1971 and 1973 asap surveys: washtenaw and jackson …

1971 and 1973 ASAP SURVEYS: WASHTENAW AND JACKSON COUNTY VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS

Marion M . Chapman Arthur C . Wolfe

October 1973

F i n a l Report

Prepared for

Washtenaw County Alcohol S a f e t y A c t i o n Program Washtenaw County H e a l t h Department

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

Highway S a f e t y Research I n s t i t u t e The U n i v e r s i t y of Michigan Huron Parkway & Baxter Rd. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

4. T ~ t l e and S u b t ~ t l e 5. Report Date 1 9 7 1 and 1973 ASAP S u r v e y s : Washtenaw and J a c k s o n County V o l u n t a r y O r g a n i z a t i o n s O c t o b e r 1973

1. Report No.

UM-HSRI-AL-73-7

2. Government Accession No.

7 . Authorfs)

Marion M . Chapman, A r t h u r C . Wolfe

h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Michigan Parkway & B a x t e r Road

3. Rec~pient 's Catalog No.

8. Perforni~ng Organlzat~on Report ko

UM-HSRI-AL-73-7 L

9. Perform~ng O r g a n ~ z a t ~ o n Name and Address

Highway S a f e t y R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e

Ann Arbor , ~ i c h i ~ a n 48105

10. Work Unlt No

Washtenaw County A l c o h o l S a f e t y A c t i o n Program Washtenaw County H e a l t h Depar tment Ann A r b o r , M i c h i g a n 48104

11. Contract or Grant No

FH-11-7535 13. Type of Report and P e r ~ o d Covered

F i n a l R e p o r t

14. Sponsor~ng Agency Code

I 1 1

15. Supplementary Notes

16 Abstract

Two s u r v e y s o f v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s were c o n d u c t e d i n Washtenaw County and J a c k s o n County , Mich igan , i n 1971 and 1973. T h e s u r v e y s were o n e e l e m e n t o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e Washtenaw County A l c o h o l S a f e t y Act i o n Program (WCASAP) . J a c k s o n County was c h o s e n a s a compar i son c o u n t y b e c a u s e o f i t s s i m i l a r i t y t o Washtenaw County and i t s l a c k o f a n ASAP-like program. I n 1971 , 13 s e r v i c e c l u b s i n Washtenaw p r o v i d e d 370 c o m p l e t e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s and 13 m a t c h i n g c l u b s i n J a c k s o n p r o v i d e d 420 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s . In 1 9 7 3 , n i n e Washtenaw c l u b s p r o v i d e d 232 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s and e i g h t J a c k s o n c l u b s p r o v i d e d 3 2 0 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s .

I n c o n c l u s i o n , no s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s o c c u r r e d among Washtenaw County s e r v i c e c l u b members w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r knowledge a b o u t t h e r o l e of' a l c o h o l i n highway c r a s h e s and a b o u t d r i n k i n g - d r i v i n g l a w s , o r t h e i r a t t i t u d e s a b o u t d r i n k i n g & d r i v i n g , o r t h e i r s e l f - r e p o r t e d d r i v i n g - a f t e r - d r i n k i n g b e h a v i o r . The p r e l i m i n a r y o b j e c t i v e o f i n f o r - ming s e r v i c e c l u b members a b o u t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f WCASAP a c t i v i t i e s was a c h i e v e d , a l t h o u g h t h e u n u s u a l l y h i g h l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n a l ach ievement & c i v i c i n t e r e s t g e n e r a l l y found i n s e r v i c e c l u b members u n d o u b t e d l y f a c i l i t a t e d t h a t t a s k .

17. Keq \tords 18 D ~ s t r t b u t ~ o n Statement

13 Securl!! C13~51f [of this report1

Form DOT F 1700.7 ( 8 - 6 9 )

20. Securlty Classtf.(of thls page) 21. No of Page\ 22 . f'r1cL!

NOT ICES

S p o n s o r s h i p . T h i s r e p o r t was p r e p a r e d f o r t h e Washtenaw County (Mich igan) Board o f Commiss ioners u n d e r an agreement d a t e d November 4 , 1970 between t h e Board and The U n i v e r s i t y o f Mich igan .

T h i s r e p o r t forms p a r t o f t h e Highway S a f e t y R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e ' s e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e Washtenaw County A l c o h o l S a f e t y A c t i o n Program (ASAP). The Board is p r i m e c o n t r a c t o r t o t h e N a t i o n a l Highway T r a f f i c S a f e t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Depar tmen t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , under C o n t r a c t Number FH-11- 7535 f o r t h e Washtenaw County ASAP. The program is admin i - s t e r e d by t h e Washtenaw County H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t , James H e n d e r s o n , Program D i r e c t o r .

C o n t r a c t s and g r a n t s t o The U n i v e r s i t y o f Michigan f o r t h e s u p p o r t o f s p o n s o r e d r e s e a r c h by t h e Highway S a f e t y R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e a r e a d m i n i s t e r e d t h r o u g h t h e O f f i c e of ' t h e Vice -Pres i d e n t f o r R e s e a r c h .

The o p i n i o n s , f i n d i n g s , and c o n c l u s i o n s e x p r e s s e d i n t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n a r e t h o s e o f t h e a u t h o r s and n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h o s e o f Washtenaw County .

T h i s document i s d i s s e m i n a t e d under t h e s p o n s o r s h i p o f t h e Depar tmen t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f i n f o r m a t i o n e x c h a n g e . The U n i t e d S t a t e s Government assumes no l i a b i l i t y o f i t s c o n t e n t s o r use t h e r e o f .

PREFACE

The Highway S a f e t y R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e h a s u n d e r t a k e n a num-

b e r o f a c t i v i t i e s p e r t a i n i n g t o i t s e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e Washtenaw

County A l c o h o l S a f e t y A c t i o n Program, i n c l u d i n g r o a d s i d e s u r v e y s ,

s u r v e y s o f t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c and s e l e c t e d t a r g e t g r o u p s , and

c o l l e c t i o n and a n a l y s i s o f c r a s h , a r r e s t , and r e c i d i v i s m d a t a .

These a c t i v i t i e s and t h e i r f i n d i n g s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n

s e p a r a t e l y bound r e p o r t s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e r e p o r t i n g s t r u c t u r e

of t h e s p o n s o r i n g a g e n c i e s . T h i s s t r u c t u r e e n a b l e s t h e r e a d e r

i n t e r e s t e d i n a s i n g l e t o p i c t o a c c e s s t h e r e l e v a n t r e p o r t con-

v e n i e n t l y . However, t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e p o r t s i n t h i s s e r i e s

l a r g e l y do n o t c o n t a i n c o m p a r a t i v e d a t a d e r i v e d f rom s e p a r a t e

e v a l u a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s . Such c o m p a r i s o n s , when a p p r o p r i a t e , v i i l l

be found i n t h e summary r e p o r t c i t e d b e l o w .

R e p o r t s i n t h i s s e r i e s which a r e c o m p l e t e d , i n p r o c e s s , o r

p l a n n e d f o r t h e F a l l 1973 a r e l i s t e d below:

1. Washtenaw County 1 9 7 1 , 1972 and 1973 BAC R o a d s i d e S u r v e y , UM-HSRI-AL-73-6.

2 . 1971 and 1973 ASAP S u r v e y s : Washtenaw and J a c k s o n County V o l u n t a r v O r g a n i z a t i o n s , UM-HSRI-AL-73-7.

3 . 1 9 7 1 and 1973 ASAP S u r v e y s : Washtenaw County P h y s i c i a n s , UM-HSRI-AL-73-8.

4 . 1971 and 1973 ASAP S u r v e y s : Washtenaw County G e n e r a l P u b l i c , UM-HSRI-AL-73-9.

5 . 1 9 7 1 and 1 9 7 3 ASAP S u r v e y s : Washtenaw County A t t o r n e y s , Unl-HSRI-AL-73 -10.

6 . 1971 and 1973 ASAP S u r v e y s : Kashtenaw County Law Enforcement A c e n c i e s . Uhl-HSRI-AL-73-11.

7 . 1971 and 1973 ASAP S u r v e y s : Washtenaw County High Schoo l S t u d e n t s , UnI-HSRI-AL-73-12.

8 . A n a l y s i s o f Washtenaw County A l c o h o l S a f e t y A c t i o n Program - P o l i c e Coun te rmeasure A c t i v i t y , UM-HSRI-AL-73.13.

9 . A n a l y s i s o f Washtenaw County A l c o h o l S a f e t y A c t i o n Program J u d i c i a l . R e f e r r a l and Diagnos t i c Act i v i t v , UM-HSRI-AL-7z1 I .

1 0 . Ana lys i s of Washtenaw County Alcohol S a f e t y Act ion Program - Treatment Countermeasures , UM-HSRI-AL-73-15.

11. Ana lys i s of' Washtcnaw County Alcohol Sa l ' c ( . , y A ( : ( . i o t l i)r*op:~-;~rn -. . - --- - . - - . . . . .

Crash , Criterion Measures, UM-IISRI-A1,-7:1-1C;.

12. Washtcnaw County Alcohol Saf 'e ty Actiotl Program Eva . -- -- 1 u i r 1 , i o r t - -. .

Summary, UM-HSRI-AL-73-17.

The c o o p e r a t i o n of many s e r v i c e c l u b s both i n Washtenaw

County and i n Jackson County was an e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r i n making

t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y p o s s i b l e . We e x p r e s s o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h e

members o f t h o s e groups who completed q u e s t i o n n a i r e s f o r t h e

1971 and 1973 s u r v e y s .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Not i c e s P re f act?

1. Summary and Conc lus ions 2 . Purpose and Methodology 3 . A n a l y s i s of R e s u l t s

3 , l Knowledge of' t h e Role of' Alcohol i n Acc iden t s 6 3 . 2 Knowledge of ASAP Countermeasures and 9

R e l a t e d A c t i v i t i e s 3 . 3 Dr ink ing and D r i v i n g Behavior 11 3 . 4 A t t i t u d e s Toward Drunk D r i v i n g Countermeasures 11

Appendix--Codebook w i t h Marg ina l s f o r 1971 and 1973 ASAP Surveys : Washtenaw and Jackson County Volunta ry O r g a n i z a t i o n s

1 . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

I n 1 9 7 1 and 1 9 7 3 , s e r v i c e c l u b s i n Washtenaw and J a c k s o ~ l *

c o u n t i e s were s u r v e y e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f o b t a i n i n g d a t a f o r

e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e Washtenaw A l c o h o l S a f e t y

A c t i o n Program p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n and e d u c a t i o n campa ign . In

1 9 7 3 , 13 s e r v i c e c l u b s i n Washtenaw and 13 m a t c h i n g c l u b s i n

J a c k s o n p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e s u r v e y . I n 1 9 7 3 , n i n e c l u b s i n

Washtenaw a n d e i g h t i n J a c k s o n p a r t i c i p a t e d . The s u r v e y s were

c o n d u c t e d by s e l f - a d m i n i s t e r e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s which were com-

p l e t e d by members i n a t t e n d a n c e a t a m e e t i n g o f e a c h c l u b .

Washtenaw c l u b s p r o v i d e d 370 c o m p l e t e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s i n 1971. and

232 i n 1 9 7 3 , w h i l e J a c k s o n c l u b s p r o v i d e d 420 i n 1971 and 320 i n

1 9 7 3 .

C l u b members from b o t h c o u n t i e s i n b o t h y e a r s t e n d e d t o be

m a l e , o v e r t h e a g e o f 45 and t o h o l d a t l e a s t o n e c o l l e g e d e g r e e .

Washtenaw c l u b r e s p o n d e n t s , however , were more l i k e l y t o have

p u r s u e d p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d y . I n 1 9 7 3 , 46% i n d i c a t e d p o s t g r a d -

u a t e work compared w i t h 32?, o f t h e J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s .

I n r e g a r d t o knowledge o f t h e r o l e of' a l c o h o l i n a c c i d e t - ~ t s ,

t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h c o u n t i e s who e s t i m a t e d

c o r r e c t l y t h e number o f t r a f f i c f a t a l i t i e s i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r i n

t h e i r c o u n t y i n c r e a s e d f rom 1971 t o 1 9 7 3 , b u t J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s

i n b o t h y e a r s w e r e more l i k e l y t o be c o r r e c t t h a n Washtenaw

r e s p o n d e n t s . M a j o r i t i e s o f r e s p o n d e n t s e a c h y e a r t h o u g h t t h a t

o v e r h a l f o f a l l f a t a l t r a f f i c c r a s h e s i n v o l v e a l c o h o l and

m a j o r i t i e s i n b o t h y e a r s f e l t t h a t s o c i a l d r i n k e r s r a t h e r t h a n

p rob lem d r i n k e r s were more r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s u c h c r a s h e s .

hIore t h a n h a l f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h c o u n t i e s i n 1973 e s t i -

ma ted t h a t two d r i n k s o r f e w e r were t h e maximum t h a t a 150-pound

* J a c k s o n County , M i c h i g a n , was s e l e c t e d a s a c o m p a r i s o n c o u n t y b e c a u s e i t d i d n o t h a v e a n ASAP-like p rogram a n d was s i m i l a r t o Washtenaw County i n a r e a , r u r a l / u r b a n l a n d u s e , and r o a d m i l e s , J a c k s o n County is c o n t i g u o u s w i t h Washtenaw County .

p e r s o n c o u l d consume i n o n e h o u r p r i o r t o d r i v i n g and s t i l l b e a

s a f e d r i v e r . I n 1 9 7 1 , t h e m a j o r i t y o f r e s p o n d e n t s had made

h i g h e r e s t i m a t e s o f t h e l i m i t o f d r i n k s f o r s a f e d r i v i n g . Respon-

d e n t s i n 1973, however , were more l i k e l y t o underestimate t h e

a c c i d e n t r i s k f o l l o w i n g c o n s u m p t i o n of ' s i x and n i n e d r i n k s c o r n -

p a r e d w i t h 1 9 7 1 .

The m a j o r i t y o f r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h y e a r s u n d e r e s t i m a t e t l t h e

maximum number o f d r i n k s a 150-pound p e r s o n c o u l d consume i n one

h o u r b e f o r e r e a c h i n g t h e p r e s u m p t i v e minimum BAC f o r I m p a i r e d

d r i v i n g . An a n a l y s i s o f t h e p e r s o n a l d r i n k i n g l imits , which were

c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h r e s p o n d e n t i n 1973 b a s e d on h i s r e p o r t e d body

w e i g h t , showed t h a t most r e s p o n d e n t s u n d e r e s t i m a t e d t h e i r own

d r i n k i n g l i m i t f o r s a f e and l e g a l d r i v i n g a t . 0 5 and . 0 7 BAC,

r e s p e c t i v e l y . R e s p o n d e n t s were a l s o found t o h a v e u n d e r e s t i m a t e d

t h e i r p e r s o n a l a c c i d e n t r i s k f o l l o w i n g c o n s u m p t i o n o f s i x and

n i n e d r i n k s . T h u s , a l t h o u g h e s t i m a t e s o f d r i n k i n g . l imits , f o r

s a f e d r i v i n g were t o o low, t h e r e was no d e m o n s t r a t e d aw:ir.t!tlo+;s o l

t h e i n c r e a s e d a c c i d e n t r i s k f o l l o w i n g consumpt ion o l h i g h e r t-rum-

b e r s o f d r i n k s .

I n A p r i l 1 9 7 2 , t h e presumpt i v e minimum BACs f o r D r i v i n g

Under t h e I n f l u e n c e o f L i q u o r (DUIL) and f o r t h e l e s s e r i n c l u d e d

o f f e n s e o f I m p a i r e d d r i v i n g were r e d u c e d f rom . 1 5 t o . l o and f rom

. 1 0 t o .08 r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n 1 9 7 1 , o n l y 7% o f Washtenaw and 11%

o f J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s knew t h a t t h e p r e s u m p t i v e minimum f o r

I m p a i r e d d r i v i n g was . l o , a n d e v e n f e w e r (3% i n Washtenaw and 5%

i n J a c k s o n ) knew t h e r e d u c e d minimum i n 1973 was . 0 8 . With re-

g a r d t o t h e p r e s u m p t i v e minimum BAC f o r DUIL, 12% o f Washtenaw

a n d 11% o f J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s g a v e t h e c o r r e c t answer o f . l o i n

1 9 7 3 . T w o - f i f t h s $ o n e - h a l f o f r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h c o u n t i e s i n

b o t h y e a r s g a v e a n s w e r s which were n o t n e a r l y c o r r e c t . The r e -

m a i n d e r made e s t i m a t e s which were e i t h e r c o r r e c t o r n e a r l y c o r -

r e c t numbers b u t had m i s s i n g o r m i s p l a c e d d e c i m a l s .

I n r e g a r d t o knowledge o f ASAP c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s a n d r e l a t e d

a c t i v i t i e s , Washtenaw s e r v i c e c l u b r e s p o n d e n t s were more in fo rmed

a b o u t t h e ASAP a c t i v i t i e s t h a n t h e J a c k s o n c l u b r e s p o n d e n t s .

Kashtenaw c l u b r e s p o n d e n t s were most l i k e l y t o have h e a r d a b o u t

t h e r o a d s i d e b r e a t h t e s t i n g s u r v e y s (60%) a n d t h e s p e c i a l a l c o h o l

e d u c a t i o n c l a s s e s f o r c o n v i c t e d d r u n k d r i v e r s ( 5 7 % ) , a n d 44% had

h e a r d o f f o u r o r more o f t h e e i g h t l i s t e d c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s , com-

p a r e d w i t h 18% o f t h e J a c k s o n Coun ty r e s p o n d e n t s . Washtetlnw c l u b

r e s p o n d e n t s were a l s o more a w a r e o f ASAP a c t i v i t i e s t h a n t h c

g e n e r a l p u b l i c s u r v e y e d i n Washtenaw Coun ty i n 1 9 7 3 . No more t h a n

o n e - t h i r d o f t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c h a d h e a r d o f e a c h o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s ,

a n d o n l y 20% h a d h e a r d o f f o u r o r more .

I n terms o f t h e i r own r e p o r t e d d r i v i n g - a f t e r - d r i n k i n g

b e h a v i o r , s e r v i c e c l u b members i n b o t h c o u n t i e s r e p o r t e d more

i n v o l v e m e n t t h a n t h e Washtenaw Coun ty g e n e r a l p u b l i c . T h e r e was

l i t t l e c h a n g e i n 1 9 7 3 f r o m t h e 1 9 7 1 f i n d i n g s t h a t r o u g h l y t h r e e -

q u a r t e r s o f s e r v i c e c l u b members h a d d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n g some

a l c o h o l i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r a n d 27% t o 30% h a d d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k -

i n g t o o much a l c o h o l i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r . T h e r e is t h e n , no

e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t a c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n

c a m p a i g n e f f e c t i v e l y r e d u c e d d r i v i n g - a f t e r - d r i n k i n g b e h a v i o r among

Washtenaw Coun ty s e r v i c e c l u b r e s p o n d e n t s .

T h e r e were f ew c h a n g e s i n a t t i t u d e s a b o u t countermeasure

a c t i v i t i e s . I n b o t h y e a r s , m a j o r i t i e s of ' r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h

c o u n t i e s d i s a g r e e d t h a t " t o o much f u s s was b e i n g made a b o u t t h e

d a n g e r s o f d r i n k i n g a n d d r i v i n g " . Most f e l t t h a t s t r o n g e r pun-

i s h m e n t o f c o n v i c t e d d r u n k d r i v e r s would b e e f f e c t i v e b u t t h a t

p r o b l e m d r i n k e r s c o n v i c t e d o f d r u n k d r i v i n g s h o u l d b e p l a c e d i n

t r e a t m e n t p r o g r a m s r a t h e r t h a n g i v e n s e v e r e p e n a l t i e s .

A m a j o r i t y o f Washtenaw r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h s u r v e y s s u p p o r t e d

t h e u s e o f ~ n t a b u s e ' ~ ) * w i t h p r o b l e m d r i n k e r s c o n v i c t e d o f d r u n k

d r i v i n g , b u t a s i g n i f i c a n c e * * d e c r e a s e i n s u p p o r t f r o m 40% t o 31%

was f o u n d among J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s .

S u p p o r t f o r e n a b l i n g p o l i c e t o c o n d u c t random r o a d c h e c k s

a n d r e q u i r e b r e a t h t e s t s i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n Washtenaw

*Antabuse i s t h e r e g i s t e r e d b r a n d name o f t h e d r u g d i s u l f ' i r a m p r o d u c e d by A y e r e s t L a b o r a t o r i e s .

**In t h e p r e s e n t r e p o r t , a l l t es t s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e a r e o n e - t a i l e d a n d a s sume a 95% c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l .

from 58% i n 1 9 7 1 t o 68% i n 1973 . But f e w e r t h a n h a l f t h e r e s p o n -

d e n t s e i t h e r y e a r a g r e e d t h a t p o l i c e s h o u l d p a t r o l p r i v a t e

p a r t i e s . T h e r e was c o n t i n u e d m a j o r i t y s u p p o r t f o r r e q u i r i n g

b r e a t h t e s t s f rom p e r s o n s i n v o l v e d i n highway c r a s h e s i f t h e y

a p p e a r e d t o h a v e b e e n d r i n k i n g . S u p p o r t by m a j o r i t i e s was a l s o

f o u n d i n b o t h y e a r s f o r h a v i n g b a r t e n d e r s and p r i v a t e h o s t s l i m i t

t h e a l c o h o l consumpt ion o f c u s t o m e r s o r g u e s t s who must d r i v e

home. A m a j o r i t y o f r e s p o n d e n t s a l s o f e l t t h a t b a r s s h o u l d p r o -

v i d e b r e a t h t e s t i n g d e v i c e s f o r c u s t o m e r s who wish t o use them.

I n c o n c l u s i o n , no s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s o c c u r r e d among Washtenaw

County s e r v i c e c l u b members w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r k m w l e d g e a b o u t

t h e r o l e o f a l c o h o l i n highway c r a s h e s and a b o u t d r i n k i n g - d r i v i n g

l a w s , o r t h e i r a t t i t u d e s a b o u t d r i n k i n g and d r i v i n g , o r t h e i r

s e l f - r e p o r t e d d r i v i n g - a f t e r - d r i n k i n g b e h a v i o r . The p r e l i m i n a r y

o b j e c t i v e o f i n f o r m i n g s e r v i c e c l u b members a b o u t t h e e x i s t e n c e

o f WCASAP a c t i v i t i e s was a c h i e v e d , a l t h o u g h t h e u n u s u a l l y h i g h

l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t a n d c i v i c i n t e r e s t g e n e r a l l y found

i n s e r v i c e c l u b members u n d o u b t e d l y f a c i l i t a t e d t h a t t a s k .

2 . PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY

E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e ASAP p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n a n d e d u c a t i o n

campaign was c o n d u c t e d by p r e - ' a n d p o s t campaign s u r v e y s o f key

g r o u p s w i t h i n t h e Washtenaw County p o p u l a t i o n and a h o u s e h o l d

s u r v e y o f r e s i d e n t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e Coun ty . S e r v i c e c l u b s were

o n e o f t h e t a r g e t s o f t h e campaign and t h e p r e s e n t r e p o r t c o n s i s t s

o f t h e a n a l y s i s o f d a t a c o l l e c t e d f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e impac t o f

t h e campaign on t h o s e g r o u p s . I n a d d i t i o n t o s e r v i c e c l u b s i n

Washtenaw County , m a t c h i n g c l u b s i n J a c k s o n County , M i c h i g a n ,

which d i d n o t have an ASAP, were s u r v e y e d f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h

Washtenaw County c l u b s .

The o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e campaign w i t h r e g a r d t o s e r v i c e c l u b s

were t o i n c r e a s e knowledge and c o n c e r n a b o u t t h e d r i n k i n g d r i v i n g

p rob lem and t o d e v e l o p a b a s e o f s u p p o r t f o r t h e ASAP c o u n t e r -

m e a s u r e s d i r e c t e d t o t h e p r o b l e m . A s p e a k e r s b u r e a u was e s t a b -

l i s h e d e a r l y i n t h e o p e r a t i o n a l p h a s e o f t h e campaign and a c t e d

a s t h e p r i m a r y v e h i c l e f o r a c h i e v i n g t h o s e o h , j e c t i v e s . In a l l ,

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 Washtenaw County c l u b s w i t h a t o t a l membership

o f 900 were a d d r e s s e d . O t h e r e l e m e n t s o f t h e campaign which were

d e s i g n e d t o impac t t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c and s p e c i f i c p r o f e s s i o n a l

g r o u p s , s u c h a s a t t o r n e y s and p h y s i c i a n s , were e x p e c t e d t o f i n d

some s e r v i c e c l u b members i n t h e a u d i e n c e . Such p e r s o n s were

e x p e c t e d t o b e p a r t i c u l a r l y r e s p o n s i v e b o t h a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r

d e m o n s t r a t e d c i v i c i n t e r e s t and a s a resul t o f i n t e r e s t g e n e r a t e d

by ASAP p r e s e n t a t i o n s t o t h e i r c l u b s .

The s u r v e y s were c o n d u c t e d by m a i l e d s e l f - a d m i n i s t e r e d

q u e s t i o n n a i r e s which were c o m p l e t e d i n m e e t i n g s o f s e l e c t e d s e r -

v i c e c l u b s . I n 1 9 7 1 , 13 c l u b s i n Washtenaw County and 13 c l u b s

i n J a c k s o n County p a r t i c i p a t e d , p r o v i d i n g a t o t a l o f 370 q u e s t i o n -

n a i r e s from Washtenaw and 425 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s f rom J a c k s o n . I n

1 9 7 3 , n i n e Washtenaw and e i g h t J a c k s o n c l u b s p r o v i d e d 232 Washtenaw

and 3 2 0 J a c k s o n County q u e s t i o n n a i r e s .

Respondents i n b o t h s u r v e y s were most l i k e l y t o be m a l e , o v e r

t h e a g e o f 45 , and t o h o l d a t l e a s t o n e c o l l e g e d e g r e e . Washtenaw

County r e s p o n d e n t s d i f f e r e d from J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s o n l y on t h e

b a s i s o f e d u c a t i o n . F o r t y - o n e p e r c e n t i n 1971 and 46% i n 1973

had p u r s u e d a t l e a s t some p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d y , compared w i t h 129'j

and 32% o f t h e J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s i n 1971 and 1973 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

3 . ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

3 . 1 KNOWLEDGE OF THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL IN ACCIDENTS

A s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e was found i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n of r e spon-

d e n t s i n bo th c o u n t i e s who knew how many p e r s o n s had been k i l l e d

i n t r a f f i c c r a s h e s i n t h e i r c o u n t y d u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r .

Given a r a n g e of 10-49 f o r " c o r r e c t " J ackson r e s p o n s e s , and 50-99

f o r " c o r r e c t " Washtenaw r e s p o n s e s , 46% of t h e Washtenaw r e s p o n s e s

were c o r r e c t i n 1973 and 32% i n 1971 , and 61% of t h e Jackson

r e s p o n s e s were c o r r e c t i n 1971 and 46% i n 1 9 7 3 . * I t was n o t e -

wor thy from t h e p o i n t o f view of a r e a l i s t i c a s se s smen t o f t h e

problem of t r a f f i c f a t a l i t i e s , t h a t i n 1973 o n l y 3?, o f t h e

Washtenaw r e s p o n d e n t s gave answers h i g h e r t h a n 1000 , compared w i t h

28% i n 1971 . I n terms of campaign e v a l u a t i o n , however, no e f f e c t

c an be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e ASAP a c t i v i t y i n Washtenaw County. The

i n c r e a s e i n c o r r e c t answers i n J ackson was a c t u a l l y s l i g h t l y

g r e a t e r t h a n i n Washtenaw (15% v s . 14%), and t h e r e was no e f f o r t

t o e d u c a t e J ackson r e s i d e n t s s p e c i f i c a l l y abou t t r a f f i c f a t a l i t y

s t a t i s t i c s .

There were no s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t changes i n t h e e s t i -

mates made by r e s p o n d e n t s o f t h e p r o p o r t i o n of f a t a l c r a s h e s

which a r e a l c o h o l - r e l a t e d . The m a j o r i t y i n both c o u n t i e s i n bo th

s u r v e y s t hough t t h a t 50% t o 80% of such c r a s h e s a r e a l c o h o l -

r e l a t e d . M a j o r i t i e s i n bo th s u r v e y s a l s o f e l t t h a t s o c i a l

d r i n k e r s r a t h e r t h a n problem d r i n k e r s were more l i k e l y t o be i n -

vo lved i n t h o s e c r a s h e s .

Respondents i n 1973 were most l i k e l y t o t h i n k t h a t two o r

fewer d r i n k s were a s many a s a 150-pound pe r son cou ld have b e f o r e

d r i v i n g and s t i l l be a s a f e d r i v e r . The t r e n d i n bo th c o u n t i e s

was toward lower e s t i m a t e s o f t h e maximum number o f d r i n k s f 'or

*The e x a c t number of f a t a l i t i e s a r e shown below f o r e a c h c o u n t y by y e a r . 1970 1972

Washtenaw County 78 69 Jackson County 29 3 8

s a f e d r i v i n g . I n 1 9 7 1 , 29% i n Washtenaw and 30% i n J a c k s o n had

t h o u g h t t h a t t h r e e o r more d r i n k s were s a f e , compared w i t h 15%

and 20% r e s p e c t i v e l y i n 1973 . Al though t h e r e was l i t t l e c h a n g e

i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h c o u n t i e s who c o r r e c t l y

e s t i m a t e d t h a t a 150-pound p e r s o n who consumes s i x d r i n k s i n one

h o u r w i l l be 6-10 t i m e s more l i k e l y t o h a v e a n a c c i d e n t t h a n i f h e

had n o t been d r i n k i n g ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - t h i r d were c o r r e c t ) , t h e

t e n d e n c y o f 1 9 7 1 r e s p o n d e n t s t o o v e r e s t i m a t e t h e a c c i d e n t r i s k

was r e v e r s e d , w i t h 45% i n Washtenaw and 43?, i n J a c k s o n i n 1973

u n d e r e s t i m a t i n g t h e a c c i d e n t r i s k f o l l o w i n g consumpt ion o f six

d r i n k s i n o n e h o u r . With o n l y min imal d i f f e r e n c e s be tween

c o u n t i e s , a s i m i l a r t e n d e n c y t o u n d e r e s t i m a t e was found i n r e -

s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f how many times t h e r i s k o f a c c i d e n t

would i n c r e a s e f o l l o w i n g c o n s u m p t i o n o f n i n e d r i n k s i n o n e h o u r by

a 150-pound p e r s o n . The p r o p o r t i o n i n b o t h c o u n t i e s who c o r r e c t l y

e s t i m a t e d t h e i n c r e a s e d a c c i d e n t r i s k a t 50-100 times d e c r e a s e d

f rom a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25% i n 1 9 7 1 t o 15% i n 1973 . T h r e e - f o u r t h s o f

b o t h c o u n t i e s i n 1973 made e s t i m a t e s l o w e r t h a n 5 0 , compared w i t h

t w o - t h i r d s i n 1 9 7 1 .

R e s p o n d e n t s were a s k e d a l s o t o e s t i m a t e t h e number of d r i n k s

which a 150-pound p e r s o n c o u l d consume b e f o r e r e a c h i n g a h lood

a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n h i g h enough t o be presumed t o he an i m -

p a i r e d d r i v e r by Mich igan l a w . I n 1 9 7 1 , when t h e p r e s u m p t i v e

minimum BAC f o r i m p a i r e d d r i v i n g was . l o , 19% i n Washtenaw and

15% i n J a c k s o n c o r r e c t l y t h o u g h t t h a t f o u r d r i n k s would b e t h e

l i m i t , and t h e m a j o r i t y o f r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h c o u n t i e s made

l o w e r e s t i m a t e s . I n 1973 , when t h e p r e s u m p t i v e minimum BAC f o r

i m p a i r e d d r i v i n g was r e d u c e d t o .08 , 35-40% c o r r e c t l y e s t i m a t e d

t h e l i m i t o f d r i n k s a t t h r e e . A g a i n , however , t h e m a j o r i t y of

r e s p o n d e n t s made l o w e r es t i m a t e s . A r a t i o was c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h r e s p o n d e n t b a s e d on t h e

answer g i v e n t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f how many d r i n k s a p e r s o n c o u l d

consume i n one h o u r and s t i l l be a s a f e d r i v e r and t h e answer

g i v e n t o t h e q y e s t i o n o f how many d r i n k s a p e r s o n c o u l d consume

i n one h o u r b e f o r e r e a c h i n g t h e . l o BAC. For e x a m p l e , a r e s p o n -

d e n t who t h o u g h t h i s l i m i t f o r s a f e d r i v i n g was t h r e e d r i n k s and

f o r l e g a l d r i v i n g was f i v e d r i n k s would h a v e a r a t i o o f 3 / 5 .

A n a l y s i s 01 t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h o s e r a t b s showed t h a t t h e

m a j o r i t y o f Washtenaw and J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s i n e a c h s u r v e y

t h o u g h t t h a t t h e maximum number o f d r i n k s f o r s a f e d r i v i n g was

f e w e r t h a n t h e maximum number o f d r i n k s b e f o r e i m p a i r e d d r i v i n g .

But a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o - f i f t h s o f a l l r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h s u r v e y s

had r a t i o s 01 u n i t y o r h i g h e r .

T h r e e r a t i o s w e r e a l s o o b t a i n e d f o r e a c h r e s p o n d e n t i n

1973 u s i n g a s n u m e r a t o r s h i s a n s w e r s t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e number

o f s a f e d r i v i n g d r i n k s , t h e number o f p r e - i m p a i r e d d r i v i n g d r i n k s

a n d t h e number o f pre-DUIL d r i n k s a n d a s d e n o m i n a t o r s t h e c o r r e c t

a n s w e r s f o r e a c h r e s p o n d e n t which were c a l c u l a t e d by f i n d i n g t h e

number o f d r i n k s which h e c o u l d consume t o r e a c h . 0 5 , . 0 7 and . 1 0

BAC b a s e d o n h i s r e p o r t e d body w e i g h t . R a t i o s were t h u s o b t a i n e d

f o r p e r c e i v e d v s . c a l c u l a t e d s a f e d r i v i n g d r i n k s , p e r c e i v e d v s .

c a l c u l a t e d p r e - i m p a i r e d d r i v i n g d r i n k s , and p e r c e i v e d v s . c a l c u -

l a t e d pre-DUIL d r i n k s . A n a l y s i s o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e s e

t h r e e se ts o f r a t i o s showed t h a t a m a j o r i t y o f r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h

c o u n t i e s u n d e r e s t i m a t e d t h e i r r e a l maximum 1 imits i n a l l t h r e e

c o n d i t i o n s .

R a t i o s were a l s o c a l c u l a t e d f o r 1973 r e s p o n d e n t s based on

t h e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o f i n c r e a s e d a c c i d e n t r i s k f o l l o w -

i n g c o n s u m p t i o n o f s i x a n d n i n e d r i n k s and t h e a c t u a l r i s k t o

e a c h r e s p o n d e n t which was f o u n d by d e t e r m i n i n g t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' s

BAC a t s i x a n d n i n e d r i n k s b a s e d on h i s body w e i g h t and t h e n

d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a c c i d e n t r i s k s a t t h o s e BAC's from t h e s t a t i s t i c a l

f i n d i n g s o f t h e B o r k e n s t e i n s t u d y i n Grand R a p i d s . * A g a i n , t h e

m a j o r i t y o f r e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h c o u n t i e s were found t o have under -

e s t i m a t e d t h e a c c i d e n t r i s k t o t h e m s e l v e s f o l l o w i n g s i x and n i n e

d r i n k s .

I n 1 9 7 2 , t h e p r e s u m p t i v e minimum BACs f o r D r i v i n g Under t h e

I n f l u e n c e o f L i q u o r (DUIL) and f o r t h e l e s s e r i n c l u d e d o f f e n s e of

I m p a i r e d d r i v i n g i n Mich igan were r e d u c e d f rom .15 t o . 1 0 and from

. 1 0 t o . 0 8 r e s p e c t i v e l y . R e s p o n d e n t s i n b o t h s u r v e y s were a s k e d

*R.F. B o r k e n s t e i n , e t . a l . The R o l e o f t h e D r i n k i n e D r i v e r i n < >

T r a f f i c A c c i d e n t s . Depar tmen t o f P o l i c e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , I n d i a n a U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 6 4 .

t o s t a t e t h e p re sumpt ive minimum f o r impa i r ed d r i v i n g and i n 1973 ,

a l s o t h e m i ~ l i m u m f o r DUIL. The t a b l e below shows t h e p e r c e n t a g e s

o f r e s p o n d e n t s who gave t h e c o r r e c t answer f o r impai red d r i v i n g

of . 1 0 i n 1971 and .08 i n 1973 , and t h e c o r r e c t answer f o r D U I L

o f . 1 5 i n 1971 and . l o i n 1973. A d d i t i o n a l p e r c e n t a g e s a r e shown

f o r 1971 answers o f . l o o r - 1 5 f o r impa i r ed d r i v i n g and f o r

1973 answers o f .15 f o r DUIL t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e e x t e n t

of c o n f u s i o n about t h e minimums. The p e r c e n t a g e o f answers no t

n e a r l y c o r r e c t (which e x c l u d e answers which were c o r r e c t , o r

n e a r l y c o r r e c t i n number b u t had mi sp l aced d e c i m a l s ) a r e shown

t o in form t h e r e a d e r t h a t t w o - f i f t h s t o one-ha l f o f t h e r e spon-

d e n t s were v e r y con fused abou t t h e minimums.

ESTIMATES OF PRESUMPTIVE MINIMUhI BAC FOR IMPAIRED DRIVING AND DUIL I N MICHIGAN (IN PERCENT BY COUNTY AND YEAR)

Washtenaw Jackson County County 1971 1973 1971 1973

Impai red D r i v i n g

Not n e a r l y c o r r e c t 40 4 1 46 52

DUIL

Not n e a r l y c o r r e c t -- 48 -- 5 3

3 . 2 KNOWLEDGE OF ASAP COUNTERJ!EASURES AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

I n 1973 more t h a n h a l f (59%) of t h e s e r v i c e c l u b members sur-

veyed i n Washtenaw County had hea rd of t h e l o c a l Alcohol S a f e t y

Ac t ion Program. The t a b l e below shows t h e p e r c e n t a g e of

Washtenaw r e s p o n d e n t s who were aware o f each of e i g h t l i s t e d

coun te rmeasu re s and a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e l o c a l program. J ackson

County s e r v i c e c l u b members were a sked t h e same q u e s t i o n s e x c e p t

t h a t t h e frame o f r e f e r e n c e g i v e n f o r t h e coun te rmeasu re a c t i -

v i t y was " s e v e r a l c o u n t i e s " i n Michigan, r a t h e r t han Washtenaw

County. The coun te rmeasu re most f r e q u e n t l y r e c o g n i z e d by Jackson

r e s p o n d e n t s (47%) was i n c r e a s e d DUIL a r r e s t s , which had been

p u b l i c i z e d i n many n e w s p a p e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e b u t which

r e l a t e d t o s t a t e w i d e s t a t i s t i c s and n o t Washtenaw County

s p e c i f i c a l l y . A p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - t h i r d o f J a c k s o n members a l s o

were a w a r e of a l o c a l p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n and e d u c a t i o n campa ign ,

p e r h a p s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e c o v e r l e t t e r s s e n t t o t h e c l u b s a s

p a r t o f t h e p r e s e n t s u r v e y a c t i v i t i e s . A l l o t h e r c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s

were r e c o g n i z e d by less t h a n o n e - t h i r d o f t h e J a c k s o n r e s p o n -

d e n t s .

AWARENESS OF ASAP COUNTERMEASURES AND ACTIVITIES BY WASHTENAW VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS

C o u n t e r m e a s u r e s and A c t i v i t i e s

R o a d s i d e b r e a t h t e s t i n g s u r v e y s

S p e c i a l a l c o h o l e d u c a t i o n c l a s s e s 57

I n c r e a s e d DUIL a r r e s t s 49

The u s e o f A n t a b u s e by c o n v i c t e d d r u n k d r i v e r s who 4 5 were prob lem d r i n k e r s

L o c a l p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n and e d u c a t i o n campa ign 43

C o u n s e l i n g i n c o u p l e ' s c l u b s 3 4

S p e c i a l ASAP p r o b a t i o n o f f i c e r s

S p e c i a l ASAP p o l i c e p a t r o l s

I n c o n t r a s t Washtenaw r e s p o n d e n t s were v e r y well i n f o r m e d ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e r o a d s i d e s u r v e y s which were con-

d u c t e d a n n u a l l y d u r i n g t h e t h r e e - y e a r p e r i o d o f ASAP i n t h e

Coun ty . Each s u r v e y was i n t e n t i o n a l l y p u b l i c i z e d i n l o c a l n e w s -

p a p e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t y just p r i o r t o i ts b e g i n n i n g and

a p p a r e n t l y drew much i n t e r e s t f rom s e r v i c e c l u b members. P e r h a p s

t h e f i n d i n g t h a t a h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f s e r v i c e c l u b members

r e p o r t e d h a v i n g d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n g t h a n t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c sur

veyed i n Washtenaw County may e x p l a i n some o f t h e i r i n t e r e s t i n

t h e r o a d s i d e b r e a t h t e s t i n g s u r v e y s . The s e c o n d most f r e q u e n t l y

r e c o g n i z e d c o u n t e r m e a s u r e , s p e c i a l a l c o h o l e d u c a t i o n c l a s s e s f o r

c o n v i c t e d d r u n k d r i v e r s , may h a v e been remembered f rom t h e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n s by ASAP s p e a k e r s who were d i r e c t l y a f f i l i a t e d w i t h

t h o s e c l a s s e s a s i n s t r u c t o r s .

Washtenaw s e r v i c e c l u b members were more i n f o r m e d t h a n t h e

Washtenaw County g e n e r a l p u b l i c s u r v e y e d i n 1 9 7 3 . The s p e c i a l

a l c o h o l educatjon c l a s s e s were t h e most f r e q u e n t l y r e c o g n i z e d by

t h e Washtenaw g e n e r a l p u b l i c , b u t t h e p r o p o r t i o n who had

h e a r d o f t h o s e c l a s s e s was o n l y 33% of t h e t o t a l s a m p l e . An

a n a l y s i s o f c u m u l a t i v e p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s

q u e s t i o n s showed t h a t o n l y 20% o f t h e Washtenaw County g e n e r a l

p u b l i c were aware o f h a l f o r more o f t h e e i g h t c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s ,

compared w i t h 44% o f t h e s e r v i c e c l u b members.

3 . 3 DRINKING AND DRIVING BEHAVIOR

T h e r e is no e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e campa ign e f f e c t i v e l y r e d u c e d

t h e i n c i d e n c e o f s e r v i c e c l u b members t h e m s e l v e s d r i v i n g a f t e r

d r i n k i n g . T h e r e was l i t t l e c h a n g e i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f s e r v i c e

c l u b r e s p o n d e n t s i n e i t h e r c o u n t y who r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y had

d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n g some a l c o h o l i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r . I n

Washtenaw, 77% i n 1 9 7 1 a n d 74% i n 1973 h a d d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n g

a t l e a s t o n c e i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , compared w i t h 72% i n 1 9 7 1 and

75% i n 1973 i n J a c k s o n . Compared w i t h t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c sur-

v e y e d i n 1973 i n Washtenaw County , 61% o f whom r e p o r t e d some

d r i v i n g - a f t e r - d r i n k i n g b e h a v i o r , s e r v i c e c l u b members i n e i t h e r

c o u n t y were more h i g h l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e b e h a v i o r . I n 1 9 7 3 , 23%

o f Washtenaw and 28% o f J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s had d r i v e n a f t e r

d r i n k i n g 2 5 o r more times i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , compared w i t h 155,

o f t h e Washtenaw County g e n e r a l p u b l i c .

T h e r e was a l s o no c h a n g e be tween s u r v e y s i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f

r e s p o n d e n t s who r e p o r t e d h a v i n g d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n g t o o much i n

t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r . I n 1 9 7 1 , 29% o f t h e Washtenaw and 27% of t h e

J a c k s o n r e s p o n d e n t s h a d r e p o r t e d d r i v i n g a f t e r d r i n k i n g t o o much

a t l e a s t o n c e , compared t o 30% and 27% r e s p e c t i v e l y i n 1973 . One-

f o u r t h o f t h e Washtenaw County g e n e r a l p u b l i c i n 1973 r e p o r t e d

h a v i n g d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n g t o o much a t l e a s t o c c a s i o n a l l y d u r -

i n g t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r .

3 . 4 ATTITUDES TOWARD DRUNK DRIVING COUNTERMEASURES

R e s p o n d e n t s were a s k e d t o i n d i c a t e t h e i r o p i n i o n a b o u t e a c h

o f s e v e r a l s t a t e m e n t s by c h e c k i n g " a g r e e s t r o n g l y " , " t e n d t o

a g r e e " , " t e n d t o d i s a g r e e " , o r " d i s a g r e e s t r o n g l y " . I n 1 9 7 1 , 89%

of Washtenaw and 88% o f Jackson c l u b r e s p o n d e n t s a t l e a s t t ended

t o d i s a g r e e t h a t " t oo much f u s s is b e i n g made abou t t h e dange r s

of d r i n k i n g and d r i v i n g " . There was l i t t l e change i n 1973, wi t.h

87% o f Washtenaw and 86% d i s a g r e e i n g w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t .

Approximately t h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s i n both

c o u n t i e s i n both 1971 and 1973 ag reed t h a t s t r o n g e r punishment of

drunk d r i v e r s would h e l p t o r e d u c e t h e problem. The p r o p o r t i o n

of r e s p o n d e n t s who a g r e e d t h a t problem d r i n k e r s who were c o n v i c t e d

of drunk d r i v i n g s h o u l d be p l a c e d on p r o b a t i o n and i n t o a counse l -

i n g o r t r e a t m e n t program r a t h e r t h a n g i v e n s e v e r e p e n a l t i e s

changed l i t t l e i n Washtenaw from 88% i n 1971 t o 82% i n 1973, and

i n J ackson from 82% i n 1971 t o 74% i n 1973. Thus, a m a j o r i t y i n

both c o u n t i e s a g r e e d w i t h t h e v a l u e of s t r o n g e r punishment f o r

drunk d r i v e r s i n g e n e r a l , bu t p r e f e r r e d c o u n s e l i n g f o r problem

d r i n k e r s c o n v i c t e d o f d runk d r i v i n g .

A n e g l i g i b l e change was found i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n of Washtenaw

r e s p o n d e n t s who ag reed t h a t "persons c o n v i c t e d of drunk d r i v i n g

s h o u l d be r e q u i r e d t o t a k e p i l l s which c a u s e them t o be s i c k i f

t h e y d r i n k a l c o h o l f ' (50% i n 1971 and 52% i n 1 9 7 3 ) . B u t a s i g n i -

f i c a n t d e c r e a s e was found i n t h e Jackson r e s p o n d e n t s who were of

t h a t o p i n i o n (40% i n 1971 and 31% i n 1973) . I n 1973, 81% o f t h e

Washtenaw r e s p o n d e n t s a g r e e d t h a t t h e government s h o u l d be i n -

vo lved i n med ica l and p s y c h o l o g i c a l t r e a t m e n t programs f o r d runk

d r i v e r s compared w i t h 74% i n J ackson . T h i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s l i g h t

i n c r e a s e i n Washtenaw from 73% i n 1971 and a s l i g h t d e c r e a s e i n

J ackson from 77%. I n 1973, 67% of Washtenaw and 65% o f Jackson

r e s p o n d e n t s d i s a g r e e d w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t " t h a t no m a t t e r how much

e f f o r t i s i n v e s t e d , t h e r e is n o t l i k e l y t o be much e f f e c t on t h e

drunk d r i v e r p rob lemf1 . There were no d a t a on t h i s q u e s t i o n f o r

comparison w i t h 1971.

More t h a n t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f each c o u n t y i n 1973 ag reed t h a t

most d runk d r i v e r s a r e not apprehended by t h e p o l i c e . Half o r

fewer of bo th c o u n t i e s f e l t t h a t p o l i c e s h o u l d p a t r o l p r i v a t e

p a r t i e s , but more t h a n h a l f i n each coun ty a g r e e d t h a t p o l i c e

s h o u l d c a r r y o u t random road checks t o c a t c h d r i v e r s who have

drunk t o o much and s h o u l d be a b l e t o r e q u i r e anyone who is

s t o p p e d t o t a k e an a l c o h o l b r e a t h t e s t . In Washtenaw, t h e

p r o p o r t i o n who agreed w i t h random road checks incr .oascd s i g n i -

f i c a n t l y from 58% i n 1971 t o 68% i n 1973. Over 90%) i n bo th

c o u n t i e s agreed t h a t b r e a t h t e s t s t o de te rmine blood a l c o h o l con-

c e n t r a t i o n shou ld be r e q u i r e d whenever a d r i v e r who appea r s t o

have been d r i n k i n g is involved i n a highway c r a s h . The p r o p o r t i o n

of Washtenaw re sponden t s who ag reed t h a t b r e a t h t e s t i n g dev ice s

shou ld be prov ided i n b a r s i n c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y from 71% i n 1971 t o

77% i n 1973, compared w i t h 65% of Jackson r e sponden t s i n 1971 and

67% i n 1973. In 1973, 68% of Washtenaw members ag reed t h a t bar-

t e n d e r s shou ld l i m i t t h e number of d r i n k s t hey w i l l s e r v e t o

cus tomers who p l a n t o d r i v e , compared wi th 64% of t h e Jackson

members. There was a s m a l l i n c r e a s e from 93% i n 1971 t o 97r; i n

1973, i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n of Washtenaw respondents who agreed t h a t

a good hos t a t a p a r t y w i l l t r y t o s e e t h a t h i s g u e s t s who must

d r i v e home do not d r i n k t oo much and a s i m i l a r l y s m a l l i n c r e a s e

from 92% i n 1971 t o 96% i n 1973 among Jackson r e sponden t s .

CODEBOOK WITH MARGINALS FOR 1971 AND 1973 A S A P SURVEYS: WASHTENAW AND JACKSON 'COUNTY VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS

INTRODUCTION

The f o l l o w i n g codebook w i t h m a r g i n a l s c o n t a i n s t h e r e s u l t s

of two s u r v e y s of v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n Washtenaw County

and Jackson County, Michigan, i n 1971 and 1973. The s u r v e y s

were conducted a s one e lement of t h e e v a l u a t i o n p rocedure s f o r

t h e Washtenaw County Alcohol S a f e t y Ac t ion Program (WCASAP) . The a b b r e v i a t i o n s of WC and J C have been used th roughout

t h e codebook t o i d e n t i f y r e s u l t s from Washtenaw County and

Jackson County r e s p e c t i v e l y . R e s u l t s from t h e 1971 s u r v e y a r e

p r e s e n t e d i n p a r e n t h e s e s and t h e r e s u l t s from t h e 1973 su rvey

a r e f r e e - s t a n d i n g . I n 1971, 420 completed q u e s t i o n n a i r e s were

r e c e i v e d from Washtenaw c l u b s and 370 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s were

r e c e i v e d from Jackson c l u b s . In 1973, Washtenaw c l u b s prov ided

232 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s and Jackson c l u b s prov ided 320 .

The r e s u l t s f o r c a t e g o r i c a l v a r i a b l e s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s

p e r c e n t a g e s . P e r c e n t i l e s were c a l c u l a t e d f o r numeric v a r i a b l e s

and t h e t e n t h , t h i r t i e t h , f i f t i e t h , s e v e n t i e t h and n i n t i e t h pe r -

c e n t i l e s a r e p r e s e n t e d . I n most c a s e s , column p e r c e n t a g e s add

t o 100 , bu t f o r m u l t i p l e r e s p o n s e v a r i a b l e s , t h e p e r c e n t a g e s

a r e based on d i v i d i n g t h e number of ment ions of a c a t e g o r y by

t h e number of r e s p o n d e n t s , and t h u s u s u a l l y add t o more t h a n

100. Numbers p receded by an a s t e r i s k ( * ) a r e a c t u a l f r e q u e n c i e s .

Miss ing d a t a were exc luded from a l l p e r c e n t a g e and p e r c e n t i l e

c a l c u l a t i o n s and a r e p r e s e n t e d a s f r e q u e n c i e s .

When r e s p o n s e s have been p l a c e d i n an "o the r " c a t e g o r y ,

t h e s u b s t a n t i v e c o n t e n t o f t h e s e r e s p o n s e s has been l i s t e d

f o l l o w i n g t h e "o the r " head ing .

INDEX TO VARIABLES

Var iab le Number

1 2 3 4

50 5 1 5 2 53 54 55

Var iab le D e s c r i p t i o n

Data S e t Number (15) County Respondent I D Number Group Sex Age Age-6 Age-8 Weight Educat ion

ALCOHOL AND ACCIDENTS

County F a t a l i t i e s County F a t a l i t i e s - 8 Alcohol F a t a l i t i e s $ Alcohol F a t a l i t i e s %-a Socia l /Problem Dr inker S a f e Drinks Accident 6 Drinks Accident 6 Drinks-8 Accident 9 Drinks Accident 9 Drinks-8 Impaired Drinks DUIL Drinks Safe-Impaired R a t i o Safe-DUIL R a t i o Impaired-DUIL R a t i o Perceived/Real Sa fe R a t i o Perceived/Real Impaired R a t i o Perceived/Real DUIL R a t i o Perceived/Real 6 Drinks R a t i o Perceived/Real 9 Drinks R a t i o Impaired BAC Cor rec t Impaired BAC DUIL BAC Cor rec t DUIL BAC

KNOWLEDGE OF ASAP COUNTERMEASURES

Heard of WASAP S p e c i a l P a t r o l s

Roadside Surveys Ant abuse Local Campaign More DUIL's S p e c i a l C l a s s e s P r o b a t i o n O f f i c e r s Couples Clubs T o t a l C M ' s Known Heard of DAD Problem DAD Media DAD Messages ASAP Tax Support

Page 1 1 1 1 12 12 13 13 13 13

V a r i a b l e Number V a r i a b l e D e s c r i ~ t i o n

DRINKING AND D R I V I N G BEHAVIOR

Ever Drink Alcohol Times DAD One Times DAD-7 Times Driven Drunk Times Driven Drunk-7 Times Other Way Home % Avoided DAD-9

ATTITUDES TOWARD DRUNK D R I V I N G COUNTERMEASURES

Law Requ i r ing B e l t Too Much Fuss S t r o n g e r Punishment T e s t i n Bars Ba r t ende r Should Limi t P o l i c e P a t r o l P a r t i e s Host Should Limi t T e s t Drunk Crash Tes t Random Check DUIL Take Antabuse Counsel Not Punish D U I L Not Caught Gov ' t Should Help E f f e c t Not L i k e l y

Page

Variable Number

V1 R 1 Data Set Number (15)

. V2 R2 County

YE= 1. Washtenaw (370) 320 2. Jackson

(425)

V3 R 3 Res~ondent I D Number

V4 R4 Group

01. Ann Arbor Business & Profess iona l Women's C l u b

02. Yps i l an t i Lions Club

03. Yps i l an t i Civ i tan Club

04. YMCA

05. Ann Arbor Breakfast Optimist Club

06. Ann Arbor Rotary Club

07. Whitmore Lake Kiwanis Club

08. Milan Rotary Club

10. Ann Arbor Noon Optimist

11. Ann Arbor Exchange Club

12. Ann Arbor Zonta Club

13. Ann Arbor Jaycees

42 51. Jackson Business & Profess iona l Women's Club (73)

0 52. Jackson Cascades Lions Club (21

0 53. Jackson Civ i tan Club (11) 2 2 54. Jackson Hi-Twelve Club (YMCA)

(21 0 55. Jackson Optimist Club

(25) 9 1 56. Jackson Rotary Club

(93 17 57. Kiwanis Club of Jackson, East

(11) 58. Jackson Exchange Club

. .

54 59. Jackson Jaycees (32) 24 60. Cascades Exchange Club

(29) 0 61. Altrusa Club of Jackson

(11) 3 4 62. Napoleon Lions Club

(45) 0 63. Zonta Club of Jackson

(18)

V5 R5 County F a t a l i t i e s (61. About how many persons would you guess were k i l l e d i n t r a f f i c acc iden t s i n Washtenaw County i n 19721) MI)-998,999

ACTUAL NUMBER CODED

996. 996 t o 1000 997. Over 1000 (1000+; 3000;3500;4000; 5000 (2 e n t r i e s ) ;

21870) 998. DK 999. NA

V6 R5A County F a t a l i t i e s - 8 (R5 co l lapsed) MD=9 .

0. None

7 , Over 996

V7 R6 Alcohol F a t a l i t i e s % (Q2. In gene ra l , ou t of every 100 t r a f f i c acc iden t s i n which someone is k i l l e d , how many would you guess involve a d r i v e r who has been dr ink ing?) MD-98,99

ACTUAL NUMBER CODED

96. 96-100 97. Over 100 98. DK 99. NA

V 8 R6A Alcohol F a t a l i t i e s %-8 (R6 co l l apsed ) MD-9

0. None

4. 50%

5. 51-65%

6 . 66-801

7. Over 80%

8. DK

R7 Soc ia l /P rob lem D r i n k e r (Q3. Would you t h i n k t h a t more a l c o h o l - r e l a t e d f a t a l a c c i d e n t s a r e caused by t h e many s o c i a l d r i n k e r s who o c c a s i o n a l l y d r i n k t o o much, o r by t h e s m a l l e r number o f problem d r i n k e r s who f r e q u e n t l y d r i n k a g r e a t d e a l ? ) MD-9

1. More caused by s o c i a l d r i n k e r s

2. More caused by problem d r i n k e r s

V10 R8 Heard o f WASAP (Q4. A s you may know, i n Washtenaw County t h e p o l i c e , t h e c o u r t s , t h e h e a l t h d e p a r t m e n t , and t h e Counc i l on Alcohol ism have been working t o - g e t h e r i n a program t o r educe a c c i d e n t s i n v o l v i n g d runk d r i v e r s . Have you happened t o h e a r o f t h e Washtenaw Alcohol S a f e t y Act i o n Program (WASAP)?)

WC JC MD-9 TT 1. Yes

4 1 59 5 . No

V 1 1 R9 S p e c i a l P a t r o l s (45. Have you happened t o s e e o r h e a r a n y t h i n g abou t t h e f o l l o w i n g a c t i v i t i e s of t h i s program? Q5a. S p e c i a l p o l i c e p a t r o l s l o o k i n g f o r d runk d r i v e r s ? ) MJ+9

WC JC 23 TZ 1. Yes

V12 R10 Roadside Surveys (Q5b. Roadside b r e a t h t e s t i n g s u r v e y s ? ) MD=9

WC JC 6iT 73 1. Yes

V13 R 1 1 Antabuse (Q5c. C o u r t s a s k i n g c o n v i c t e d drunk d r i v e r s t o t a k e p i l l s which make them s i c k i f they d r i n k a l c o h o l ? ) bfB9

WC JC T-5 7 1. Yes

V14 R12 Local Campaign (Q5d. Local campaign t o g e t d r i v e r s t o know t h e i r own s a f e a l c o h o l l i m i t s ? ) MD=9

WC JC T3 35 1. Yes

V15 R13 More DUIL's (Q5e. More d runk d r i v i n g a r r e s t s ? ) WC JC MD-9

;is 1. Yes 5 1 53 5 . No

*14 *13 9. NA

V16 R14 S p e c i a l C l a s s e s (Q5f . S p e c i a l a l c o h o l e d u c a t i o n c o u r s e 1 o r arunK d r i v e r s ? ) MD-9

wc Jc 55 29 1. Yes

V17 R15 Probat ion O f f i c e r s (Q5g. Spec i a l p roba t ion o f f i c e r s t o work with persons convic ted of drunk d r iv ing? ) MD-9

1. Yes 5. No

9. NA

V18 R16 Couples Clubs (Q5h. Counseling i n groups & couples c lubs f o r drunk d r i v e r s who have a d r ink ing problem?)

MD-9 1. Yes 5. No

V19 R16A To ta l Countermeasures Known (The number countermeasures known by each respondent , answered yes on R9-R16) MD-9

0. None 1. One 2. Two 3 . Three 4 . Four 5. Five 6. Six 7. Seven 8 . Eight

V20 R17 Heard of DAD Problem (Q6. How about t he drunk d r i v i n g problem nationwide? Have you happened t o n o t i c e r e c e n t l y any information o r messages about t h e drunk d r i v i n g problem i n genera l & what can be done about i t ? ) MD=9

1. Yes

V21 R18 DAD Media (Q6a. Where d id you n o t i c e t h e i n fo r - mation o r messages?) Responses=3 MD=9

0. Inap. , R has not heard of problem nationwide 1. Te l ev i s ion 2. Radio 3. Newspapers 4 . Magazines (32 a d d i t i o n a l responses not coded) 5. Bi l lboards (25 a d d i t i o n a l responses not coded) 6. Other

a . Dr ivers educat ion. b. Pamphlets. c . Autopsy p ro toco l s .

9 . NA

V22 R19 DAD Messages (Q6b. What do you remember most from what you heard o r saw?) Besponses=2 MD=9

0 . Inap . , R has not heard of t h e problem nationwide; no second mention

1. Inform ( s c a r e ) people about t he e x t e n t of t he DAD problem i n genera l (2 a d d i t i o n a l responses not coded)

2. Inform ( s c a r e ) people about l e g a l p e n a l t i e s f o r drunk d r i v i n g

3 . Educate people about phys io logica l e f f e c t s of a l coho l , number of s a f e d r i n k s , r e l a t i o n of number of d r inks t o chances of a cc iden t , t o BAC l e v e l s , e t c .

R19 DAD Messages

4 . Educate people never t o d r i n k b e f o r e d r i v i n g 5. Encourage more governmental a c t i o n s t o s o l v e DAD

problem (Scream Bloody Murder) , t o keep drunk d r i v e r o f f t h e road

6 . Encourage people w i t h a l c o h o l problems t o o b t a i n t r ea tmen t

7. Other codable r e s p o n s e s : ( a ) The i n c r e a s e of t h e d r i n k i n g d r i v i n g problem

a s a r e s u l t of t h e lower d r i n k i n g age (8 e n t r i e s ) .

(b) Drunks cause a c c i d e n t s - t h e % of drunk d r i v e r s i n f a t a l a c c i d e n t s (4 e n t r i e s ) .

( c ) Emphasis on h o s t s a t p a r t i e s not t o s e r v e t o o much a l c o h o l , & t o t a k e c a r e o f t h e i r d r i v i n g g u e s t s (3 e n t r i e s ) .

(d) S o c i a l d r i n k e r s who exceed t h e i r l i m i t a r e j u s t a s dangerous o r more dangerous t h a n problem d r i n k e r s .

( e ) The need f o r s t i f f e r p e n a l t i e s "we s h o u l d c r a c k down", tougher c o u r t s , more t r a f f i c o f f i c e r s (2 e n t r i e s ) .

The a l c o h o l i c t h a t appeared on t h e Dick C a v i t t show.

I t c o s t s us money w i t h h i g h e r i n s u r a n c e p re - miums.

The d e s p a i r o f t h o s e who were n o t k i l l e d i n t h e a c c i d e n t & t h a t of t h e f a m i l y members.

Inc reased concern & e f f o r t s t o s e e k o u t o f f e n d e r s . The d r i n k i n g d r i v e r is a c c i d e n t prone . Drunk d r i v e r s need help-not j a i l e d o n l y . Lack of d r i v e r c o o r d i n a t o r . AA . Michigan Women f o r Highway S a f e t y . Refuse t o go t o a l c o h o l - r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s . Don't go t o t h a t p a r t y j u s t t o d r i n k . P u b l i c i t y about t h e s t a t e p o l i c e & t h e i r program. The law is t o o e a s y on them a f t e r t h e o f f i c e r s

have t aken them i n . Drunk d r i v e r s a r e a menace t o innocen t people

a s well a s themselves . Educat ion courses f o r t h o s e a r r e s t g d . The amount of time a l r e a d y be ing s p e n t on p re -

vent i o n . Innocent d r i v e r s k i l l e d & t h e t r e n d f o r 18 y e a r

o l d s t o become s e r i o u s d r i n k e r s . There is h e l p a v a i l a b l e a c c i d e n t s a r e p reven t -

. i b l e . About c o u p l e i n v i t e d t o c o c k t a i l p a r t y & t h e y

d i d n ' t want t o go because everyone over- indu lged .

8. DK

In Q u e s t i o n 7 one "dr ink" is used t o mean any of t h e f o l l o w i n g :

ONE 12 OZ. BOTTLE OR CAN OF BEER ONE 3-4 OZ. GLASS OF WINE OR ALCOHOLIC PUNCH ONE 1 OZ. SERVING OF HARD LIQUOR (ALONE OR

I N MIXED DRINK)

'

V23 R20 No. o f Safe Drinks (Q7. Suppose t h a t a person of age & weigh t , who has no t e a t e n r e c e n t l y , d r i n k s f o r an one hour p e r i o d b e f o r e d r i v i n g . What do you t h i n k is t h e most he cou ld d r i n k wi thout i n c r e a s i n g h i s chance of having an a c c i d e n t ? ) MP9

00. None

01. One d r i n k

02. Two d r i n k s

03. Three d r i n k s

04. Four d r i n k s

05. F ive d r i n k s

06. S ix d r i n k s

08. E igh t d r i n k s

09. Nine d r i n k s

10. Ten d r i n k s

12. Twelve d r i n k s

25. Twenty-f i v e d r i n k s

V24 R21 Accident 6 Drinks (Q7a. If he has 6 d r i n k s how many t imes more l i k e l y do you t h i n k he is t o have an a c c i d e n t than i f he had n o t been d r i n k i n g ? ) MD=98,99

ACTUAL NUMBER CODED

01. No o r s m a l l i n c r e a s e d chance 96 . 96-100 97. Over 100 ( loo+; 150; 300; 336; 600; 1250) 98. DK 99. NA

V25 R21A Accident 6 Drinks-8 (R21 c o l l a p s e d ) MD-9

0. No o r s m a l l i n c r e a s e d chance

7. Over 100.49

8. DK

WC J C V26 R22 Accident 9 Drinks (Q7b. How about i f he has 9 l o . 7 T d r i n k s ? ) ~ ~ - 9 8 , 9 9

(6 9 ACTUAL NUMBER CODED

(10) 96. 96-100 10 97. Over 100 (128; 150(2 e n t r i e s ) ;200(3 e n t r i e s ) ; 500;

(20) 900; 1000(13 e n t r i e s ) ; 1 0 0 0 0 ; I n f i n i t y ( 3 e n t r i e s ) ) 30 98. DK

(75) 99. NA 96

(96)

V27 R22A Accident 9 Drinks-8 (R22 c o l l a p s e d ) MD-9 J C 7 0. No o r s m a l l i n c r e a s e d chance (2) 1 1. 1.50-2.49

(*1) 16 2. 2.50-5.49 (5) 32 3 . 5.50-10.49

(35) 1 8 4 . 10.50-25.49

(13) 8 5 . 25.50-50.49

(10) 17 6 . 50.50-100.49

(27) 5 , 7 . Over 100.49

(5 1 8 . DK

(2)

*44 9 . NA (*22

V28 R23 Impaired Drinks (Q8. A s you may know, Michigan has two drunk d r i v i n g l aws , one f o r impaired d r i v i n g , & one f o r t h e more s e r i o u s charge of d r i v i n g under t h e i n f l u e n c e of l i q u o r . Under t h e c o n d i t i o n s d e s c r i b e d a t t h e beginning of Q u e s t i o n 7 , what do you t h i n k is t h e most he cou ld d r i n k wi thou t be ing presumed impaired by t h e law?)

J C 00. None 01. One d r i n k 02. Two d r i n k s 03. Three d r i n k s 04. Four d r i n k s 05. F i v e d r i n k s 06. S i x d r i n k s 09. Nine d r i n k s 10. Ten d r i n k s 98. DK

99. NA

V29 R24 Drinks DUIL (Q8a. And what do you t h i n k is t h e most he could d r i n k b e f o r e d r i v i n g wi thou t be ing presumed under t h e i n f l u e n c e by t h e law?) MD=98,99

J C 3 00. None 10 01. One d r i n k 19 02. Two d r i n k s 23 03. Three d r i n k s 16 04. Four d r i n k s 11 05. F ive d r i n k s 13 06. S i x d r i n k s * 2 07. Seven d r i n k s 3 08. E igh t d r i n k s

*2 09. Nine d r i n k s 1 10 . Ten d r i n k s

$1 12. Twelve d r i n k s * 5 98. DK

V30 R20A Safe-Impaired Rat io (R20/R23 co l lapsed) MD-9 WC J C E 25 0. 0.0-0.49 43 32 1. 0.50-0.99 37 36 2. 1.00 e x a c t l y

0 *1 3 . 1.01-1.49 4 4 4. 1.50-1.99 1 3 5. 2.00-2.99 0 1 6 . 3.00-9.99 0 0 7. 10.00-99.998

*22 *29 9 . DK, NA on R20 o r R23

R20B SAfe-DUIL Rat io (R20/R24 co l l apsed ) MD=9

0. 0.0-0.49 1. 0.50-0.99 2. 1 .00 exac t ly 3 . 1.01-1.49 4. 1.50-1.99 5. 2.00-2.99 6 . 3.00-9.99 7. 10.00-99.998

9 . DK, NA on R20 o r R24

V32 R24A Impaired-DUIL Rat io (R23/R24 co l l apsed ) MD-9 J C wc - -

11 14 0 . 0.0-0.49 61 56 1. 0.50-0.99 15 17 2 . 1.00 exac t ly 0 1 3 . 1.01-1.49 .5 . 3 4 . 1.50-1.99 6 7 5. 2.00-2.99 1 2 6 . 3.00-3.99 0 0 7 . 10.00-99.998

*22 *31 9 . DK, NA on R23 o r R24

V33 R20A Perceived/Real Safe Ra t io (R20 d iv ided by t h e number of d r inks which would ge t a person of R ' s weight t o .05% BAC, co l l apsed )

*7 *12 9. DK, NA on R20 o r R34

V34 R23A Perceived/Real Impaired Rat io (R23 divided by t h e number of d r inks which would ge t a person of R ' s weight t o .07% BAC, co l lapsed)

*18 *26 9 . D K , NA on R23 o r R34

V35 R24A Perceived/Real DUIL R a t i o (R24/divided by t h e number of d r i n k s which would g e t a pe rson of R ' s weight to .09% BAC, c o l l a p s e d )

*20 *25 9. DK, NA on R24 o r R34

V36 R21B Perceived/Real 6 Drink R a t i o (R21 d i v i d e d by t h e e s t i m a t e of i n c r e a s e d r i s k f o r a person of R ' s weight based on t h e Borkens te in s t u d y i n Grand Rapids ) MD-9

9 . DK, NA on R21 o r R34

V37 R22B Perceived/Real 9 Drinks R a t i o (R22 d i v i d e d by t h e e s t i m a t e of i n c r e a s e d r i s k f o r a person of R ' s weight based on t h e Borkens te in s tudy ' i n Grand Rap i d s ) MD=9

*32 *48 9 . DK, NA on R22 o r R34

V38 R25 Impaired BAC (Q9. I n Michigan a d r i v e r i s presumed impaired o r under t h e i n f l u e n c e when h i s blood c o n t a i n s c e r t a i n pe rcen tages of a l c o h o l . Th i s is known a s h i s blood a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o r BAC. What do you t h i n k is t h e lowest p e r c e n t of BAC a t which a d r i v e r is presumed impaired i n Michigan?)

ACTUAL NUMBER CODED TO TWO DECIhlAL MD=9998,9999

See V39 f o r r e s u l t s PLACES I N FOR11 XX.X%

0001. .01% o r l e s s 9996. 9996-10,000 9997. hlore t h a n 10,000 9998. DK 9999. NA

See V41 f o r R e s u l t s

V39 R26A Cor rec t Impaired BAC (R26 c o l l a p s e d ) MD-9

1. Exac t ly c o r r e c t ( .07 & .O8) 2. Cor rec t but no o r misplaced decimal ( - 7 , - 8 , 7, 8) 3 . Nearly c o r r e c t ( .05-.06, - 0 9 ) 4. Nearly c o r r e c t but no o r misplaced decimal ( -5 - .69 ,

.81--99, 5-6.99, 8.01-99.99) 5. Not n e a r l y c o r r e c t (.00-.04, .11-.14, .16-.49,

1.00-4.99, 10.01-14.99, 15.01-99.99) 6 . Cor rec t f o r p a s t o r p r e s e n t DUIL ( . l o , .15) 7. Cor rec t f o r p a s t o r p r e s e n t DUIL but no decimal

p o i n t (10, 15) 8 . DK

V40 R26 DUIL BAC (Q9a. And what do you t h i n k is t h e lowest pe rcen t a t which a d r i v e r is presumed under t h e i n f l u e n c e ? ) MD-9998,9999

ACTUAL NUMBER CODED TO TWO DECIMAL PLACES IN FORM X X . W

0001. .01 o r l e s s 9996. 9996-10,000 9997. Over 10,000 9998. DK 9999. NA

V41 R27A Cor rec t DUIL BAC (R26 c o l l a p s e d ) MD=9

1. Exact ly c o r r e c t ( . l o ) 2. Correct but no o r misplaced decimal p o i n t

41.0, 10) 3 . Nearly c o r r e c t ( .05- .09 , .11-.14) 4 . Nearly c o r r e c t , but no o r misplaced decimal

(5 .0-9 .0 , 11.0-14.0) 5. Not n e a r l y c o r r e c t ( .00- .04, .16-.49, 15.0-99.97) 6 . Cor rec t f o r p a s t DUIL ( .15) 7. Correct f o r p a s t DUIL but no o r misplaced decimal

(15.0 , 1 . 5 ) 8. DK

V42 R27 ASAP Tax Support (Q10. I f t h e r e were an expanded governmental program which cou ld c u t down on a l c o h o l r e l a t e d t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t s by a s much a s one- th i rd o r one-ha l f , how much more t a x e s per year would you personnaly be w i l l i n g t o pay t o s u p p o r t such a program?) MI)-9

0. None, no more

7. $100 o r more

9 . D K , NA

Addi t iona l Comments : Take from gas t a x . Have an inc reased t a x on a l c o h o l (2 e n t r i e s ) .

I I

V43 R28 Ever Drink Alcohol (Ql l . Now a q u e s t i o n about I y o u r s e l f . Do you d r i n k a l c o h o l i c beverages o r a r e you a t o t a l a b s t a i n e r ? ) MD-9

I WC JC glS '83 1. Yes 14 17 5. No

V44 R29 Times DAD One (Ql la . A s you know, most people who WC JC d r i n k do d r i v e a f t e r d r i n k i n g a t l e a s t o c c a s i o n a l l y .

10. 7 -r During t h e p a s t year how many t imes would you say you 30. 4 6 had d r i v e n a f t e r having one o r more drinks?) M-99

ACTUAL NUMBER CODED

90. 96 96 96. 96-100 97. Over 100 (100+;104;120;125 (2 e n t r i e s ) ) 98. DK (150(3 e n t r i e s ) ;200(4 e n t r i e s ) ) 99. N A (250(3 e n t r i e s ) ; 2 7 5 ; 2 8 0 ; 3 0 0 ( 2 e n t r i e s ) ; 3 6 0 ;

365 (2 e n t r i e s ) ) 00. Inap. , R is an a b s t a i n e r o r R does n o t d r i v e

V45 R29A Times DAD-7 (R29 c o l l a p s e d ) -9 WC JC fl 7 3 0. None

2 3 1. 1 5 5 2. 2

18 12 3 . 3-5 4 5 4. 6-9

22 22 5. 10-24 7 7 6 . 25-49

12 16 7. 50-100 4 5 8. 100 o r more

14 17 0. Inap . , R is a b s t a i n e r

*13 *21 9. DK, NA

V46 R30 Times Driven Drunk (Qllb. Sometimes a person d r i n k s more than h i s s a f e l i m i t , but s t i l l has no

WC JC - o t h e r way t o g e t home except t o d r i v e h imse l f . About 10. 0 0 how many t imes i n t h e p a s t year would you say you 30. 0 0 have d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n a t o o much f o r s a f e d r r v i n g ? ) - - 50. 0 0 ACTUAL NmIBER CODED MD-99 70. 2 2 90. 96 96 96. 96-100

97. Over 100 (150) 98. DK 99. NA 00. None; o r Inap . , R is an a b s t a i n e r , R has no t

d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n g i n t h e p a s t yea r o r R do& no t d r i v e

V47 R30A Times Driven Drunk-7 (R30 c o l l a p s e d ) M-9

0. None ( i n c l u d i n g R is a b s t a i n e r i n 1971)

1. 1

2. 2

3 . 3-5

4. 6-9

5. 10-24

6 . 25-49

7. 50-100

8. 100 o r more

0 . Inap . , R is a b s t a i n e r

9 . DK, HA

See V52 f o r R e s u l t s

V48 R 3 1 Times Other Way Home ( Q l l c . And about how many t imes d i d vou have someone e l se d r i v e you, d i d you . .

use some o t h e r means t o t r a v e l because you had drunk t o o much f o r s a f e d r i v i n g ? ) MI'=9 9

None ; o r Inap. , m e n a f t e r d r not d r i v e One Two Three Four F i v e S i x Seven E igh t Ten F i f t e e n Eighteen Twenty Twenty-f i v e Seventy-f ive 96 o r o v e r

R is an a b s t a i n e r o r R has not , ink ing i n t h e p a s t year o r R does

V49 R31A % Avoided DAD-9 (R31 d i v i d e d by t h e t o t a l number of t imes R had d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n g t o o much o r had found ano ther way home because he had drunk t o o much f o r s a f e d r i v i n g ; t h a t is t h e c o l l a p s e d r e s u l t of R31 d i v i d e d by t h e sum of R30 & R31)

R is an a b s t a i n e r , R has n o t d r i v e n a f t e r d r i n k i n g i n t h e p a s t y e a r , R does n o t d r i v e 0% . l -14.9% 15-29.9% 30-49.9% 50-69.9% 70-84.9% 85-99.9% 100%

V50 R32 Sex (Q12. P l e a s e f i l l o u t t h e fo l lowing back- ground in format ion on y o u r s e l f . a.Sex?)

1. Male

2. Female

V51 R33 Age (Q12b. Year of b i r t h ? ) MD=99

ACTUAL AGE AS OF J A N U A R Y 1, 19.73

Coded by s u b t r a c t i n g l a s t two d i g i t s o f b i r t h y e a r from 73 .

V52 R33A Age-6 (R33 c o l l a p s e d ) /

1. 16-17

V53 R33B Age-8 (R33 c o l l a p s e d )

1. 16-17 2. 18-20 3 . 21-24 4. 25-34 5 . 35-44 6 . 45-54 7. 55-64 8. 6 5 & o v e r

V54 R34 Weight (Q12c. Weight c a t e g o r y ? ) MD=O

Less t h a n 100 l b s . 100-120 l b s . 120-140 l b s . 140-160 l b s . 160-180 l b s . 180-200 l b s . 200-220 l b s . 220-240 l b s . Over 240 l b s .

V55 R35 Educat ion (Q12d. Educat ion completed?) MP.9

1. Not a h igh s c h o o l g r a d u a t e

2. F i n i s h e d h i g h s c h o o l

3 . Some c o l l e g e

4 . F i n i s h e d c o l l e g e

5. Some p o s t - c o l l e g e s t u d y

Q13. F i n a l l y t h e r e a r e a number of s t a t e m e n t s t h a t we would l i k e your o p i n i o n a b o u t . P l e a s e w r i t e t h e number f o r your f e e l i n g about each s t a t e m e n t on t h e l i n e i n f r o n t of i t , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g code.

1. AGREE STRONGLY 2. AGREE SOMEWHAT 3 . DISAGREE SOhfEWHAT 4 . DISAGREE STRONGLY

V56 R36 Law Requi r ing B e l t (Q13a. There shou ld be a s e a t b e l t law l i k e t h e motorcycle helmet law, which r e - q u i r e s peop le t o wear s e a t b e l t s f o r t h e i r own p r o t e c t ion?) MD=9

1. Agree s t r o n g l y 2 . Agree somewhat 3 . Disagree somewhat 4 . Disagree s t r o n g l y

V57 R37 Too Much Fuss (Q13b. Fa r t o o much f u s s is made about t h e dangers of d r i n k i n g & d r i v i n g ? )

1. Agree s t r o n g l y

2 . Agree somewhat

3 . Disagree somewhat

4. Disagree s t r o n g l y

V58 R38 S t r o n g e r Punishment (Q13c. The number o f f a t a l a c c i d e n t s would go way down i f t h o s e pe r sons who d r i v e a f t e r d r i n k i n g t o o much were more s t r o n g l y punished?) MD= 9


2 . Agree somewhat


4 . D i s a g r e e s t r o n g l y

V59 R39 Test i n Bars (Q13d. Alcohol b r e a t h t e s t i n g dev ices shou ld be a v a i l a b l e i n t a v e r n s & b a r s f o r cus tomer ' s use i n de te rmin ing whether t h e y have drunk t o o much f o r l e g a l d r i v i n g ? ) MD-9


2 . Agree somewhat


4 . Disagree s t r o n g l y

V60 R40 Bar tender Should Limit (Q13e. Bar tenders shou ld l i m i t t h e number of d r i n k s t h a t t h e y w i l l s e r v e t o cus tomers who p l a n t o d r i v e ? ) MP9

1. Agree s t r o n g l y 2. Agree somewhat 3 . Disagree somewhat 4 . Disagree s t r o n g l y

V61 R41 P o l i c e P a t r o l P a r t i e s (Q13f. The p o l i c e should ~ a t r o l more around p l a c e s where peop le a r e having - -

b a r t i e s a t n i g h t ? ) - MD-9


V62 R42 Host Should Limit (Q13g. A good h o s t a t a p a r t y w i l l t r v t o s e e t h a t h i s g u e s t who m u s t d r i v e home do not d r i n k t o o much?)

- MDP9


2 . Agree somewhat



V63 R43 Tes t Drunk Crash (Q13h. Breath t e s t s t o determine blood a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s shou ld be r e q u i r e d when- e v e r a d r i v e r who appears t o have been d r i n k i n g is invo lved i n a highway c r a s h ? )


9 . NA

V64 R44 Tes t Random Check (Q13i . The p o l i c e shou ld c a r r y o u t random road checks t o c a t c h d r i v e r s who have drunk t o o much, & anyone s topped s h o u l d be r e q u i r e d t o t a k e a b r e a t h t e s t ? ) MD= 9


2 . Agree somewhat



rage LO

R45 DUIL Take Antabuse (Q13j. D r i v e r s c o n v i c t e f of drunk d r i v i n g s h o u l d be r e q u i r e d t o t a k e p i l l s which c u a s e them t o be s i c k i f t h e y d r i n k a lcoho l? ) MD-9

1. Agree s t r o n &

2. Agree somewhat

3. Disagree somewhat


V66 R46 Counsel not Punish (Q13k. I t is b e t t e r t o p l a c e problem d r i n k e r s who a r e c o n v i c t e d of drunk d r i v i n g on p r o b a t i o n & i n t o a c o u n s e l i n g o r t r e a t m e n t program t h a n i t is t o g i v e them s e v e r e p e n a l t i e s ? ) JID=9


2. Agree somewhat



V67 R47 DUIL Not Caught (Q131. Most drunk d r i v i n g is not d e t e c t e d by t h e p o l i c e ? ) MD-9

1. Agree s t r o n g l y 2 . Agree somewhat 3. Disagree somewhat 4. Disagree s t r o n g l y

9 . NA

V68 R48 Gov't Should Help (Q13m. The government shou ld h e l p t o keep drunk d r i v e r s o f f t h e roads even i f i t means spend ing money t o p r o v i d e medical & psycho- l o g i c a l h e l p ? ) MD=9


2 . Agree somewhat



V69 R49 E f f e c t Not L ike ly (Q13n. No m a t t e r how much e f f o r t is i n v e s t e d , t h e r e is not l i k e l v t o be much e f f e c t on t h e drunk d r i v e r problem?) MD-9

1. Agree s t r o n g l y 2. Agree somewhat 3. Disagree somewhat 4. Disagree s t r o n g l y

9. NA

1971 and 1973 asap surveys: washtenaw and jackson …

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