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www.piarc.org2013R07EN

Cycle 2004-2007

ROAD ACCIDENT

INVESTIGATION

GUIDELINES

FOR ROAD ENGINEERSTchnical Committ 3.1 Road Safty

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Th World Road Association (PIARC) is a nonprofit organisation stablishd in 1909 to improvintrnational co-opration and to fostr progrss in th fild of roads and road transport.

Th study that is th subjct of this rport was dfind in th PIARC Stratgic Plan 2004 2007approvd by th Council of th World Road Association, whos mmbrs ar rprsntativs ofth mmbr national govrnmnts. Th mmbrs of th Tchnical Committ rsponsibl forthis rport wr nominatd by th mmbr national govrnmnts for thir spcial comptncs.

Any opinions, findings, conclusions and rcommndations xprssd in this publication arthos of th authors and do not ncssarily rflct th viws of thir parnt organizations oragncis.

This rport is availabl from th intrnt sit of th World Road Association (PIARC)http://www.piarc.org

Copyright by th World Road Association. All rights rsrvd.

World Road Association (PIARC)La Grand Arch, Paroi nord, Nivau 292055 La Dfns cdx, FRANCe

Intrnational Standard Book Numbr 978-2-84060-321-4

Covr: xampl of vhicl movmnt cods usd in Nw Zaland

STATEmENTS

ROAD ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES FOR ROAD ENGINEERS2

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This guidlin has bn prpard by th World Road Association Tchnical Committ 3.1Road Safty, within th fram of activity for working group 1 Making cost ffctiv roadsafty invstmnt.

Th tam mmbrs to th prparation of this guidlin ar:

Josf Mikulk (Czch Rpublic), Tam Ladr,Ptr Holl (Hungary),Sabin Dgnr (Grmany),Tawandar W.M. Mdawarima (Zimbabw),Krzystof Kowalski (Poland),Ptr M.W.elsnaar (Th Nthrlands).

Valuabl commnts to th draft wr rcivd from othr TC 3.1. Road Safty TC mmbrsincluding Phil Allan (Australia), Lrus ugustsson (Dnmark) and Tamra Fdojuk (Australia).

Th CDV tam consisting of Jaroslav Hinrich, Josf Pokorn, Josf Andrs, Pavl Skldan,Vojtch Eksler, Roman Striegler and Milan Dont has developed a significant contribution to the

guidlins from within th projct Sustainabl Transport an opportunity for Futur financdby th Czch Ministry of Transport.

Jams Arthur Norwood (USA, intrnd CDV) has hlpd with th english languag, and qualitycontrol.

Th 3.1 Road Safty - Tchnical Committ was chaird by Hans-Joachim Vollpracht(Grmany). Bth Alicandri (USA), Patrick Malljacq (Franc), Robrto Hamas Rubio (Spain)srvd as rspctiv english, Frnch and Spanish spaking scrtaris.


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SOmmAIRE

EXECUTIVE SUmmARY ........................................................................................................................6

1. WHAT IS A ROAD ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (RAI) ............................................................7

1.1. Definition ..................................................................................................................................71.2. RoaD acciDent investigation (Rai) anD RoaD safety inspection (Rsi) ......7

2. THE ROAD A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN THE SAFETY SYSTEm ......................................8

3. ACCIDENT DATA .................................................................................................................................9

3.1. neeD of Data .............................................................................................................................9

3.2. Data paRameteRs anD theiR quality ........................................................................10

3.3. minimum Data ........................................................................................................................11

3.4. RoaD anD tRaffic Data .....................................................................................................12

3.5. aDDitional Data ...................................................................................................................13

4. ACCIDENT LOCATION ....................................................................................................................14

4.1. geneRal intRoDuction .....................................................................................................14

4.2. Route km post; stationing ...........................................................................................15

4.3. noDe netwoRk ......................................................................................................................16

4.4. gps ...............................................................................................................................................16

5. ACCIDENT DATA ASSESSmENT ...................................................................................................17

6. TYPES OF ACCIDENTS ....................................................................................................................20

7. COLLISION DIAGRAmS ..................................................................................................................24

7.1. intRoDuctoRy examples .................................................................................................24

7.2. funDamentals foR cReating collision DiagRams ............................................25

8. EVALUATION OF COLLISION DIAGRAmS FOR SAFETY ImPROVEmENTS ..................278.1. geneRal intRoDuction .....................................................................................................27

8.2. pRactice example ...............................................................................................................28

8.3. BefoRe/afteR gRaphic compaRison ............................................................................28

9. REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................................30


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APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................31

ANNEX 1 NETWORK SAFETY mANAGEmENT -NSm (GERmANY) ....................................31

a. content ......................................................................................................................................31

B. paRameteRs foR safety evaluation ............................................................................31c. analysis of the existing acciDent situation .........................................................32

D. RoaD netwoRks with a linking function ................................................................32

ANNEX 2 ASSESSmENT OF ROAD SECTIONS SAFETY (THE CZECH REPUBLIC) ........36

ANNEX 3 POSSIBLE LINKS AmONG ACCIDENT TYPES,

CAUSE OF ACCIDENT AND LEAD DEFICIENCY ...................................................38

ANNEX 4 SIGNS AND SYmBOLS USED IN COLLISION DIAGRAmS

(THE CZECH REPUBLIC): .............................................................................................42

ANNEX 5 EXAmPLES OF COLLISION DIAGRAmS FOR DETECTING ROAD

DEFICIENCIES IN ROAD DESIGN AT HIGH RISK SITES .....................................44

example no. 1 (the czech RepuBlic) peDestRian cRossing

on a main uRBan Route ............................................................................44

example no. 2 (the czech RepuBlic) Junction tReatment ..................................46

example no. 3 (the czech RepuBlic) Junction in a RuRal aRea ...............................47

example no. 5 (the czech RepuBlic)

Junction in semi-uRBan aRea ................................................................48

example no. 6 (geRmany) acciDent cuRve .....................................................................49

example no. 7 (south austRalia) t-Junction ...............................................................50


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EXECUTIVE SUmmARY

er r, rd , 1.2 d rd drdd. t rd , b r , d r .

i rdr b rb, d rd rd , b d d d drd r d r r r.

cr, --d, d d dd r r rd rb, d r r b r. Rb d rd b d rbr r dd d,d brd r br rd r. i

r b r r d, d r rd d r.

mr d d r d r b. trr, d r r d d r . nr, r r rdr b d d rd r, d d b rr.

t Rd ad i (Rai) r r rd r . w Rd s i a d Rds ad r dd dr d dr d rd, Rd s i d Rai d rd.

t r Rai rd r d rd rrrd r d, d d dr rr r r r b r

d d rr r r.

t Rai bd d d Rd s m (piaRc,2003), d rr r d drbd Part 2, Chaptrs 4,5 and 6 .t Rai r r r rr r d d d dr.


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1. WHAT IS A ROAD ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (RAI)

1.1. DEFINITION

a Rd ad i (Rai) rdr rrd rd d:

r b d d b d ,about road and trafc parameters and other related circumstances (e.g. driverbr d /r r, r d d, .);

d drb rd r, rrrd r rd /;

dd d d d r r rd

/ rd b dr; a determination of the road related deciencies and elaboration of suggestions

r r r r r.

crr Rai rr r d d d rd rd r . a dr rr r r r b r.

t r Rai rd r d rdrrr d d rr, d d rr r r.

t Rai bd d d Rd s m (piaRc,2003), d rr r d drbd Chaptr 4,5 and 6of Part 2 .

1.2. ROAD ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (RAI) AND ROAD SAFETY

INSPECTION (RSI)

Rai d Rsi b d rd. g Rsi rdr drr d , r d r d rd rd . tr risk faturs rd d r d rd , b dr d r dd bd d d(Rai).

Rai b rd r figur 1, following pag.


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ROAD ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES FOR ROAD ENGINEERS

new RoaDs

existing RoaDs

Road safety ipactassesent

Road safety auditRoad safetyinspection

Road accidentinvestigation

r r rr

rj rd rd/r r

r rd d,r dd

ad d r rdr d

pReventive

Reactive

figuRe 1 RoaD safety impRovement system

Rai, rd r rdr figur 1, r . i r r rr d drb d d r r d r d r-d r d r. t d d r d r rr r rr rr.

2. THE ROAD A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN THE SAFETY SYSTEm

tr r r b d r rr d b r r r rd d rr.

Drr d r rd r b dr r rd d b d r br r r d r, rd r, r d r d rd r dr d . frrr, br d b rd rd dd d r b, d r, rr

d , d r r d rd d.

a r br -d d d rd r r r d . o figur 2, followingpag.

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h br r 93%

Rd r 34%

v r 13%

figuRe 2 acciDent contRiButing factoRs (sr: piaRc Rd s m, 2003)

t dr d b dd r rd . id r r rd , rr r br.

m r rd r r r d. t th particular road nvironmnt instigats inappropriatdrivr rsponss or provids mislading stimuli to drivr prcption that cratsconfusion, and/or dlayd ractions. t d d d

rr d r rd r. t rr d r rr r d r rr r r r r -r rd d r rdd. t r b r rd r. t b d dr rr r r r dd Rd s i, r drd r dr r.

3. ACCIDENT DATA

3.1. NEED OF DATA

t b rd d d rr r rd . id d d r rb r d d d rr drb rb r . cr, --d, d d dd rr rd rb d r r b r.

Rb d r d b d rbr r dd d, d brd r br rd r. i r b r r d, d r rd d r.

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ad d r r rd r. B dr d r r dd. crb r rd d r rr, rr, d r b d d b rrd .

3.2. DATA PARAmETERS AND THEIR qUALITY

t , r d rd r d r b rr:

r ( drb dd rr); ( d r ); b ( b b r); uniformity (to apply standard denitions).

t rr (r) r r r. e r d r d . tr r dr db r.t db b d b:

; rd dr; / ; r .

a r drd d d drb r bj ( dd r),b r d d r r.

a r r d b d r . a r

r r r rd r, r rr d rd , d r r rd r.

ir db rd:

r r d d; r r; d r r r;

r d d rr;better identication of weak areas in the safety system;

dr r d rd.

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g r r, drd r r r d b dd. t d b d b dr drd, r d r rd rb d. o r drd

Glossary for Transport Statistics b rd unece,euRostat d ecmt1.

ar b d r d d r drrr. n d r rrd. tr r, r, rrd d. B d db (,, rd dr, r ) rr d rr, r r dr r tru r.

t r r piaRc Rd s m drb rr rd , d , d d r d rd . D d rd d rr r. i r-rd, drdd r r rrd r rrd. pr r d d r, r r b d d .

i d r d d r dr r . trr, d r r d d r rd rd r d d r r d r r. Nvrthlss, vn a minimalamount of information can offr th road nginr th ability to idntify saftydficincis in th road nvironmnt, and to dsign possibl countrmasurs.

tr d r drd:

d; road and trafc data; dd d.

3.3. mINImUm DATA

a d rd rd r r rr r b d . t d bdd :

1 unece - ud n e c r er (www.unc.org) euRostat - t s o

er c (www.c.uropa.u/urostat) emct t er cr mr trr

(www.cmt.org)

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accident identication (a unique number-based system);

( d, r, , d ); (part 4); d (part 6);

d (br, ); d ( 24 r/30d, jr, r

d).

t r d b rdd r drrd r r bd rr . i drr rr, d d dd. t dr rr (dr r r, , .) b r .

t r b b rd (r rd) r r rd r . t r dr rd r r r d r,d rd b b r d r d d. w d dd rr d r rd d , d rd rrr b drd d brd.

cr r b b d d r rd r rrd. t rdr dd Rsi r. a r r r r , , b r.

3.4. ROAD AND TRAFFIC DATA

t d rd rd r r rd rrr r

d d d r r d rrb d rr. e d r b, r drb, d d d r b r d d .

t d d r :

rd dr ( , r, rd br, rdr, r , .);

specic places/objects (pedestrian crossing, rail crossing, bridge, tunnel, bus/tram, r , r , .);

road alignment (evident deciency or not, slope, narrowing, etc.);

rd r (, r , d .. , , r);

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rd d r (b, d, , .); rdd b (r, , brd, .); b d (r, d b , , b, .); r d (dr, , r, , .);

trafc control (trafc lights, road signs, policeman);position of accident (travel direction of involved participants, location - trafc lane,

dr, rdd, .); d (d, r, r , .)

t rr b d r ddrd dr b rdd r. a rd r db rdd.

3.5. ADDITIONAL DATA

t r r rd d r d d. s r b bd r r r ,.. r r rr.

s r d rd d r d b r dd d r ; d d r

r bd r (.. brd , r drr, .).

t d b rd r :

drr (r , drr r, , , , d, .); r drr (, dr, r, .); d drr (r, rd, , dd d, d, .); rr d (, b, d , .);

d dr (r, rd b /dr, .);br dr (rr, , r ,dd r rd, .);

br;brd ; rr (r, r, b rr, .); r rd ; r r .

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4. ACCIDENT LOCATION

4.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

vr rd d r d r rd rr.t b rb d d dr rdd . trr b d r rd r . w rb d d d r d, r r d r d.

e rd d r rd r. e rd drbd b rd br d d rd

rd r.

a rr rd b dd (rdd, rd rr, rd ). t , d b d r b, d , b rb d.

i rb r, r rd d b rrd b d

, r b srn, d c Rb (figur 3).t r r rd r d rd d r. i r r r (r rb, - r, .).mrr, r r rd rd (br, d ), ,r, .

) Rd (rr r) b) srn (rb r)

figuRe 3 compaRison of uRBan anD RuRal aReas map sets

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a r d b :

rd r rd d rd db;

r rrdd d rr db.

e rr rd db r b d dr.

a d b r d rd d r d r rd. w r rd d,rd drr r b d, d r d b r rd r. ir dd d d

r d . t drr b d.

t Rd s m (part 4.1.4) drb dr d d :

d r ( b d rr r); ( b d b rr d rb r rd r); j (gure 3); GPS (may be applied in both rural and urban areas where a sufcient GPS signal

b).

4.2. ROUTE Km POST; STATIONING

s rd d d d r rd d. Rd r d . t b d d b . t d d

rd . e rd r (r ) d r d . D r dd b rr.

i d b , rr r, r b r rb rd d. a d , rr, r. t rr d b d r 200 r rd, d 500 r r rd.Dd brd db rrr r rd (.. b).

trr, rd d dr d r r dd r r. R d r rd r r r r .

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4.3. NODE NETWORK

t d bd d r d j. a br rbd . nd r dd r d d

b . s r r dd . ed d r d. e b ddb d b d d dr. t r b dd b d j. or bj d rd (brd, , brdr, .) b drd d. t d b dj d. nd r b r .

a d :

d br; dr br; r rd br; br; d rr; dj d br.

4.4. GPS

t gps (gb p s) d r b rb d b d . gps d d . gps d d rr r d d rr.

t d b r rd d dd b b dd. fr rd d , d

r b rrd. Dr brd b d. l b rrd rd d d r d rr d r b d r r. fr r, b gr ps (gps) d r bd d db d. t d b rrd pc.

t d r rd. gps r d d; , d r dr r

d rr .

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l d r:

d d r gps ; ;

d r ; export of localization data to a text le.

gps b d r b d rdr . t d -r rd r brd.

Dr gps rd d b d rrdd:

rd d; rd d; d b rr d rb r.

t d rrdd d:

; r; br; trafc direction;

; rd ; rd br d .

5. ACCIDENT DATA ASSESSmENT

e d b rd

r, d b dr r r rr d. a, rdr brd Chaptr 5 piaRc Rds m, r r d d rd dr drbd.

h-r d rr (b) r d r rd r rr. t b r d rd, d -r, .

sr d d r, d r d d r rdrd d rd d.

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ad d b b d :

dr rr d rdr br rr;

to identify the locations, together with the trafc volume data, where the probabilityof accidents is signicantly higher than average (so-called black spots).

i r , rd r r b, r r b r rr rd d.

Some very simple examples: If the number of night-time accidents is outstandingly

, r rbb - b r dlocation; If the number of accidents on wet road surface is outstandingly high, it is

r rbb d r rd r rr d , .

t figur 4 dd dr d br dd r b. fr b br drb rd d, d ( d d br , b r d r ), r d(r r r), rd r d (dr r ), d (

r dr) d . i b r, 2, r, d rrd 9 d 10 r. fr 3 d 4, r rr d rrd rd r. i 2, d dr r rrrr; d 0 d 1, rrd . t b d rr d r r, br rr.

figuRe 4 - extenDeD collision DiagRam (sr: sr m., ti, RipcoRD-iseRest, wp6)

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i d d r d r . fr r d d r r :

d d (ad):

=km.year

accident

TL

AAd

.

r:

l: d rd r rd r () a: br d rrd r r L. t: br r.

t r d r. i r -d dr r rdd b d d rdr dr r r. t rb r d r ; rr r . t r - r br

d r (ar):

=

vehicle.km

accident

TLAADT

AA

r 6

6

10...365

10.

r:

aaDt: r d r (/d)

i r d r. fr r r d r ( r) d r. t r bd , r r r b br

d d r . t r b r dd b rd : (e d v, 2004):

a = .qb

r:

a : br d Q : measure of trafc volume

i b = 1, 1% r r d 1% r br d. fr jr d b = 0,911 (frdr, 1999), r r r r b r d d r

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(kr, h.; kr, u., 1979), r r . Bd r b d rd r r b d r d br d r.t erRap rr d r rdr rd r d

rd.

tr r d b r br r r, dd r d r. i r , rd rrdd r , d ; br d b r . o r, r r bdd , b d dr. t piaRcRd s m r d r b d d b . w r, m drb d d

dd d, r dd r ,d r r rd r -d r.i b r dr b d r, r d r d.

t piaRc Rd s m d d rd d , d, r, b r B d , bd b r d . i

rd r rd d, d r r d r r. i dd r . fr dr, r d b d. fr ddr, b r d b rd, bbrd rr RipcoRD-iseRest rj r r.

or r r drbd Appndix 1 nr (gr) dAppndix 2 - a rd ( c Rb). B r bd d d

rr r d r.

6. TYPES OF ACCIDENTS

t d drb r r (.. b d dr r rd) rd d. o , d d, r dr d. wr d rd r dd ( d kind of accidnt) r dr d . nr d rr r

rd r, .. accidnt caus, r dr d .

c d rd r r r r d d r. trr, r d

.

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rd r rr d r dd d d d . t rr d d cRd ad t, bd ar r. ad rddd 10 :

d; rd d dr dr rd ; rd d rd ; rd d r j r dr; rd d r j r dr; rd d r j r br ; rd d d dr; rd d d r rd ; rd d d r ; r rd d.

m r r r d dr br d drd. fr gr, b d - ( b r d):

Driving Accident

a d drr r b r dr d rr r , r-, r d rd, r b r dd r rd d r r r- .Dr d r on-party accidnts rd. t r r rd r.

Turning-off AccidentTurning-off accidents are those triggered by a conict between a vehicle turning

rd d rd r r r dr. t happen at junctions and intersections with roads, at eld tracks or cycle tracks, or r rr/r r.

Turning-into/Crossing AccidentAn accident triggered by a conict between a vehicle which is obliged to give way,

turning into a road or crossing the path of other trafc, and a vehicle which has

r , rrrd turning-into/crossing accidnt. t at junctions and intersections with roads, eld/cycle tracks and railway crossings,

r r rr/r r.

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Crossing-overAccident An accident is triggered by a conict between a pedestrian crossing therd, d , rdd d j rd rd. t r rr r d rrd

dr-r r br r, -rd r rr .

Accident caused by Stopping/Parkinga accidnt causd by stopping/parking is an accident triggered by a conictbetween a vehicle in moving trafc and a vehicle which is parked (parking) or hasd ( ) rd. s d d d moving trafc conicted with a vehicle manoeuvring into/out of a parking position.

i d r r /r rd.

Accidentinlongitudinaltrafca accident in longitudinal trafc is an accident triggered by a conict betweenroad users moving in the same or opposite directions, provided the conict is not

r r rrd r d .

Other Accidentst d r b d r d . tbasic groups are subsequently divided according to the relevant conict events into

r dd r, r b r r drd. sAppndix 3: Rd ad t, r c , rgure 5 gr r dd r /r d.

figuRe 5 typology of stopping/paRking acciDents

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t r r n zd, r br d 15(a q). t r rr ddd 7 d (figur 6)

figuRe 6 example of vehicle movement coDes useD in new zealanD

t r rr rd d r r r rd r r r rbr r. w d drr r r , b rd r b drd. pr rd r, ..rrd b d , d r. a d r b d,

rb rd d, d b r r rd b , r d Appndix 4.

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7. COLLISION DIAGRAmS

7.1. INTRODUCTORY EXAmPLES

cr d dr r d d rd d . c dr r rd dr r b ( Appndix 5) dd (r ) r ( figur 7d figur 8, following pag). c dr rd brdr drd br d d rbr r d , . i rr d r r d dr, b d b rr.

c dr r r r r r dr br d r rr rd r.t bfor-and-aftr rd drd bfor/aftr d b 3 r.

figuRe 7 example of collision DiagRams (the czech RepuBlic)

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figuRe 8 example of collision DiagRams (geRmany)

7.2. FUNDAmENTALS FOR CREATING COLLISION DIAGRAmS

c dr r dr 1: 200 (r 1: 500). t d r rr, r d r dr d . i r r

r, r r r r dr d rd, r d .

sb r rd d r rd rd , bd Rd ad t c ( Appndix 3). t rr r dd dr rd r , rrd dr r d br d.

hr, dr d rd r r

d, b rd d . i b d; ..:

dr, d br r rd d d rr-d d, rd jrd;

rd r r d drr r rdd d.

w d dr r dr, r

d r rd b r d . t rdd ; r r r.t d r r r r,.. r r b dd r d

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r rd r d rd. t drd b r d rd .

t rd d r r rd

r, b r d rrd.

c dr d r rd , r , rdbr, rd d d rr (bd, , ,b, r d, r, .). Rd d (rd d brdr,r d b , r d, r r, .) d b rd d r dr r . tr d r drd dr r d.

t r d rd d d dd b b rd dr, b rd dr r . hr, b rd:

r d r r d r r; whether the accident participant failed to comply with a trafc light.

i rdd b r dr

dd r rd d b d. t r, rd d d b brd r, d br d bdd dr, d rr. i r, r r d dd r rr rd drrd ( d rr, r, .). u dr b , r b (..r r r j), b r rd .

i r r dr r rd r rr

dr ( r r r), d rd d rb r . i r, r rd drd, rr d r d r r rb r rd d. i rd r r rd rd r dr rd drd , b d r dr.

w b rd r , r rdd rr d b , .

c dr b rd d d r rr rd rdd r r r rd d r b rrr, d r r r (r d r r).

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8. EVALUATION OF COLLISION DIAGRAmS FOR SAFETYImPROVEmENTS

8.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

c dr rd rb, d br r brr d rrd rr r rd . t r r d d rd d rb d r r d r d dr. t r r rd dr, rr rbb dd rb r r rrr r . t r d r r rd ddrd d rr r, r r

d b dd r r r .

t b r d d d rd rd d . i r rrr , ..:

a greater number of road accidents in wet conditions (or other difcult adhesiond);

rr br rd d r d; d r ( r rd

r, , b, .); accidents that involve specic types of road users (beginners, elderly people,

dr, rr, .); d r dr r rd (.. dr, d, r,

r, r, , r d , .).

Dd br d d r r r

dr r dr r . t d b rd r b d rd r dr .

i rbr r rd rd r r r r dr, dd d rr d b dd d bdd r d r d b d. i d r r, r d b rrd. ard r, r b 5% ; r

dr d r bd r d rr r d .

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8.2. PRACTICE EXAmPLE

t b r dr r d. fr dr b d d r dr r r

r r r d, d d r r . t d br b rr d d, .. r ; d d b r dr r r r dr r r r r r dr. e d r :

r dr r d r, dr r dd; rr r;

d dr b r dr, b r d rr r rd rd d ddr rr;

dr r b rb r r dr dr (.. bd d br r), d b r b r r drrr.

8.3. BEFORE/AFTER GRAPHIC COmPARISON

i r r rd r d r b bd rd d , rd rd d r b rdrr, d d (figur 9, following pag). i r d , br/r , r r d rd br rd d (r d ). t rd d d brrd r r rd r r r b d. t d r r d r

r dr dr r b dr er r. gr r r r, b r, brd d r r . i , dr r r , d r r r d r r b b d br d r d b rd d d rr r .

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FIGURE 9 EXAMPLE OF BEFORE/AFTER EVALUATIONExample 6, appendix 5 shows examples of the use of the collision diagrams for the

detection of road deficiencies and their removals. The aim of showing these examples

is to demonstrate the usefulness

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9. REFERENCES

anDRes, J., d al: Metodika identikace a een mst astch dopravnchnhod, cDv, 2001.

DeRRiks, h.: Undr-rporting of road accidnts, 3rd iRtaD cr, Br,2006.

eu high-level expeRt meeting: irrr s, v, 2006. gutoskie, p.: Th availability of hospitalisd road usrs data in OeCD

countris, 3rd iRtaD, cr, Br, 2006. mikulk, J.: Global Collission Databas Standards: Bnchmarking Road Safty

Standards, adr, 2004. mikulk, J.: Rd s m d D s: piaRc ir

Rd s, sr, Bj, 2005. pd k., Handbuch dr vrkhrssichrn Strangstaltung, vrrb-

vr, 1991. pr r Dr er pr d c Rd

irrr s m: Br, 2007 silcock, R.: Road accidnt data systms, a D B, tRl. taRoyan, t.: Development of a good practise manual on road trafc data

collction, who, 3rd iRtaD cr, Br, 2006 tReat, J.R., d al: Tri-level study of the causes of trafc accidents, f

Rr, 1979. wrd Rd a: Road Safty Manual, 2004. wrd Rd a: Road Safty Inspction Guidlin for safty chcks of

xisting roads, 2012R27en, isBn : 978-2-84060-259-8, 2012. wrd Rd a: Road Safty Audit Guidlin for safty chcks of nw

road projcts, 2011R01en, isBn : 2-84060-199-0, 2011. wrd Rd a: Road Safty Audits, 2001, pb 13.02.B.

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APPENDICES

ANNEX 1 NETWORK SAFETY mANAGEmENT -NSm (GERmANY)

A. CONTENT

B nr s m d, b dr rr rd r d d (/r rd d)r rrd. t r rd r bd rd d, , r d, d, , drb rd r d r bj r, r, drr . t d dd d d rr, r dr rrd- bj rr b d. t

d d b r:

rd r rr r r d rb r; rd r b- r d b rd rr r

.

B. PARAmETERS FOR SAFETY EVALUATION

Ratest br d r rd d rd r dd r d r d r , dr (r , j d r, d ), rddr (rdd d, r , r , r d r), rd d (rr d r d), d rddr (r b). t rd drbd bd r d d r rd rd . ad r drb r br d rd kilomtrag 1

. ad r drb rrd r , r rd d rrd rd kilomtrag 1000 .

Densitiesad d r d d drb r br d r r rrd b rdr d r r 1 rd . t d b d r br d r d

d , r b d rd r d r rd d rrd. t d r (-) r d rrd dr rd r rd .

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C. AnAlysis of the existing ACCident situAtion

Period under reviewAdequately large accident data sets must be available for an analysis of the existing

road safety. Basically, it must be aimed, therefore, at making as lengthy a period ofreview as is possible. The accident occurrence should, however, be as up-to-date as

possible, so that peripheral inf luences resulting from general trends and changes do

not have an impact on the informative value. In Germany, experience has shown that

a period of 3 years should be scheduled for an appropriate consideration of serious

injury accidents (accidents with fatalities or serious injuries) within the framework

of road network evaluations.

Calculation of accident costs

For each road section within the network of roads that primarily serve a linkingfunction responsibility within the network of roads primarily used for residential

purposes, the annual average accident costs must be calculated. These are the sum of

the costs of personal injury accidents and the costs of damage-only accidents. This

means that the annual average accident costs can only be calculated depending on

the available damage-only accident data on the basis of 2 variants:

1. Only the personal injury accidents and the serious damage-only accidents are

known (general case)

2. All accidents recorded by the police are known, i.e. also other damage-only

accidents

d. RoAd netwoRks with A linking funCtion

Section lengthRoad sections should be as long as possible so the safety evaluation leads to

informative results. Basically, there are two possible ways of dividing the road into

sections:

on the basis of the network structure;

on the basis of the accident occurrence.

Dividing the road into sections on the basis of the network structure is appropriate if

a visualization of the accident occurrence on the road network is not available, or the

accident occurrence is to be analyzed in interaction with other influencing parameters

(e.g. road improvement standards; accessibility) in the road network (limiting the

road sections by network nodes and/or town/city boundaries and/or road sectionsthat are characterized by greatly differing traffic volumes or cross sections). Dividing

the road into sections on the basis of the accident occurrence is appropriate if a

visualization of the accident occurrence (three-year maps of the serious injury

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aidt) i aailal, ad t ti daati a qid t ai f

a it idati f ai ifli aat. A ti wit a f

i i aidt, = 3 l, i id wit a ii ti.

Altatil, t id d iw a ld. Ti d i adial

l f atilal itat ti wi t t a lxit ad fftild. Diidi it ti i aiat if t ifl f t a

1 i i aidt lad t a itati i wi t aidt t a

l ta 20 % t ti d iw. I a (iail i a aa),

t f aidt wit i i ad f daa-l aidt lal

dti t lt.

Safety potentialsT aft ttial f a ad ti i dfid a t diff tw t aidt

t ( ad it) f t aidt tat ld xtd if t tia di aatiti tat a i ada wit t al di idli

ad t t aidt t. Alt, it t td tat ti ttial at

ad i a idiidal a f t ati di. T alizd aft

it i t a f tti a i a wll a lw ta t

aft ttial. T aat f t aft ttial i t diff tw t

t aidt t dit f t ti aidt t dit witi t id

d iw, ad t ai aidt t dit. T xiti aidt t dit

i allatd, f a twk ti, f t aa aal aidt t, diidd

t ti lt.

FIgure 1 DIvIDIng The roAD InTo secTIons on The bAsIs oF AccIDenT occurrences

(3-yeAr AccIDenT Type mAp oF serIous Injury AccIDenTs)

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BasicaccidentcostratesB d r r jr rb rd, rr rd d r rjr d, r d- d, d d- d rrrdd b b. t b d d

rr d r br d r rd d(rrd b d ) r r, b d b d r rd d d r dr. t b d d b d rd bd r d r d r. i r dr r r r r, d r r d d r r b, d b bddd.

Accidentsatjunctions

ad r r bdr d r b d dj . a d b d b d d:

rd ddd b r rr, d d b d dj rd r rd d rr ;

rd ddd b d , d r d b d r() d d r jr d. i r, d b dj d b r d d r jr d r rdr d.

i r d b r d d dj r r (r) r r jr d, b db d r rr d .

Rankingsafetypotentialsi rd r r rdrd b d , r rd r rr d r r d rr r bd.w rd r r b rd r r b-r:

rd (rr d r ); rd d r d b- r;

dr r rd r; rd r rr d r rd r (r); dr rd rd.

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o rd d r r bj dr r rd r r, .. d jr rd d,rr, r r d j rd rdr jr rd.Figur 2 r dr r rd

rd r -r d rrdd b r r, d rd r-r r jr d.

Accidentcostdensitiest r d d r rd rd r drdr r r drb d rdr. t r d d d r r d r, ddd b rd r r. t d rrd r r dd, ,

r r bdr d r . s d d r b r , d dd dr r r dr, d drd b rr.

figuRe 2 sections fRom acciDent type maps of all acciDents that police RecoRDeD

in one yeaR (1-ym) anD of peRsonal inJuRy acciDents fRom thRee yeaRs (3-ym(i)),

in aDDition to DemaRcation of the acciDents in aReas, fRom those on maJoR RoaDs

Recommendationpointerstoimprovementofroadsafetyinnetworksi rdr d b r r rd

, r r rd rd r d d, r d rr d b rrd r r r dr r. trr, db dr d .

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ANNEX 2 ASSESSmENT OF ROAD SECTIONS SAFETY(THE CZECH REPUBLIC)

a rd rd r rr bd

tr or Rd ad (toRa) d b p c Rb. t r d rrd r i d ii rd r r.

a d rrd toRa rd gps rd d 10 r r. t rr r rd dr, rd ddd 250 10 r (.. 0.000 0.250 + 0.010 0.260 .). fr rd , toRa r br d , d r r r r r

jr, d d r d.

t, r rd d rd bd rr - .

e - r rd d (2002):

8,099 czk (280 ); r jr 2,796 czk (95 ); jr 301 czk (10 ); r d ( r) 87 czk (3 ).

t, r r r db d rd d rr r 250 rd 10 r. t b d rdr d b rd d r rd d .

a - b rd r rd d r:

Level 1 r rd, Level 2 rb, b rr rr, Level 3 rd r, rd r r b d

r, Level 4 r, r rd r

r, Level 5 conict road section, immediate implementation of road safety measures

is necessary, trafc restrictions possible.

e rr -d id l r Rd ad, .. , d r d d, r rd d .

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t r dd 2, rr rr id l r Rd ad r 250 - rd r r. c id l r Rd ad, rr , figur 1.

figuRe 1 inDex of losses fRom RoaD acciDents

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ANNEX 3 POSSIBLE LINKS AmONG ACCIDENT TYPES,CAUSE OF ACCIDENT AND LEAD DEFICIENCY

Type Group 0

pr rd d

Major Accidnt Causssd

Road Dficincyn- rd, dd rd rr, dd rd , r , rr rd r-, dd rd r, r rd r.

Potntial Improvmnt MasursR - rd , rd rr r r, rrd rd r-, rr rd r,d rd r, rr rd d r.

Type Group 1Rd d dr dr d j

Major Accidnt Causssd

Road Dficincymjr dr d, r d b ,rr r d r rd , r d , rrd r.

Potntial Improvmnt Masurscr r rd d, rd rr, rr rdr, rr rd d r.

Type Group 2Rd d d r

Major Accidnt Causssd, r db r.

Road Dficincyn- rd, , r d , rrrd d r.

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Potntial Improvmnt Masurscr r rd d, rd rr (rr d r r), rr rd r,rr rd d r.

Type Group 3Rd d r j r rrdr.

Major Accidnt Caussh d r j, d d b, bd .

Road Dficincy

irr j , b rr d j, -r (r, .) r j.

Potntial Improvmnt Masurse drb j , rd r d d r, r r r (.. r d)d .

Type Group 4Rd d r r r rrdr.

Major Accidnt Caussfr , rr drr,rr d d d .

Road Dficincyirr r , b rr

d r.

Potntial Improvmnt Masursmr drb j , rd r d , r (rr r r), r .

Type Group 5Rd d r j r br rrdr.

Major Accidnt Causst d r r, d, r , r r r-rd r.

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Road Dficincyirr r , rd b d r , b r, r r , b rr d r, brd rd ,

b rd .

Potntial Improvmnt Masursmr r , rd r r rr (.. r d) d , r rd d r.

Type Group 6ad b d dr.

Major Accidnt Caussfr drr r dr r , , dr r dr r , r r r.

Road Dficincyi dr d r, r

dr r rd r, d, r d.Potntial Improvmnt Masurssb dr d r dr r, r d r dr, r r r b, r rr dr .

Type Group 7Rd d d r rd .

Major Accidnt CaussDrr , rr r d r .

Road Dficincyirr d rd dr d r , rr r , r r.

Potntial Improvmnt Masurs

Br r d d , d br r d r r r rd.

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Type Group 8Rd d d r .

Major Accidnt Causs

fr r r .

Road Dficincye r rd rd r , d, r , r r rd.

Potntial Improvmnt MasursBd rd-rd r rd d r, rd

r r, rd d, rd r r, bd b-rrdr.

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ANNEX 4 SIGNS AND SYmBOLS USED IN COLLISION DIAGRAmS(THE CZECH REPUBLIC):

Accident conseuences

D r sr jrd r s jrd r mr d d

Types of vehicles or road users pr or r c () pdr () D r d idr d r2

Road surface condition Dr w i, r,

Light conditions D D, d , d Dr

Specific oveent Rr s

ar sdd r sd d d d sd, rd

2 t r rd r (. r r) r rr . t bbr r d:

n ( ), ns (tr-rr r s-rr), Bus (b), moto (r), mop (d), c (),

p (dr ), tRam (r), t (rr). or rd r r d rd (d , dr,

rd r)

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Other inforation Trafc signals off

Rd, rd + br, br Drr r r Drr r r Dr ob rd r rdd

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ANNEX 5 EXAmPLES OF COLLISION DIAGRAmSFOR DETECTING ROAD DEFICIENCIES IN ROADDESIGN AT HIGH RISK SITES

EXAmPLE NO. 1 (THE CZECH REPUBLIC) PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGON A mAIN URBAN ROUTE

t b d dr r d d dr. s d dr r rrdd rd 3 r r jr, d 3 jr. ar r, bd dr (figur 4), d b rrdd 3 r. t bfor rd figurs 1, 2 and 3.

Situation Before

figuRe 1 INVISIBLe cRossing figuRe 2 aBsence of a peDastRian islanD

figuRe 3 cRossing is too long figuRe 4 accumulation of acciDents

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t rb r dd dr d :

ub dr, r rd (dr r d r b br r )

t r b d, d br r of view of motorists see Figure 6-1 (road marking is insufciently distinct forr drr. t r d)

The crossing is too long (9 m), and not equipped with a trafc island see gure 3dgure 2

t d r r

ad dd b dr d r d r rbr r (figur 4). ard

, r d d d (figur 5 and 6).

Solution :

rr r dr;protect pedestrians by implementing the trafc island;

rd r , dr r , r r bd .

After

n d 3 r rd.

figuRe 5 anD 6 new appeaRance of the peDestRian cRossing

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EXAmPLE NO. 2 (THE CZECH REPUBLIC) JUNCTION TREATmENT

a r d d b d rd d rb r, rb rd d d. a

dr d r rr d .

figuRe 7 anD 8 insufficient sight Distances

Safety probles identified

Insufcient sight distances (seegure 7 and 8); Improper shape of trafc island;

irr r; t ( r r r rbb); ar .

figuRe 9 collision DiagRams anD cumulation of acciDents

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Implementationofthefollowingmeasureswererecommended

ir d (d r brdr); Improvement of the shape of trafc island and the angle of crossing;

Rbd r rdb d jr bd rb.

EXAmPLE NO. 3 (THE CZECH REPUBLIC) JUNCTION IN A RURAL AREA

t r d d rd rd rd d(figur 10 and 11). t r r r d rd.t r d d . t dr d dr 1999 2001 rd (figur 12) d r

d r (7 , br d r r 13 r rd).

figuRe 10 anD 11 safety Deficiencies

figuRe 12 collision DiagRams

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Thefollowingsafetyproblemswereidentified

d r rd r r r r r; d rd r rd b r d,

r d rr; b d. tr dr dd r bd b

drr dr rd r j .

i r r rdd

reduction of speed on the main road by using trafc signs to reduce the risk ofr d rr;

r Giv Way Stop r dd r ; b ( ) d b rd

r rdb.

EXAmPLE NO. 5 (THE CZECH REPUBLIC) JUNCTION

IN SEmI-URBAN AREA

t d r d r . t r d figur 13. i r:

r b; the area of whole junction is too large and is not fragmented by trafc islands.

t dr r 2000 2002 rd d (figur 14).22 d rrd dr rd, r rrr d.

Before

figuRe 13 anD 14 oRiginal shape of the Junction anD collision DiagRams

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a rr rdb d d d. t d figur 15 and 16.

After

figuRe 15 anD 16 new Design of the Junction

Illustrative exaples

t r bHandbuch dr vrkhrssichrn Strangstaltungb krd pd r dr r -. Bfor d aftr r r d rdr dr r dr d r.

EXAmPLE NO. 6 (GERmANY) ACCIDENT CURVE

t dr r d rd gr r rr d r r(19 d 36 , 6 r d d 2 r r jrd). ar r r r 5 d jr 24 rd.

figuRe 17 collision DiagRams BeFORe ReconstRuction

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figuRe 18 section of inteRest with stationaRy speeD monitoRing systm implementeD

figuRe 19 collision DiagRams AFTeR ReconstRuction

EXAmPLE NO. 7 (SOUTH AUSTRALIA) T-JUNCTION

t t-j, rb rdbd d rrd r r r.

figuRe 20 anD 21 BefoRe ReconstRuction - looking west

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figuRe 22 collision DiagRams BeFORe ReconstRuction, yeaR 2003

figuRe 23 afteR ReconstRuction - looking east , figuRe 36 looking west

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