1973-75 by d. j. mckenzie open-file report 76-6265.--graph showing chemical oxygen demand for...
TRANSCRIPT
UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
INJECTION OF ACIDIC INDUSTRIAL WASTE INTO THE
FLORIDAN AQUIFER NEAR BELLE GLADE, FLORIDA:
UPWARD MIGRATION AND GEOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
1973-75
By D. J. McKenzie
Open-File Report 76-626
Tallahassee, Florida
September 1976
CONTENTS page
Abstract .............................. 1Introduction ............................ 2Regional geohydrology ......................... 5Description of injection system. .................. 7
Construction of wells ..................... 7Plant operated monitoring system. ............... 9
Operating history. .......................... 101966 - 72 .....'....................... 101973 - 75 ........................... 12
Results ... ........................... 14Chemistry of waste. .............'......... 14Chemistry of native fluids and composition of aquifer rock. . . 14Geochemical effects ...................... 29
Deep monitor well. .................... 29Shallow monitor well ................... 37
Changes in sulfate/chloride ratios. ......... 45Observations, 1969-73 ................ 46Observations, 1973-75 ................ 48Chemical oxygen demand data and waste migration ... 49
Summary and discussion. ....... ............... 51Selected references. .... ..... .............. 53
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure l.--Map of Belle Glade area and potentiometric surface ofFloridan aquifer in south Florida. ........... 3
2.--Generalized geohydrologic section of the Belle Gladeinjection site and industrial waste injection and monitor- system after deepening the injection well, January 1972. 6
3.--Graph showing volume of waste injected, December 1966-March 1975 ....................... 13
4.--Graph showing sulfate reduction in shallow monitor wellfluid, 1966-75 ..................... 47
5.--Graph showing chemical oxygen demand for shallowmonitor well fluid ................... 50
TABLES
Table 1.--Chronology of waste injection showing duration of in jection, depth interval of waste emplacement and well used for injection. ................ 11
2.--Chemical analyses of industrial waste. .......... 153.--Chemical analyses of water from well at University of
Florida Experiment Station ............... 224.--Chemical analyses of water from deep monitor well. .... 305.--Chemical analyses of water from shallow monitor well ... 38
INJECTION OF ACIDIC INDUSTRIAL WASTE INTO THE FLORIDAN
AQUIFER NEAR BELLE GLADE, FLORIDA: UPWARD MIGRATION
AND GEOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS, 1973-75.
By
Donald J. McKenzie
ABSTRACT
In 1966, a furfural plant at Belle Glade, Florida, began injecting hot, acidic liquid waste into the saline, water-filled lower part of the Floridan aq uifer, between the depths of 1,495-1,939 feet. The beds above and below the injection zone were subjected to at tack by the acid waste. By 1969, effects of the waste were detected in the water of the well monitoring the upper part of the Floridan aquifer at 1,400 feet. The disposal well was deepened late in 1971 to 2,242 feet in an attempt to stop the upward migration of waste.
The results of research investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1966-73 indicated that the waste continued to move upward and laterally. This was indicated by observations of water-quality changes in the monitor wells. Subtle decreases in the sulfate/ chloride ratios, concomitant with increases in the hy drogen sulfide concentrations, were reported to be sen sitive indicators of waste migration.
\i*This investigation, continued by the U.S. Geologi
cal Survey in 1973-75, shows that the remedial actions of repairing the disposal well liner and injecting per iodically into the deep monitor well at 2,060 feet failed to contain the wastes within the lower part of the Floridan aquifer. This investigation tends to con firm the earlier conclusions. The data collected by the Survey are supported by the owner's chemical-oxygen- demand and pH determinations. A hydraulic connection between the injection zone and the overlying monitoring zone is implied. Plans call for injecting into deeper strata.
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Geological Survey is engaged in a nationwide research
program to evaluate the effects of underground waste disposal on the sub
surface environment. Part of that investigation has been the collection
of hydraulic and geochemical data at an industrial deep-well injection
system near Belle Glade, Florida (fig. 1). Injection of hot, acidic,
liquid waste into the lower part of the Floridan aquifer at the Belle
Glade site began in 1966. By 1975, more than 1.5 billion gallons
(5.68 x lO^m^) Of waste had been injected.
Objectives of the Survey's investigation in Belle Glade are to under
stand subsurface interactions of injected liquid wastes with the native
fluids and aquifer rock and to determine the ultimate fate of waste
injected in a saline and highly permeable carbonate rock aquifer.
The waste, natural Floridan aquifer water, and fluids from the in
jection zone and upper Floridan aquifer were sampled periodically for
comprehensive chemical analyses. Correlations of specific chemical char
acteristics were made between the waste and the fluids in the shallow and
deep monitor wells.
Results of this investigation have been reported by Kaufman, Goolsby,
and Faulkner (1973), and by Kaufman and McKenzie (1975). The purpose of
this report is to present all the data collected through 1975, and to
evaluate that data not covered by the earlier two reports. This report
updates and emphasizes the developments that have occurred since 1973.
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. (After Hea
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'
For use of those readers who may prefer to use metric units rather
than English units, the conversion factors for the terms used in this
report are listed below:
Multiply English unit
inches (in)
feet (ft)
miles (mi)
gallons (gal)
million gallons (Mgal)
gallons per minute (gal/min)
million gallons per day(Mgal/d)
By
2.54
.3048
1.609
3.785x10-3
3785
6.309x10-5
.04381
To obtain SI units
centimeters (cm)
meters (m)
kilometers (km)
cubic meters (m^)
cubic meters (m3)
cubic meters per second (m3/s)
cubic meters per second (m3/s)
REGIONAL GEOHYDROLOGY
The shallow aquifer in the vicinity of Belle Glade, in the north
central part of Palm Beach County, extends from land surface to about
150 ft (46 m). In the southeast corner of the county it reaches a
depth of over 400 ft (122 m) #nd forms the north terminus of the
Biscayne aquifer which serves Broward and Dade Counties. The shallow
aquifer is underlain by several hundred feet of dense marl and carbonate
strata which overlie the Floridan aquifer.
The Floridan aquifer is mostly limestone and dolomite of middle
Eocene to middle Miocene age (Parker and others, 1955, p. 188-189). The
data obtained from test wells in southern Florida suggest that the
Floridan aquifer is composed of several artesian zones within the forma
tions that make up the overall system (Meyer, 1971, p. 69).
Figure 2 shows the general sequence of permeable and confining beds
at the injection site, as well as a schematic of the injection system
and monitoring wells. In this report, the Floridan aquifer has been
divided into an "upper" and a "lower" part. The upper part lies above a
stratum, about 150 ft (46 m) thick, reportedly of dense carbonate rock,
that serves as the confining layer over the injection zone. The lower
part lies below this confining layer. Fluid waste is injected into the
lower part of the Floridan aquifer, within the approximate depth range
of 1,500 to 2,250 ft (460 to 690 m) below land surface. In both the upper
and lower parts of the Floridan at this location, ground water is brack
ish or saline.
At Belle Glade, land surface is about 15 ft above mean sea level.
The altitude of the potentiometric surface in both the lower and upper
5
w
CO
IH W W
a
BELLE GLADE INJECTION SITE
200C <.
2500
3000.
Shallow aquifer
Confining Beds -dense marl
s/ //''/// /' X / y' / x /
Dense carbonate rocks
Upper part of the Floridan aquiferpermeable carbonate rocks
1000 mg/1
Dense carbonate rocks 7 /
1650 mg/1.Lower part of the
Floridan aquifer permeable carbonate rocks
7000 mg/1
Highly permeable carbonate rocks
mg/1 /-
-dense carbonate rocks
INJECTION SHALLOW DEEP WELL MONITOR - MONITOR
I u_____1000 FTl J__^U^TIT^LJ i^^tnpf wTw i r-r^' n
i i
LJ
-50o
-kso
-700
w
.300
-^00 gMwPQ
2
w
Figure 2.--Generalized geohydrological section at Belle Glade showing the industrial waste injection and monitoring s'ystem as of January 1972, after deepening the injection well.(Partial data sources include Garcia-Bengochea and Vernon, 1970; Kaufman, 1973).
parts of the Floridan aquifer is about 57 ft (Healy, 1962). The slope
of the potentioraetric surface indicates that regional ground-water flow
in the Floridan aquifer is southeastward toward the Atlantic Ocean.
DESCRIPTION OF INJECTION SYSTEM
Construction of Wells
The injection system consists of one disposal well, one shallow
monitor well, and one deep monitor well that is also used as a standby
disposal well. The waste from the furfural plant is injected into the
lower part of the Floridan aquifer (fig. 2).
The disposal well was originally drilled to a depth of 1,939 ft
(591 m) and cased with 12-inch (30-cm) diameter pipe to 1,494 ft
(456 m). Injection was through an 8 inch (20-cm) diameter stainless
steel liner that was run to the bottom of the casing and set with a
packer. The well was open from 1,495 to 1,939 ft (456 - 591 m) in the
lower part of the Floridan aquifer.
The deep monitor well (fig. 2) is 1,000 ft (305 m) southeast of
the disposal well in the downgradient direction of ground-water flow.
Because the well is used to assess hydraulic and geochemical effects
of waste disposal within the injection zone, the well was made similar
in depth and construction to the disposal well. It has a total depth
of 2,060 ft (628 m) and a 12-inch (30-cm) steel casing to 1,495 ft
(456 m). This well also has an 8-inch (20-cm) stainless steel liner
from the surface to the bottom of the casing. This permits the well to
be used for waste injection when the disposal well is shut down.
The shallow monitor well (fig. 2) is 75 ft (23 m) south of the
injection well. It monitors hydraulic and geochemical effects within
the upper part of the Floridan aquifer. The well is cased to a depth
of 648 ft (198 m) and completed open-hole through the upper part of
the Floridan aquifer to a depth of 1,400 ft (427 m). The well bottom
is about 50 feet (15 m) into the 150-foot (46-m) thick zone of
reportedly dense carbonate rock that serves as the confining layer over
the injection zone.
A well which taps the upper part of the Floridan aquifer at the
University of Florida Everglades Experiment Station, 3 mi (5 km)
southeast of the Belle Glade site, was used to represent the chemical
character of the upper part of the Floridan aquifer. This well is
cased to 957 ft (292 m) and completed open hole to 1,332 ft (406 m).
Plant Operated Monitoring System
Continuous monitoring of the system was planned to detect changes
in the quality of water in the upper and lower parts of the aquifer. The
shallow monitor well was allowed to backflow continuously at 2-3 gal/min
(0.01-0.02 m3/s) to facilitate the recovery of representative samples
from the upper part of the Floridan aquifer. The annulus between the
liner and 12-inch (30-cm) casing in the disposal and deep-monitor wells
contains water that is circulated constantly under pressure. Any appre
ciable change in pressure in the closed circuit would indicate a leak in
the casing-liner system. In addition, since injection began; a daily
record of the following as information has been kept by the plant
operators.
Volume of injected waste
Average injection pressure
In late 1969, the plant operators began additional monitoring, as
follows:
Shallow monitoring well and deep monitoring well
Chemical oxygen demand and pH: Weekly
Biochemical oxygen demand: Biweekly
Specific conductance: Continuously
Disposal well and waste
Injection rate, pressure and temperature: Continuously
Suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand: Biweekly
Chemical oxygen demand, pH: Weekly
OPERATING HISTORY
1966 - 72
Beginning in December 1966, waste was injected in the lower part
of the Floridan aquifer, between the depths of 1,495 ft (456 m) and
1,939 ft (591 m). Injection was seasonal; production operations were
usually suspended 2-3 months in late summer.
In the fall of 1969, company staff detected an increase in COD
(chemical-oxygen-demand) and BOD (biological-oxygen-demand) and a de
crease in pH (hydrogen ion activity) in water from the shallow monitor
well. These were indications that waste was migrating upward from the
injection zone. In an attempt to seal off the upper Floridan aquifer,
the disposal well was deepened to 2,242 ft (683 m) and the liner
extended to 1,939 ft (591 m) and grouted (fig. 2). The casing was not
extended, but remained at 1,495 ft.
While the disposal well was being deepened, from October 1971
through January 1972, the deep monitor well was used for waste disposal
(Table 1). More than 75 Mgal (2.84 x 10^ m-*) of waste were injected
during this 4-month span. Since the disposal well was returned to
service, the deep monitor well has been allowed to backflow conti
nuously at 2-3 gal/min (.01-0.2 m^s). The backflow was sampled period
ically for information about the ultimate fate of waste in the aquifer.
In October 1972, about 9 months after waste injection had been
resumed in the deepened disposal well, a mechanical caliper log in
dicated that the well was open to the aquifer from 1,923 - 1,945 ft
(586 - 593 m) and apparently bridged or plugged below 1,945 ft (593 m).
10
Table 1 .--Chronology" of waste injection, showing duration of injection, depth interval of waste emplacement and well used for injection.
TIME: WASTE INJECTION ZONE:
December 17, 1966
OcioberS, 1971 J
Disposal Well
(1500- 1900ft.) (457 - 579 m)
October 9, 1971 ""
January 12, 1972^
Deep Monitor Well
(1495-2060 ft.) (456 - 628 m)
Januory 13, 1972
June 17, 1973 J
Disposal Well (1938 -2242 ft.) (591 - 683 m)
June 18, 1973
June 1974 ,
July 1974
PresentApril 1975 J
Deep Monitor Well(1495-2060 ft.)(456 - 628 m)
Disposal Well (1938 -2242 ft.) (591 - 683 m)
11
It was discovered that about 15 ft (4.6 m) of the mild-steel bottom
section of the liner had been destroyed by corrosion.
Since November 1972, plant operations and injection have been
constant except for intervals of a few days when the plant has been
closed for routine maintenance (fig. 3).
History from 1973 to 1975
In June 1973, the disposal well was shut down for repairs to the
liner. The work was completed about 1 year later, in June 1974.
The total depth of hole and bottom of liner remained unchanged at
2,242 ft (683 m) and 1,939 ft (591 m), respectively. Present (1975)
construction is shown in figure 2. The disposal well was returned
to service in July 1974, and has remained constinuously in operation
except for 30 days in September - October 1974.
In 1974, shortly before the disposal well was returned to service,
it was discovered that water was being lost from the deep monitor well
annulus circulatory system. Investigation showed that the bottom 16 ft
of the inner stainless steel liner had been damaged. Repairs were
completed in January 1975. To prevent further problems, the teflon
packer was replaced with acid-proof cement.
12
CO o en g H a H
30 20-
10-
(38
.8)
14-a
VO
UU
MC
OF
(MIU
IOH
(k
K'JM
SCR b
(83.5
)318 r
r
1 g! i ^ i
(82-5
) ,
315
nr
MET
RES 1 i ii i
#^i
1 ;-g
Jf
tg;
i^L
MM
-120
-80
M
P3 s-4
0
iqyo
m
im
s
^ Waste
disc
harged into injection well.
0 Waste
disc
harged in
to de
ep m
onit
or well.
D No in
ject
ion.
Figu
re 3. Volume of
waste in
ject
ed,
December 19
66 - Ma
rch
1975
. (Dat
a furnished by Quaker
Oats
Co.)
RESULTS
Chemi stry of Wast e
The waste is hot, acidic and highly organic. The average pH is
3.2, and it contains high concentrations of nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus (table 2). The total organic carbon concentrations ranged
from 540 to 12,000 mg/1 (milligrams per litre). The suspended solids
exceeded 1,110 mg/1. The chloride concentrations ranged from 80 to
300 mg/1. The specific gravity of the waste ranged from about 1.000.
to 1.006 at 20°C. Owing largely to the high temperature of the waste,
it is less dense than the native ground-water. Based on the relative
density of water, the estimated density of the waste at 80 C is about
0.98 g/ml (grams per millilitre); the density of native brackish or
saline fluids within the depth range investigated is greater than
1.003 g/ml.
Chemistry of Native Fluids and Composition of Aquifer Rock
Water analyses (table 3) from the Experiment Station well, 3 miles
southeast of the injection site, were collected from 1971-75. The
analyses show the chemical character of the native brackish-saline fluid
from the upper part of the Floridan aquifer. Comparison of recent
(1975) analyses of water from this well with a partial chemical analysis
reported by Stringfield Q933) indicates that the chemical quality of
native fluid in the upper part of the Floridan aquifer at the well has
not changed significantly in the last 40 years. The chloride concen
tration in 1933 was 1,650 mg/1. In 1975 it was 1,600 mg/1.
14;
Tab
le
2A
NA
LY
SES
OF
IND
UST
RIA
L VB
iSTE C
riK
M-
DATE
06..
06. .
OCT.
1H..
Ft H.«
01. ,
Ln
JULY
0 9
* .
OCI
.16
..NOV ,
Ob..
Ftb
. »04, .
APR. 11,.
TUK-
TEMHEK-
till
>-
TJME
DEPTH
ATURE
ITY
(FT)
(O
EG C)
(J
TU)
264227080390700 -
BELLE bLAUES «U
<
1973
'
1130
200
1'13
0
'
1130
76.0
540
1974
1200
1130
i
75.0
«5
0
1130
76.0
540
1200
65.0
1975
1100
65.0
420
1100
~
320
CIMC
COLOK
CON-
(PLA
T-
OUCT-
INUH
- AN
C6
CUbA
LT
(MICWO-
UMTS)
MHOS
)
men
OATS IN
MOST
3200
1^90
2200
2100
31
00
900
1640
2300
?4
00
3100
6000
31
*0
1500
38
00
2400
29rt
O
OAYi'KN
(HU-h
PH
OIOXIDF
LLVt
L)
(C02)
(MG/L)
(UNI
TS)
(MG/L)
WASTt
<LAl 26
2530
0 --'
2630
0 --
29000
-
2630
0
2500
0
2000
0
42 27 LO
NG
3.0
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.1
3.0
, .
3.3
4.0
. .
.060
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALKA
LINITY
AS
CAC03
(MG/
L) ,
39 07) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL
/»CIOITV
AS
CAC03
(MG/L)
1*500--
9430
5460
.
10300
93bO
5160
2260
(HC0
3)(M
G/L)
0 0 0 0 0
o 0 0 0
Tab
le
2.
ANA
LYSE
S OK
IND
USTR
IAL
TAST
E co
n't
DATF
DIS
SOLVED
SODIUM
(NA)
(MG/L)
SODIUM
AD
SORP
TION
RATIO
PERCENT
SODIUM
OIS-
SOLVED
PU-
T&:>
-SIUM
(N)
(MG/L)
Plb-
SOLVtO
CHLO
RIDE
(CD
(MG/L)
DIS
SOLVED
SULFATE
(S04
) (M(,/L)
OIS-
SOLVtO
FLUO-
KIDE
(F)
(MG/L)
DIS
SOLVED
SILICA
(SIO?)
(MG/L)
DIS
SOLVED
ARSENIC
(AS)
(UG/L)
TOTAL
ARSENIC
(AS)
(UG/L)
264227080390700 -
BELLE BLADES QUAKER OA
TS IN
UUST
WASTE (LAT
26 42
27
LO
NG
JULY,
On.
. Oo,.
OCT.
1^.
. F?
-H.,
01..
JULY
<;v.
.OPT.
Ifc.
.,NOV.
0^..,
Ff h.»
<;<»..,
APH.
11..
.
1973
33.
« "
150
1974
190
110
«
150
. 1975
430
. '400
.7
2.5
6.9
1.9
* * *
2.0
8.2
7.9
10 25
61 19 Itt
50
5b
170
230 99
310
340
330
IbO
80X
210
ti*
160
^**
a-eo
300
270
180MM
2*Q
120
290
.
410
3^0
200
.
17
1.8 .5
22
--
1.5
13 3.5
28 70 21 35 70 44 38 29
OtfO
39
07) 14 14 0
13 4
Tab
le
2* A
NA
LYSE
S OH
IN
DUST
RIAL
TCIS
.TE -
cpn'
t
DATE
:
DIS
SOLVED
ORTHO
PHOS-
PHATh
(P04)
(MG/L)
TOTAL
PHOS
PHORUS
(P)
(MG/
L)
364337080390700
JULY*
06. ..
0*. ..
OCT.
1H...
Ff b.
*0 1 ..
.JULY
09. ..
Of.T,
.1 H
.
NOV.
Ob...
Ft.B
. »
'.)4...
A;'H
..lie..
1973
*--
i
».1974
--
.1975
27
27
.00 ..
47 28
.
23 12
DIS
SOLVED
O^TfO.
PHOS
PHORUS
(P)
(MG/L)
- BELLE
-_. ' .
-- --
. ...
8.9
01S-
SOL-
TO
TAL
TOTAL
VEO
in-
TOTAL
'ORGANIC
ORGANIC
OPGAM1C
TOT/"L
SUL-
CAR8
0N
CA^b
ON
CAKdON
CAKM
ON
FIDE
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(S
)(M
G/L)
(M
G/L)
(M
G/L)
(M
G/L)
(M
«/L)
GLAUfcS
QUAKER O^TS IN
'IUS
T WASTE (L
AT 26
43
37
7000
43
13000
7500
13000
.
9000
5<»U
.
HAHU-
NESS
(CA«NG)
(MG/L)
LONG Od
O
460
690
140
- 610
,100
0
530
490
NON-
CAM-
HO'MATE
HA HO-
:NF
.SS
(MG/
L)
39 OM
460 --
690
140
610 --
1000
520
490
OIS-
SOLVtO
CAL
CIUM
(Cik
)
(MG/
L)
110
-.
160 50 140
260
130
120
t>IS-
SOLVED
MAG-
NF-
SIUM
(MG)
(MG/
L)
45..
70
'
4.2
*3
V5
48 45
Tab
le
2. A
NALY
SES
OF I
SD'JS
TKIA
L JTA
STE
con
't
I'Tb-
"JS-
UIS-
SOLVED
^'J-^'c
S'"-V
e:0
'"^
TOTa
<- SOLVEO
TOtAL
ALU«E°
SUS.
*£J"
,|»I
I'W
** «<> .
«-
<THO
TOTAL
"s
?s?
'ft,
ssrfss
fe ?'
1T?
--
-""
D-'-' A
CI"Tr
OATE
(U
5/L)
C
W/L
, (U
G/U
-u
s
jH^e
, ru
e-
^
^.^
. ^
^.^
-OL
r.
26"
27
0B
°3
90
70
0
*
BE
LL6
6LA
1>E
S "*«
" «« «
«
,L.T
»
«
.T
LO
N(i
080
3, ,
06
»«
»
47
0
_
ft7
*in
0^
-
-
-
67!!
~
916
23
...
2S,
OC
T.
..
db
l*~
* 1
M
..
fv>
io
»
»
An
nK
I:H
.*
19
74
""
^40
° <
*50
1
34
0
12
.0
.00
^r*
""
6o -
nso
414
.67y
,56
_ _
uoo??."
*
""
. b
°°
-
15y
° '
' 97^0
13
40
13.2
35
^..
. .
NO
V.
' ""
'
..
2t,
FKh.'»"l975
""
110°
""
1110
13900
1770
18
.Vii&
' .
"" In9
AP':"
"
. J*°
-
1^0
I2b00
1750
11...
'
. .
^^Q
6.60
Tab
le
2. A
NALY
SES
OF
INDU
STRI
ALIS
TS c
on't
DATE
J'-J
LV*
i) 6 ....
06. ..
OCT
.ie
...
FFH..
) 1
. .
.
0 V ...
OCT, !h.
..NO
V..
o s *
Fi
iH.t
04...
APR.
11*..
( -
TOTAL
CAH-
NITRO-"
BONATE^'"
'" GEN
'"(C
03)
(N)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
1973
, o
.' ,
.0
(i.
r ,94
0" r.
,h : -if
. . ,
0 '
. .13b
.'/
1974
'ii .
. .
0 ' "
>
i
. i '
; .13
8If...
-*"v
138
: '
-...
',, .
. )...»
1975
-I'..
-
146
M
,0
TOTAL
OKGANIC
NITRO
GEN
c". (N)
(MG/L)
1 -
BF.L
LE
.73
124
..
119
1E4
..
140 75
OIS-
SOLVtO;
.AMMONIA
NITKO-,
i CKN M
(M)
(MG/L)
, , , AMMONIA
NITkO-
(-EN
1
(N)
(MG/L)
GLADtS UUAKEH OATS
..
.-
'(IK
-»
i(.
'
' 'y*
.. ...* MO
..' .
M-~
'
?1..
14
' .^.
' <
IV 14
-«
. 6.8
4,4
UIi»-
iMS-
SOLV
tji)
TOT«L
'SOIVFD
NIT^ITF.
NITRITE
NITPATE
(N>
(N)
(N)
(MG/
L)
(MG/L)
(MG/
L)
IN'JUST
WASTE (LAT 2b 4^
27
"
,0b
\t
-
'"*
;oo
...
,
' ' °
'..
..
..
" '*
..
' 1 4
' s
..
t
, i
«t
"
I
.00
1 ..
' ..''-.-
> ..
.0
5 i
"
11 .1
2
' .1
9
1
TOTAL
NITKATF
(N)
(HG/L)
LON<
^ 0»
0
.00 -_
.05
..
.00
OS .. .00
TOTAL
KJEL-
Lsft
HLMTHO-,
GFN
(N)
(MG/L)
39 07),
-.
..
..
..
138
--
146 79
DJS-
TOTAL
, . S
OLVED
NITRITF.
, NITHITf
HH'S
PLUS
NlTRATp
,NIT
PATF
« (N
) , (M
(MG/
L)
(MG/
L)
..
..
.-
r"'
'4
""
..
^ ..
'
1
' '
'.
-'
t}n
I4
t '"'
..
.. _
..
.05,
,,t
.31
Tab
le
2. A
NA
LYS
ES
of
INDU
STRI
AL S
ASTE
con
* t
TO T
OP
DIS
_ or
s_
TOTA
L of-
.
TOTA
L'SOLVED
SOLVED
MAM-
NlTnO-
s'AT
Ert-
I>EPTH
SHE-
NITkATE
N17PITE
(?AN
£S£.
If'OM
<*t>
SEALING
SAMPLE
OF
CIFIC
(N03
) (N0<f)
(MM)
(FE)
(N0:<)
20NE
SOUKCE
WELL
GRAVITY
DATE
(MG/L)
(MG/
L)
(UG/L)
(Ub/L)
(MG/L)
(FT)
(FT)
264237060390700 -
BELLE GLADES OUAKER OATS*
INOUST WASTE (LAT 26
42 27
LONG Ot
tO 39
JULYt 1973
06...
'
06
. ..
g
OCT.
FE9.»
01..
. JULY
Ov...
' --
612
u
.1.0
OCT.
.
.
.
MOV.
Ob...
--
4H
FEtf
., 1975
04..
.
647
43
1.0
APH. 11.'
..
.80
.39
41
1.0
Tab
le
2. A
NALY
SES
OF
INDU
STRI
AL T
KASX
E co
n't
DATE
JULYf
0('..«
06. ..
OC"!
.1
t> .
F fc b
. »
0 I ...
JULY
OS...
ocu
R...
nov. Ob...
F E r
. »
04...
/ DL
/.rn
11...
HEXA-,
TOTAL
VALENT
CAD-
CHRO
MIUM
MIUM
(CD)
(Cft6)
(UG/L)
(U
G/L)
264227080390700
1973
*1
'.
219
741
0
;2
.
....
..
17
01975
0 4
0 0
TOTAL
Dlb-
CHnO-
SOLVED
MIUM
.COPPEK
(CH)
(CU)
(UG/L)
(UG/
L)
- bELLE GLADES <H
30^
o , 35
-
<10
900
170
0
TOTAL
COPKEM
(CU)
(UG/L)
JAKt
K UAl
100 100
120 SH 110
1200
1100
TOTAL
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L)
(UG/L)
UATS IN
I/US
T WASTE
SOLV
ED
TOTAL
LEAO
LE
AD(Pfc)
(PtO
(UG/L)
. (U
G/L)
DIS-
DIS-
TOTAL
SOLVED
SOLVED
MAN-
MAM-
ST#ON-
GANESE
GANFSE
TJUM
(MN)
(MNO
(SR)
(UG/L)
(UG/L)
27OtfO 39
07)
240
660
230 3)
16
00 2
3700
Tabl
e 3.-Analyses of well water
at University of
vi
<*
niversity
of Florida
Experimental St
atio
n.coc _
......
DATF
TIME
TEMPEK-
DEPTH
ATUW£
<FT)
1*..
.OCT.
1971
1973
1300
1300
1600
1600
1700
1700
JUL 06 ...
14
00
Fr.H
.» 19
7401
...
1400
JUL*
09.,..
1400
FF
.M-.
1975
11,.
. Hoo
MAY 14,..
0915
2640000«0375001 -
22.0
24.5
24.5
26.0
26.0
23.5
23.5
26.0
26.0
TU*-
BIO-
1TY
(JTU
)
1 -
-- 15 1
« 1 2 a 2 1
Cut. OK
(HLAT-
INUM-
COBALT
UNITS) PH 5 0
10 5
>» 5
10 4 3
SPE-
CI-I
CCUN-
OUCT-
ANCE
(MICRO-
MHOS
)
203
<LAT
51«0
6200
6100
5100
6240
6000
44bO
6000
SHOO
6030
5000
CHEM
ICAL
OXYl^N
OE'^NU
CAtf
bON
(HlHH
pH
OI(»
XIDF
LtVf-L)
(CO*
) <Mii/L)
(UNI
TS)
- (MG/L)'
26 40 00 LONG OtiO 37
50.01)
6.3
'
B.I
5 7,(»
-,
..b.O
2.7
36
ft. 3
i y
^ * J
I c
7.2
33
7.8
4.0
«.0
?.7
lie
a.i
i Q
w *
I . 7
7.6
6.3.
78
H.I
2.0
69
7.8
^>9
62
ALKA-
TOT/li.
LIWITY
ACIDITY
AS
AS
CAC03
CAC03
(MG/L)
26
125
131
136
139
121
129
1S7
5.0
5.0
rtlC
AR-
BONA
TE:
(HC0
3) 32
152
160
166
151
156
170
14*
157
lt>4
192
5700
Table
3. Analyses of well wat
er at University of Florida
Experimental St
atio
n-^
Cont
,
DIS
SOLVED
SODIUM
(NA)
DATF
(MQ/L)
JUN.
i, 1971
I*..
. 900
OCT.
19...
960
IV...
MAP.. 19
72?H...
920
*J W
MM
c r
«
* .
^~
D.:C.
lb...
950
Ib...
APR.. 1973
19...
QfcO
1 O
__
i. v
. .
.
JULY
06...
1000
06...
FJfK.. 19
7401
...
1100
JUL
r09...
900
FS.H
.- 1975
1 1 ...
KAY
SODIUM
. SOLVED
AD-
PO-
SOKP-
ToS-
TION
PERCtNT
SIUM
RATI
O SO
DIUM
(«)
(M(,/L>
264000080375001 - 26 3*
--
...
. ..
13
67
34
14
6b
31..
14
70
32
15
71
40
1«
76
36
13
67
3t>
nib-
UN
SOLVED
ois-
SOLVED
CHLO-
SOLVtO
FLUO-
KIDE
SULF
ATF.
KIOE
(CD
<SO<O
(F)
(Mb/L)
(MG/L)
(MO/L)
PH 203 (LAT 26
40
00
li>M
O 456
,4
1620
522
.9--
1600
510
1.2
1700
540
1.0
--
' --
b?o
.9
1700
500
1.0
--
--
1700
530
.V
1600
520
1.0
--
-~
--
DIS-
DI
S
SOLV
ED
SOLV
ED
TOT«L
SILICA
ARSfcNlC
ARSENIC
(SIC'V)
(AS)
(AS)
(MG/
L)
(UG/L)
(UG/L)
LONG 0«
0 37
50.01)
.5
0
19
10
-
12
0
8.7
10-
-
12
1
13
4 /13
"
'()
13
2
. . «
«.
DIS-
DIS-
SOLVED
SOLVKD
CAO-
BOWON
^IUM
(f:)
(C
D)(U
G/L)
(U
G/L)
..
0 n
o r..
--
..
mtm
****
**
. ^**
' *
ilB
1600
DIS
SOLVED
OPTHO
PHOS
PHAT
E
Tabl
e 3. Analyses of
well water at University of Florida
Experimental Station cont
ois-
r-is
-SOLVEU
SuL-
TOTAL
TOTAL
OHTHO.
TOT/
-L
VEf>
I-v-
PHOS-
PhOS-
OKGANIC
OMtiAMC
PHORUS
PHOWUS
GAMMON
CAHHON
(P)
(P)
(C)
(C)
(C)
TOTAL
(C)
TOTAL
bUL-
HAf'U-
NESS
HA"D
(CAt
KG)
NtSS
UIS-
1'IS
- SOLVH)
SOLV
FTn
*Mi-
CAL-
NF-
CIUM
SlUM
(C/O
(N'«
)(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MR/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/
L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
2640000b0375001 -
Kb 203
26 40
00
OHO
37 bO.Ol)
1971
!<»*
..
.02
CCT.
19...
.03
lv.
. .
^A^.« 1972
?«..
.
DEC.
Ib...
Ib..
.APR.. 1973
19..
.1 7
<^i»
OC-...
06...
FfcH
.t 1974
01...
JULY
09...
FEB.* 1975
11..
MAY 14..
.
.- .- .02
.'." .00
--
.00
.00
.!
.02
.02
. .00
*
.. ,
'
--.
2.0 .0
_~
_-
--
10. 2.0
1.0
,033
.
'
692
922
_-
. --
.-
-_
__
.0
31
31
950
29
' 950
...
--
--
--
--
34
44
4,0
910
32
.34
B20
«.s
/31
32
' 700
30
30
V30
'-- --
..
..
666
797 --
H?0
H20 __ 7«0
700 --
b60
770 --
62
130...
140
140..
140
130 ..
.
ISO
140
..
1?6
140
140
140
130
1?0 flO
140
Tab
,le,
3.^
An
aJ,y
Ses.
of
wel
l w
at;e
r, ,
at U
niv
ersi
ty,
,of
Flo
rid
a
Exp
erim
enta
l, S
tati
on
-cen
t .
,
DATF
'
DIS
SOLVED
TOTAC
ZINC''
ZINC
(ZN)
» (Z
N)>
1 (UG/L)
nis-
"TM
SOLVED
ALUM
INUM (AL)
'
(UG/L)
SOLVEO
SOLVED'
" '
t Sl'lli'S
SULIUS
sus-
i<
CM-S
I-
(SUM
ur
PENDEO"
DUE
AT
CONSTI-
SOLIOS
1*0
C)
TUtNTS)
(MG/L) '
> (MG/L)
(MvJ
/L)
i
Ulb
-
SOLlUS
("0\
-S
TOTA
LU
rtT
HO
P
r<O
S-
{P>
TOTAL
OIS_
DENSITY
ACIDITY
SOLVED
TOTAL
{b«/Ml.
AS
AMMONIA
MTPATF
AT
H*
(NH4)
, (N03)
AC-i
-T)
(MG/L)
i 20 C)
(MG/L).
- (MG/L)
(MG/L),
264000080375001
*
JUNK* 19
71
!14...'-
30":'
OCT. \V. ..'
BO'
1 *
1 V
. .
. -
Mr
,W.
« 1972'
^?b.
.
- -
60
ore.
1
15..
..
19.
19
73
'
0 6
. .
.
»Ftfi.» 197V-
ri...-
-Jl
.'LV
('9.
..-
- Ff
«.t 1975
0
20"
30"^
10''
,
\ 1.
4'!-
PB 203 (LAT.26 40 00 LON6 OHO 37-50.0])
31 7C
3bOO
3680
3BOO
3400
3600
3580
-r
3690
5.00
3450
5.17
00
.00
.00
.01
.01
00
1.0
04
.0
p.p
J4...--
Tabl
e 3._Analyses of well water
at Un
iver
sity
of Florida
Experimental Station cont
DATF
.
JUN'
t*1<*. .
*OCT.
19...
19...
MAW. t
?H. .
.i>
H. .
.
DEC.
Ib...
APR..
IV...
19...
JULY
06.
..06. ..
FFh.t
01...
JULY
09...
FEH.»
11...
MAY 14...
CAK-
BONATE
(C03)
(MG/L)
1971
0 0--
1973
0 0 0
1973
0-- 0
--
1974
0 01975
-
Ulb-
TOTAL
SULV
tf)
TOTAL
OKliANlC
AM10N1A
AMMONIA
U[S-
OlS-
NI1KO-
NIT^O-
NlTnO-
NITHO-
SOLVtU
TOT,
"L
SOLVED
TOTAL
GEN
GEN
GtN
C-tN
NIT^ITF
NITHITK
NlTf^A\TE
NITF
^ATE
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)
(M)
(M)
(M)
(N)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MH/L)
(MG/L)
2640000ti0375001 -
PH 303 (LAT 26 40 00 LONG ObO 37 50.01)
.00
.00
.
--
--
-_
--
--
_-
-.
Q$
.^d
.00
.00
.00
__
--
_-
..
--
_-
..
0(f
.65
-
-'-.02
.Ib
.'to
--
.00
--
.00
7d
,lt>
. .f£
--
.00
.00
--.
_-
--
..
-_
--
..
-.
f '
.31
.6V
.00
.00
.60
.01
.60
.00
.00
i
.00
.64
--
.00
--
.00
.-
...
TOTAL
KJFL-
TOT/
«L(>f
ti->|_
NITRITE
MTnO-
PLUS
GEN
NlTPdTF
(N)
(N)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
----
..
--
--
--
--
-_
--
.-
..
-.
.61
. .00
..
..
..
to
Tabl
e 3. Analyses of
we
ll w
ater at University of
Fl
orid
a Ex
peri
ment
al St
atio
n co
nt.
DATE
JUNE.
OCT.
IV. .
.
IV.. .
MAK. T
38...
OEC.
Ib...
IV...
JULY
Ob...
FF. B.«
01...
JULY
0V.. .
FEH.»
11...
MAY
14...
OIS_
SOLVtO
NITHATE
(N02
) (MG/L)
1971
.00
.00
1973
.00
1973
1974
.00
1975
TO TO
PDI
S_
TOTA
L oi-
TO
TAL
SOLVED
MM-
NjTnO-
^ATEK-
I'E^Tn
SH
NITKITE
GANE
SF.
IKON
r,£N
BEAr
flNf
i SA.PLf
OF
GIF
(NO?
) (MN>
.(FE
) (N
O.'i
) ZONE
SOUKCE
WELL
6PAV
(MG/L)
(UG/L)
(UG/LJ
(MG/L)
(FT)
(FT)
264000.080375001 -
PH 303 (LAT
?t>
40 00
LOP.
'« OHO 37 50.01)
.01
10
40
1332
.00
0
fO
1333
.00
2o7
' /
.
1
'
: 1
1.0
TO HOT-
TO* OF
SUS-
SAI-
PlE
PENUED
INTEK-
SFOI-
VAL
KENT
(FT)
(MG/L)
1333
Tabl
e 3. Analyses of we
ll water
at University of
Fl
orid
a Ex
peri
ment
al Station cont
TOTAL
CAD
MIUM
(CD)
DATF
(UG/L)
HEAA-
VALENT
CHKO-
MIUM
' (CK6)
(UG/
L)
TOTAL
IHS-
CHHO-
SOLVED
MlllM
COPPEK
(CP)
(CU)
(UG/L)
(Ub/
L)
264000080375001 -
JUNF
.. 19
71K.
OCT.
IV...
i u
_
j * »...
«
MAh.. 1972
?b...
0?H...
DEC.
Ib...
N5
13...
oo
AP*.» 1973
IS). ..
019...
JULY
0 «
'»..
.A (^
-..._
IJ rv » »
9
»
FEK.t 1974
01...
1JULY
09...
1FE
fa.t
1975
11..
.MAY
0 0 0 0 0
- 0 0
.
..
0 0,
*" "* 10 ly
0 10
-.
._ 10
»-
X10 -~
>-
.
OIS-
OIS-
TOTAL
TOTAL
SOLVED
SOL.
VFC)
TOTAL
COPPKK
IWOA»
* I«
ON
LfAO
LEAD
(CU)
(Kf}
(h»
(Pn)
(Pr.)
(UG/L)
(U(7
/L)
(UG/L)
(UG/L)
(Ufa
/L)
Po 203 (LAT 26
40 00
LONC?
080 37
50.01)
o
0
10
140
70
0 0
0
« «
~_
1
v
«_
._
.
i
f6
"' 0
3 .....
3/
.
..
..
..
._
.
OIi>
-TOT«L
SOLVEO
MAN-
WAN-
GANESE
tANF.SE
(MN)
(H^)
(UG/L)
(UG/
L)
..
..
10
10
..
..
--
..
« .
».
-. .- .
l>.
--
..
..
..
nis-
SOI. VEO
STPOM-
TIUM
(?f<
)(UG/L) ..
16000
leoo
o ..
1800
0 .. .. «._
3900 -
14..
.
Analysis of native fluid samples collected from the lower part of
the Floridan are given in Table 4, for March 1971. Analyses following
that date were made after waste injection into the deep monitor well had
occurred. .All the analytical data show that the native fluids are
basically of the sodium-chloride type, but include appreciable quantities
of sulfate, magnesium and calcium. The chemistry and potential uses of
these brackish to saline artesian waters in southern Florida are discus
sed by Vernon (1970) and Meyer (1971).
In November 1971, the U.S. Geological Survey performed an X-ray
diffraction analysis of the rocks of the injection zone and confining
beds to determine their mineralogical composition. The interval from
1,495 to 1,600 ft is predominantly calcite, with about 2 percent quartz.
The zone from 1,885 to 1,925 contains considerable dolomite and about 2
percent quartz. From 1,985 to 2,080., ft. the rock is 55 percent calcite
and 35 percent dolomite. There are no analyses for the intervening zones.
- - - - Geochemical Effects
" ^ ' Deep Monitor Well
~As mentioned, earlier, the deep monitor well was used for waste
injection from October 1971 to January 1972, while the disposal well was
being deepened. When the disposal well was put back in service, waste
that had been injected into the deep monitor well was allowed to backflow<5
continuously at 2 - 3 gal/min (O.pl-0.02 nr/s). This backflow was
periodically sampled to provide information on geochemical interactions
and ultimate fate of the waste in the aquifer, including anaerobic
decomposition.
The first pH determinations of the backflow fluid, made by the com
pany, showed that the injected waste was partly neutralized almost imme-
29
Tabl
e 4. Analyses of
water
from
de
ep mo
nito
r well cont
to O
TIME
DATF.
MAfc.» 1971
MAP.. 1972
SfcP
.
DEC.
15..
.15..
APfr
.«19...
19..-
FEB..
04..,
APR.
11..
1973
1975
1400
1400
1230
1230
1230
1230
1200
120U
1200
1030
7EMPEK-
DEPTH
ATUt
tE
(FT)
(O
E.G 0
CULUH
CO?-
1-
IHYi
'hN
ALKA-
TOTAL
TUK-
(PLAT-
DUCT-
UtMA
Nt)
OKMON
LlNlTY
/>CIDITY
till
/-
IMUM-
ANCt
(HU-H
PH
OIOJIDF
AS
AS
ITY
COtf
ALT
(MlC
rVO-
LEVtL)
(CO?)
CAC03
CAC03
(JTU)
UNITS)
MHOS)
(MCVL)
(UNITS)
'(N«G/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
BICAH-
(HC03)
(MCVL)
2642000B03V0002 -
43S37E28 2
DEEP
(Lft
T 26 42 00
LOM- OHO 39 00.02)
24.6
40.0
40.0
32.0
32.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
30. U
29.0
1495
'
31.5
10
., -
'. .
. 0
37UD
8.2
1.5
125
65
900.
103UO
7.6
199
4070
6.2
100
1000
125(
10
6.9
1100
4490
10300
5.9
300
520
H740
- 16000
7.4
214
2760
199
6200
6.2
300
. 6UO
9000
3500
6.tf
1390
4460
1140
. 5000
6.b
1420
4590
6 30
7t»0
40
.
.
59
.0
70
1400
3UO
2300
0 3.
6 ".0
0 71
50
152
4960
5480
3360
5460
5600 72 0
Tabl
e 4.-Analysed
of w
ater
fr
om'd
eep
moni
tor we
ll-c
ont.
DIS
SOLVED
SODIUM
(NA)
DA
TF
(MG/L)
MAH.. 1971
1>JS-
SODIUM
SOLV
EO
nis-
ois-
'
f T
cn
«p~
?°~
SoLvtu
OIS-
&'u.ito.
-Dis-
uis-
.
,nrs->
S.LVFO
E
TSS5
K S?
S«
s"-
> '
-- -- --«
--
" S K
'RATIO
SODIUM
(K)
(CD
(S04)
(F)
{sro£)
(AS)
(A
S)
(P
)
(CD)
<M(,
/L)
(«(,
/(.)
(MG/L)
(M6/L)
(MG/L)
(UG/
L)
(UG/L)
(UG/
L)
(UG/L)
2642000803V0002 -
43S37E28 2
DEEP
' (LAT 26
42
00 LONG Oh
O 3V
00.0?)
18...
5070
'-*
..'
1H,
MAH.
27.
?7.
SFP.
?M.
2rt.
DFC.
Ib.
Ih.
APR.
19.
IV.
FEB. 04.
APFT.
11.
492
1972
800
880
.
t.
820
' 1973
680
"*19
75
70
210
8.5
4. to
5.3 «>»
5.1
4.3
2.5
2.9
62 23 27 26 2<»
50 27
1H
140
130
130
100 4.
5
210
920
340
1300
22
*
»
1300
11
870
4.0
120
85
220
260
1.5
3.3
'J U
1, 7
1.4
.6 **
.7
11
14 58**" *
12
75
65
11 75
--
10
10
15-
1.
3./ "
11
«.
..
? -
..--
0--
0--
..
* *
MM
>><
Tabl
e 4. Analyses of
water
from
dee
p mo
nito
r well cont.
DATE
DIS
SOLVED
OW7HO
PHOS-
PHATt
(P04
)(MG/L)
TOTAL
PHOS
PHORUS
(P)
(MG/L)
DIS
SOLVED
OPTHO.
PHOS
PHORUS
(P)
(MG/L)
I lb-
SOL-
TOTA
L VET*
ORGANIC
ORGANIC
CARBON
CAHbON
(C)
(C)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
264200080390002 -
43S37E28 t
MAR.«
1 H
»
1H...
MAH. »
27, ..
27...
SrP.
?h...
OFC. Ib..
.Ib..
.APH..
19. .
.19...
F£b.»
04...
APR. 11...
1971
'
.00
1972
24-- .. --
1973
...
...
1975
. 40
--
8.0 --
9.9
2.2 --
3.2 .02
17
I-.
-- -- --
13
--
3B70
3725
-.
--
3800
1460--
_-
1370
_
--
17
7bO
TOTA
LIN
ORGANIC
CAKbON
(C)
(MG/L)
OEEP (LAT
..
330-._
-12
0
900
780 ..
TOTA
LTOTAL
SUL-
HAHU-
CAKt
tON
FlOf
c"
NtSS
(C)
($)
(CA.NG)
(MG/L)
(Mfi
/L)
(MG/L)
26 42 00 LOMP 08
0 39
00.0
2)
" !666
420U
61UO
__
. __
--
3900
5200
2360
4900
--
..
-_
2150
87
4700
~-
...
-_
150.
/.
.-
V90
NON-
CAR-
fcOMATE
HA4D-
NF.SS
(MG/L)
^54
1
2100
670
2100 --
190-- 87
990
OJS-
SOLV
fcO
CAL
CIUM
(CA)
(MG/
L)
97
1100--.
1400
1200
--
.
1200
«.
53
240
Olb-
SOLVt.O
MAGr
Nf-
SIUM
(MG)
(MG/
L)
94
700..
400
450__
400--
3.3
94
DATE
Tabl
e A. Analyse
s of w
ater
from deep
mor'
.tor
well cont
OIS-.
SOLVED
., TOTAL
ZINC
,, ZINC,
<ZN)..
(ZN)
(UG/L)
(UG/L)
DIS
SOLVED
ALUM-
SUS-
iNUN
i PEMDED
(AL)
SOLIDS!
{UG/D
<MG/L>
SuLV
fci'
SOL
I US
<H£SI-
DUE AT
IfO C)
(MG/L)
SOLVED
SOL IUb
(bUM OF
CONSTI
TUENT:))
(MG/L)
DIS
SOLVED
SOL I US
(TONS
PF.H
AC-FT)
TOTA
LOKlHO
PMOS-
PHOKUS
(p)
(MG/L)
DENSITY
(6M/ML
AT20 C)
TOTAL
ACIDITY
AS
H*(MG/L)
TOTA
L AM
MON'
IA
' NI
T&AT
F.(NH4)
(N03)
(MG/L)
MAN,* 1971
50
2642000603V0002 -
43S37E2H 2
DEEP
(L
AT 26
42
00 LONG 0^
0 39
00
.0?)
60IP
.,.,
,
. , -^
HAH., 1972
^7.». "
, *OMM
?7... .
. , '
SEP.
^M
»
, .
--.. .
5kl
CO
.
"
DEC.
lb..."
..
..1 h ..."
APK.. 1973
IV...,,
10-
1 9 .... ,.; ,..
FEb..
1975
04...
- .
APK.
.
. i
«r
n..._.
__ M ,
''
.
) ,
''
,-
* *
20
P
« A . ?
10
..
360rj
--
--
...
«.
__
' 1 1
*
1
372
i1 " .
'ib32-
..
1 '
'
64
~«
...
. i
i r n
-.
.'
6
1000
'»-
__
-- .. --
41?
8300
2040
6800 «...
7500
) '
5670
» «
6060
..
i
383
1460
m if
_
~ **^
_.
..
BBM>
.66
11.3
7.9
6? 2.
1
1.007
4.0
23" .0
144
.10
Tabl
e 4. Analyses of
water
from dee
p mo
nito
r well cont.
DATF
MAR.»
1 'H
. .
.IH
. . .
PAK.
27...
^7...
Ct' 0
ot K
<fb...
?n .
.
DEC.
IS...
Ib...
APK.»
19...
19...
Ft"8.»
04...
APH.
11...
CAK-
BONATE
. (C03)
(MG/L)
1971
0 01972
0
0 0--
1973
0 019
75
0
TOTAL
OHGANIC
NITRO-
NITHO-
GEN
GEN
(N)
(N)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
2642000803V
».»
«
-_
--
7.9
--^
--
3.2
.
5.6
--
--
8.5
--
--
.94
.89
86
DIS-
TOTAL
SULVtU
AMMONIA
fJlTKU-
GKN
(M)
(MG/L)
264300080390002 -
43S37E2B d
DEEP
(LAT 86
42 00 LONG OH
O 39 00
.0?)
NIT
MO
- S
ULV
KD
T
OT
"L
SO
l.VF
O
TO
TA
L('fN
N
ITrt
lTF
. N
ITH
ITE
N
ITP
AT
F
NIT
KA
TF
(N)
(M)
(N)
(N)
(N)
(MG
/L)
(MG
/L)
.00
11
22
12 9.b .0
2
'8.7
.Ob
.01
.03
.41
*»«
.00
.00
.02.
TOTAl.
KJEL-
TOTAL
OIS-
SOLVED
MT^O-
HH'S
PLUS
GFN
NITRATF
NITPATF
( N )
< N )
( M )
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
.VI
.03
.09
.03
94
.12
Table 4.-Analyses of: water
from dee
p mo
nito
r well-cent.
OATF
;
DIS_
, SO
LVED
' SO
LVf.
0 .
. MAN-
.NITRATE
NITHITE^
GANESt
,'N03)
(N0<f)
(MN)
(HG/
L)
(MG/
L)
(U6/
L)
ToToL
l>F.
f»1h
TO
TOP
Of-
(FE)
(Ub/L)
'.;t^
6EAHING
SAMPLE
(NO?
) 20
NE
SOUKCE
(MG/L)
(FT)
TOT/
.L
.
DEPTH
OF
CIFIC
WELL
GRAVITY
(FT)
HAH., 19
71
1973
?7...
'27;..
' '"
Sff.
00
.10
2643000803VOOUZ -
43S37E38
"d DEEP U.AT
2t>
^2 00
LO
N.3
080 39
00.02)
U>
^EC,
1973
19...
1975
04...
PR.
11...
,10
4.2
.30
1.0
Tabl
e 4.--Analyses of
water
from
deep monitor well Co
nt.
HEXA-
UIS-
Hlb-
TOTAL
VALENT
TOTA
L DIb-
OIS-
Ulb-
TOTAL
SOLVED
SOLV
FO
CAD-
CMRO-
CH*O-
SOLVED
TOTAL
TOTAL
SOLV
ED
SOLVED
TOTAL
KAN-
MA
N-
STPON-
MIUM
MIUM
MIUM
COPPEH
COPPfH
I»-OM
IKON
LEAD
LFAU
6ANESE
GANFSF
TJUM
(CD)
(CRb
) (CH)
(CU)
<CU)
<F£)
<Fc)
<Ph>
(Pb)
<MN)
(MN)
(Sh)
DATP
(UG/
L)
<U
G/L)
(U
G/L)
(U
G/L)
(U
G/L)
(U
G/L)
(UG/L)
(UG/
L)
(UG/
L)
(UG/
L)
(UG/
L)
(UG/
L)
MAP., 1971
1H...
1H...
MAH.« 1972
?7...
i1?...
StP. ? H
"
* ?e...
OFC. Ib...
'
1 b .
. ,.
APH.« 1973
IV...
3 1 9
...
FEB.» 1975
04...
0APR; 11...
3
264200080390002 -
43S37E26 2
DEEP (L
AT 26'42 00
LONG OH
O 39 00.0?)
0
0*
0
20
2bOO
*
?00
15000
.
20
20000
0
20
3
24000
.
0 20
30
30
3 4
.. .. 23000
"*
««»
*»*^
mmm*
wm mm
1 70
61
22-
/ 0
270
16
190
diately, increasing in pH from 3.2 to 5.5. The Survey's analyses of
the fluid made after 75 and 160 days residence time, in a report by
Kaufman and others (1973), showed that the pH of the waste fluid con
tinued to increase. In 75 days the pH was 6.2 and in 160 days it was
6.6.
Analyses of the fluid after 160 days residence time showed in
creases in calcium, magnesium, and silica owing to the dissolution of
limestone. The acidic waste had developed an alkalinity (as CaCOrj)
of 3,500 mg/1. Hydrogen sulfide increased sharply, presumably due to
sulfate reduction by anaerobic bacteria. Kaufman and others (1973)
showed the existence of sulfate reducing bacteria in backflow from
the deep monitor well. No chemical analyses are available for fluids
from the deep monitor well for April 1973 - February 1975. During
this time the well either was used for waste injection or was being
repaired.
Shallow Monitor Well
Geochemical effects associated with the upward migration of the
-waste are shown especially well by the chemical analyses of water
from the shallow monitor well. Table 5 shows that calcium, magnesium
and alkalinity concentrations increased; there was a reduction in
sulfate concentrations; and generation of as much as 107 mg/1 of
hydrogen sulfide. Dissolution of the carbonate rocks, anaerobic
decomposition, and sulfate reduction within the subsurface environment
is indicated. Also, dissolved-gas analyses indicate the presence of
methane, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
37
Tabl
e 5.
-"-A
naly
ses
of water from sh
allo
w mo
nito
r we
ll.
00
SH»'
- CI
i- 1C
COLOK
CU*'
- TUrt-
(HI.
fit-
t'UCf-
TtMHER-
bll'-
IMJM-
ANCt'
TIME
DEPTH
ATURE
UY
CuBAtT
(MlCwO-
DATE
(FT)
(DEG C)
(JTU)
UMllb)
MHOS)
264200080390001 -
43S37E28
1 SHALLOW tLAT
MAH .
IH.
OCT.
20.
?(>.
MAR.
?b.
2H.
ecu
o C r .
?H.
OF(..
Ib.
Ib.
AHH.
1*.
IV.
JULY
06.
06.
OCT.
le.
PEP. 01.
MAY 03.
JULY
09.
NOV.
05.
FfH.
04.
APR.
11.
1971
* **
**
« .
"***
"***
0900
» 19721000
1000
1200
It! 00
1200
« 1973
..
1000
1000
1200
..
' 1200
1200
« 19741100
1400
1030
1400
1200
1400
1230
"1400
1975
1130
1400
1000
650
27.0 --
25.0
25.0
3t>.0
27.0
27.0
32.0
32.0
31.0 «
2^.0
34.5
26.0
27.0
26.0
--
..--
20 --
30
110
100 --
120 --
550
200
320
270
'
140
170
50
60--
20 -- <»o
120
40--
60
100
100
. loo
50
100
300
110
4550;
4500 --
45oO
43/?
0
4300
46,6
03700
4500'
3^00
4270
4200
4460
4610
4400
4400
3300
5300
4700
Out
-
IC^L
OXYv-i-N
A.LfA-
TOTAL
DKM"NU
CAHHON
LINHY
ACIDITY
(HI(..H
PH
01 OX IDE
AS
AS
LEVl-.L)
(C02)
. CAC03
CAC03
(Mvi/L)
(UNITS)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(Mti/L)
26 42 00
LOMG OHO 3V 00.01)
--
--..
.. --
1100 --
1100
320 --
1220
H600 57
1400
--
1300
1500
H.I
H,0
. --
6.6
6.4
5.7
H.2
6.5
6.6
6.6
7.1
6.4
7.0
6.6 ...
6.5
6.5
6.6
..
--
410
596
3290 10
..
41b
442
127
589
158
/422
640
jl200->"-
70V
522
902
910 --
-~.
H37
902
fi45
10
820
50
--
853
194
. 902
ft 1 7
.0759
808
* 35
b6l
20
1020
30
1040
1090
ilsn
1070
HICAR-
^OMTF
(HC03)
(MG/L)
1100
1110 --
10?0
1100
1030
1000 --
1040
1100
99/S
925
9H5
1050
1240
1264
1324
1400
1300
Tabl
e 5. An
alys
es of
wa
ter
from shallow mo
nito
r well cont
DATF
MAk.»
, 18...
OCT.
20...
?0...
MAR.
»?b...
?h. .
.bF.H.
2H...
inc. Ib...
Ib...
A-Pf . «
IV...
IV...
JULY
06...
Of-.
. .
OCT.
DIS-
,f
SOLVED
SODIUM
(NA)
(MG/L)
1971
478
500
1972480
500
500
1973
540
500
16...
550
FEM.» 1974
01 ...
MAY 03...
JULY
09..
. NOV.
520
550
500
05...
480
FEB.* 1975
04...
APR. 11..
.
500
500
DIS-
' '
SODI
UM
SOLV
ED
DIS-
AD
- PO-
" SOLVED
01S-
SOHP-
TAS-
CHLO-
SOLV
EDTION
PERCENT
SIUM
KlDt
SULF^TE
KATIO
SODIUM
(h)
(CD
(504
) ,-" >
(MG/D
(MCVL)
<MP>L)
264200080390001 -
43S37E2b
1 SHALLOW (LAT
5.7
5.7
5.9
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.0
7.0
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.5
43
42 44
44
47
46'
43
50 41 40
41
40
24
30 27
44
26 30 25
bO 32
31 35 35 b8 32
830
87U
940
860
900
400
860""
920
880
frbO
900
880
960
960
186
218~
210
310
180
240
170
' 160
170
130
250
190
50
110
DIS-
. SOLVED
DIS-
DIS-
FLUO-
SULVEU
SOLVED
HIDE
Sll IC
A AHStNIC
A (F)
,,, (S
IX)?
) (Ab)
(MG/L)
(HP/
L)
<UG/L)
26 *2
00
LON(i
080 39 00.01)
1.2
21
0
.9
.20
.9
23
1.0
?0
1 8
3--
1.0
. ?4
--
1.1
20
4v
-"
1.0
21
/9
1.0
22
1.2
?3
.3
24
1.2
23
1.0
'?4
.9
24
TOTAL
RSENIC
(AS)
(UG/L)
100
12 5 6 4 4 2
DIS
SOLVED
BORON
(«}
(U6/
L)
690
DIS
SOLV
ED'
C£D-
(CD)
(Ufl/L)
Tabl
e 5.
Ana
lyses
of w
ater
fr
om s
hall
ow monitor well cont
DATE
rtis-
. SOLVED
OPThO
PHOS-
PHATt
(P04)
(MG/L)
TOTA
LPHOS
PHORUS
(P)
(MG/
L)
.015-
SOLV
fcO
ORTHO.
PHOS-
PHOHUS
(P)
(MG/L)
I.' I S-
SOL-
TOT/
«LTOTAL
VEi)
IN-
OH&ANIC
ORGANIC
ORGANIC
CARHON
CA^bON
CA^MON
(C)
(C)
(C)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
2o4200080390001 -
43S37E28
1 SHALLOW (L
AT
MAP.,
18 .
. .
OCT.
20...
efO
»
MAK. f
2h...
SEP'!**
2tf...
DEC. 15...
APH"**
I**...
JULY
v.'t
>...
Ob.
.
OCT.
16...
FtH.»
01...
MAY 03...
JULY
0V...
NOV.
05...
FEB.
»04...
APR. 11..
.
1971
.00
.23
-.19
72 --
1973
""
.. ...
..19
74.- .. _.
1975
40
.. .. ..
.14
.22
.02
.20
.02 ..
.06
.03
.14
.06
.-
.08
.15
..
.-..
--
--
.-
..
..
..
..
*13
-«
..
^ ..
..3HO
365
340
135
2*0
--
70
334
194
274
146
237..
..
..
310
300
330
140
310
..
330
600
TOTA
LTOTAL
SUL-
HAPD-
CAReON
KlOh
NE
SS(C)
(S)
(CA«
Mb)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
26 42
00 LONG 08
0 3V
00
.01!
1450
1420
..
..
..
500
1400
3bO
IbOO
52H
1400
420
72
1500
40
1300
40
1300
1400
470
1200
IbOO
IbOO
1500
1600
NON.-
CAH-
HONATE
HAKD-
NESS
(MG/L)
1
549
510 ..
570
660
570
630
440 .. _
530
560
ISO
470
430
370
510
DIS
SOLVED
CAL-
CIUM
(CA)
(MG/L)
25B
252 ..
.
250
270
260
280
240..
240
280
220
2VO
310
280
300
DIS-
SOLVFD
M&G-
NF-
SIUM
(t»'G)
<MG/L)
186
162..
180
190
170
180
150..
ieo
1PO
150
1.90
1PO
200
200
Tabl
e 5.-Ahalyses of
water
from
shallow monitor we
ll-c
orn:
.
OATf:
' <
MAF<.»
Itf.
..OCT.
20...
20...
MAR.'.
?H...
?H...
SfP.
^H.'..
OFC.
Ib...
15.'..
APK. .
l«y.
..IV...
JULY
Ob. .
.06...
OCT.
1 H ; . .
FFH..
01...
MAY
'
03...
JULY
Ov. ..
NOV.
05...
Ffb.»
04...
AP&.
11...
OIS-
SOLVtD
ZINC
(ZN!
(UG/L) ,
( 1
1971
' '
. 30 20 -.
1972
10
.
1"
'
.
1973
10 --
: 'i
' '
o...
1019
74 '
19
75
--
f)IS
-SO
LVEO
TOTAL
ALUM-
ZINC
INU1-1
(ZN)
(AL)
{UG/L)'
' (UG/LJ'
264200080390001
""'
°
--
.- 0
.
«_ '
"",.,
-.
...
II '
'
170 ,
< * '
II"
* II
'
i '.
so'1 ;
70
,,.,
50
0
20 30
'
i
SUb-
HENu
enSOLIUS
(MG/L)
r-,JS>
-Su
LVf.
liSOL I Mb
CvFbl-
DUE AT
. 1 H 0
C)(MG/L)
01 S -
SOLV
trf)
SOI. Il)
b(SUM OF
CONSTI-
TUF.
-VJT
S),
,(MC3/L)
- 43S37£2H
1 SMALLO- (LAT
--
" n .--
14
126
. 2Q
1 ]""'
"
.,14 M 0
' !
'
16
0 5 8 13 36
, --
..
.-
«
--
--
3160
325
3450
3540
3310
3360
3630
2530
2ot»0
~-
2600
2700
25HO _«
22bO _~
?4V(
>_.
1 ' 0
2f>10
2600
asfo
2B10
2750
2760
2770
DIS-
.SOLVKO
'SOLIOS
(TONb
PE»<
AC-f
-T)
26 42 00
__
-.-
..
--
..
--
-_.
...
4.30
' .44
4,69
4.ol
4.50
4.57
4.V4
TOTftt.
*OKTHO
PrlOS-
DENSITY
APhORUS
<l»M
/Ml.
(P)
AT(MG/L)
20 C)
LONG OHO 39 00.01)
_-
' --
--
--
...
'
1.003
. .00
~-»
..
".15
.02
__
_.
i
.03
' i
.08
.06
--
.06
TOTAL.
CIOITY
AS H*
(MG/L)
1.0
3.9, .o'
.4
.6
ms_
SOLV
HI)
TOTAL
AMMONIA
NITPATF
(NH4)
(N03
) (MG/L)
.00
1.3
Tabl
e 5. Analyses of
water
from
shallow monitor well cont.
TOTAL
DJ8-
SULi
/EO
TOTAL
OR(..ANIC
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
OATF
MAR.
IP...
OCT.
?0...
MAP.*
V. fc
. . .
<;d.
. .
SF P. i'b
. .
.DEC.
1^...
APS .
»IS)...
!<*.
..
JULY
0 Is
.
OCT.
Itt. ..
FFH..
0 1 ..
.MAY 03...
JULY
09...
NOV.
Ob...
FFH.,
04...
ftPR
.11...
CAH-
BONATE
(C03)
(MG/D
1971
0 0
1972
0 0 0 0
1973
0 0 0 01974
0
-
19
75
0
NITHO-
NITHO-
GEN
KEN
(N)
(N)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
264200080390001
..
..
1.0
..
1.2
1.0
1.6
--
2.2
1.3
1.2
1.9
2.7
1.3
2.6
1.2
,.-
3.0
.90
1,4
NIIKO-
NITKO-
6fcM
C^EN
(N)
(N>
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
DIS
SOLVED
TOT^L
NITKITF
NITrtlTF.
{ N )
( N )
(M(VL)
(MG/L)
- 43S37F28
1 SHALLOW (LAT 26 42
..
--
_.
i.o
.78
1.1 .96
--
.90
1.1
1.0
' 1.4
1.4
--
2.1
2.0
.00
.00
.0<?
..
l.v .00
.03
--
.00
.01
.02
.04
. .00
.
.02
OH
nis-
SOL.
VEU
TOTAL
NITP
ATF,
NITHATF,
(N')
(N)
(MG/L)
(MG/L)
00 LONG 080 39 00.01)
-_
..
.00
.00 --
.00
.00
.00
.00
.04
, ./.
.0^
.00
.00
..
.. .Ob
.02
TOTA
LKJtL-
DAHL
NIT^O-
fifi
N(N
)(MG/L) --
.-
--
--
_.
.- ..
..
2.6 «
3.0
3.4
TOTAL
t)IS-
SOLVFO
NITHITF
NITHITF
1PLUS
PI US
NITRATF
NITPATF
(N)
(MG/L)
(N)
(MG/L)
.00
.0**
.10
Tab
le 5.-
Analy
ses
of
wat
er
from
sh
allo
w m
onit
or
well
-cent.
OIS
U
IS
T0
T0(>
SOLV
ED
SOLVED'
' . M
AN-
. iV
llh.
..
£ _
T"Tt
1-MiJ
SSIE
N!$J
e "^
,;;-,
'«tr
sr
i" OF
CIFIC
DA
TE
«MS
,L>
(M
6/L
) ,J
'/L
) (<
^,
J^
( ^
t
WO
HC
F
-EL
L
«H
AV
,TY
a6«0008039C
100
1 -
*3S
37
EZ
* 1
SH
ALL
OW
<L
AT
26
O't
00
L0«0
0»0
39
00
.01
,
MAR.,
1971
lH...
OCT. 2U...
2u..
. MAK.,
1972
?^...
^8...
StP.
28...
DEC.
i
s...
Ib..
. APK.,
1973
**
ig
(^
i 7 .
IV...
JULY
Oe>.
..
06...
OCT.
18...
FEH.t. 1974
01...
, «AY
03...
JULY
09...
NOV.
Ob...
FEB.
, 1975
04...
APR.
11.*
..
°°
-01
20
40
65o
00
-02
10
bO
650
,.00
i
20
.04
;
20
, .0
7
_
.
""
' "
12
"~
--
r ' -»
--
14
10
.26
.
*_
1.0
I'.O l.'u
i.o
Table
5. Analyses of
water
from
shallow monitor well cont.
TOTAL
CAD
MIUM
(CD)
OATF
(UG/L>
HEXA-
VALENT
CHHO-
MIUM
(CR6
)(U
G/L)
TOTAL
CHWU-
MIUM
(CH)
(UG/L)
264200080390001
MAW., 19
71It
?...
OCT .
"0...
MAr*., 1972
L-'H...*
1
s;*^.
OiC. Ib-.
.
0 0 0 0 0
--
--
»
DIS
SOLV
ED
TOTAL
COPPER
COPPER
(CU)
(CU)
(UG/
L)
(UG/L)
TOTAL
IRON
(FF)
(U«/D
- 43S37E26
1 SHALLOW (LAT
0 0 o
o
0f
10
--
--
30
DIS
SOLVED
moN
(FL)
(UG/L)
26 42
00
....
30
.
DIS
SOLVED
LFAl)
(PH)
(UG/L)
LONG 080
0
10 0 5 t>
TOTAL
LEAD
(PH)
(U&/L)
39 00.01)
.. j; .
TOTAL
MAN
GANESE
(MM)
(UG/
L) ..
10
'
..
DIS
SOLVED
MANi
-GANESE
(MM)
(UG/
L) .
.. 10
.
DIS
SOLVED
ST^ON-
TIUM
(SP)
(UP/L) ..
3<SOOO
3«000
36000
t b ..
. .1973
J'JL
V
06
...
OC
T.
1 h ,
. .F
FR
.t
1974
v) 1 ...
MAY 03,..
»v.
..N
';v.
:>b.
..
F:;H
., 19
75'!
4«..
A^R
. 1. .,
-- --
1 .
1 1 8 0 0
.-
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
lu
1
23
10
0 3
36000
33000 30
To discriminate between changes in the ground-water chemistry due
to (1) waste migration and (2) dilution and mixing of various waters,
use is made of the sulfate/chloride ratio. The chloride concentration
indicates the extent of mixing with underlying more saline waters.
According to Kaufman and McKenzie (1975), "Changes in sulfate/
chloride ratios in the monitor well fluids were evaluated and compared
with operational changes in the injection system. Emphasis was placed
on interpreting observed changes in this ratio with respect to waste
migration." That is, a decrease in the ratio suggests the arrival of
the nutrient-rich waste.
The lack of comprehensive chemical analyses of natural fluids
from several zones at the injection site prior to waste injection
places a constraint on any interpretations concerning the chemical
character of the natural water. However, water from the Experimental
Station well, about 3 miles (4.8 km) from the injection well, is con
sidered to represent the natural subsurface background in the upper
part of the Floridan aquifer. As already stated, the chemical quality
of the water from the well has not changed significantly in more than
40 years. Water from the well has a sulfate/chloride ratio usually
greater than 510/1,600 (1:3.1) and a hydrogen sulfide concentration of
about 4.0 mg/1. ,
Changes in sulfate/chloride Ratio
According to Kaufman and others (1973) and Kaufman and McKenzie
(1975), oxidation (decomposition) of organic waste by sulfate-reducing
bacteria was taking place within the saline subsurface environment by
means of anaerobic bacterial processes in which sulfate (and perhaps COo)
45
serves as the source of oxygen. In this system, as the organic mater
ial is oxidized, sulfate concentrations decreased also and the decrease
in sulfate is quantitatively equal to the increase in hydrogen sulfide.
Observations; 1969-73
Subtle chemical changes, indicated by slight increases in calcium
concentration and alkalinity and by a slight decrease in the sulfate/
chloride ratio (fig. 4) suggest that the waste front arrived at the
shallow monitor well in February-March 1969, about 27 months after
waste injection began. By March 1971 the sulfate/chloride ratio had
declined from 0.42 to 0.22. The slight increase in the ratio (fig. 4)
late in 1970, is correlated with a plant shutdown.
Waste injection into the deepened disposal well began in January
1972. By March 1972, the sulfate/chloride ratio in fluid from the
shallow monitor well had decreased slightly from 0.25 to 0.22. From
0.22 in March 1972 the ratio increased to 0.36 in September, then to
0.42 in December. This increase is attributed to a plant shutdown
from early August through October 1972. Waste injection resumed in
November 1972, and the sulfate/chloride ratio again decreased, from
0.42 in December 1972 to 0.27 in April 1973.
From December 1972 to July 1973, sulfate concentration and the
sulfate/chloride ratio changed considerably, apparently reflecting the
greater sensitivity of these indicators to renewed waste migration and
consequent bacterial action.
Information on this system for the first 3 years of operation
(1967-69) has been reported by Garcia-Bengochea and Vernon, 1970.
46
0---~- ---!-__
0.4~
Probable fi
rst
/2xarr
ival
of
£.
waste
front
/ i
Probable se
cond
Sa
rriv
al of
1 waste
front
o H H W Q
W 3
6 I
Wast
e injectionj'to
deepened well
/
0.2-
0.1-
'
1 EXPLANATION
,' ^
; sj
Waste
injection
in i
njection wel
l §3
Waste in
ject
ion
in deep m
onit
or w
ell
Injection
Q No
inje
ction
' ,
deeP mo
nitor
83. Hydrogen
su
lfid
e co
ncen
trat
ion,
in
mg/
1
' Injection
to
i ,,
, in
ject
ion we
ll
mr :
i%6
n?i
Figure 4.
Sulf
ate
redu
ctio
n in s
hallow monitor well
fluid, 1966-75.
(Pre 19
71 d
ata
from
Garcia-Bengochea
and
Vernon,
1970
)
Observations: 1973-75
In June 1973 the disposal well was shut down by the operators and
waste was diverted to the deep monitor well. In water from the shallow
monitor well, the sulfate/chloride ratio decreased from 0.27 in April
1973 to 0.20 in July and to 0.15 in May 1974 (fig. 4). During this time
span, hydrogen sulfide increased in concentration from 40 mg/1 to 91 mg/1.
This suggests that waste injection into the deep monitor well also resulted
in upward leakage from the injection zone to the shallow monitor well
although the site of the deep monitor well is about 1,000 ft (305 m) from
the shallow monitor, compared to only 75 ft (25 m) between the disposal
well and the shallow monitor. During April 1973-May 1974, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, and silica remained approximately unchanged in concen
tration (table 5). However, there was a gradual but constant increase
in alkalinity. The slight increase in the sulfate/chloride ratio that
occurred from November 1973 to February 1974 may be due to a lag effect
from shifting waste injection away from the injection well or possibly to
the exceptionally low volume of waste that was injected in August and
September (fig. 3).
Waste was redirected to the disposal well in June 1974 after repairs
to the liner were completed. In July the sulf ate/chloride ratio in water
from the shallow monitor well increased substantially from the previous
value (fig. 4), reflecting, perhaps, a lag between resumption of waste
injection into the. disposal well and the arrival of waste at the shallow
monitor. The sulfate/chloride ratio decreased to 0.05 in February 1975,
an indication that leakage of waste fluid to the upper part of the Floridan
aquifer was continuing.
48
During the period of injection, July 1974 to April 1975, concentra
tions of calcium, magnesium, sodium and silica remained constant and
pH did not change significantly. Alkalinity, on the other hand,
continued its regular increasing trend since October 1973, following the
diverting of waste from the disposal well into the deep monitor well
(808 to 1,070 mg/1). There was an attendant constant drop in non-
carbonate hardness. The COD and TOG (total organic carbon) also in
creased slightly. Color increased from 100 to 110 units. Conductivity
increased from 4,400 to 4,700 micromhos.
Chemical-Oxygen-Demand Data and Waste Migration
Kaufman and others (1973) showed that changes in COD and pH in water
in the shallow monitor also are closely related to waste injection
schedules. COD increased and pH decreased in the water from the shallow
monitor well when the injected waste arrived at the shallow monitor.
Both a seasonal plant shutdown and, for a time, diversion of waste injec
tion to the deep monitor well resulted in COD and pH becoming relatively
stably.in the shallow monitor. However, as illustrated by the graph of
-COJD values in figure 5, from January 1973 through December of that year,
the COD of -the fluid from the shallow monitor fluctuated widely, from
220 to 840 mg/1. By December end, waste had been injected, into
the deeper monitor well for 7 months. From December 1973 to July
1974, when waste injection into the disposal well resumed,-the COD
.concentration fluctuated less widely on a short-term: basis. ..Since
July 1974, fluctuation has, in general, not been great but the concen
tration had, by March end 1975, increased nearly to 1,000 mg/1. On the
49
OS
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND MILLIGRAMS PER LITRE
09
&
i i
x-x O O P*fl> gfa H«
O
,
?fo(D
O03 COrt p*co (a»-»o »-»O Q
rr O
H» D,
a> a. P. p.o ofU Prt rt n> n>(A CO
ja to(A COrt rtn> (t>
O (D O Ort rt H. H»O O
a. H» (D C3n> *-*
O H»
ft!
basis of information available to the author, the change in the
character of the fluctuations since December 1973 cannot be explained.
However, the long-term increase to 1,000 mg/1 in 1975 is interpreted
to mean that increasing quantities of the injected waste are moving
into the upper part of the Floridan aquifer.
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
In 1966 a furfural plant at Belle Glade, Florida, begain injecting
hot, acidic liquid waste into the saline, water-filled lower part of the
Floridan aquifer between the depths of 1,495-1,939 ft. By February-March
1969. or within a time span of about 27 months, effects of the waste in
jection were detected in the water of the shallow monitor well, which sam
ples the upper part of the Floridan aquifer, above the so-called "confin
ing" layer.
In an attempt to stop the upward migration of waste, the disposal
well was deepened to 2,242 ft (683 m) during October 1971 to January
1972. During the construction, the deep monitor well was used for waste
injection. Within 15 months after waste injection into the deepened
disposal well was resumed, effects of the waste were again detected in
the shallow monitor well water.
In June 1973, the disposal well was again shut down to repair a
portion of the bottom section of the injection liner destroyed by
corrosion. Waste was again diverted to the deep monitor well. A report
by Kaufman and McKenzie (1975) documents the time span for early 1966
through July 1973*
Repairs on the deep disposal well were completed and injection was
redirected to the well in July 1974. By February 1975, effects of the
51
renewed injection into the disposal well were very significant in the
shallow monitor well, only 7 months after the resumption of injection.
Leakage into the upper part of the Floridan aquifer was continuing at a
faster rate than noted earlier.
From the information contained in the earlier report by Kaufman and
McKenzie (1975) it was evident that the receiving carbonate aquifer
could not contain the hot, acidic wastes, even when the injection well
was deepened to 2,242 ft.
This report gives information showing that remedial actions of
repairing the disposal well liner and injecting into the deep monitor
well still had no significant effect for containing wastes within the
lower part of the Floridan aquifer.
Though data indicate continued movement of the waste into the up
per part of the Floridan aquifer, the areal extent of the zone of
contamination is still unknown. Only additional monitor wells in the
injection zone and upper part of the Floridan aquifer, upgradient and
farther downgradient, could determine how far and lateral the waste has
moved.
In a new attempt to contain the wastes, construction of a test
injection well to a depth of about 3,000 ft (914 m) was begun in
September 1975. A program to monitor the effectiveness of the new
disposal well when it becomes operational is planned.
52
SELECTED REFERENCES
Garcia-Bengochea, J. I., and Vernon, R. 0., 1970, Deep well disposal of
::--waste waters in saline aquifers of south Florida: Water Resources
Research, v. 6, no. 5, p. 1464-70.
Healy, H. G., 1962, Piezometric surface and areas of artesian flow of the
Floridan Aquifer in Florida, July 6-17, 1961: Florida Div.. of
Geology Map Ser 4.
Kaufman, M. I., 1973, Subsurface wastewater injection, Florida: Amer.
--. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc. Jour. Irrigation and Drainage Div., v. 99,
No. Rl, p. 53-70. : :-
Kaufman, M. I., Goolsby, D. A., and Faulkner, G. L., 1973, Injection of
acidic industrial waste into a saline carbonate aquifer: geochem
aspects: . in Underground Waste .Management and Artificial Recharge,
v. 1 (J. Braunstein, Ed), pp. 526-551 (Preprints, Second Internat.
Symposium, New Orleans, La., September 26-30, 1973 - AAPG).
Kaufman, M. I., and McKenzie, D. J., 1975, Upward migration of deep well
- -waste injection fluids in Floridan aquifer, South Florida, U. S.
Geol. Survey, Jour, of Research, v. 3, no. 3, p. 261-265.
Meyer, F. W., 1971, Saline artesian water as a supplement: Am. Water
, - Works Assoc. Jour., v. 63, no. 2, p. 65-71.
Parker, G. G., Ferguson, G.- E., Love,_ S. K., and others, 1955, Water
resources of southeastern Florida: U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply
Paper 1255, 956 p.
53
Stringfield, V. T., 1933, Groundwater in the Lake Okeechobee area,
Florida: Florida Geol. Survey, Kept. Inv. 2, 31 p.
Stringfield, V. T., 1966, Artesian water in Tertiary limestone in the
southeastern United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 517,
226 p.
Vernon, R. 0., 1970, The beneficial uses of zones of high transmis-
sivities in the Florida subsurface for water storage and waste
disposal: Florida Bureau of Geology Inf. Circ. 70, 39 p.