$ides1 A di"lo)ati! age#t shall e#.oyi))u#ity fro) the !ri)i#al .urisdi!tio# of the re!ei$i#gstate% @e shall also e#.oy i))u#ity fro) its !i$il a#dad)i#istrati$e .urisdi!tio#, e4!e"t i# the !ase of1

a% a real action relati#g to "ri$ate i))o$able"ro"erty situated i# the territory of the re!ei$i#gstate, u#less he holds it o# behalf of the se#di#g

state for the "ur"oses of the )issio#8b% a# a!tio# relati#g to &ucce&&ion i# hi!h the

di"lo)ati! age#t is i#$ol$ed as e4e!utor,ad)i#istrator, heir or legatee as a "ri$ate "erso#a#d #ot o# behalf of the se#di#g state8

!% a# a!tio# relati#g to a#y +ro'e&&ional orco**ercial acti-it( e4er!ised by the di"lo)ati!age#t i# the re!ei$i#g state outside of his offi!ialfu#!tio#s%

-nder our Constitution, it is the President &ho is e$po&ered toappoint a$/assadors, other pu/lic $inisters and consuls, su/ject tothe consent o" the Co$$ission on Appoint$ents.

-I$$unit+ "ro$ jurisdiction $a+ /e &aived e0pressl+ or i$pliedl+.

:@oe$er, ai$er of i))u#ity fro) .urisdi!tio# i# res"e!t of !i$il orad)i#istrati$e "ro!eedi#gs shall #ot be held to i)"ly ai$er ofi))u#ity i# res"e!t of the e4e!utio# of the .udg)e#t, for hi!h ase"arate ai$er shall be #e!essary%

• It is a re!og#i9ed "ri#!i"le of i#ter#atio#al la a#d u#der

our syste) of se"aratio# of "oers that di"lo)ati!i))u#ity is esse#tially a "oliti!al 2uestio# a#d !ourtsshould refuse to loo+ beyo#d a deter)i#atio# by thee4e!uti$e bra#!h of the go$er#)e#t, a#d here the "lea of

di"lo)ati! i))u#ity is re!og#i9ed a#d affir)ed by thee4e!uti$e bra#!h of the go$er#)e#t, it is the# the duty ofthe !ourts to a!!e"t the !lai) of i))u#ity u"o# a""ro"riatesuggestio# by the "ri#!i"al la offi!er of the go$er#)e#t&Worl) ;ealt, or5ani0ation -&. A/uino!: SCRA 2:2(%

3. INVIOLABILIT8 OF DIPLO"ATIC PRE"ISES

4. INVIOLABILIT8 OF ARC;IVES

. INVIOLABILIT8 OF CO""UNICATION-e$e# thedi"lo)ati! !ourier !arryi#g the di"lo)ati! bag shall be"rote!ted by the re!ei$i#g state i# the "erfor)a#!e of hisfu#!tio#s%

6. E6E"PTION FRO" TESTI"ONIAL DUTIES

7. E6E"PTION FRO" TA6ATION- the di"lo)ati! e#$oy isalso e4e)"t fro) ta4es, !usto)s duties, a#d other dues,sub.e!t to the e4!e"tio# listed i# the iplo$atic Conventiona#d as ell as fro) so!ial se!urity re2uire)e#ts u#der!ertai# !o#ditio#s% @is "erso#al baggage is also free fro)i#s"e!tio# u#less there are serious grou#ds for "resu)i#gthat it !o#tai#s arti!les #ot e4e)"t fro) !usto)s duties or#ot ad)issible i#to the re!ei$i#g state%

8. OT;ER PRIVILE4ES

&a%( freedo) of )o$e)e#t a#d tra$el i# its territory&b%( e4e)"tio# fro) "erso#al ser$i!es , "ubli! ser$i!es a#d fro))ilitary obligatio# &!%( the right to use the flag a#d e)ble) of the se#di#g state o# the"re)ises of the )issio#

VIII. AS8LU"- the right of asylu)F is the authority of a 6tate toallo a# alie# ho has sought refuge fro) "rose!utio# or"erse!utio# to re)ai# ithi# the territory a#d u#der its "rote!tio#%


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%here are t&o2! species o" as+lu$'

'% territorial a&(lu*- refuge ithi# the territory ofthe shetteri#g state8 the "rote!tio# hi!h arefugee obtai#s by es!a"i#g to, or re)ai#i#gu"o#, the territory of a 6tate other that the statethat a#tsF hi), u#til the "rote!tio# is ter)i#atedby his e4traditio#%

*% eterritorial a&(lu*- asylu) i# hat are!o#sidered the e4te#sio#sF of a state7s territory%This i#!ludes1

a% asylu) i# foreig# "ubli! shi"s8b% di"lo)ati! asylu)- the "rote!tio#

afforded by a 6tate to a refugee bygra#ti#g hi) a# asylu) i# or u"o# itsdi"lo)ati! buildi#gs ithi# the territoryof the 6tate that a#ts hi)%

• The doctrine on as+lu$ )ay be su))ari9ed i#

the folloi#g )a##er1

'% ith refere#!e to territorial asylu) the right of astate to gra#t asylu) ithi# its territory e4istso#ly he# it is so sti"ulated i# a treaty or he# itis .ustified by established usage% Of !ourse,should a state rely o# its territorial su"re)a!yF it!a# alays .ustify the gra#t%

*% With refere#!e to di"lo)ati! asylu)- asylu) )aybe gra#ted o#ly if1

A% there is a treaty gra#ti#g this right8B% established usage allos it but this

should be !o#fi#ed ithi# its #arroestli)itsF

C% he# the life, "erso#, or liberty of thei#di$idual see+i#g is threate#ed byi))i#e#t $iole#!e8 it is u#derstood thatasylu) should be te)"orary a#dshould e4ist o#ly for the duratio# of thee)erge#!y%

6. TER"INATION OF DIPLO"ATIC "ISSION%

'% Usual )ethods1*% death% resig#atio#% re)o$al0% abolitio# of the offi!e,et!%

:U#der I#ter#atio#al La, the )ore i)"orta#t )odes arerecall a#d )i&*i&&al%

6I. CONSULS1

Con&ul& are state age#ts residi#g abroad for $arious"ur"oses but )ai#ly i# the i#terest of !o))er!e a#d#a$igatio#%

6II. 2 9INDS OF CONSULS%

'% Consules $issi - "rofessio#al or !areer !o#suls ho are #atio#als of the a""oi#ti#g state a#d arere2uired to de$ote their full ti)e to the dis!hargeof their !o#sular duties%

*% Consules electi - they )ay or )ay #ot be#atio#als of the a""oi#ti#g state a#d "erfor)their !o#sular fu#!tio#s o#ly i# additio# to theirregular !alli#gs%

:@eads of !o#sular "osts are !lassified a!!ordi#g to i)"orta#!e i#to1'% !o#sul-ge#eral*% !o#sul% $i!e-!o#sul% !o#sular age#t

:Co#suls deri$e their authority fro) * "ri#!i"al sour!es1

'% LETTER PATENT or lettre de provision 3 the !o))issio#issued by the se#di#g state%

*% E6E$UATUR-the authority gi$e# to the) by the re!ei$i#gstate to e4er!ise their duties therei#%

The se$era#!e of di"lo)ati! relatio#s shall #ot i"so fa!to i#$ol$e these$era#!e of !o#sular relatio#s a#d $i!e $ersa%

6III. FUNCTIONS OF CONSULS%

&'%( "ro)ote the !o))er!ial i#terests of their !ou#try i# the re!ei$i#gstate a#d to obser$e !o))er!ial tre#ds a#d de$elo")e#ts therei#

for re"ort to their ho)e go$er#)e#t%

&*%( They also "erfor) duties relati#g to #a$igatio#, su!h as $isiti#ga#d i#s"e!ti#g $essels of their o# states hi!h )ay be i# the!o#sular distri!t, e4er!isi#g a )easure of su"er$isio# o$er su!h$essels, ad.usti#g )atters "ertai#i#g to their i#ter#al order a#ddis!i"li#e, as ell as $isiti#g a#d i#s"e!ti#g foreig# $essels desti#edfor a "ort of the se#di#g state%

&%( Co#suls are also e)"oered to issue "ass"orts to #atio#als ofthe se#di#g state, to issue do!u)e#ts relati#g to e#try i#to a#dtra$el ithi# the territory of the se#di#g state, a#d to $isa i#$oi!esa#d !ertifi!ates of origi# of goods desti#ed for the territory of that

state, a#d to $isa i#$oi!es a#d !ertifi!ates of origi# of goods desti#edfor the territory of that state%

&%( It is li+eise the res"o#sibility of !o#suls to loo+ after thei#terests of fello #atio#als a#d to e4te#d the) offi!ial assista#!e

he#e$er #eeded%

6IV. I""UNITIES G PRIVILE4ES%'% Co#suls ha$e a right to offi!ial !o))u#i!atio#

*% Co#suls also e#.oy i#$iolability of their ar!hi$es%

% Co#suls are e4e)"t fro) the lo!al .urisdi!tio# for !ri)es!o))itted by the) i# the dis!harge of their offi!ialfu#!tio#s% But ith regard to other offe#ses, they are fullysub.e!t to the lo!al la a#d )ay be arrested, "rose!uteda#d "u#ished i# "ro"er "ro!eedi#gs%

% Ci$il suits )ay be i#stituted agai#st !o#suls i# their"erso#al or "ri$ate !a"a!ity but #ot i# )atters !o##e!ted

ith their offi!ial duties%

0% Co#suls are also ge#erally e4e)"ted fro) ta4atio#,!usto)s duties, ser$i!e i# the )ilitia, a#d so!ial se!urityrules%

6V. TER"INATION OF CONSULAR "ISSION%

1. re*o-al2. re&i5nation3. )eat,:. e+iration o' t,e ter*H. outbrea o' war between t,e &en)in5 an) recei-in5

&tate. wit,)rawal o' t,e ee/uatur

:I# the e$e#t of ar, the !o#sulate is !losed a#d the ar!hi$es aresealed a#d left i# the !ustody of a !areta+er, usually a !o#sul fro) a


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#eutral state% The !o#sul fro) the belligere#t state isalloed to de"art for his o# !ou#try as soo# as "ossiblea#d o u##e!essary )olestatio#%

6VI. DIPLO"ATIC PROTOCOL 3 the totality of #or)sa#d rules hi!h deter)i#e the e4ter#al for)s of relatio#sbetee# states, of di"lo)ati! i#ter!ourse8 it is a "oliti!ali#stru)e#t of di"lo)a!y a#d !reates a fra)eor+ ithi#

hi!h a di"lo)ati! a!ti$ities are reali9ed%

PART SEVEN

I. TREAT8 3 a for)al agree)e#t, usually but #ot#e!essarily i# riti#g, hi!h is e#tered i#to by states ore#tities "ossessi#g the treaty-)a+i#g !a"a!ity, for the"ur"ose of regulati#g their )utual relatio#s u#der the laof #atio#s%

II. A# E6ECUTIVE A4REE"ENT is #ot a treaty i#sofar

as the !o#!urre#!e thereto of the 6e#ate is #ot re2uiredu#der our Co#stitutio#% @oe$er, the disti#!tio# is "urely)u#i!i"al a#d has #o i#ter#atio#al sig#ifi!a#!e% 5ro) the$ie"oi#t of i#ter#atio#al la, treati&e an) eecuti-ea5ree*ent& are alie in t,at bot, con&titute e/uall(bin)in5 obli5ation& u+on t,e nation%F

• Variou& a++ellation& ,a-e been 5i-en to

@treatie&%

'% PACT 7 a s"e!ial treaty hi!h is for)allyse#ti)e#tal8

*% CONVENTION 3 this is )ore or less a# i#for)altreaty deali#g ith s"e!ifi! sub.e!ts1 so)eti)es itdoes #ot e$e# re2uire ratifi!atio#8

% A4REE"ENTF ARRAN4E"ENTF ACCORDF3 !o#$e#tio#s o# ad)i#istrati$e or te!h#i!al)atters8

% CONCORDATSF 3 agree)e#t e#tered i#to bythe Po"e &as head of the !hur!h( ith $arious!hiefs of 6tates8

0% DECLARATIONS 3 these are for)al re!i"ro!alagree)e#ts hi!h )ay deal ith1

a( the rights a#d "ri$ileges of the #atio#alof a state8

b( "ri#!i"les i# a!!orda#!e ith hi!hstates "ro"ose to a!t or

!( grou#ds for )utual a!tio# o# the "art ofstates%

J. PROTOCOL 3 this )ay refer either to asu""le)e#tal treaty or to a# a)e#d)e#t to a treaty

III. FUNCTIONS OF TREATIES1'% Treaties e#able "arties to settle fi#ally a!tual a#d

"ote#tial !o#fli!ts%

*% Treaties )a+e it "ossible for the "arties to )odifythe rules of i#ter#atio#al !usto)ary la by)ea#s of o"tio#al "ri#!i"les or sta#dards%

% They )ay lead to a tra#sfor)atio# ofu#orga#i9ed i#ter#atio#al so!iety i#to o#e hi!h)ay be orga#i9ed o# a#y !hose# le$el of so!iali#tegratio#%

% They fre2ue#tly "ro$ide the hu)us for the groth ofi#ter#atio#al !usto)ary la%

IV. ESSENTIAL RE$UISITES OF A VALID TREAT8%To be $alid, a treaty )ust1

'% be e#tered i#to by "arties ith the treaty 3 )a+i#g!a"a!ity8

*% through their authori9ed re"rese#tati$es8

% ithout the atte#da#!e of duress, fraud, )ista+e or other$i!e of !o#se#t8

% o# a#y laful sub.e!t 3 )atter80% i# a!!orda#!e ith their res"e!ti$e !o#stitutio#al "ro!esses

The Co#stitutio# of the Phili""i#es authori9es the Preside#t to )a+etreaties, sub.e!t to the !o#!urre#!e of to-thirds of all the )e)bersof the 6e#ate%

V. TREAT8 7 "A9IN4 PROCESS1

'% Ne5otiation - it is a sta#dard "ra!ti!e for o#e of the "artiesto sub)it a draft of the "ro"osed treaty, hi!h, together

ith the !ou#ter 3"ro"osals, be!o)es the basis of thesubse2ue#t #egotiatio#s%

*% If a#d he# the #egotiators fi#ally agree o# the ter)s ofthe treaty, the sa)e is o"e#ed for &i5nature%

% Rati'ication - is the for)al a!t by hi!h a state !o#fir)sa#d a!!e"ts the "ro$isio#s of a treaty !o#!luded by itsre"rese#tati$es%

- a# u#ratified treaty !a##ot be a sour!e ofobligatio#s betee# the "arties%

% E4!ha#ge of the i#stru)e#ts of ratifi!atio# or de"osit ith

the go$er#)e#t of o#e of the !o#tra!ti#g "arties or ith a#orga# of a# i#ter#atio#al orga#i9atio#%

0% Re5i&tration ith, a#d "ubli!atio# by the 6e!retariat ofthe U#ited Natio#s%


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• PACTA SUNT SERVANDA 3 "erfor)a#!e i#

good faith of treaty obligatio#s

:The so$ereig#ty of a state therefore !a##ot i# fa!t a#d i#reality be !o#sidered absolute% Certai# restri!tio#s e#teri#to the "i!ture1

'% li)itatio#s i)"osed by the $ery #ature of)e)bershi" i# the fa)ily of #atio#s8

*% li)itatio#s i)"osed by treaty sti"ulatio#s%

• REBUS SIC STANTIBUS 3 t he

do!tri#e !o#stitutes a# atte)"t tofor)ulate a legal "ri#!i"le hi!h ould

.ustify #o#-"erfor)a#!e of a treatyobligatio# if the !o#ditio#s ith relatio#to hi!h the "arties !o#tra!ted ha$e!ha#ged so )aterial ly a#d sou#e4"e!tedly as to !reate a situatio# i#

hi!h the e4a!tio# of "erfor)a#!e ould be u#reaso#able%

:The do!tri#e is sub.e!t to the folloi#g li)itatio#s1'% it a""lies o#ly to treaties of i#defi#ite duratio#8

*% the $ital !ha#ge )ust ha$e bee# u#foresee# oru#foreseeable a#d should #ot ha$e bee# !ausedby the "arty i#$o+i#g the do!tri#e8

% the do!tri#e )ust be i#$o+ed ithi# areaso#able ti)e8 a#d

% it !a##ot o"erate retroa!ti$ely u"o# the"ro$isio#s of the treaty already e4e!uted "rior to

the !ha#ge of !ir!u)sta#!es%

I6. TER"INATION OF TREATIES% A treaty )ay be ter)i#ated i# a#y of the folloi#g ays1

&'( By e+iration o' t,e ter*, hi!h )ay be fi4ed orsub.e!t to a resolutory !o#ditio#%

&*( By acco*+li&,*ent o' t,e +ur+o&e

&( By I)"ossibility of "erfor)a#!e%

&( By lo&& o' t,e &ubect#*atter.

&0( By )e&i&tance o' t,e +artie&, through e4"ress )utual!o#se#t8 desuetude, or the e4er!ise of the right ofde#u#!iatio# &or ithdraal(, he# alloed%

&J( By no-ation.

&( By etinction o' one o' t,e +artie& i' t,e treat( i&bi+artite%

&K( By $ital !ha#ge of !ir!u)sta#!e u#der the do!tri#e ofrebus sic stantibus.

&?( By outbrea o' war betee# the "arties i# )ost !ases,sa$e s"e!ifi!ally the# the treaty as i#te#ded to regulatethe !o#du!t of the sig#atories duri#g the hostilities, or to!ede territory, or to fi4 bou#daries% As held i# Te!ht $%@udges, "ro$isio#s of a treaty !o)"atible ith a state ofhostilities, u#less e4"ressly ter)i#ated, ill be e#for!ed,a#d those i#!o)"atible re.e!ted.

&'=(By -oi)ance of the treaty be!ause of defe!ts i# its !o#!lusio#,$iolatio# of its "ro$isio#s by o#e of the "arties, or i#!o)"atibility ithi#ter#atio#al la or the U%N% Charter%

PART VIII

I. NATIONALIT8 3 )e)bershi" i# a "oliti!al !o))u#ity ith all its!o#!o)ita#t rights a#d obligatio#s

A# i#di$idual a!2uires the #atio#ality of the state here he is bor# jure soli or the #atio#ality of his "are#ts jure san(uinis%

II. NATURALIATION 3 is a "ro!ess by hi!h a foreig#er a!2uires,$olu#tarily or by o"eratio# of la, the #atio#ality of a#other state%

III. LOSS OF NATIONALIT8%A%oluntar+ 1

'% re#u#!iatio#*% re2uest for release

B% Involuntar+ 1'% forfeiture as a result of so)e dis2ualifi!atio# or "rohibited

a!t li+e e#list)e#t i# a foreig# ar)y*% substitutio# of o#e #atio#ality for a#other folloi#g a

!ha#ge of so$ereig#ty

• a!ue Con"ention o# $%3& on t'e Con#(ict o#

Nationa(it) *a+s'Art. 1 3 It is "or each state to deter$ine under its la&s &ho are itsnationals. Art. H &ithin a third state, a person havin( $ore than one

nationalit+ shall /e treated as i" he had onl+ one.

IV. STATELESSNESS 3 is the !o#ditio# or status of a# i#di$idual ho is bor# ithout a#y #atio#ality or ho loses his #atio#ality ithout retai#i#g or a!2uiri#g a#other%

A stateless i#di$idual is, fro) the traditio#al $ie"oi#t,"oerless to assert a#y right that otherise ould be a$ailable tohi) u#der i#ter#atio#al la here he is a #atio#al of a "arti!ularstate% A#y ro#g suffered by hi) through the a!t of o)issio# of astate ould be ,a-nu- absue in/uria for i# theory #o other statehad bee# offe#ded a#d #o i#ter#atio#al deli#2ue#!y !o))itted as aresult of the da)age !aused u"o# hi)%

It as i# $ie of this diffi!ulty that the @ague Co#$e#tio# of

'?= ado"ted rules to a$oid the !o#ditio# of stateless#ess a#d all itsatte#da#t i#!o#$e#ie#!es% Briefly stated, these rules ould !o#ditio#loss of #atio#ality by a# i#di$idual u"o# his rete#tio# or a!2uisitio# ofa#other #atio#ality, hether su!h loss be by e4"atriatio#,#aturali9atio# as to the ife a#d )i#or !hildre# or ado"tio#%

V. DOCTRINE OF STATE RESPONSIBILIT8 3 u#der this do!tri#e,a state )ay be held res"o#sible for1 &a%( a# i#ter#atio#al deli#2ue#!y&b%( dire!tly or i#dire!tly i)"utable to it &!%(hi!h !auses i#.ury to the#atio#al of a#other state% Liability ill atta!h to the state here itstreat)e#t of the alie# falls belo the i#ter#atio#al sta#dard of .usti!e%Or here it is re)iss i# a!!ordi#g hi) the "rote!tio# or redress thatis arra#ted by the !ir!u)sta#!es%

VI. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF USTICE 3 the sta#dard ofthe reaso#able state, that is, as referri#g to the ordi#ary to theordi#ary #or)s of offi!ial !o#du!t obser$ed i# !i$ili9ed .urisdi!tio#s%

But e$e# assu)i#g the liability of the state for a# i#ter#atio#aldeli#2ue#!y, its e#for!e)e#t !a##ot be !lai)ed by the i#.uredforeig#er u#less he first e4hausts all a$ailable lo!al re)edies for the"rote!tio# or $i#di!atio# of his rights%


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VII. ENFORCE"ENT OF CLAI"%A# i#ter#atio#al !lai) for da)ages )ay be resol$edthrough1

1. ne5otiation2. 5oo) o''ice&3. arbritation:. u)icial &ettle*entH. war

6u!h re"aratio# )ay ta+e the for) of11. re&titution2. &ati&'action or co*+en&ation3. re&toration or re+lace*ent o' t,e obect o'

t,e o''en&e:. 'or*al a+olo5( b( t,e )elin/uent &tateH. +a(*ent o' )a*a5e&

• CALVO CLAUSE 3 this is a sti"ulatio#

by hi!h the alie# ai$es or restri!tshis right to a""eal to his o# state i#

!o##e!tio# ith a#y !lai) arisi#g fro)the !o#tra!t a#d agrees to li)it hi)selfto the re)edies a$ailable u#der thelas of the lo!al state

nited States 4orth A$erican red(in( Co.! v. 5e0ico'$% Un)er t,e rule& o' international law! *a( an! alienlaw'ull( *ae &uc, a +ro*i&e =a& i& e*bo)ie) in t,eCal-o clau&e?

A% The Co))issio# holds that he )ay, but at the sa)eti)e holds that he !a##ot de"ri$e the go$er#)e#t of his#atio# of its u#doubted right of a""lyi#g i#ter#atio#al

re)edies to $iolatio#s of i#ter#atio#al la !o))itted to hisda)age% 6u!h go$er#)e#t fre2ue#tly has a larger i#teresti# )ai#tai#i#g the "ri#!i"les of i#ter#atio#al la tha# i#re!o$eri#g da)age for o#e of its !iti9e#s i# a "arti!ular!ase, a#d )a#ifestly su!h !iti9e# !a##ot by !o#tra!t tie i#this res"e!t the ha#ds of his go$er#)e#t%

VIII. DEPORTATION 3 re)o$al of a# alie# out of !ou#try,si)"ly be!ause his "rese#!e is dee)ed i#!o#siste#t iththe "ubli! elfare, a#d ithout a#y "u#ish)e#t bei#gi)"osed or !o#te)"lated either u#der the las of the!ou#try out of hi!h he is se#t, or u#der those of the!ou#try to hi!h he is ta+e#%

I6. E6CLUSION 3 de#ial of e#try to a# alie#

6. E6TRADITION 3 is the surre#der of a "erso# byo#e state to a#other state here he is a#ted for"rose!utio# or, if already !o#$i!ted for "u#ish)e#t%

6I. DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN E6TRADITION ANDDEPORTATION%

Etra)ition De+ortation

'% affe!ted at the re2uest ofthe state of #atio#

'% u#ilateral a!t of the lo!alstate

*% it is based o# offe#sesge#erally !o))itted i# the

state of origi#*% based o# !auses arisi#g

i# the lo!al state%

% !alls for the retur# of thefugiti$e to the state of origi#

% a# u#desirable alie# )aybe de"orted to a state othertha# his o# or the state of

origi#%

The e4traditio# of a "erso# is re2uired o#ly if there is atreaty betee# the state of refuge a#d the state of origi#% I#the abse#!e of su!h a treaty, the lo!al state has e$ery right

to gra#t asylu) to the fugiti$e a#d to refuse to deli$er hi) ba!+ to thelatter state e$e# if he is its #atio#al%

6II. FUNDA"ENTAL PRINCIPLES OF E6TRADITION1'% E4traditio# is based o# the !o#se#t of the state of asylu)

as e4"ressed i# a treaty or )a#ifested as a# a!t ofgoodill%

*% U#der the "ri#!i"le of s"e!ialty, a fugiti$e ho is e4tradited)ay be tried o#ly for the !ri)e s"e!ified i# the re2uest fore4traditio# a#d i#!luded i# the list of offe#ses i# thee4traditio# treaty%

If he is !harged ith a#y other offe#se !o))itted before hises!a"e, the state of refuge - a#d #ot the a!!used 3 has a right toob.e!t8 Ne$ertheless, the "rose!utio# ill be alloed if the e4traditi#gstate agrees or does #ot !o)"lai#%

3. A#y "erso# )ay be e4tradited, hether he be a #atio#al ofthe re2uesti#g state, of the state of refuge or of a#otherstate% The "ra!ti!e of )a#y states #o, hoe$er, is #ot to

e4tradite their o# #atio#als but to "u#ish the) u#der theiro# las i# a!!orda#!e ith the #atio#ality "ri#!i"le of!ri)i#al .urisdi!tio#.

% Politi!al a#d religious offe#ders are ge#erally #ot sub.e!t toe4traditio#%

I# order to !o#stitute a# offe#se of a "oliti!al !hara!ter,there )ust be to or )ore "arties i# the state, ea!hsee+i#g to i)"ose the go$er#)e#t of their o# !hoi!e o#the other%

• U#der the attentat clau&e, the )urder of the

head of state or a#y )e)ber of his fa)ily is #otto be regarded as a "oliti!al offe#se for "ur"osesof e4traditio#% De#o!ide is #ot a "oliti!al offe#se%

• The !ri)e of 5enoci)e !o#sists of a#y

of the folloi#g a!ts, !o))itted ithi#te#t to destroy, i# hole or i# "art,a #atio#al, eth#i!al, ra!ial or

religious grou" as su!h1

=1?9illin5 *e*ber& o' t,e 5rou+

=2?Cau&in5 &eriou& bo)il( or *ental

,ar* to *e*ber& o' t,e 5rou+.

=3?Deliberatel( in'lictin5 on t,e 5rou+ con)ition& o' li'e calculate) to

brin5 about it& +,(&ical )e&truction in w,ole or in +art.

=:?I*+o&in5 *ea&ure& inten)e) to +re-ent birt,& wit,in t,e 5rou+

=H?Forcibl( tran&'errin5 c,il)ren o' t,e 5rou+ to anot,er 5rou+.

0% I# the abse#!e of s"e!ial agree)e#t, the offe#se )ustha$e bee# !o))itted ithi# the territory or agai#st thei#terests of the de)a#di#g state%

J% The a!t for hi!h the e4traditio# is sought )ust be"u#ishable i# both the re2uesti#g a#d re2uested statesu#der hat is +#o# as the rule of double !ri)i#ality%

6III. PROCEDURE OF E6TRADITION%


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1. a re2uest for his e4traditio# is "rese#tedthrough di"lo)ati! !ha##els-this re2uest ill bea!!o)"a#ied by the #e!essary "a"ers relati$eto the ide#tity of the a#ted "erso# a#dthe !ri)e he is alleged to ha$e !o))itted or of

hi!h he has already bee# !o#$i!ted% :U"o# a re!ei"t of this re2uest, the state of refuge ill

!o#du!t a .udi!ial i#$estigatio# to as!ertai# if the !ri)e id!o$ered by the e4traditio# treaty a#d if there is a "ri)afa!ie !ase agai#st the fugiti$e a!!ordi#g to its o# las% Ifthere is, a arra#t of surre#der ill be dra# a#d thefugiti$e ill be deli$ered to the state of origi#%

The 6u"re)e Court sustai#ed the de)a#d of a "erso# tobe i#for)ed of the details of the !ri)es i)"uted to hi) i# are2uest for his e4traditio# by the U6 go$er#)e#t% The6e!retary of usti!e had re.e!ted that de)a#d o# thegrou#d that it as "re)ature be!ause the Phil%Do$er#)e#t as still e$aluati#g the A)eri!a# re2uest a#d#o !o)"lai#t for e4traditio# had as yet bee# filed agai#st

the "erso#% The Court held, hoe$er, that u#der the due"ro!ess !lause the i#fo% sought !ould #ot be ithheld e$e#at that te#tati$e stage =Secretar( o' u&tice -&. Secretar(Lantion 4R 13>:H! an. 1! 2JJ1?.

PART NINE

I. INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE 3 a# a!tual disagree)e#tbetee# states regardi#g the !o#du!t to be ta+e# by o#e ofthe) for the "rote!tio# or $i#di!atio# of the i#terests of theother state%

II. SITUATION3 i#itial stage of a dis"ute

:A dis"ute is le5al if it i#$ol$es .usti!iable rights based o#la or fa!t sus!e"tible of ad.udi!atio# by a .udi!ial orarbitral tribu#al%

:It is +olitical if it !a##ot be de!ided by legal "ro!esses o#the basis of the substa#ti$e rules of i#ter#atio#al labe!ause the differe#!es of the "arties s"ri#g fro)a#i)osities i# their )utual attitudes rather tha# a#tago#is)of legal rights% The solutio# to su!h a dis"ute lies #ot i# the!ou#!ils of the !ourts but i# the !orridors of di"lo)a!y%

:Gis"utes are re2uired to be settled, !o#for)ably to o#e ofthe basi! "ri#!i"les of the UN, Fby "ea!eful )ea#s i# su!h)a##ers that i#ter#atio#al "ea!e a#d se!urity, a#d .usti!e,are #ot e#da#gered%FThe .urisdi!tio# of the I#ter#atio#al Court of usti!e is #otge#eral or obligatory8 its !o)"ete#!e to a!t is de"e#de#to# the !o#se#t of the "arties i#$ol$ed%

III. T;E A"ICABLE "ET;ODS OF SETTLIN4DISPUTES ARE%=4IN "AC R.?

1. 5oo) o''ice&2. in/uir(

3. ne5otiation:. *e)iationH. arbitration. conciliationK. u)icial &ettle*ent. re&ort to re5ional an) international

or5ani0ation&

E4!e"t for #egotiatio#, they all i#$ol$e the "arti!i"atio# of a third"arty, su!h as a state or a "restigious states)a# or .urist%

'% NE4OTIATION3 the dis!ussio# u#derta+e# by the "artiesthe)sel$es of their res"e!ti$e !lai)s a#d !ou#ter!lai)s

ith a $ie to their .ust a#d orderly ad.ust)e#t%

*% IN$UIR8 3 a# i#$estigatio# of the "oi#ts i# 2uestio#, o#

the theory that their elu!idatio# ill !o#tribute to thesolutio# of the differe#!es betee# the "arties% Thefi#di#gs of the "arty )a+i#g the i#2uiry are #ot !o#!lusi$eu"o# the dis"uti#g states but they #e$ertheless )ay e4erta stro#g )oral i#flue#!e i# the settle)e#t of the !o#fli!t%

% 4OOD OFFICES 3 a )ethod by hi!h a third "artyatte)"ts to bri#g the dis"uti#g states together i# order toe#able the) to dis!uss the issues i# !o#te#tio# a#d arri$eat a# agree)e#t

% "EDIATION 3 a third "arty does #ot )erely "ro$ide theo""ortu#ity for the a#tago#ists to #egotiate but also

a!ti$ely "arti!i"ates i# their dis!ussio#s i# order tore!o#!ile their !o#fli!ti#g !lai)s a#d a""ease their feeli#gsof rese#t)e#t% The suggestio#s of the )ediator are )erely"ersuasi$e, hoe$er, a#d )ay be re.e!ted ithout offe#seby the "arties to the dis"ute%

0% CONCILIATION 3 !alls for the a!ti$e "arti!i"atio# of a third"arty i# the atte)"t of the dis"uta#t to settle their !o#fli!t,a#d the re!o))e#datio#s )ade by it are li+eise #otbi#di#g% But u#li+e i# )ediatio#, the ser$i!es of the!o#!iliatio# are #ot offered by the third "arty but soli!ited bythe "arties i# dis"ute%

J% ARBITRATION 3 the solutio# of a dis"ute by a# i)"artialthird "arty, usually a tribu#al !reated by the "artiesthe)sel$es% The "ro!eedi#gs are esse#tially .udi!ial a#dthe aard is, by "re$ious agree)e#t, bi#di#g o# the "artiesto the dis"ute%

% UDICIAL SETTLE"ENT 3 substa#tially si)ilar toarbitratio#% @oe$er, arbitratio# a#d .udi!ial settle)e#tdiffer i# the folloi#g "oi#ts

Arbitrationu)icial

Settle*ent

'% The arbitral tribu#al isa# ad ho! body !reated

a#d filled by the "arties tothe dis"ute the)sel$es

'% the .udi!ial tribu#alis, ge#erally s"ea+i#g,

a "re-e4isti#g a#d"er)a#e#t body

*% sub)issio# toarbitratio# is $olu#tary

*% .urisdi!tio# is!o)"ulsary

% I# substitutio#"ro!eedi#gs the la )aybe li)ited by the "arties

% the la a""lied bythe tribu#al is

i#de"e#de#t of the illof the "arties

. A#other "ea!eful )ethod of settli#g dis"utes is a!tio# by

regio#al orga#i9atio#s, hi!h )ay be resorted to by the"arties o# their o# $olitio# or ta+e# by the body itself at itso# i#sta#!e if alloed by agree)e#t of the )e)bers.


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Council. Parent,eticall(! it &,oul) be note)t,at t,e ei&tence o' t,e&e a5encie& will NOT+re-ent t,e Securit( Council 'ro* it&el'in-e&ti5atin5 an) &ettin5 t,e&e )i&+ute&.

IV. ;OSTILE "ET;ODS%'% retorsio#s*% re"risals

% i#ter$e#tio#• RETORSION 3 a#y a!tio# ta+e# i# retaliatio#

here the a!ts !o)"lai#t of do #ot !o#stitute alegal grou#d of offe#se but are rather i# the#ature of u#frie#dly a!ts but i#dire!tly hurtful toother states% The a!t of retaliatio# is alsou#frie#dly but #ot illegal a#d )ay be i# +i#d or ofa differe#t #ature tha# the a!t that "ro$o+ed it%

e%g% se$era#!e of di"lo)ati! or !o#sularrelatio#s

• REPRISALS# are arts of self-hel" o# the "art of

the i#.ured state, res"o#di#g after a# u#satisfied

de)a#d to a# a!t !o#trary to i#ter#atio#al la o#the "art of the offe#di#g state% &e%g% dis"lay offor!e, o!!u"atio# of territory, e)bargo a#d "a!ifi!blo!+ade(

• E"BAR4O # dete#tio# by the state see+i#g

redress of the $essels of the offe#di#g state or its#atio#als, hether su!h $essels are for)ed i#the territory of the for)er or the high seas%

:The 6e!urity Cou#!il shall ha$e .urisdi!tio# to i#ter$e#e i#1'% all dis"utes affe!ti#g i#ter#atio#al "ea!e a#d

se!urity all dis"utes hi!h, although !o)i#g

u#der the )o*e&tic uri&)iction clau&eF, ha$ebee# sub)itted to it by the "arties for settle)e#t%6u!h dis"utes )ay be brought to it by1

A% The 6e!urity Cou#!il itself, o# its o# )otio#%B% The De#eral Asse)blyC% The 6e!retary-De#eralG% A#y )e)ber of the UNE% A#y "arty to the dis"ute, "ro$ided that i# the !ase of#o#-)e)bers of the UN, they should a!!e"t i# ad$a#!e,for the "ur"ose of the dis"ute, the obligatio#s of "a!ifi!settle)e#t u#der the !harter.

• UNITIN4 FOR PEACE RESOLUTION =1>HJ?- it

"ro$ides that if the 6e!urity Cou#!il, be!ause ofla!+ of u#a#i)ity of the "er)a#e#t )e)bers,fails to e4er!ise its "ri)ary res"o#sibility for the)ai#te#a#!e of "ea!e a#d se!urity i# a#y !ase

here there a""ears to be threat to the "ea!e,brea!h of "ea!e, or a!t of aggressio#, theDe#eral Asse)bly shall !o#sider the )atteri))ediately%

PART TEN

I. A state is said to be #eutral if it does #ot ta+e "art,

dire!tly or i#dire!tly, i# a ar betee# other states%

II. DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN NEUTRALIT8 ANDNEUTRALIATION%

Neutralit( Neutrali0ation

'% de"e#de#t solely o#the attitude of the

#eutral state, hi!h isfree to .oi# a#y

belligere#t a#y ti)e itsees fit

'% it is the result of atreaty herei# theduratio# a#d other!o#ditio#s of the

#eutrali9atio# !o#ditio#sare agreed u"o# by the#eutrali9ed state a#d

other "oers%

*% Neutrality is go$er#edby the ge#eral la of

#atio#s

*% the agree)e#tgo$er#s the !o#du!t of

the sig#atories

% Neutrality obtai#so#ly duri#g ar

% it is i#te#ded too"erate i# ti)e

% O#ly states )aybe!o)e #eutral

% "ortio#s of states, li+eisla#ds, ri$ers a#d

!a#als, )ay be#eutrali9ed

II. RELATIONS OF BELLI4ERENT STATES AND NEUTRAL

STATES%'% A #eutral state has the right a#d duty to abstai# fro) ta+i#g

"art i# the hostilities a#d fro) gi$i#g assista#!e to eitherbelligere#t8

*% to "re$e#t its territory a#d other resour!es fro) bei#g usedi# the !o#du!t of hostilities by the belligere#ts8

% to a!2uies!e i# !ertai# restri!tio# a#d li)itatio#s that thebelligere#ts )ay fi#d #e!essary to i)"ose, es"e!ially i#!o##e!tio# ith i#ter#atio#al !o))er!e8

% The belligere#ts, o# the other ha#d, are bou#d to res"e!t

the status of the #eutral state, a$oidi#g a#y a!t that illdire!tly or i#dire!tly i#$ol$e it i# their !o#fli!t, a#d to sub)itto a#y laful )easures it )ay ta+e to )ai#tai# or "rote!t its#eutrality%

III. War a!ti$ities by or o# behalf of a#y of the belligere#ts)ay #ot be u#derta+e# i# the territory of the #eutral state

ithout i#fri#ge)e#t of its #eutrality% Neutral territory isi#$iolable% Ece+tion&%'% "assage of si!+ a#d ou#ded troo"s is alloed through a

#eutral state "ro$ided "erso##el a#d )aterials of ar are

#ot also !arried8

*% "erso#s bou#d for e#list)e#t i# the belligere#t ar)ies )ay!ross the #eutral fro#tiers if they do so i#di$idually orse"arately a#d #ot as a body8

% The #eutral state itself )ay gi$e refuge to troo"s fro) the

belligere#t for!es but )ust i#ter# the) as far as "ossible,at a dista#!e fro) the theater of ar8

% Es!a"ed "riso#ers of ar #eed #ot be detai#ed by the

#eutral state but )ust be assig#ed a "la!e of reside#!e ifthey are alloed to re)ai#8

0% Warshi"s belo#gi#g to belligere#ts )ay e#ter #eutral "orts,

harbors a#d roadsteads o#ly i# !ases of u#seaorthi#ess,la!+ of fuel or "ro$isio#s, or stress of eather% The $essel)ust lea$e as soo# as it has bee# re-"ro$isio#ed8 it !a#ta+e o#ly so )u!h fuel or su""lies as it ill #eed u#til itrea!hes the #earest of its o# "arts%


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J% Re"airs should be "er)itted so lo#g as they are#ot i#te#ded to i#!rease the fighti#g for!e of the$essel% Neutral states are free to allo their#atio#als to deal, i# their "ri$ate !a"a!ity, itha#y of the belligere#ts% I#ter#atio#al la!o#siders the relatio#shi" Mi# the abse#!e ofs"e!ial rules i)"osi#g u"o# the #eutral state theduty of i#ter$e#i#g i# the tra#sa!tio# as stri!tly

betee# the i#di$idual a#d the belligere#t statesa#d hate$er hardshi"s )ay be suffered by its#atio#als as a result thereof )ust, as a rule, bea!2uies!ed i# the #eutral state%

:Belligere#t arshi"s a#d air!raft ha$e the right to $isita#d sear!h #eutral )er!ha#t $essels o# the high seasfor the "ur"ose of deter)i#i#g hether they are i# a#y

ay !o##e!ted ith the hostilities% These $essels )aybe !a"tured as "ri9e if '( t,e( are liable en5a5e) in,o&tile acti-itie& 2? i' t,e( re&i&t -i&it an) &earc,or 3. i' t,ere i& rea&onable &u&+icion t,at t,e( areliable to con'i&cation.

:Pri9e is #ot !o#fis!ated su))arily but )ust bebrought to a "ri9e !ourt for ad.udi!atio#%

:Treat)e#t of sea-bor#e goods i# ti)e of ar&Ge!laratio# of Paris of 'K0J('% E#e)y goods u#der a #eutral flag are #ot sub.e!t

to !a"ture, e4!e"t !o#traba#d of ar%

*% Neutral goods u#der a# e#e)y flag are #otsub.e!t to !a"ture, e4!e"t !o#traba#d of ar%

• CONTRABAND- the ter) a""lied to

goods hi!h, although #eutral "ro"erty,)ay be sei9ed by a belligere#tbe!ause they are useful for ar a#dare bou#d for a hostile desti#atio#%

• DOCTRINE OF ULTI"ATE

CONSU"PTION-goods i#te#ded for!i$ilia# use hi!h )ay ulti)ately fi#dtheir ay to a#d be !o#su)ed by thebelligere#t for!es are also liable tosei9ure o# the ay%

• Co#traba#d are sub.e!t to

!o#de)#atio#% If they are shi""edtogether ith i##o!e#t goods belo#gi#gto the sa)e o#er, the latter )ay alsobe !o#fis!ated u#der the )octrine o'in'ection.

As for the dis"ositio# of the $essel !arryi#g the!o#traba#d, so)e states !o#sider it !o#fis!able if the!o#traba#d are )ore tha# of the total !argo by

eight, $alue, freight or $olu)e%

• ABSOLUTE CONTRABAND-!o#sists of

arti!les of ar &ar)s, )u#itio#s( desti#ed for

belligere#t territory%

• CONDITIONALMRELATIVE

CONTRABAND-!o#sists of )aterials usefulboth i# ar a#d i# "ea!e &food, !lothi#g( a#dis desti#ed for the )ilitary authorities of thebelligere#t territory% U#der the do!tri#e ofusus anticipitis, arti!les of a)biguous use)ay so)eti)es be regarded as !o#traba#dif used for ar "ur"oses%

• FREE LISTF- i#!ludes goods useful for ar a#d

bou#d for the belligere#ts but e4e)"ted fro) the lao# !o#traba#d for hu)a#itaria# reaso#s &)edi!i#es,)edi!al su""lies(%

• U#der the DOCTRINE OF ULTI"ATE DESTINATION,

the liability of !o#traba#d to !a"ture is deter)i#ed #otby their oste#sible but by their real desti#atio#%

:This do!tri#e is !alled the )octrine o' continuou& -o(a5e he# the goods are reloaded at the i#ter)ediate "ort o# the6AE $essel a#d the )octrine o' continuou& tran&+ort he#they are reloaded o# ANOT@ER $essel or other for) oftra#s"ortatio#%

• BLOC9ADE- is a hostile o"eratio# by )ea#s of hi!h

the $essels a#d air!raft of o#e belligere#t "re$e#t allother $essels,i#!ludi#g those of #eutral states, fro)e#teri#g or lea$i#g the "orts or !oasts of the otherbelligere#t, the "ur"ose bei#g to shut off the "la!efro) i#ter#atio#al !o))er!e a#d !o))u#i!atio# ithother states%

• To be -ali)! a bloca)e *u&t be%

'% bi#di#g, i%e%, duly !o))u#i!ated to the #eutral states8

*% effe!ti$e, )ea#i#g that it is )ai#tai#ed by ade2uate for!eso as to )a+e i#gress to or egress fro) the "ortda#gerous8

% established by the "ro"er authorities of the belligere#tgo$er#)e#t, ge#erally the head of state8

% li)ited o#ly to the territory of the e#e)y a#d #ot e4te#dedto #eutral "la!es or i#ter#atio#al ri$ers8 a#d

0% i)"artially a""lied to all states ali+e%

The liability of a #eutral $essel to !a"ture for brea!h of blo!+ade is

!o#ti#ge#t o# its +#oledge, a!tual or "resu)"ti$e, of the blo!+adea#d !o#ti#ues as lo#g as it is "ursued by the shi"s of the blo!+adi#gfor!e after it has left or tried to e#ter the blo!+aded "ort%

A $essel fou#d guilty of brea!h of blo!+ade is liable to

!o#de)#atio#, a#d so is the !argo u#less it is "ro$ed that at the ti)eit as shi""ed the o#er #either +#e #or !ould ha$e +#o# of thei#te#tio# to $iolate the blo!+ade%

• UNNEUTRAL SERVICE- !o#sists of a!ts, of a )ore

hostile !hara!ter tha# !arriage of !o#traba#d or brea!hof blo!+ade, hi!h are u#derta+e# by )er!ha#t $esselsof a #eutral state i# aid of a#y of the belligere#ts%

: Accordin( to the eclaration o" ondon, and as (enerall+ accepted, a neutral vessel is lia/le to conde$nation "or unneutral service'

'% if it is )a+i#g a $oyage s"e!ial ith a $ie to the tra#s"ortof i#di$idual "asse#gers ho are e)bodied i# the ar)edfor!es of the e#e)y or ith a $ie to the tra#s)issio# ofi#for)atio# i# the i#terest of the e#e)y8

*% if ith the +#oledge of the o#er, or the o#e ho !hartersthe e#tire $essel,or of the )aster, it is tra#s"orti#g a)ilitary deta!h)e#t of the e#e)y or o#e or )ore "erso#s

ho, duri#g the $oyage, le#d dire!t assista#!e to the


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o"eratio#s of the e#e)y% The !argo, if belo#gi#gto the o#er of the $essels, is li+eise!o#fis!able%

-A neutral vessel is also lia/le to conde$nation and to/e treated as a $erchant vessel o" the ene$+'

'% if it ta+es a dire!t "art of the hostilities8

*% if it is u#der the orders or !o#trol of a# age#t"la!ed o# board by the e#e)y go$er#)e#t8

% it is !hartered e#tirely by the e#e)ygo$er#)e#t8 or

% if it is at the ti)e a#d e4!lusi$ely either de$otedto the tra#s"ort of e#e)y troo"s or thetra#s)issio# of i#for)atio# i# the i#terest of thee#e)y%

• AN4AR8- By the right of a#gary, a belligere#t)ay, u"o# "ay)e#t of .ust !o)"e#satio#,sei9e, use or destroy, i# !ase of urge#t#e!essity for "ur"oses of offe#se or defe#se,#eutral "ro"erty fou#d i# its territory, i# e#e)yterritory, or o# the high seas%

As ill be #oted, the e4er!ise of the right is !o#ditio#edu"o# three re2uisites, to it1

'% that the "ro"erty is i# the territory u#der the!o#trol or .urisdi!tio# of the belligere#t8

*% that there is urge#t #e!essity for the ta+i#g8 a#d

% that .ust !o)"e#satio# is "aid to the o#er%

While so)e authorities are of the o"i#io# that the sa)e"ur"ose !a# be a!hie$ed through the e4er!ise of the rightof e)i#e#t do)ai#, it is !lai)ed that e4"ro"riatio# !a##otbe e4er!ised o$er "ro"erty that is o#ly te)"orarily, a#dusually o$er the o#er7s ob.e!tio#, u#der the !o#trol of thebelligere#t% oreo$er, the e4"ro"riated "ro"erty is #e$erta+e# for the "ur"ose of destroyi#g it%

IV. TER"INATION OF NEUTRALIT8%

'% he# the #eutral state itself .oi#s the ar8

*% u"o# the !o#!lusio# of "ea!e% I# the first !ase, the hitherto #eutral state ill be go$er#edby the las of ar i# its relatio#s ith the other belligere#tsa#d by the las of #eutrality i# its relatio#s ith all otherstates8 a#d i# the se!o#d, all states ill agai# be go$er#edby the las of "ea!e%

1.a political law, public international law [project 1938]

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