199388/h30 cooking with the sun- a comparative country
TRANSCRIPT
OJ Nydal 22.01.2015
199388/H30 Cooking with the sun- a comparative country analysis of Solar Cooking, its adoption and impact on people´s lives
• Norglobal Final Seminar22 January 2015
Pictures by Pia Otte, Asfafaw Tesfay, OJ Nydal
OJ Nydal 22.01.2015
• Objectives– Study the social side on adoption to solar energy technology– Provide advice during the system development in a parallel
technical project
• NTNU– PhD Pia Otte (supervisor Prof. Jonathon Moses)
Comparative study of institutional solar cookers• UKZN (Durban, South Africa)
– PhD Suveshnee Munien (supervisor Prof. Urmilla Bob)A socio-spatial assessment of solar energy implementation in poor communities
• EMU (Maputo, Mozambique)– Master Gilda Monjave
Case studies: solar technology attitudes in rural villages
Background:NORGLOBAL part of project cluster
Solar Energy Project
HIST Engineering students
NTNU Socialscience NTNU
Energy & Process
EMU Maputo
Makerere
Univ Bahir Dar
Univ Mekelle
Univ Addis Ababa
UKZN Durban
CoordinationPhD/MSc research
PhD/MSc researchTechnical side
EMU Maputo
UKZN Durban
PhD/Master researchSocial side
BSc projects
NUFU
RCN: Norglobal
RCN: Renergi
NTNU
Quota Scheme
Other external
Financing
Internships
Guest Lectures
Conferences and publications
Degrees and theses
System designand testingVisitors
Results
NOMA
EnPe
Students and lectures
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• Solar Projects: Development and Application of small scale concentrating heat collectors with integrated heat storage
Classical concept:concentrating solar cooker
Project concept: include heat storage
• “Development and Application”: What are the challenges ?– Different views from the technical side and from the social side– NORGLOBAL project: combine the technical and the social sides
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• Solar project:exploring methods to collect and store heat for cooking applications
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Air system– Air is heated in the focus point– Heat deposited in rock bed
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Oil system– Self circulation– Trough with solar salt and/or oil storage
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Direct system – double reflector– Illuminate a portable salt storage directly
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Steam system– Self circulation boiling/condensing– Dish with solar salt heat storage
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• “Development and Application” of solar systems: What are the challenges ?
• From the technical side:– The challenge is the technical development– A system is good if it is efficient, robust,
economical, etc– If a system is good, it will be used
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This is what the technical people do
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• “Development and Application”: What are the challenges ?
• From the social side:– A system will not be used if it is not socially acceptable– Customs, habits, food quality, etc
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This is what the social people do
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• “Comparative study on adoption of institutional solar cookers” Pia Otte
• Objectives– What are the determining factors that lead to successful adoption of solar
cookers (or not)?
• Methodology– Identify system: Scheffler system in Africa and India – Identified variables related to adoption of solar cooking methods– QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) on 24 institutions in 4 different
countries (Burkina Faso, Botswana, South Africa, India)
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• Results– Most of the institutions which adopted solar cookers are religious
institutions (India): 8 out of 9 are steam kitchens
– Environmental motivation was important for successful adoption (clean, pure, uncontaminated, peace, harmony, natural)
– Economic motivations is a necessary condition for the continuous use of solar kitchens
– Change in management can cause discontinued use of existing systems if the economcial benefits are weak
– The successful adoption of solar cookers requires a thorough understanding of the cultural as well as practical motivations that will facilitate their use
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• “A socio-spatial assessment of solar energy implementation in poor communities with KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa” Suveshnee Munien
• Objectives– Survey two areas with different population densities
Inanda and Bergville regarding implementation of solar energy
• Observations– Majority of respondents < 35. Low levels of formal education.
Alarming levels of unemployment (50-70%) – Reliant on electricity, paraffin, wood (Bergville more pronounced)– Limited understanding of solar energy
However most are willing to use. Amount willing to pay <R300 per month– Highlights the need for pro-poor technologies
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• Attitude amongst villagers towards new technology. Gilda Monjave
• Background: Development as Freedom (Amartya Sen1999).Technology enables development, which is the basis for freedom
• Case studies on energy technology in rural Mozambique– Box cookers were unknown, but useless after dark…– PV lighting has impact on student performance– PV driven water pump has impact on health– Women and children benefit from new energy technology
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What are the main results from this project?• We have more knowledge from the social side:
success criteria and limiting factors – Limited knowledge about solar technology among potential users– Systems must be economically attractive– Should include backup and/or heat storage– Avoid mismatch between developers goals and users need– Include end users in development and application efforts
• 3 graduates who continue in the energy area– Pia: Post Doc, Germany– Suveshnee: staff UKZN– Gilda: ministry position on gender mainstreaming in the energy area– 2 other master students in Maputo started within the project period
(effect of govermental solar energy programs)• Interdisciplinary collaboration can be useful
– Technical + Social has been inspiring
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How can results be transferred into policy?• Development and application of appropriate energy technology:
Involve the educational institutions– Educational programs on clean energy technology– Entrepreneurship– Outreach– Gender
• Research financing:– Encourage joint technical & social
projects
Education:Master Program in Renewable EnergyMakerereDar Es Salaam
NOMAproject2007-2010
NUFUproject2007-2012
Research:Small Scale Concentrating Solar Energy Systems
Education and Research:Energy TechnologyMaster Program Mekelle
EnPeProject2010-2013
New master programs
EnPeProject2014-2018
Capacity Building in Renewable Energy Education and Research:Master Program Maputo
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How will the results be utilized after the project is over?
• We continue with university collaboration on Development and Application of renewable energy systems– Maintain links with the social side– Involve end users in development and application projects– Backup methods included
Wood fired bakery:Development and implementation of alternatives ?
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Where do you see a need for further research?
• Area: Clean energy technology for users with weak buying power
– Joint technical-social efforts on development and application
– The role and impact of the educational institutions• Universities as technology drivers?• How to get technical people to think society• How to get social people to think technology• Empowerment of women
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Successful demonstration: open day atMekelle University, Ethiopia